resource competition ideal free distribution dominance –correlates –hierarchies –hormonal...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
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Resource competition
• Ideal free distribution• Dominance
– Correlates– Hierarchies– Hormonal effects
• Territoriality
Ideal free distribution
• Premise: animals sequentially fill available habitat starting with best patches
• Assumptions– “Ideal” by possessing perfect information about
resource quality– “Free” to disperse appropriately
• Expectation– Input matching rule: animals disperse to equalize
energy intake or reproductive success
Ideal free distribution experimentsStickleback fish: 6 fish in a tank consume Daphnia introduced from the ends with an initial probability ratio of 2:1; after the start of feeding (first arrow) the number of fish in patch 2 quickly approaches the number predicted by the input matching rule (dotted line). At the second arrow, the patch probabilities are reversed (Milinski 1979).
Mallard ducks: similar experiment in which 33 ducks were fed pieces of bread from two stations with probability ratio of 2:1 around a pond. The number of ducks at the poorer station quickly approaches the input matching rule prediction (Harper 1982).
Deviations from IFD
• 16 of 20 studies show too many in poor habitat and too few in rich habitat (Sutherland 1986)
• Perceptual error– Expected if animals choose habitat at random
• Differences in competitive abilities– Dominants exclude subordinates
Dominance - why?
• Regulates access to resources without continual fighting
• Should be tolerated if the potential risk of injury from fighting exceeds the potential gain from resource acquisition
Dominance - how?
• Ability to control access to a resource is termed resource holding potential (RHP)
• Correlates include– body size
– experience
– matrilineal relationships
– fat reserves
– prior success (or failure)
• Requires individual recognition or status badges
Dominance and fat reserves
No effect of weightBut, males with moreenergy reserves win aerialchases to determineownership of matingterritories along streams
Dominance hiearchies
Linear, transitive
Linear hierarchies are difficult to explain in large groups because RHP should be difficult to rank accurately among average individuals.
Intransitive
Alliances
Mechanisms for linear hierarchies
• Animals recognize each other using signals that correlate with RHP - status badges– Harris sparrows, house sparrows
• Animals adjust their perceived status on the basis of the outcome of recent contests (winner-loser effects)– fishes
• Animals adjust their perceived status after observing contests involving others (bystander effects)– chickens
Hormones and dominance
• Winners often have elevated testosterone levels
• Losers have elevated plasma corticosterone levels compared to winners
• In lobsters, losers can be made aggressive by infusing serotonin. This effect can be blocked by Prozac, a serotonin inhibitor
Economics of territoriality
• Resource must be defensible– Renewable, e.g. nectar, emerging insects– not ephemeral or superabundant
• Benefits > Costs of defense– Energetic costs increase with
• Density of intruders• Territory size
– Benefits accrue by• Increasing energy intake rate• Reducing search costs• Reducing starvation risk
Variable Salmon Creek
Doran Beach
Territory length
41 ± 10 82 ± 14
Intruder density
11.5 ± 7.4 0.5 ± 0.4
Prey density
580 ± 160 671 ± 130
Prey density -> Intruder pressure -> territory size (Myers)
Territory size should respond to competition