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Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy
1
Resource Base and Technological Advances
in Biofuels
U.S. Association of Energy Economics – National Capital Area ChapterJune 15, 2007
Zia HaqU.S. Department of Energy
Office of the Biomass Program
Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy
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The President’s State of the Union Address
Current and Projected Motor Gasoline Market
Motor gasoline consumption 140 billion gallons/year in 2005Motor gasoline consumption 161 billion gallons/year by 2017 according to Energy Information Administration (AEO2007, reference oil price case)
20 in 10:
Increase supply of renewable and alternative fuels– The goal is to produce 35 billion gallons per year of alternative fuels by 2017 –
reducing motor gasoline consumption by 15%
Increase vehicle efficiency– Reform and modernize CAFÉ to achieve additional 5% reduction in motor gasoline
consumption
Program Response:
Develop cost-competitive cellulosic ethanol conversion technologies via two platforms– Biochemical platform – cellulose destruction and fermentation of the component
sugars to ethanol– Thermochemical platform – gasification to syngas and conversion to mixed
alcohols and ethanol– Through public/private partnerships – Energy Policy Act of 2005 Section 932
solicitations
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Production of Ethanol From Cellulosic Biomass
In future, far more ethanol will be made from cellulosic biomass than from corn.In future, far more ethanol will be made from cellulosic biomass than from corn.
Other Corn
Forest Resources
Crop Residues
The Future: Cellulosic biomass will be primary source for fuel ethanolPerennial
Crops
Benefits of Cellulosic Ethanol
• Emits nearly 60% less greenhouse gases than reformulated gasoline
• Relies on non-food and waste resources
Today: Nearly all ethanol is made from corn grain
Estimated Future Potential U.S. Biomass Resource
Source: Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: Technical Feasibility of a Billion Ton Annual Supply. 2005. DOE and USDA.
Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy
4While biofuels represent only 3% of U.S. transportation consumption today,
production is growing rapidlyWhile biofuels represent only 3% of U.S. transportation consumption today,
production is growing rapidly
U.S. Ethanol Production Capacity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e* 2008e*
Billion Gallons
Capacity Under Construction:6.14 Billion Gallons per Year
Expected by End of 2008
Current Production Capacity:5.58 Billion Gallons per Year
*Estimated as of February 7, 2007. Source: Renewable Fuels Association.
Total Capacity with Current and New
Construction: 11.7 BGPY
US Markets Driven by High Prices and RFS: Building Capacity
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U.S. Ethanol Infrastructure
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
199920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
07Fueling Stations in ServiceIndustry Background
Source: Renewable Fuels Association
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Existing Facilities Plants Under Construction
78
Operating Plants
Source: Alternative Fuels Data Center, March 8, 2007
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
FFV’s in Service (millions)Operating E-85 Stations
As of 2/25/07
Existing infrastructure must expand & improve to meet future biofuels demandExisting infrastructure must expand & improve to meet future biofuels demand
As of 3/8/07
114
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Objective: Provide accurate, comprehensive feedstock information, analysis tools, and logistical processes with linkages to conversion technology.
Tasks:
• Enhance “Billion Ton Study” to provide data on feedstock types, regional detail, supply curves, and environmental impacts, based on GIS tools
• Develop Regional Partnerships to provide connections to needed business partners, suppliers and academic & government experts
• The partnerships will develop region-specific feedstocks using regional skills with national data inputs
Feedstock Assessment
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdfhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/final_billionton_vision_report2.pdf
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Feedstock Regional Partnerships
Goal: Establish regional feedstock development partnerships to increase affordable biomass supplies for the bio-industry of the future.
Partners are:• DOE and their energy laboratories
• USDA (extension and crop development centers)
• Sun Grant Initiative (land-grant institutions with extension capabilities)
• State and regional energy programs
• Environmental constituency
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Feedstock Regional Partnerships (continued)
• Regional Partnerships seek to expand biomass feedstocks supply for bioethanol via:– Resource assessment and development teams to conduct
economic and engineering analysis– Cost-share validation of technology– Shared know-how and outreach– Influence public policy – Prove environmental sustainability
• Expected Outcomes:– Direction for the region with clearly defined coordinating roles
and responsibilities for agencies– Useful tools and methodologies that can be widely used– Vehicle for facilitating collaboration and interaction among
regions
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Targeted Research, Demonstration, and Deployment: Overcoming the Barriers
Future efforts will address obstacles to biochemical and thermochemical routes to biofuels, support demonstrations, and resolve infrastructure issues.
Future efforts will address obstacles to biochemical and thermochemical routes to biofuels, support demonstrations, and resolve infrastructure issues.
Form interagency infrastructure team and Regional Feedstock Partnerships
Inadequate distribution infrastructure for expanding markets
Fund loan guarantees, Section 932 biorefinery demonstrations, and 10% scale validation project
Demonstration/integration of technology in biorefineries
Re-establish thermochemical conversion as a second path to success
Limitations of thermochemical conversion processes
R&D on advanced micro-organisms for fermentation of sugars
Inadequate technology for producing ethanol from sugars derived from cellulosic biomass
R&D to improve effectiveness and reduce costs of enzymatic conversion
High cost of enzymatic conversion
SolutionsBarriers
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Cellulosic Biorefinery Investments
• Abengoa Bioenergy Biomass of Kansas
Capacity to produce 11.4 million gallons of ethanol annually using ~700 tons per day of corn stover, wheat straw, milo stubble, switchgrass, and other feedstocks
• ALICO, Inc.
Capacity to produce 13.9 million gallons of ethanol annually using ~770 tons per day of yard, wood, and vegetative wastes and eventually energy cane
• BlueFire Ethanol, Inc.
Sited on an existing landfill, with capacity toproduce 19 million gallons of ethanol annuallyusing ~700 tons per day of sorted green wasteand wood waste from landfills
Recently announced competitive selections to provide up to $385 million over four years for cost-shared integrated biorefineries in six states
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Cellulosic Biorefinery Investments(continued)
• Poet (formerly Broin Companies)
Capacity to produce 125 million gallons of ethanol annually (~25% will be cellulosic ethanol) using ~850 tons per day of corn fiber, cobs, and stalks
• Iogen Biorefinery Partners, LLC
Capacity to produce 18 million gallons of ethanol annually using ~700 tons per day of agricultural residues including wheat straw, barley straw, corn stover, switchgrass, and rice straw
• Range Fuels (formerly Kergy, Inc.)
Capacity to produce 40 million gallons of ethanol annually and 9 million gallons per year of methanol, using ~1,200 tons per day of wood residues and wood based energy crops
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Accelerating Market Penetration of Biofuels by Developing New Microorganisms
• Five organizations selected for further negotiations
• $23 million to develop highly efficient fermentative organisms to convert biomass material to ethanol
• Including industry cost-share total project costs ~$37 million
• Funding to begin in FY07 and continue through FY10, subject to Congressional appropriations
• Projects include:– Cargill Inc., up to $4.4 million
– Celunol Corp., up to $5.3 million
– E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., up to $3.7 million
– Mascoma Corp., up to $4.9 million
– Purdue University, up to $5.0 million
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Ethanologen Selections
Common Objectives:• Develop and validate organisms that can simultaneously utilize mixed C5 and C6 sugars
• Increase organism tolerance to higher ethanol concentrations andother inhibitors
Feedstocks:• Corn stover• Hardwood chips• Bagasse (sugarcane stalks)• Various other agricultural wastes and lignocellulosic biomass
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Upcoming Solicitations
• 10% Validation Solicitation - “Demonstration of Integrated Biorefinery Operations for Producing Biofuels and Chemical/Materials Products”, up to $200 million over 5 years, 50/50 cost share, closing date August 14, 2007, http://www.grants.gov– One-tenth of the projected scale of a first of its kind commercial facility– Integrated biorefinery demonstrations using cellulosic feedstocks and producing a combination of fuels,
chemicals, and substitutes for petroleum-based feedstocks and products
• Joint USDA/DOE Solicitation - $18 million grants - R&D of biomass-based products, fuels, and related processes – Pre-application closing date July 11, 2007, http://www.grants.gov– Technologies to convert cellulosic biomass into intermediaries for biobased fuels (45%)– Product diversification (30%)– Feedstock production (20%)– Analysis for strategic guidance (5%)
• Enzyme Solicitation: FY07– Second phase of cellulase development with cost-sharing industry partners– Create commercially available, highly effective & inexpensive enzyme systems for biomass hydrolysis
• Thermochemical Conversion Solicitation: FY07 - Integration of gasification and catalyst development
• Freedom Prize
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Benchmarking the Ethanol Optimized Saab 9-5 BioPower
Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) with support from DOE - OBP
Brian West, Tim Theiss & Ron Graves
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Why Evaluate a European Saab FFV?
• U.S. legal FFVs are “ethanol-tolerant” gasoline vehicles– Little or no performance benefit on ethanol fuel– Typically suffer ~30% drop in fuel economy (mpg) due to 30%
reduction in energy content of E85 from gasoline– Little or no power/acceleration advantage
• Saab 9-5 BioPower is reportedly optimized for ethanol use– 20% increase in power with ethanol (150 to 180 hp)– Saab reports ~ 25% decrease in mpg… implies improved
thermal efficiency on ethanol over what would be expected– No emissions certification data requirement on ethanol fuel in EU
• Do performance, efficiency advantages come at expense of emissions?
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The Saab Test Program
• Baseline emissions and fuel economy on gasoline and E85– FTP (city)– HFET (highway)– US06 (aggressive)– Acceleration
• Measurements at TRC (Ohio) and ORNL– Regulated and unregulated emissions
• Comparison of fuel economy data to U.S. FFV Fleet
• Summary and future plans
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Fuel Economy Tests Shows that E85 Fuel Economy 25-30% Lower Than Gasoline
0
5
10
15
20
25
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35
40
UTG-1 UTG-2 E85-1 E85-2
Fuel Economy (mpg)
FTP HFET US06
UTG96 Fed Certification Gasoline Fed Certification E85 Fuel
(83% Ethanol, 16% UTG96)
Swedish Saab 9-5 Biopower
2.0 liter turbo, flex-fuel vehicle
150 hp on gasoline
180 hp on E85
FTP: City Test
HFET: Highway Fuel Economy Test
US06: Aggressive driving Test
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Saab BioPower Below Stringent US06 Standards on both Gasoline and E85
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
NMHC+NOx CO
Relative US06 Emissions (Pct. Of Std)
E0 E85
Reduction in CO with E85 likely due to increased power (150 versus 180 hp)
US06
4000 mi Stds
(g/mi):0.14 8.0
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Summary of Emissions Evaluations
• Saab BioPower appears to be capable of meeting stringent U.S. Tier 2, Bin 5 emission standards, despite– Not certified on U.S. cycles– No E85 certification requirement in EU
• In fact there is: – 20% higher power output on E85
• No sacrifice of emissions for performance
– Increased power results in lowered CO emissions on aggressive US06 cycle
• Note that Full Useful Life (120,000 miles) Emissions were not measured– Saab measurements conducted at ~4500 miles
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Summary of Saab BioPowerBenchmarking
• Detailed exhaust speciation reveals– Ethanol and aldehyde emissions higher on E85– Hydrocarbon-based hazardous air pollutants are higher on
gasoline– Levels of these compounds on either fuel are very low
• Saab BioPower fuel economy is good compared to the US FFV fleet– Among higher fuel economy vehicles available in the U.S.– Gasoline equivalent fuel economy on E85 on par with U.S. fleet
on the highway test (~3% better than on gasoline)– Gasoline equivalent fuel economy on E85 is slightly better on the
city test (~7% better than on gasoline versus 3% for U.S. Fleet)
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Contacts
Office of the Biomass Programhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass