The Inaugural CUAHSI Biennial Colloquium on Hydrologic Science and EngineeringJuly 14-16, 2008Building 1, Center Green Campus, UCAR, Boulder, Colorado

Resilience & Vulnerability of Natural and Managed Hydrologic Systems

additional support from

with support from

EAR 03-26064

Acknowledgements

CUAHSI would like to acknowledge the contributions, support and assistance from the following organizations and individuals:

The National Science Foundation. This meeting is being supported, as part of a grant to CUAHSI – NSF/EAR-03-26064.

University Consortium for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) for providing facilities and logistical support. In particular Larry Winter, Assistant Director, NCAR for authorizing sponsorship of the meeting and David Gochis for serving as the official meeting host. Additionally, Debbi Griffin and Teresa Rivas for scheduling and facilities support.

The session organizers: Paul Brooks, Jim Butler, Matt Cohen, Ty Ferre, Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, Wendy Graham, David Gochis, Jim Hefferan, Ben Hodges, David Hyndman, Venkat Lakssmi, Brian McGlynn, Jim McNamara, Franco Montalto, John Selker, Murugesu Sivapalan, Jim Syvitski, Markus Weiler, Thorsten Wagener, and Chunmaio Zheng.

CUAHSI Member institutions for their continuing support.

CUAHSI Corporate Officers

President and Chief Executive Officer - Richard HooperSecretary - Kevin DresslerTreasurer - Brian Waldron

CUAHSI Board of Directors

Efi Foufoula *, Chair

Jay Famiglietti * ºDavid L. FreybergPraveen KumarVenkat LakshmiPatricia Maurice

Jim McNamaraLarry MurdochFred OgdenGreg Pasternak

Kenneth PotterFred Scatena *John Selker,Juan Valdes *Claire Welty *•

* members of the executive committee• Past Chairº Chair-elect

Arizona State University Nancy Grimm (Mark Schmeeckle)

Arkansas State University Robyn Hannigan

Auburn UniversityLatif Kalin (Puneet Srivastava)

Boise State University James McNamara

Brigham Young University E. James Nelson (A. Woodruff Miller)

Clarkson University Katie Fowler (Michael Twiss)

Clemson University Larry Murdoch (Fred Molz)

Colorado School of Mines Tissa Illangasekare

Colorado State University Jeffrey Niemann (Robert Ward)

Columbia University Upmanu Lall

Cornell University Christine Shoemaker (Mark Bain)

Dartmouth College Xiahong Feng (Carl Renshaw)

Drexel University Michael Piasecki

Duke University Miguel Medina

Florida International University Fernando Miralles (Assefa M. Melesse)

Florida State University Xiaolong Hu (Amy Chan Hilton)

George Mason University Sheryl Beach

Georgia Institute of Technology Marc Stieglitz (Kurt Pennell)

Harvard University Peter Rogers

Idaho State University Daniel P. Ames (Robert Van Kirk, Benjamin Crosby)

Iowa State University William Simpkins (Brian Hornbuckle)

Johns Hopkins University William Ball (Markus Hilpert)

Members

Kansas State University Dave Steward (Lakshmi Reddi)

Louisiana State UniversityJohn Pardue (Vijay Singh)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dennis McLaughlin

Michigan State UniversityDavid Hyndman

Montana State UniversityBrian McGlynn

Murray State UniversityDavid White (Mike Kemp)

New Mexico State UniversityRichard Hills (Karl Wood)

New Mexico TechJohn Wilson (Fred Phillips)

Northeastern UniversityFerdi Hellweger (Vladimir Novotny)

Northern Arizona UniversityAbe Springer (Rand Decker)

Northwestern UniversityAaron Packman

Ohio State UniversityFrank Schwartz (Berry Lyons)

Oklahoma State UniversityTodd Halihan (Jim Puckette)

Oregon State UniversityJohn Selker

Pennsylvania State University Chris Duffy

Princeton UniversityJames Smith

Purdue UniversityRao Govindaraju (P. Suresh C. Rao)

Rutgers University (SUNJ)Ying Reinfelder

South Dakota State UniversityCarol Johnston (Suzette Burckhard)

Southern Illinois UniversityJohn Nicklow (Nicholas Pinter)

Stanford UniversityDavid L. Freyberg (Steven M. Gorelick)

State University of New York, BuffaloMatthew Becker (Alan Rabideau)

State University of New York, ESFGregory L. Boyer (Myron Mitchell, Chuck Kroll)

Temple UniversityLaura Toran (Michel Boufadel)

Texas A&M UniversityBinayak P. Mohanty

Texas State University, San MarcosAndrew Sansom (Michael Abbott)

Tufts UniversityRich Vogel

University of AlabamaChunmiao Zheng

University of Alaska , FairbanksDouglas Kane (Larry Hinzman)

University of ArizonaJuan Valdes

University of ArkansasRalph Davis

University of California , BerkeleyYoram Rubin (William Dietrich)

University of California, DavisGregory Pasternack (Graham Fogg)

University of California, IrvineJames Famiglietti

University of California, Los AngelesTerri Hogue (Laurence Smith)

University of California, MercedThomas Harmon

University of California , RiversideJiri Simunek

University of California, Santa BarbaraJeff Dozier

University of Central FloridaMarty Wanielista (Gour-Tsyh Yeh)

University of ColoradoVijay Gupta

University of Colorado, Colorado SpringsSteve Jennings

University of ConnecticutMekonnen Gebremichael

University of DelawarePaul Imhoff (Jim Pizzuto)

University of FloridaWendy Graham

University of GeorgiaTodd Rasmussen (Paul Schroeder)

University of IdahoRichard Allen (Peter Goodwin)

University of IllinoisPraveen Kumar (Albert Valocchi)

University of IowaWitold Krajewski (Allen Bradley)

University of KansasJames Butler

University of KentuckyAlan Fryar (Christopher Barton)

University of MarylandKaye Brubaker (Allen Davis)

University of Maryland, Baltimore Co.Claire Welty (Andrew Miller)

University of MassachusettsDavid Ahlfeld (Paula Rees)

University of MemphisJerry L Anderson (Daniel Larsen)

University of MiamiJohn Wang

University of MinnesotaEfi Foufoula (Fernando Porte Agel)

University of MississippiRobert Holt (Gregg Davidson)

University of MontanaWilliam Woessner (Steve Running)

University of NebraskaWayne Woldt (Kyle Hoagland)

University of Nevada, Las VegasThomas Piechota (David Kreamer)

University of Nevada, RenoScott Tyler

University of New HampshireJennifer Jacobs (Tom Ballestero)

University of New MexicoJulie Coonrod

University of North Carolina, Chapel HillLawrence Band (Casey Miller)

University of North DakotaPaul Kucera (Phil Gerla)

University of Notre DamePatricia Maurice (Steve Silliman)

University of OklahomaBaxter Vieux

University of PennsylvaniaFrederick Scatena (Robert Giegengack)

University of PittsburghXu Liang

University of Rhode IslandThomas Boving

University of South CarolinaVenkat Lakshmi

University of South FloridaMark Rains

University of TennesseeLarry McKay

University of Texas, ArlingtonKaren Johannesson (John Wickham)

University of Texas, AustinDavid Maidment (Bridget Scanlon)

University of Texas, El PasoAndre Ellis (John Walton)

University of Texas, San AntonioHatim Sharif (Hongjie Xie)

University of UtahWilliam Johnson (Kip Solomon)

University of VermontBreck Bowden

University of WashingtonSteve Burges (Dennis Lettenmaier)

University of WisconsinKenneth Potter

University of WyomingFred Ogden (Glenn Tootle)

Utah State UniversityDavid Tarboton (John C. Schmidt)

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityThomas Burbey

Washington State UniversityMichael E Barber

West Virginia UniversityPaul Ziemkiewicz (Joseph Donovan)

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionMatthew Charette (Ann Mulligan)

Affiliate Members

Cleveland State UniversityMichael Walton

Desert Research InstituteJohn Warwick (Michael Young)

Eastern Illinois UniversityThomas Over

Plymouth State UniversityKevin McGuire (Steve Kahl)

Smith CollegeAndrew Guswa

Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterThomas Jordan (Donald Weller)

International Affiliate MembersCentre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK)Alan Jenkins (David Boorman)

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), (AU)Stuart Minchin

Swedish Hydrological Council (SE)Jan Seibert [acting]

University of British Columbia (CA)Markus Weiler

University of Copenhagen (DK)Karsten Høgh Jensen

University of Ljubljana (SI)Mitja Brilly (Matjaž Mikoš)

University of New Brunswick (CA)Shawn Dalton

University of Queensland (AU)Jane Hunter (Eva Abal)

University of Trento (IT)Riccardo Rigon (Alberto Bellin and Aronne Armanini)

University of Waterloo (CA)Edward Sudicky (David Rudolph)

Yonsei University (KR)Nam Woo (Joon Kim)

2008 M.Gordon 'Reds' Wolman Lecturer

Robert M. Hirsch, USGS“Hydrologic Research for a Changing World”

Robert M. Hirsch currently serves as a Research Hydrologist at the USGS. From 1994 through May 2008, he served as the Chief Hydrologist of the U.S. Geological Survey (in the later years of his tenure the position was titled Associate Director for Water). In this capacity, Dr. Hirsch was responsible for all U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) water science programs. These programs encompass research and monitoring of the nation’s ground water and surface water resources including issues of water quantity as well as quality. Since 2003 he has served as the co-chair of the Subcommittee on Water Availability and Quality of the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources of the National Science and Technology Council.

Hirsch began his USGS career in 1976 as a hydrologist and has conducted research on water supply, water quality, pollutant transport, and flood frequency analysis. His scientific leadership contributed to development of several USGS national water programs. Leadership positions include: Acting Director of the USGS during an interim period between Directors (August 1993 to March 1994); Assistant Chief Hydrologist for Research and External Coordination (1989-1993); and Staff Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Water and Science, U.S. Department of the Interior (1987-1988).

Hirsch was born in Highland Park, Illinois. He received degrees from Earlham College (bachelor of arts degree in geology, 1971), University of Washington (master of sciences degree in geology, 1974), and The Johns Hopkins University (doctorate in geography and environmental engineering, 1976). He has received numerous honors from the Federal Government and from non-governmental organizations, including the 2006 American Water Resources Association’s William C. Ackermann Medal for Excellence in Water Management, and has twice been conferred the rank of Meritorious Senior Executive by the President of the United States. He is co-author of the textbook “Statistical Methods in Water Resources.” Dr. Hirsch is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an active member of the American Geophysical Union and the American Water Resources Association.

2008 Peter Eagleson Lecturer

Wilfried Brutsaert, William L. Lewis Professor, Cornell University“What can long-term baseflow measurements tell us about temporal groundwater storage trends”

Wilfried H. Brutsaert is the William L. Lewis Professor of Engineering at Cornell University. His research interests embrace the full range of hydrologic science, but land surface-atmospheric interactions have been a particular specialty. Professor Brutsaert has authored more than 200 publications, including Evaporation in the Atmosphere: Theory, History and Applications (1982, also translated in Russian) and the textbook Hydrology: An Introduction (2005, also translated into Japanese and Chinese). He has received numerous awards and honors from the American Geophysical Union (Fellow, Hydrology Award Horton Medal, and Langbein Lecturer), the American Meteorological Society (Fellow and Charney Award), the American Institute of Hydrology, the Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. He also serves as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Brutsaert received in Bachelor of Engineering in Water and Soil Engineering at the University of Ghent (Belgium) in 1958, his Masters of Science in Irrigation from the University of California, Davis in 1960, and his Ph.D.in Engineering from UC Davis in 1962. He joined the faculty of Cornell in Civil and Environmental Engineering the same year.

Brutsaert has also undertaken a wide variety of community service activities. He has served on the editorial boards of Water Resources Research, Geophysical Research Letters, Hydrological Research Letters (Japan), and Boundary-Layer Meteorology. He has served as President of the Hydrology Section of the American Geophysical Union as well as on many Committees and Boards for AGU. He has been active on the Global Energy and Water Budget Experiment (GEWEX) for the NRC a and the HAPEX-Sahel experiment for the World Meteorological Organization of the UN..

Monday

07:30 AM

Registration and Breakfast

08:30 AMTim Killeen (NSF)

Chuck Job (US EPA)10:00 AM

Break

Morning Session

Theory of Hydrology

10:15 AMJeff McDonnell (Oregon State)

Danny Marks (ARS)

12:15 PM

Posters / Lunch

Afternoon Session

02:00 PM

Greg Tucker (U Colorado) Robert Pitt (U Alabama)

04:00 PM

Posters / Mixer

T1 : Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical Zone

T2: Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Cycles

T3: Tools for Advancing Hydrologic Science and Environmental Engineering

Welcome, Introductions and Opening Plenary

Rick Hooper (CUAHSI) , Efi Foufoula-Georgiou (U Minn)

Jay Famiglietti (UC Irvine)Guy Brasseur (NCAR)

Seasonal Snow Cover in Western Mountains

Developing Hydrologic Observatories

Mike Dettinger (USGS) Karsten Jensen (U. Copenhagen)Amilcare Porporato (Duke) Wolfgang Schaaf (BTU Cottbus)

Ying Fan Reinfelder (Rutgers) Connie Woodhouse (U Arizona) Steffen Zacharias (UFZ)

Hydro-system Evolution and the Human Role

Hydrologic Processes Related to Weather and Climate

Decentralized Green Infrastructure in the Urban Environment

Charle Vörösmarty (CUNY) Roni Avissar (Duke) Franco Montalto (Drexel)Venkat Lakshmi (U. South Carolina)

Axel Kleidon (Max Planck Institute) Roger Pielke, Sr (Colorado State) Srinivasan Rangarajan (Columbia)

Tuesday

07:30 AM

Registration and Breakfast

08:30 AM

Keynote Plenary

09:30 AMBreak

Morning Session

10:00 AM

Kevin Bishop (SLU)

12:00 PM

Posters / Lunch

Afternoon Session

Predictability of Hydrologic Systems Hydrologic Instrumentation

02:00 PM

Steve Thomas (U Nebraska) Rosemary Knight (Stanford)Scott Tyler (U Nevada Reno)

04:00 PM

Posters / Mixer

06:00 PM

Evening Event

T1 : Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical Zone

T2: Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Cycles

T3: Tools for Advancing Hydrologic Science and Environmental Engineering

Wolman Lecture: Robert Hirsch, USGS

Surface Processes, Sediments and Landscapes

Biogeochemistry and Ecohydrology in Complex Terrains

Community Models for Hydrologic and Environmental Research

Chris Duffy (Penn State) Amilcare Porporato (Duke) George Hornberger (U Va)Chris Paola (U. Minn.) George Leavesley (USGS)

Rudy Slingerland (Penn State) Marcy Litvak (U New Mexico) Riccardo Rigon (Trento)

Cross-scale Perspectives on Nutrient Dynamics in River Networks

Praveen Kumar (U Illinois) Walter Dodds (Kansas State) Markus Weiler (Freiburg)Peter Troch (Arizona) Geoff Poole (U Montana) Witek Krajewski (U Iowa)

Valeriy Ivanov

Banquet to honor:Marshall Moss, Peter Eagleson

M.Gordon 'Reds' Wolman and Herman Zimmerman

WednesdayHIS Workshop

07:30 AM

Registration and Breakfast

08:30 AM

Keynote Plenary

09:30 AMBreak

Morning Session

HIS Workshop

10:00 AMLarry Band (UNC)

12:00 PM

Posters / Lunch

01:30 PM

Afternoon Session Individual Group Meeting

HIS Workshop, (cont.)

T1 : Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical Zone

T2: Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Cycles

Eagleson Lecture: Wilfried Brutsaert, Cornell

Catchment Classification: Mapping Form to Function

Integrated Observations for Groundwater Transport Studies

Bill Dietrich (UC Berkeley)Murugesu Sivapalan (U Illinois) Graham Fogg (UC Davis)

Markus Weiler (Freiburg U) Dave Hyndman (Michigan State)

Detailed Schedule

Monday, am7:30 – 830 Registration and Breakfast – Foyer, Center Green 1

8:30 – 9:00 Welcome and Introductions

General Welcome: Richard Hooper, Executive Director – CUAHSIEfi Foufoula-Georgiou, Board Chair – CUAHSI

Welcoming Remarks: Tim Killeen, Assistant Director for the Geosciences, NSF

9:00 – 9:15 Jay Famiglietti, Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Irvine

9:15 – 9:45 Guy Brasseur, Associate NCAR Director for the ESSL Laboratory

9:45 – 10:00 Charles Job, Chief - Infrastructure Branch, USEPA

10:00 – 10:15 Break

Monday, pm12:00 – 2:00 Posters and Lunch

Track 1 – Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical ZoneSession: Theory of Hydrology 10:15 – 10:45 Jeff McDonnell - Re-thinking streamflow generation theory from the bottom-up: A hydropedology

approach 10:45 – 11:15 Amilcare Porporato - Insights from minimalist models of terrestrial water balance11:15 – 11:45 Ying Fan Reinfelder -The groundwater reservoir may be a key player in the global water cycle11:45 – 12:15 Discussion

Track 2 – Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogechemical CyclesSession: Seasonal Snow Cover in Western Mountians10:15 – 10:45 Michael Dettinger - Projections of 21st Century hydro-climatic changes in western N America10:45 – 11:15 Danny Marks - Sensitivity of the Seasonal Snowcover in a Semi-Arid Mountain Catchment

to Climate Warming in Conjunction with Natural Variability11:15 – 11:45 Connie Woodhouse - Tree-Ring Based Reconstructions of Annual Runoff in the Colorado R. basin11:45 – 12:15 Discussion

Track 3 – Tools for Advancing Hydrologic Science and Environmental EngineeringSession: Developing Hydrologic Observatories10:15 – 10:45 Karsten Jenson - HOBE – a Hydrological Observatory; 10:45 – 11:15 Walter Schaaf - Patterns and processes of initial ecosystem development in an artificial

catchment 11:15 – 11:45 Steffen Zacharias - TERENO – A network of terrestrial observatories in Central Germany –

Concept for hydrological research11:45 – 12:15 Discussion

Track 1 – Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical ZoneSession: Hydro-system Evolution and the Human Role2:00 – 2:30 Charles Vörösmarty -2:30 – 3:00 Greg Tucker - Using Natural Experiments to Test Models of Drainage Basin Evolution3:00 – 3:30 Axel Kleidon - Thermodynamics and Optimality of the Water Balance on Land3:30 – 4:00 Discussion

4:00 – 6:00 Mixer and Poster Session

Tuesday, am7:30 – 830 Registration and Breakfast – Foyer, Center Green 1

8:30 – 9:30 Plenary – Inaugural “Reds” Wolman Lecture

Robert M. Hirsch, Associate Director for Water, USGSHydrologic Research for a Changing World

9:30 – 10:00 Break

Track 2 – Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogechemical CyclesSession: Hydrologic Processes Related to Weather and Climate2:00 – 2:30 Roni Avissar - 2:30 – 3:00 Venkat Lakshmi - Land and atmosphere interactions using satellite remote sensing and a

coupled mesoscale/land surface model; 3:00 – 3:30 Roger Pielke, Sr. - The Diverse Role Of Humans Within the Climate System—A Need to

Broaden the Perspective Presented to Policymakers3:30 – 4:00 Discussion

Track 3 – Tools for Advancing Hydrologic Science and Environmental EngineeringSession: Decentralized Green Infrastructure in the Urban Environment 2:00 – 2:30 Franco Montalto - A two-step, low cost, rapid approach for estimating the cost effectiveness of

lid/gi in urban watersheds2:30 – 3:00 Robert Pitt - The Use of WinSLAMM to Model Source Controls in the Urban Environment3:00 – 3:30 Sri Rangarajan - Lot Scale and Area-wide Scale BMP/LID Representation in Urban

Drainage Models3:20 – 4:00 Discussion

Track 1 – Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical ZoneSession: Surface Processes, Sediments and Landscapes10:00 – 10:30 Chris Duffy -The Shale Hills Hydro_Sensorium for Embedded Sensors, Simulation,

& Visualization: A Multi-Scale Prototype for Land-Vegetation-Atmosphere Interactions10:30 – 11:00 Chris Paola - Is restoration of the Mississippi Delta feasible?11:00 – 11:30 Rudy Slingerland - From Watershed Hydrology to Landscape Evolution: A New

Semi-Discrete Finite Volume Model of Intermediate Complexity 11:30 – 12:00 Discussion

Track 2 – Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogechemical CyclesSession: Biogeochemistry and Ecohydrology in Complex Terrains10:00 – 10:30 Amilcare Porporato - Dynamic patterns of soil biogechemistry and their modulation

by topography10:30 – 11:00 Kevin Bishop - Can landscape scale complexity in stream chemistry be generated by a few

“simple” hydrogeochemical building blocks? The challenge for a new riparian observatory11:00 – 11:30 Marcy Litvak - Vegetation-hydrology dynamics in semi-arid biomes across an elevation gradient11:30 – 12:00 Discussion

Track 3 – Tools for Advancing Hydrologic Science and Environmental EngineeringSession: Community Models for Hydrologic and Environmental Research10:00 – 10:30 George Hornberger - 10:30 – 11:00 George Leavesley - A Collaborative Approach to Component-Based Community Models

and Tools 11:00 – 11:30 Riccardo Rigon - GEOFRAME a system for doing hydrology by computer 11:30 – 12:00 Discussion

Tuesday, pm

12:00 – 2:00 Posters and Lunch

4:00 – 6:00 Mixer and Poster Session

6:00 – 9:00 Banquet to Honor:

Peter Eagleson, Marshall Moss, M.Gordon 'Reds' Wolman and Herman Zimmerman

Track 1 – Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical ZoneSession: Predictability of Hydrologic Systems2:00 – 2:30 Praveen Kumar - Typology of Hydrologic Prediction Challenges and Consequences

for Effective Model Development2:30 – 3:00 Peter Troch - Hydrologic Predictability: What do we mean and what do we want?3:00 – 3:30 Valeriy Ivanov - Ecohydrologic Dynamics in Areas of Complex Topography in a

Semiarid Ecosystem3:30 – 4:00 Discussion

Track 2 – Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogechemical CyclesSession: Cross-scale Perspectives on Nutrient Dynamics in River Networks2:00 – 2:30 Walter Dodds - STREON: Stream Experimental and Observational Network-Reach

Scale Monitoring2:30 – 3:00 Geoffry Poole - Scaling stream ecosystem dynamics from microcosms to drainage

networks: current advances and future research needs3:00 – 3:30 Steven Thomas - Future directions in nutrient spiraling research3:30 – 4:00 Discussion

Track 3 – Tools for Advancing Hydrologic Science and Environmental EngineeringSession: Hydrologic Instrumentation2:00 – 2:20 Markus Weiler - Wireless sensor networks – a potential for observations in hydrology2:20 – 2:40 Witold Krajewski - Mobile Radar Technologies for Hydrologic Experiments2:40 – 3:00 Rosemary Knight - HMF-Geophysics: Advancing and Supporting the Use of

Geophysical Methods in the Hydrologic Sciences3:00 – 3:20 Scott Tyler - Raman spectra distributed temperature sensing3:20 – 4:00 Discussion

Wednesday, am

7:30 – 830 Registration and Breakfast – Foyer, Center Green 1

8:30 – 9:30 Plenary – Inaugural Peter Eagleson Lecture

Wilfried Brutsaert, William L. Lewis Professor, Cornell UniversityWhat can long-term baseflow measurements tell us about temporal groundwater storage trends

9:30 – 10:00 Break

HIS Workshop

10:00 – 5:00 HIS Team – (Detailed agenda on following pages)

12:00 – 1:30 Poster Session and Lunch

Track 1 – Advancing Theory for Hydrology and the Critical ZoneSession: Catchment Classification: Mapping Form to Function 10:00 – 10:30 Larry Band - Classification of Catchment Ecohydrologic Form and Function;10:30 – 11:00 Murugesu Sivapalan - Response of floods to climate and/or land use changes: Is there a

role for similarity concepts and catchment typology?11:00 – 11:30 Markus Weiler - Data based or processed based catchment classification11:30 – 12:00 Discussion

Track 2 – Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogechemical CyclesSession: Integrated Observations for Groundwater Transport Studies10:00 – 10:30 Peter Dietrich - Combination of geophysical and ‘Direct-Push’ methods for

a detailed hydrogeological sub-surface characterisation 10:30 – 11:00 Graham Fogg – Groundwater Contaminant Transport and the Utility of a Subsurface

Observatory11:00 – 11:30 David Hyndman - Examining Impacts of Land Use and Climate Changes Using Geophysical

Methods and Hydrologic Models11:30 – 12:00 Discussion

Hydrologic Information Systems (HIS) WorkshopWednesday, July 16 - 10:00am to 5:00pm

PurposeThis workshop introduces you to CUAHSI's Hydrologic Information Systems (HIS). In this workshop, you will learn:

• What the CUAHSI HIS is and how it works (for all – busy people, professors)• How to use HIS to get and analyze hydrologic data (for all – actual users, students)• How HIS can be used in modeling and analysis (for modelers – students, programmers, MATLAB

users)• How to share and publish your data using HIS (for data managers – serious users, students

collecting data)• What the future plans are for CUAHSI HIS

Session 1: 10:00 – 12:00Introduction to HIS 1.1 (10:00 – 11:00)

Objectives: • Review CUAHSI HIS goals, capabilities and data available through HIS.

Audience: • This review will be presented at a high level for busy people (i.e. professors) who want to quickly

learn the general capabilities of HIS, at present and anticipated for the future.

Presenters: David Maidment and Tim Whiteaker

HIS for All. How to use HIS to get and analyze hydrologic data (11:00 – 12:00)Objectives: Following this session participants should be able to:

• Use HydroSeek to discover data that is available through the CUAHSI HIS• Use DASH to discover and download data that is available through a HIS Server• Download data using HydroExcel with Google Earth capability• Download data using HydroGET

Audience:• Researchers and students who will actually work hands on getting and analyzing HIS data

Presenter: Tim Whiteaker

Lunch (12:00 – 1:00)

Session 2: 1:00 – 3:00Modeling and Analysis with HIS (1:00 – 1:30)

Objectives: Following this session participants should be able to:• Download and analyze HIS data using MATLAB (if they are already MATLAB users)• Be familiar with OpenMI capabilities for linking models and data sources

Audience:• Researchers and students who will use HIS data in modeling and analysis

Presenters: David Tarboton and Jon Goodall

HIS for Data Managers. How to share and publish your data using HIS (1:30 – 3:00)

Objectives: Following this session participants should be able to:• Load data into ODM using the OD Loader• Load data into ODM using the Streaming Data Loader• Examine and edit data in ODM using ODM tools• Know what other options there are for data loading (SSIS)• Know how to attach and detach ODM databases using SQL Server Management Studio and SQL

Server Express• Know how CUAHSI HIS data publication system works

Audience:• Data managers, researchers and students who are collecting data that they want to share and

analyze using HISPresenters: David Tarboton, Jeff Horsburgh, Ilya Zaslavsky, Tom Whitenack

Session 3: 3:30 – 5:00

Future of CUAHSI HISObjectives: To discuss future plans for CUAHSI and the HIS community.

• Outline of plans for further development of CUAHSI HIS▸ Standardized metadata catalog and web services to access it▸ Digital Watershed development ▸ Critical Zone Observatory needs

• General discussion about interaction of CUAHSI with other interested organizations▸ ASCE EWRI (Marian Muste)

Audience:• Anyone interested in HIS

Moderator: David Maidment

Posters

Monday – Lunch

Theory of Hydrology

Understanding runoff generation processesTony Cahill

Shallow groundwater responses to rainfall and implications for runoff generation in a small headwater catchmentJoel Detty and Kevin McGuire

Frequency of Preferential Flow Occurrence in the Shale Hills CatchmentHenry Lin

Re-thinking streamflow generation theory from the bottom-up: A hydropedology approachJeffrey McDonnell, Taka Sayama , Kellie Vache, Chris Graham and Luisa Hopp

Seasonal Snow Cover in Western Mountains

Effects of predicted climate changes in California on hydrologic regimes of river systemsAlexandra Geddes-Osborne

Potential climate impacts on the hydrology of high elevation catchments, Colorado Front Range Kenneth Hill, Mark Williams, Nel Caine, Jason Janke, Tim Kittel

Snow Cover Depletion Characteristics to Support Flow Forecasting for the Cache la Poudre River, ColoradoEric Richer, Stephanie Kampf, Steven Fassnacht

Simulation of Soil Water Storage Effects on Streamflow Generation in a Mountainous Snowmelt EnvironmentM.S. Seyfried, L.E. Grant, D. Marks, A. Winstral, and J. McNamara

Developing Environmental Observatories

Conceptual Design of a Chesapeake Bay Environmental Observatory (CBEO)W.P. Ball, D. Di Toro, Alexej Voinov, W.M. Kemp, R. Burns, M.Piasecki, David Potsiadlo, I. Zaslavsky, B. Cuker, and L. Murray

Lessons learned from the Santa Fe River Test BedWendy Graham, Matthew J. Cohen, Joseph J. Delfino, James B. Heffernan, and Jonathan B. Martin, Kathleen A. McKee, Vibhava Srivastava, Ray G. Thomas

Implementation of the CUAHSI HIS components into the Clear Creek Digital WatershedMarian Muste, Nick Arnold, and Dongsu Kim

The WATer and Environmental Research Systems NetworkDavid Tarboton

Monday – Afternoon

Hydrologic Processes Related to Weather and Climate

A wavelet-based information theory approach to assess scaling of evapotranspirationN. A. Brunsell, J. M. Ham, and C. B. Young

Identifying a good LSM: Use of a new, ensemble-based framework to evaluate enhanced hydrological representations in the Noah land-surface modelEnrique Rosero, Lindsey Gulden, Thorsten Wagener, Zong-Liang Yang, Guo-Yue Niu, and David Gochis

Spatial Patterns of Soil Moisture in a Semi-Arid Montane Catchment with Complex Terrain and Aspect-Dependent VegetationBrandon M. Lehman, Jeffrey D. Niemann

Land Data Assimilation for Improved Soil/Vegetation States in Regional ModelsDev Niyogi, Fei Chen

Distributed Hydrologic Modeling over South-Central TexasHatim Sharif

Near Real-Time Operational Radiometric Soil Moisture Imaging during CLASIC 2007Eric M. McIntyre, Albin J. Gasiewski, Damian Manda, and Dean F. Smith

Impacts of Anthropogenic landuse land cover changes on heavy rainfall trendsDev Niyogi

Decentralized Green Infrastructure in the Urban Environment

Lot Scale and Area-wide Scale BMP/LID Representation in Urban Drainage ModelsSri Rangarajan and William M. Leo

The use of sediment yield and sediment transport models to guide more-responsible urban developmentJim Selegean, Rob Nairn and Travis Dahl

Tuesday - Lunch

Biogeochemistry and Ecohydrology in Complex Terrains

A simulation of an distributed eco-hydrological model with assimilating global satellite products by downscaling techniquesHwang, T., Band, L.E.

Chemical composition of streamwater in mixed alpine and subalpine watersheds of the Colorado RockiesChuck Rhoades, John Norman III, Eugene Kelly and Kelly Elder

Community Models for Hydrologic and Environmental Research

Implementation of the OpenMI Model Interface for Community Hydrologic Modeling in Open Source GISDaniel Ames

GLOBE Watershed DynamicsColleen Buzby

The Health-E-Waterways Project: Data Integration Services for Smarter, Collaborative Whole-Of-Water-Cycle ManagementJane Hunter, Catharine van Ingen, Eva Abal

Development of a variable-source-area model of stream flow generation for ungauged basinsNawa Raj Pradhan and Fred L. Ogden

NASA Hydrology Data and Information Services Center (HDISC) Supports Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and Other Hydrologic Data SetsWilliam Teng

Tuesday - Afternoon

Predictability of Hydrologic Systems

On the calibration of conceptual hydrologic models: A comparative analysis of derivative-based and evolutionary-based optimization algorithmsNibret Abebe and Fred L. Ogden

Coupling sub-surface hydrological and biogeochemical interactions with above-ground canopy functioning: Sensitivity of carbon, water and energy exchange predictions to subsurface process representationDarren Drewry Praveen Kumar Murugesu Sivapalan Steve Long Xin-Zhong Liang

The Influence of Landuse/Landcover Change on the Water BudgetKim, Y., Band, L. and Shin, D.

Reductionist vs. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Evaluating River Restoration Techniques: A Comparison between the Colorado River in Grand Canyon and Fossil Creek, ArizonaNathan Schott

Computationally Efficient Procedures for Uncertainty Assessment and Forecasting with Watershed ModelsChristine Shoemaker, Dillon Cowen, Nikolai Blizniouk, David Ruppert

Cross-scale Perspectives on Nutrient Dynamics in River Networks

Phosphorus dynamics in a large-scale riverine wetland restoration projectMarcelo Ardón, Shaena Montanari, Jennifer L. Morse, Martin W. Doyle, Emily S. Bernhardt

Hydrologic Instrumentation

Geophysical Imaging of Watershed Subsurface and the Prediction of Soil Texture and Water Holding CapacityH. Abdu, D.A. Robinson, M. Seyfried, S.B. Jones

Particle Size Influence on the Relationship Between Turbidity and Suspended Sediment ConcentrationE.S. Brooks, K.M. Ostrowski, J. Boll, and A. Snyder

In Situ Nitrate Observation in Unsaturated Soils: Embedded Sensor Platform Development and TestingHeidi Dietrich, Alexander Rat’ko, Yeonjeong Park, Henry Pai, Christopher Butler, and Thomas C. Harmon

Characterization of global surface water storage changes and discharge via the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) missionDurand, M., D. Alsdorf, K. Andreadis, D. Lettenmaier, E. Rodriguez, D. Moller, N. Mognard, and S. Biancamaria

Raman spectra distributed temperature sensingScott Tyler

Wednesday - Lunch

Catchment Classification: Mapping Form to Function

Emergent properties and dominant processes over time scales: Application of data-based mechanistic approach for two nested watershedsDaehyok Shin a, Renata Romanowicz, Lawrence E. Band

Relationships between stream – ground water exchange and topography of the channel, valley, and watershedRobert A. Payn, Michael N. Gooseff, Brian L. McGlynn, Kenneth E. Bencala, Steven M. Wondzell, Kelsey Jencso

Emergent properties and dominant processes over time scales: Application of data-based mechanistic approach for two nested watershedsDaehyok Shin, Renata Romanowicz, Lawrence E. Band

Integrated Observations for Groundwater Transport Studies

Temporal stability of concentration and flux distributions in heterogeneous aquifer systemsBasu, N.B., Rao, P.S.C., Christ, J. A, Zhang, C.Y., and Werth, C.J.

Inference of Stream Network Fragmentation Patterns from Ground Water - Surface Water Interactions on the High Plains AquiferDavid Chandler

The Direct-Push Permeameter for High-Resolution Characterization of Spatial Variations in Hydraulic Conductivity: Tool DesignGaisheng Liu, Geoff Bohling, James J. Butler, Jr.

Hydrologic Information System (HIS)

Component-based Architectures for Building Community ModelsJon Goodall, Scott Peckham

Using the Observations Data Model in Hydrologic Information SystemsJeffery S. Horsburgh, David G. Tarboton, David R. Maidment, Ilya Zaslavsky

Integrating CUAHSI HIS cyberinfrastructure with Open Source Data Turbine streaming data middlewareThomas Whitenack, Sameer Tilak, Ilya Zaslavsky, Tony Fountain

Making your Hydrologic Data a Part of CUAHSI HIS NetworkThomas Whitenack, David Valentine, Ilya Zaslavsky, David Maidment

Analysis and visualization of hydrologic data and observations catalogs using the OLAP data cube technologyIlya Zaslavsky, Matthew Rodriguez, Bora Beran, David Valentine, Catharine van Ingen

AbstractsGeophysical Imaging of Watershed Subsurface and the Prediction of Soil Texture and Water Holding Capacity

H. Abdu, D.A. Robinson, M. Seyfried, S.B. JonesAbstract: Changes in soil texture across the landscape are an important control on the hydrological and ecological function of a watershed. Traditional methods of mapping soils involving subjective assignment of soil boundaries are inadequate for studies requiring a quantitative assessment of the landscape and its subsurface connectivity and storage capacity. Geophysical methods such as electromagnetic induction (EMI) provide the possibility of obtaining high resolution images across a landscape to identify subtle changes in subsurface architecture. In this work we show how EMI can be used to image the subsurface of a ~38 ha watershed at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed near Boise, Idaho. We present an imaging approach using kriging to interpolate, and Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGSIM) to estimate the uncertainty in two different mapping events. We also explore the idea of difference ECa mapping to try and exploit changes in soil moisture to identify more hydrological active locations. In addition we used a digital elevation model to identify flow paths and compare these with the ECa signal as a function of dis-tance. Finally we perform a more traditional calibration in terms of clay percentage across the watershed and determine soil water holding capacity (SWHC). The values of SWHC range from 0.07 to 0.22 m3m-3

across the watershed, which contrast to the uniform value of 0.13 m3m-3 derived from the traditional soil survey maps. While additional work is needed to appropriately interpret and incorporate EMI data into hy-drological studies, there is considerable benefits in identifying subsurface textural patterns from ‘soft data’.

On the calibration of conceptual hydrologic models: A comparative analysis of derivative-based and evolutionary-based optimization algorithms

Nibret Abebe and Fred L. OgdenAbstract: In this paper, we compare the performance of three popular optimization algorithms i.e., the Multi-Objective Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis (MOSCEM), the Parameter ESTimation (PEST) and a Genetic Algorithm (here in after called GA-I). Two tests are performed, one on an analytical test function, and the other by calibrating three different hydrologic models of varying complexity namely SACRAMENTO, HBV and TOPMODEL, in one two different catchments: one semi-humid and one humid. The strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm are analyzed in terms of model complexity and the im-pact of calibration data period length on the convergence of the optimal parameter sets. The influence of initial starting points on the global and Pareto optimum sets is also investigated. Results show that for the gradient-based algorithm PEST, though it performs well in finding the function minimum, the final sets of parameters are very much dependent on the initial starting points. The MOSCEM algorithm collapses into one region of attraction and lacks the ability to explore wider regions of parameter space. The GA-I con-sistently outperformed the other two in many respects, although in all cases it took more time to find the global minimum. Data length was found to have an effect on the multi-optimality of the solution set and by implication on the optimization algorithms. No clear pattern of discrimination by the algorithms against model structure was observed.

Implementation of the Openmi Model Interface for Community Hydrologic Modeling in Open Source GIS

Daniel P. AmesAbstract: The Open Modeling Interface and Environment (OpenMI) project is a European Union based hydrologic community effort to develop a standard for model linkage in the water domain. OpenMI is specifically intended to enable simulation models of environmental and socio-economic processes to be linked, thus enabling water managers to more fully understand and predict the likely impacts of their poli-cies and programs (www.openmi.org). Although OpenMI is not explicitly focused on geospatial modeling, the standard is generic enough to be used to link geospatial tools, hydrologic simulation models, and a variety of other tools and models in a single modeling construct. Initial implementations of OpenMI were created using the Microsoft C# programming language facilitating relatively rapid integration within exist-ing Windows-based software tools. This paper presents efforts at Idaho State University to develop an

OpenMI plug-in for the open source MapWindow GIS platform (www.mapwindow.org). Design and devel-opment issues for the OpenMI plug-in are presented as well as challenges with the approach and poten-tial applications to large scale climate-hydrologic coupled modeling.

Phosphorus dynamics in a large-scale riverine wetland restoration project

Marcelo Ardón, Shaena Montanari, Jennifer L. Morse, Martin W. Doyle, Emily S. BernhardtAbstract: To ameliorate present and future coastal eutrophication, management agencies are increasing-ly turning to wetland restoration of former agricultural fields. Restoring wetland hydrology is thought to be followed by recovery of functional benefits. However, climate change predictions of prolonged droughts punctuated by severe storms will create new challenges to restoring functioning ecosystems. We exam-ined phosphorus retention in a large (400+ ha) wetland restoration project in the coastal plain of NC, by combining a mass balance budget with soil solution chemistry and sorption assays. In the first year after flooding the site has functioned primarily as a P source. Desorption of soil P declined as suggested by de-creasing concentrations of soil solution P after initial flooding (P declined from 22 µg SRP L-1 to below de-tection limit). In the laboratory soils retained 60-80% of P added, with concentrations of Al and Fe explain-ing most of the variation (r2 = 0.70). Drought conditions during summer and fall punctuated by rain events caused increases in P export. Large-scale manipulation of water level one year after initial flooding did not increase P export from the site. Our results suggest that increases in P export after initial flooding and storms might be transient, with the site transitioning to a P sink after the first year since restoration.

Classification of Catchment Ecohydrologic Form and Function

Lawrence Band and Taehee HwangAbstract: The circulation and storage of water in catchments produces both short term variations in hy-drologic, carbon and nutrient flux, and long term development of ecosystem patterns. Ecosystem state variables, including above and below ground carbon and nutrient stores, are slowly varying and provide information on long term system memory, integrating over higher frequency processes. Spatial patterns of these variables, and the degree of coupling of these patterns with current processes, are emergent, measurable properties that can be used to generalize catchment ecohydrologic function. Some evidence exists to suggest that the distribution of ecosystem properties evolve towards a state that maximizes re-source use and net primary productivity given edaphic, energetic and hydrologic limitations. We use a combination of field measurement, signal processing and distributed simulation to identify emergent eco-hydrologic patterns at mixed scales, and the development of basic indices that can characterize interac-tions between catchment geomorphic, soil, climate and ecosystem processes.

Temporal stability of concentration and flux distributions in heterogeneous aquifer systems

Basu, N.B., Rao, P.S.C., Christ, J. A, Zhang, C.Y., and Werth, C.J.Abstract: Prediction of contaminant transport in heterogeneous, aquifer systems is complex owing to the spatial and temporal variability in groundwater concentrations and fluxes that are generated by a tempo-rally varying, spatially heterogeneous contaminant source. The variability of the concentration distribution is generally greater near the source, where it is a reflection of source heterogeneity, while it decreases down-gradient due to dispersive processes within the plume. The spatial distribution of contaminant con-centrations across a transverse transect down-gradient of the source is a function of (1) the initial concen-tration distribution, and (2) the local-scale mass transfer processes within the source that define the evo-lution of local concentrations over time. If we assume that the variability in the initial concentration distri-bution is much greater than the variability in the local mass transfer processes, then we can claim that the concentration distribution is stable over time. This implies that though the mean and variance of the con-centration distribution decrease over time, the coefficient of variation (CV), and the spatial moments do not change significantly -- or in other words “the concentration picture fades away”. The contaminant flux distribution is a function of the groundwater flux distribution and the contaminant concentration distribu-tion. If we assume steady flow, then a temporally stable concentration distribution indicates a stable flux distribution.

The hypothesis was tested using data from numerical simulations in random three-dimensional perme-ability fields where a source zone was created by spilling or emplacing a dense non-aqueous phase liquid

(DNAPL). Source depletion was simulated using the multiphase code UTCHEM, and concentrations and fluxes were monitored at the exit control plane. The coefficient of variation and the spatial moments were observed to be invariant over time. Data from a 3-D box experiment also confirmed the hypothesis of a constant coefficient of variation. The findings are important and exciting as they unfold the possibility of prediction of concentration distributions over time if we know (1) the initial spatial distribution, (2) the tem-poral variation of the control-plane averaged concentration.

Basin-scale impacts of irrigation and anthropogenic aerosols on the water balance, heat flux-es and surface temperature, southern India

Trent W. BiggsAbstract: A basin-scale water and energy balance suggests that irrigation in the Krishna Basin (258,948 km2), southern India, changed the sensible heat flux at the surface (H) more than did anthropogenic aerosols over 1960-2005. A simple model of the annual water balance was constructed from observed precipitation and runoff to calculate the rate of evaporation (Eirr) and the sensible heat flux (Hirr) due to irri-gation. Annual evaporation at steady-state, when irrigation covered 14-20% of the basin area, was larger than the pre-irrigation average by 166±32 mm (+28%), which reduced annual H by 12.8±2 W m-2 (-16%). By comparison, anthropogenic aerosols reduced net shortwave radiation by 11.2 W m-2 and reduced H by a maximum of 9.0 to 11.2 W m-2 (-12 to -14%). The increase in both irrigated area and evaporation had slowed by 1990, so the trend in H over 1990-2005 due to irrigation expansion was not statistically signifi-cant (p>0.1), while anthropogenic aerosols continued to decrease H at a rate of -2.7 to -5.5 W m-2 da-1. The maximum surface air temperature (Tmax) either decreased or remained the same in areas experi-encing irrigation expansion but increased in a majority of unirrigated areas during the post-monsoon sea-son. The basin energy balance suggests that irrigation had as large an impact on surface heat fluxes as anthropogenic aerosols, and the meteorological records show that irrigation had a corresponding and de-tectable cooling effect on air temperatures in this large region of southern India.

Can landscape scale complexity in stream chemistry be generated by a few “simple” hydro-geochemical building blocks? The challenge for a new riparian observatory

Kevin BishopAbstract: The variability of water quality in space and time present a formidable challenge to society’s ef-forts to predict the future of this valuable resource in response to natural and anthropogenic influences, including climate, land-use change and atmospheric pollutants. Much process-level research on these in-fluences is conducted in a limited number of headwater sites, but many of the observations and assess-ments come from further downstream where it can be difficult to discern the role of specific landscape ele-ments that may have characteristic patterns of response to the influences of interest. This paper summa-rized efforts to reconcile large-scale, long-term observations with conceptualizations of key processes based on detailed plot to headwater scale observations with regards to the export of organic carbon in Fenno-Scandia. A newly established riparian observatory is presented as one step towards testing hy-potheses about how key landscape elements for the region (forest and wetland) contribute to the highly variable patters of water chemistry in the landscape.

Particle Size Influence on the Relationship Between Turbidity and Suspended Sediment Con-centration

E.S. Brooks, K.M. Ostrowski, J. Boll, and A. Snyder.Abstract: The increasing use of in-situ turbidity probes as a surrogate measurement of suspended sedi-ment concentration requires the assessment of the accuracy and reliability of the method for different soils and landscapes. In our study, relationships between suspended sediment concentration and turbidi-ty were generated using five years of continuous turbidity measurements and event-based water samples at three stream monitoring stations within a 90 km2 agriculturally dominated watershed. Each of these re-lationships exhibited pronounced clockwise hysteresis with discharge. The effect of particle size on this

relationship was investigated using an automated single-particle optical-sensing instrument which provid-ed particle counts for 8 different particle size classes. The analysis revealed a strong influence of fine sand on sediment concentration on the rising limb of the hydrographs. Turbidity measurements, which are more sensitive to clay- sized particles, must be corrected for these hysteresis effects in streams where clay-sized particles mask fine sand fractions. Empirical “rising” and “falling” limb relationships were developed for the monitoring sites. These empirical relationships greatly improved the sediment loading estimates over a single turbidity-sediment concentration relationship.

A wavelet-based information theory approach to assess scaling of evapotranspiration

N. A. Brunsell, J. M. Ham, and C. B. YoungAbstract: We present a method for quantifying the spatial and temporal scaling characteristics associat-ed with mass and energy cycling in the central Great Plains of the United States. Surface measurements consist of a combination of field measurements ranging from the leaf to kilometers in conjunction with satellite remotely sensed surface fields and NEXRAD precipitation measurements. A soil-vegetation-at-mosphere-transfer scheme is used to determine the surface energy fluxes. Information theory metrics of entropy and mutual information content are calculated to assess the information content and redundancy amongst the data and modeled fields. When combined with wavelet multi-resolution analysis, we can ex-amine these characteristics as a function of spatial and temporal scale. This results in a method by which we can assess scale-wise variability of evapotranspiration in conjunction with variation in surface proper-ties.

What can long-term baseflow measurements tell us about temporal groundwater storage trends?

Wilfried BrutsaertAbstract: Baseflow or low flow drainage from a river system derives directly from the water stored in the upstream aquifers in the basin; therefore, observations of the trends of the annual lowest flows can serve to deduce quantitative estimates of the basin-scale groundwater storage trends over the period of the streamflow record. The proposed method was implemented and validated with streamflow and ground-water level observations in two basins in Illinois, covering nearly two thirds of the State’s total area. The application of this approach is then further illustrated with streamflow data during the past half century in a large basin in Mongolia, where it can be compared with several other measures of a changeable hydro-logic cycle, and with its evolution in adjacent regions in east Asia.

GLOBE Watershed Dynamics

Colleen BuzbyAbstract: GLOBE’s Earth System Science Project: Watershed DynamicsThe Watershed Dynamics project presents a new set of educational materials addressing water resource availability. Where does your water come from? Do you always have enough or is the supply limited where you live? What factors affect the quantity and seasonal availability of the water where you live? As part of the ESSP Initiative, the Watershed Dynamics project offers students the opportunity to conduct in-vestigations of watershed behavior for local, regional, and national scales, using scientific meteorological and hydrological datasets. Students investigate the inter-relationships between precipitation, evaporation and surface runoff using My World GIS™, a geographic information system (GIS) specifically designed for educational use. Data is imported into My World from the CUAHSI HIS for students to analyze and inter-pret. Emphasis is placed on water availability in different regions of the country and how these variables change throughout the year.

Understanding runoff generation processes

Tony CahillAbstract: Understanding runoff generation processes is central to watershed hydrology. Since stream flow over time is the result of runoff generation, one would assume that the behavior of stream flow in

time could tell us something about the nature of the runoff generation processes. We present a theoreti-cal framework that relates the time distribution of stream flow to the spatial correlation of runoff generation in the watershed. It is shown that under this model the scaling structure of stream flow implies a spatial scaling of runoff generation across the watershed. How this statistical model relates to actual physical processes will also be discussed.

Inference of Stream Network Fragmentation Patterns from Ground Water - Surface Water In-teractions on the High Plains Aquifer

DG ChandlerAbstract: Stream networks in the Great Plains integrate fluxes from precipitation as surface runoff in dis-crete events and groundwater as base flow. Changes in land cover and agronomic practices and develop-ment of ground water resources to support irrigated agriculture have resulted in profound changes in the occurrence and magnitude of stream flows, especially near the Ogallala aquifer, where precipitation is low. These changes have demonstrably altered the aquatic habitat of western Kansas, with documented changes in fish populations, riparian communities and groundwater quality due to stream transmission losses. Forecasting future changes in aquatic and riparian ecology and groundwater quality requires a large scale spatially explicit model of groundwater- surface water interaction. In this study, we combine historical data on land use, stream flow, production well development and groundwater level observations with groundwater elevation modeling to support a geospatial framework for assessing changes in refugia for aquatic species in four rivers in western Kansas between 1965 and 2005. Decreased frequency and duration of streamflow occurred in all rivers, but the extent of change depended on the geomorphology of the river basin and the extent of groundwater development. In the absence of streamflow, refugia for aquatic species were defined as the stream reaches below the phreatic surface of the regional aquifer. Changes in extent, location and degree of fragmentation of gaining reaches was found to be a strong pre-dictor of surface water occurrence during drought and a robust hydrological template for the analysis of changes in recharge to alluvial and regional aquifers and riparian and aquatic habitat.

Projections of 21st Century hydro-climatic changes in western North America

Michael DettingerAbstract: Winters and springs have warmed significantly in western North America during the past sever-al decades and are projected to continue warming in the 21st Century in response to increasing green-house-gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Across most of western North America, this warming has al-ready resulted in a greater fraction of precipitation falling as snow rather than snow, in earlier snowmelts, declining springtime snowpacks, in earlier streamflows, and earlier and potentially longer growing sea-sons. These trends are expected to continue through the 21st Century and may be joined by increasing flood and low-flow risks and changes in ground-water recharge from western mountains. The projections predict a twenty-first century hydroclimate in which many climate and hydrologic variables trend across broad geographical areas and at rates that are rapid by historical standards. The projections are likely to remain uncertain for years to come and hydrological and ecological responses are expected to interact in complex ways. In the face of these challenges, science in support of resource management in the region needs to increase its emphasis on long-term eco- and resource-system adaptability (rather than on histor-ical successes); long-term and multivariate monitoring; integration across disciplines, observations, mod-els, and across the region; and increased use of manipulative experiments.

Shallow groundwater responses to rainfall and implications for runoff generation in a small headwater catchment

Joel M Detty, Kevin J. McGuireAbstract: We equipped a small headwater catchment with a spatially distributed instrument network to continuously monitor shallow groundwater and soil moisture dynamics in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. We used a combination of statistical correlation, time-lag analysis, hydraulic measurements, site surveying, and topographic analysis to infer runoff generating sources and processes. The goal of our study was to determine the effects of landscape drainage organization and topographic controls on the spatial and temporal patterns of runoff generation. Our results indicate that for many rainfall events, par-

ticularly smaller events with low antecedent soil moisture, landscape parameters such as proximity to or-ganized drainage or slope convergences and upslope accumulated area are good predictors for runoff source areas throughout the catchment. However, during large events combined with high antecedent soil moisture, the runoff response of the catchment increases significantly and we theorize that hillslope contributions to stormflow can become significant. Following rainfall events during the wet season ripari-an-hillslope water table continuity is maintained for a considerable recession period and in many cases lasts until the next event. Shallow groundwater well hydrographs show evidence of non-linear behavior, particularly during large storm events, where water level fluctuations are not always synchronized with changes in rainfall intensity. These water level fluctuations may represent filling and release of storages in the soil profile or activation/deactivation of secondary flowpaths and processes. The most compelling evidence of this behavior comes from a long unchannelled hillslope where, during four separate rainfall events, there is an apparent “pulse” of shallow groundwater propagating downslope during rainless peri-ods at a rate up to several hundred times faster than estimated Darcy flux velocities. These results have important implications for representing process complexity in hydrological models as well as solute trans-port between upland hillslopes and channel networks.

In Situ Nitrate Observation in Unsaturated Soils: Embedded Sensor Platform Development and Testing

Heidi Dietrich, Alexander Rat’ko, Yeonjeong Park, Henry Pai, Christopher Butler, and Thomas C. HarmonAbstract: The need for an efficient, widely accessible technology for observing the movement and fate of nutrients in the vadose zone to the groundwater is motivating the development of in situ sensing systems for long-term deployment in agricultural fields and natural systems. In this work, subsurface sensor de-ployment involves physical and chemical sensors: long term (months to years) physical sensor installa-tions (temperature, soil water content, salinity, and conductivity) and short term (days) ion selective elec-trode (ISE) installations (nitrate and ammonium). Chemical sensors are deployed using the following prototocol: laboratory pre-calibration, field installation, manure-water flood irrigation, sensor removal and laboratory post-calibration. For field applications, ISEs require a minimum soil water content to function, individual calibrations and are not optimally packaged for field use. Short term chemical sensor deploy-ment results indicate that sensor responses are affected by soil temperature, calibration drift, and the presence of interfering ions. A multiple regression analysis is being developed to algorithmically account for temperature effects and calibration uncertainty. Time series results for both ammonium and nitrate demonstrate a diurnal cycling suggestive which would be associated with biological processes in these highly productive and nutrient-rich pastures. In order to validate real time data obtained from chemical sensors, conventional sample collection (soil cores, lysimeters) followed by spectrophotometry and ion chromatography (IC) methods were used. Ammonium sensor results significantly differ from results of lab methods, which appears to be due to the presence of significant amounts of potassium (one of the main interfering ions for ammonium ISEs) in the dairy soil being investigated. Results obtained from nitrate sen-sors correspond qualitatively with the results obtained by lab methods. However, we have thus far failed to achieve quantitative validation due to the combined effects of conventional sampling techniques, which may bias the sample redox conditions, and the semi-quantitative nature of the ISE response. Overall, the results demonstrated for nitrate are indicative of progress in the improvement of ISE technology in recent years. Future work will involve continued attempts at in situ sensor response validation, sensor duty cycle improvement, and up-scaling the sensor production to provide better spatial coverage.

Combination of geophysical and ‘Direct-Push’ methods for a detailed hydrogeological sub-surface characterisation

P. DietrichAbstract: Different environmental and hydrogeological questions, such as the management of water re-sources, contaminated megasites, or the evaluation of building grounds, require an adequate knowledge of subsurface structures (including geometry and relevant parameters) and processes for the understand-ing and the solution of specific problems. The challenge for exploration and monitoring technologies in en-vironmental research are thus, among others, the identification and parameterization of system relevant physical-chemical-biological processes as well as the interaction between different scales. For these as-pects high resolution methods are required.

Commonly, boreholes and geophysical surface measurements are used for subsurface investigations. In case of boreholes, information can be obtained from cores and geophysical logging. Typically, borehole data have high vertical resolutions, but suffer from a lack of information in lateral directions between the boreholes. This gap can be bridged by the application of geophysical surface measurements which can provide horizontally continuous information. However, due to physical reasons the vertical resolution of surface methods decreases with depth.

A further possibility for the near-surface exploration is the use of Direct Push (DP) technology (also known as “cone penetration testing” or “direct drive technology”). This technology refers to a growing family of tools used for performing subsurface investigation by pushing and/or hammering small-diameter hollow steel rods into the ground and delivers vertical profiles with a high resolution up to depth of 50 m. Gener-ally, the applicability of the DP technologies strongly depends on the geotechnical/ mechanical character-istics of the subsurface material.

By the combination of vehicles equipped with DP devices and geophysical measuring techniques, a cost-effective hydrogeological exploration of the subsurface can be achieved. For this purpose, a concept for DP trailers had been developed and implemented for the practical use. The DP trailers allow the rapid mapping of large areas by geophysical measurements (e.g. seismic, geoelectric and electromagnetic) with pulled equipment (Fig. 1a). Based on the results of geophysics, locations for further detailed, DP-based investigations will be selected. Thereby, three options for the use of DP are provided. Option A: Sources and receivers/ sensors for geophysical investigations, such as seismic sources, are placed into the ground by DP. The use of this option allows a higher resolution for deeper parts of the profile and a more detailed image of the internal structure and geometry of the subsurface (Fig. 1b). Option B: DP is used for the in-situ measurement of geophysical parameters (e.g. electrical conductivity, seismic veloci-ties). The data of these measurements can be used for an improvement of the inversion of geophysical measurements e.g. by conditioning of inversion algorithms. Option C: Geophysical and collocated hydro-geological data are collected with DP. These data allows the derivation of site-specific parameter rela-tions, supporting a more reliable interpretation of the geophysical parameter distribution towards a param-eterized, hydrogeological characterisation of the subsurface.

STREON: Stream Experimental and Observational Network-Reach Scale Monitoring

Walter K. DoddsAbstract: STREON will be a set of coordinated experimental and observational studies to examine how nutrient loading, species losses, and hydrologic change impact the structure and function of North Ameri-can streams regionally and continentally. STREON will potentially be part of the National Ecological Ob-servatory Network (NEON) – a US National Science Foundation venture to monitor environmental change using a cross-continent network of sensors and experiments. The STREON observational network will consist of ~20 heavily instrumented core installations, augmented by additional re-locatable sensor pack-ages. The sites will be placed in “domains” across the US including Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Sensors will be placed upstream and downstream of a reach at each site and manual sampling will also occur to allow material flux budgeting and estimates of rates of net nutrient transformations and metabolism. Sites will be located close to intensely monitored terrestrial habitats. Gradients of local inter-est will be captured by placing re-locatable sensors in stream reaches within 3 hours of the core observa-tional sites. STREON will also feature 10 experimental sites where long-term fertilization experiments will be overlaid by consumer manipulations simulating species losses. All measurements will be made using the same methodology as at the core observational sites. Additional biological measurements will char-acterize consumer and nutrient effects as they are altered by natural hydrologic events (flooding and dry-ing). This observational and experimental network should interact synergistically with initiatives such as CUAHSI to create better opportunities to scale ecohydrology to entire watersheds.

Coupling sub-surface hydrological and biogeochemical interactions with above-ground canopy functioning: Sensitivity of carbon, water and energy exchange predictions to subsur-face process representation

Darren Drewry Praveen Kumar Murugesu Sivapalan Steve Long Xin-Zhong Liang Abstract: Recent advances in land surface models (LSMs) have coupled formulations for leaf-level bio-chemical photosynthesis with stomatal control of carbon and water exchange and leaf energy balance. Scaled-up to the canopy, these leaf-level formulations have demonstrated success in capturing a large

fraction of the variability in canopy-atmosphere exchange observations (ie. eddy covariance) at seasonal timescales. Multi¬year model integrations, however, often diverge from observations as the memory in-herent in the relatively slow soil biogeochemical and deep-soil hydrologic states is not properly represent-ed. Inter-annual variability in environmental forcing (ie. precipitation and air temperature) can propagate to depth in the soil column, which is buffered against high-frequency surface variability and can influence ecosystem function (ie. evapotranspiration and CO2 respiration) over longer timescales. Likewise, pertur-bations to the ambient CO2 concentration experienced by vegetation can induce stomatal contraction, in-creasing soil water stores, thereby increasing canopy water availability and modifying below-ground bio-geochemistry. Improving the long-term predictability of land-atmosphere exchange will thus require repre-senting subsurface plant-soil dynamics with a similar level of process fidelity as that of state-of-the-art canopy models. Here we present a model framework that couples detailed canopy functioning with below-ground moisture, heat and biogeochemical dynamics. The above-ground component utilizes a Farquhar-based photosynthesis formulation, Ball-Berry stomatal conductance, and a leaf energy balance compo-nent. These inter-connected processes are solved for multiple canopy layers, allowing for the resolution of the radiation and ambient scalar micro¬environment vertically throughout the canopy space. The subsur-face component solves soil heat and moisture transport simultaneously with root moisture uptake and passive distribution driven by moisture potential gradients between the vertical soil layers (ie. hydraulic re-distribution). The transformations of carbon and nitrogen from organic litter to inorganic forms readily available for plant utilization are also calculated for each soil layer by way of microbial control of organic matter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization/immobilization. The moisture and temperature regimes of the soil thus act to modulate the availability of water and mineral nitrogen to the canopy across a range of temporal scales. Here we utilize this model framework to analyze the sensitivity of predicted flows of water, carbon and heat between the ecosystem components and atmosphere. Particular focus will be made to the impact of inter-annual variability of environmental forcings on ecosystem function.

The Shale Hills Hydro_Sensorium for Embedded Sensors, Simulation, & Visualization: A Mul-ti-Scale Prototype for Land-Vegetation-Atmosphere Interactions

Christopher DuffyAbstract: The future of environmental observing systems will utilize embedded sensor networks with con-tinuous real-time measurement of hydrologic, atmospheric, biogeochemical, and ecological variables across diverse terrestrial environments. Embedded environmental sensors, benefitting from advances in information sciences, networking technology, materials science, computing capacity, and data synthesis methods, are undergoing revolutionary change. It is now possible to field spatially-distributed, multi-node sensor networks that provide density and spatial coverage previously accessible only via numerical simu-lation. At the same time, computational tools are advancing rapidly to the point where it is now possible to simulate the physical processes controlling individual parcels of water and solutes through the complete terrestrial water cycle.

Our goal for the Penn State Critical Zone Observatory is to apply environmental sensor arrays, integrated hydrologic models, and state-of-the-art visualization deployed and coordinated at a testbed within the Penn State Experimental Forest. The Shale Hills Hydro_Sensorium prototype proposed here is designed to observe land-atmosphere interactions in four-dimensional (space and time). The term Hydro_Sensori-um implies the totality of physical sensors, models and visualization tools that allow us to perceive the de-tailed space and time complexities of the water and energy cycle for a watershed or river basin for all physical states and fluxes (groundwater, soil moisture, temperature, streamflow, latent heat, snowmelt, chemistry, isotopes etc.).

This research will ultimately catalyze the study of complex interactions between the land surface, subsur-face, biological and atmospheric systems over a broad range of scales. The sensor array would be real-time and fully controllable by remote users for “computational steering” and data fusion. Presently fully-coupled physical models are being developed that link the atmosphere-land-vegetation-subsurface sys-tem into a fully-coupled distributed system. During the last 5 years the Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Modeling System (PIHM; http://www.pihm.psu.edu/) has been under development as an open-source community modeling project funded by NSF EAR/GEO and NSF CBET/ENG. PIHM represents a strategy for the formulation and solution of fully-coupled process equations at the watershed and river basin scales, and includes a tightly coupled GIS tool for data handling, domain decomposition, optimal unstruc-tured grid generation, and model parameterization.

The sensor and simulation system will have the following elements: 1) extensive, spatially-distributed, non-invasive, smart sensor networks to gather massive geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical data; 2) stochastic information fusion methods; 3) spatially-explicit multiphysics models/solutions of the land-vege-tation-atmosphere system; and 4) asynchronous, parallel/distributed, adaptive algorithms for rapidly simu-lating the states of a basin at high resolution, 5) signal processing tools for data mining and parameter es-timation, and 6) visualization tools. The prototype proposed sensor array and simulation system proposed here will offer a coherent new approach to environmental predictions with a fully integrated observing sys-tem design. We expect that the Shale Hills Hydro_Sensorium may provide the needed synthesis of infor-mation and conceptualization necessary to advance predictive understanding in complex hydrologic sys-tems.

Exploration of Hydrologic Dynamics during the Colonial Era in the Northeastern United States

Jon Duncan, Sara Brandt, Hyojin Kim, Sanjiv Kumar, Michael Lally, Andrea Munoz-Hernandez, Anthony Parolari, Chris Pastore, Nira Salant, Kate Zalzal, and Mark GreenAbstract: The Northeast Consortium for Hydrologic Synthesis, a CUAHSI synthesis test-bed, is address-ing the emerging view that humans are today embedded into the basic character of the water cycle through a myriad of processes including water abstraction and flow diversion, land cover change, pollu-tion, reduction of aquatic biodiversity, and climate change. A major scientific challenge is to understand how these changes manifest themselves and if they bear synergistic impacts across different scales. Thus, our primary synthesis goal is to quantify the widespread alteration of hydrologic systems over local-to-regional domains focusing on the Northeast corridor of the United States over a 500-yr period (1600 to 2100). One synthesis activity for the project is staging a Summer Institute for graduate students to engage in synthesis research around the "500-year challenge". The concept behind the Institute is to engage graduate students in the synthesis process by having them explore existing information and produce new hypotheses regarding the 500-year challenge. The first Institute is being held from June 9 to July 18 and will include 10 students. This poster will highlight new hypotheses and new insights that arise from the In-stitute about the state and dynamics of the hydrologic cycle during the Colonial era.

Characterization of global surface water storage changes and discharge via the Surface Wa-ter Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission

Durand, M., D. Alsdorf, K. Andreadis, D. Lettenmaier, E. Rodriguez, D. Moller, N. Mognard, and S. BiancamariaAbstract: The spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of surface water storage, as well as the dis-charge of streams and rivers, are significant components of the global water balance. First-order science questions related to the spatiotemporal surface water variability remain unanswered, however. The mea-surements required to answer these hydrologic questions are surface water area, the elevation of the wa-ter surface (h), its slope (∂h/∂x), and temporal change (∂h/∂t). Advances in remote sensing hydrology, par-ticularly over the past 10 years and even more recently, have demonstrated that these hydraulic variables can be measured reliably from orbiting platforms. The Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission is a swath mapping radar altimeter that would provide new measurements of inland water surface eleva-tion (WSE) for rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs. SWOT has been recommended by the National Re-search Council (NRC) Decadal Survey (NRC, 2007) to measure ocean topography as well as WSE over land; the proposed launch date timeframe is between 2013 – 2016. A key technology of the SWOT mis-sion is a Ka-band Radar INterferometer (KaRIN) which is a near-nadir viewing, 120 km wideswath based instrument that uses interferometric SAR processing of the returned pulses to yield single-look 5m az-imuth and 10m to 70m range resolution, with an elevation accuracy of approximately 50 cm. Polynomial based averaging of heights along the water body increases the height accuracy to about 3 cm. The entire globe is covered twice every 22 days, missing very few lakes or rivers. The SWOT “Virtual Mission” con-sists of studies in hydrology with objectives that include 1) demonstrating the practical utility of the SWOT measurements for characterization of global surface water storage changes and discharge; 2) defining the trade-offs between satellite instrument design and hydrologic estimate accuracy. In this paper, we present an overview of Virtual Mission results, including 1) characterization of channel flow for a 50 km reach of the Ohio River; 2) characterization of channel bathymetry and floodplain dynamics using for a 240 km reach of the Amazon River; and 3) first-order channel discharge accuracy estimates for global

rivers within the Hydro1K dataset.

Groundwater Contaminant Transport and the Utility of a Subsurface Observatory

Graham E. FoggAbstract: There is substantial evidence that most groundwater plumes of conservative solutes break-through at receptor wells sooner than any conventional model would predict and exhibit tailing that is suf-ficiently strong to retain mass near source areas long after the sources have gone, thereby exacerbating pump-and-treat operations for decades or longer. This behavior can be mimicked in models that are suffi-ciently representative of the subsurface heterogeneity, which is commonly dominated by aquitard units rather than aquifer units. These effects and the typical field observations of plumes are profoundly differ-ent than the behaviors exhibited by the well-known tracer tests at Borden and Cape Cod but somewhat similar to observations at the MADE site, wherein a particular source location and a particular style of aquifer-aquitard architecture creates so-called anomalous plume behavior. The Borden and Cape Cod ex-perimental results are not applicable to aquifer-aquitard complexes because those sites lack aquitard ma-terials. The MADE site results provide but one, fleeting glimpse of what can happen at the local scale in commonplace heterogeneity, yet there are many other possible scenarios and styles of real-world hetero-geneity that lack field testing. Just as many of our Superfund plumes have evolved over 40 years or more, long-term groundwater observatories are needed to investigate the decades-long transport processes that play out in actual aquifer-aquitard complexes. Results would not only help validate new and evolving models of transport, but the better understanding of matrix diffusion in such 3D systems would lead to more efficient remediation methods and provide insights into long-term sustainability of groundwater qual-ity.

Development of a prototype flash-flood prediction system for the Colorado Front Range us-ing the coupled WRF/Noah-distributed hydrometerological prediction system

David J. Gochis, Wei Yu, David N. YatesAbstract: Flash floods occurring over complex terrain have claimed the lives of hundreds of people and accounted for hundreds of millions of dollars in time-inflated damages over the years. While early detec-tion and warning of such events has improved over the past few decades, predictive skill of flash floods across a range of time-scales remains critically low. A significant contributor to the lack of forecast skill has resulted from poor (i.e. parameterized) representation of convective processes occurring over com-plex terrain. However, competing factors such as landscape form, terrestrial hydrologic conditions, and land use also interact to modulate a watershed’s response to intense convective events. The response of the watershed to precipitation forcing is highly non-linear in both space and time and therefore demands a physically robust and spatially-distributed framework for adequate diagnosis and prediction of potential flooding hazards as well as spatially-distributed turbulent fluxes to the atmosphere. The system devel-oped under this project aims to improve characterization of terrestrial hydrology during inter-storm periods via hydrologic data assimilation and seeks to advance our understanding of how the quality of QPE and quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) from radar, nowcasting and NWP systems, respectively, will im-pact flood predictions. We have coupled the Noah-distributed hydrological model, a hydrologically-en-hanced variant of the vertical Noah land surface model, to the NCAR High Resolution Land Data Assimi-lation System (HRLDAS) and the WRF model and deployed the coupled system over the Colorado Front Range. The hydrologically-enhanced HRLDAS is used to spin-up land surface and channel flow condi-tions prior to forecast initiation. Progress from an operational deployment of the flash flood prediction sys-tem as well as selected case studies is presented along with a technical description of model components and computational issues. Precipitation from the NCAR-Thunderstorm Identification Tracking Analysis and Nowcasting (TITAN) system and cloud resolving simulations from the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) model and Noah-distributed modeled streamflow are evaluated in the context of preparing flash flood guidance with short term (30-60 min) and 1-day lead times. Simulated and predicted streamflow at approximately 100 stations across the Colorado Front Range region are also compared to station observations.

Component-based Architectures for Building Community Models

Jon Goodall, Scott PeckhamAbstract: One approach for building community models is to use the concept of a component-based ar-chitecture. In this architecture design, the overall modeling system consists of a set of computational com-ponents that can be interlinked into different model configurations. Components are required to imple-ment an interface standard that defines how client applications initialize and control the execution of the component. Two advantages of a component-based architecture are (1) that the components can be modular, meaning that they can be easily added or removed from model configurations, and (2) they can be managed by independent groups without direct communication between the groups. Thus a compo-nent-based architecture is an adaptable and extensible software design for building community-based modeling systems. We will present the fundamental concepts in component-basedmodeling, review some of the existing technologies for enabling component-based modeling for hydrolog-ic systems, and highlight important research questions that need to be addressed to further both the sci-ence and technology of component-based modeling.

Lessons learned from the Santa Fe River Test Bed

Wendy Graham, Matthew J. Cohen, Joseph J. Delfino, James B. Heffernan, and Jonathan B. Martin, Kathleen A. McKee, Vibhava Srivastava, Ray G. ThomasAbstract: The University of Florida WATERS Test bed group has focused research and sensor array de-velopment in the Santa Fe River watershed in north-central Florida. The basin is a major tributary of the Suwannee River, a watershed that is currently undergoing a transition from a relatively undisturbed to a human-stressed environment. The Santa Fe River watershed shares many hydrologic and socioeconom-ic characteristics of the larger Suwannee River basin, but at a smaller scale, making it an ideal test-bed for examining scientific and engineering questions pertinent to the larger Suwannee system, in particular, and for the development of the WATERS Network, in general.

The long-term science goal of our working group is to improve our predictive understanding of hydrologic and ecologically-relevant constituent (primarily nutrients and DO) flowpaths, stores, and trans-formations within the Suwannee/Santa Fe Basin, and to improve understanding of how in-stream and in-hyporheic zone nutrient processeing influences karst development as well as stream ecology. Specific objectives of our test-bed project are a) exhaustive testing of off-the-shelf continuous nitrate sensors, various telemetry alternatives, and data QA/QC automation, b) implementation and testing of a communi-ty-developed standardized Hydrologic Information System (HIS) for discovery and dissemination of legacy monitoring data and current research observations,c) development of optimal monitoring network design algorithms for estimating streamflow, and d) development of improved physical models capable of predict-ing the fluxes of water and nutrients through this karst river basin.Our preliminary findings show that

·The Satlantic ISUS UV nitrate sensor has significantly lower operation and maintenance costs than the YSI 9600 nitrate sensors, and is better suited to low DOC systems. The YSI 9600 requires signifi-cant operation and maintenance and exhibits significant drift in its internal standard. However if these issues can be resolved, the YSI 9600 may be preferable for high DOC waters.·Local agencies are enthusiastic about having their data available through the web accessible CUAH-SI system, but that significant human resources are required to successfully achieve this. Continued improvement the user interface and flexibility for getting data out of HIS is necessary before it is likely that scientists will invest time in using it. ·A Bayesian Network estimation framework which uses existing hydrogeospatial and time series data as well as predictions from a simplified deterministic physical model can predict spatially explicit dis-charge along the river network as well as measures of uncertainty in discharge.·A simplified, deterministic, physically based watershed assessment model (WAM), developed for the Santa Fe watershed and calibrated using mission agency data, captures gross behavior, but inade-quately captures geographic and geologic differences in system behavior. Improvements are need in the representation of groundwater flow and transport mechanisms, and in the coupling between sur-face and groundwater flow systems.

Identifying a good LSM: Use of a new, ensemble-based framework to evaluate enhanced hy-drological representations in the Noah land-surface model

Enrique Rosero, Lindsey Gulden, Thorsten Wagener, Zong-Liang Yang, Guo-Yue Niu, and David GochisAbstract: We present three metrics for rigorous evaluation of land-surface models (LSMs). The metrics evaluate models within a framework that explicitly acknowledges perennial sources of uncertainty (e.g., sensitivity of LSM output to parameters that are impossible to specify and to errors in meteorological forc-ing data). The model performance score quantifies the likelihood that a representative model ensemble will bracket most observations, be centered on the observations, and be clustered near the observations. The robustness score quantifies the sensitivity of performance to parameter changes and/or perturbations in meteorological forcing. Given the less-than-perfect settings in which LSMs are and will be applied, our framework views relative insensitivity to parameter variability and to forcing error as beneficial. The fitness score combines performance and robustness and ranks models' suitability for broad application. We demonstrate the use of the metrics comparing three versions of the Noah LSM to simulate evaporative fraction and the rate of change of soil moisture during the summer in Oklahoma. The least complex ver-sion of Noah is most fit for broad application. The time-varying performance score is a tool for hypothesis testing and model development: we show that representing short-term phonological change improves Noah's simulation of surface energy partitioning and subsurface water dynamics at a semi-humid site; we also show that a lumped, unconfined aquifer model decreases the bias of simulated soil moisture without improving subsurface moistures dynamics. The framework metrics presented here will significantly im-prove the confidence that can be placed in LSM predictions.

Hydro-Kansas Research Project: Multi-scale Dynamical understanding of Statistical Scaling in Floods & Riparian Evapotranspiration in River Networks

Vijay K. Gupta et al.Abstract: The Hydro-Kansas (HK) project is a multi-institutional, multi-investigator, multi-disciplinary re-search program. It is the first illustrative example of a Natural Laboratory (NL), which requires taking new measurements in a meso-scale river basin to test scientific hypotheses. The concept of a NL was de-scribed in the Water, Earth, Biota (WEB) report to the National Science Foundation (http://cires.col-orado.edu/hydrology). The HK project is currently extending its scientific hypotheses to include a large number of basins in the US. These basins are defined as hydrologic observatories in that only existing data sets are used to test hypotheses. HK combines theoretical analyses, numerical modeling, and an ob-servational field program to understand and predict floods and riparian evapotranspiration (RET) during periods of stationary and non-stationary changes in global hydroclimate. The central observational pro-gram of HK is being conducted in the 1,100 km2 Whitewater basin 50 km east of Wichita, KS. HK is ad-dressing the long-standing problem of predicting spatial flood scaling statistics from physical processes in ungauged basins (PUB) on multiple time scales that range from events to annual and longer. Physical predictions of scaling statistics involve non-linear interactions among hydrologic, geomorphologic, meteo-rologic/climatic, and ecologic processes in mesoscale watersheds. They require, (i) multi-scale dynamical formulations, (ii) a new ensemble approach to solve multi-scale dynamical equations in a river network, and (iii) generalizing the results across global hydroclimates. A dynamical ensemble approach is required to understand and predict statistical power laws, or statistical scaling, which describes watershed re-sponse across multiple space-time scales. The research reported here was conducted during 2002-2007, and it was primarily focused on floods.

Hydrogeologic and biotic controls on solute flux in a spring-fed karst river

James B. Heffernan, Matthew J. Cohen, Ray G. Thomas, Wendy Graham, and Jonathan B. Martin.Abstract: The chemical dynamics of river systems are subject to both hydrologic and biotic processes oc-curring at a variety of temporal scales. In this study, we evaluate the roles of groundwater dynamics and in-river biotic metabolism on the nutrient and carbonate chemistry of the spring-fed Ichetucknee River in Columbia County, Florida. Our approach combines analysis of long-term discharge and chemistry records with continuous measurement via telemetered sensor arrays to describe the dynamics of water chemistry discharging from spring vents and at a downstream river station at hourly to inter-annual time scales. We observed lagged responses of NO3 to changes in spring discharge at inter-annual and sea-

sonal time scales. Hourly sensor measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO), NO3, pH, and specific con-ductivity exhibited significant diel variation resulting from the metabolism of riverine vegetation. Compari-son of downstream concentrations to spring inputs indicate significant removal of N and production of ion-ic activity (i.e. mineral dissolution) within the river system during the sensor deployment period. Diel rela-tionships between DO and other solutes exhibited complex hysteretic behavior over diel time scales, pos-sibly reflecting either physiological decoupling of photosynthesis and biomass production or the existence of significant subsurface flowpaths. In sum, these data suggest long-term hydrologic control of solute concentration coupled to biotic processes that influence chemical dynamics at shorter temporal scales

Potential climate impacts on the hydrology of high elevation catchments, Colorado Front Range

Kenneth Hill, Mark Williams, Nel Caine, Jason Janke, Tim KittelAbstract: Potential climate impacts on the hydrology of two seasonally snow covered catchments is eval-uated using 24 years of data from Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research Site, Colorado. At the larger (220 ha), higher elevation (3570 m) GL4 catchment annual discharge did not change significantly based on nonparametric trend testing. However, October streamflow volumes and groundwater storage did increase, despite drought conditions near the end of the record in 2000-2004. In contrast, at the smaller (8 ha), lower elevation (3400 m) MART catchment, annual discharge decreased significantly over the study period with the most substantial changes in July-September. The study period was separated into “wet”, “normal”, and “dry” years based on the 75th and 25th quartiles of annual precipitation. Results indicate that MART is particularly sensitive to changes in precipitation with dry years exhibiting decreased snowmelt peak flows, earlier snowmelt timing, decreased annual discharge, and reduced late-season flows. GL4 was less susceptible to changes in precipitation and surprisingly late-season flow volumes (Sept.-Oct.) were not significantly different between wet, normal, and dry conditions. Glacial melt from the 8 ha Arikaree glacier may account for up to 43% of the increase in late-season flows based on ablation measurements. We downscaled a regional permafrost model based on topoclimatic variables to assess whether subsurface ice within permafrost and rock glaciers could account for the remaining deficiency. Results suggest that with only 1deg C of warming over 1/3 of permafrost area would be lost. Over the study period mean annual minimum temperatures increased by 0.6 deg decade-1, with the some of most prominent increases occurring in July (1.5 deg decade-1). Additionally, limited ground temperature mea-surements at an active rock glacier indicate a 1deg C increase over the past decade. This suggests that the source of late-season streamflow at GL4 has shifted towards permafrost meltwater in recent warm, dry years. This study shows that seasonally snow covered catchments are particularly sensitive to changes in climate, but the hydrologic response may depend on landscape characteristics.

Using the Observations Data Model in Hydrologic Information Systems

Jeffery S. Horsburgh, David G. Tarboton, David R. Maidment, Ilya ZaslavskyAbstract: The Observations Data Model (ODM) serves as the foundation for the CUAHSI Hydrologic In-formation System and has enabled the creation of an end to end data system that can ingest data in real time from multiple sources and serve this data to a number of retrieval, visualization and analysis tools. These include data loading and editing tools for data managers as well as web services that support a map interface, search engine and direct machine to machine access to data from analysis environments such as Excel and Matlab. ODM provides a systematic way to organize and manage data from multiple sensors in a heterogeneous data system so as to enable collaboration, analysis and integration across disciplines. Version 1.0 of ODM has been implemented as part of a hydrologic information system server at a number of test bed sites across the country that are examining and evaluating the information tech-nology (cyberinfrastructure) needed to support their heterogeneous data publishing, data discovery, re-trieval and integration needs. This poster illustrates the application and use of ODM in the CUAHSI Hy-drologic Information System for the management and publication of watershed data and highlights the re-cently released Version 1.1 of ODM.

The Health-E-Waterways Project: Data Integration Services for Smarter, Collaborative Whole-Of-Water-Cycle Management

Jane Hunter, Catharine van Ingen, Eva AbalAbstract: The Health-e-Waterways Project is a three way collaboration between the University of Queensland, Microsoft Research and the Healthy Waterways Partnership (over 60 local government,

state agency, universities, community and environmental organizations). It is funded by the Australia Re-search Council (ARC), State and Microsoft funding.

The project is developing a highly innovative framework and set of services to enable streamlined access to an integrated collection of real-time, near-real-time and static datasets acquired through ecosystem monitoring programs in South East Queensland. Using a novel combination of semantic web technolo-gies, scientific data servers, web services, GIS visualization interfaces and scientific workflows, we are enabling the sharing and integration of high quality data and models, through a combined integrated wa-ter information management system and Web portal.

In addition, we are developing innovative collaborative tools for Qld’s water stakeholders – including a WaterWiki, to facilitate the establishment of an online “community of practise” that can share its problems, expertise and experiences through the Web. The project will improve the speed, reliability and adaptability of the water management decisions being made within SE Qld by the partners in HWP - by providing sci-entists and planners with fast, Web-based access to the disparate and heterogeneous data and models describing: climate (rainfall, temperature, evaporation), water flow, water quality, land use, vegetation cov-erage, species distributions, population growth, urban development, water consumption and water man-agement rules. Figure 1 provides an overview of the components and architecture of the system.

A simulation of an distributed eco-hydrological model with assimilating global satellite prod-ucts by downscaling techniques

Hwang, T., Band, L.E.Abstract: High resolution spatial information (e.g. land cover, topography, canopy cover, soil moisture, precipitation etc.) have aided the development of complex fully distributed eco-hydrological models that construct a detailed spatial representation of the variability of the hydrological processes within the water-shed. However, most of these models incorporate vegetation processes as simple static representations without simulating vegetation dynamics or integrating actual transient phenological changes. Recent de-velopments in remote sensing observational technology provides the potential to coupled eco-hydrologi-cal modeling paradigms by linking dynamic measurements with integrated process descriptions. In partic-ular, the development near real-time global satellite products (e.g. MODIS; MODerate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) enables us to integrate accurate temporal pattern of vegetation dynamics, however they are usually represented as poor spatial resolution not applicable for local eco-hydrological simula-tions. We devised the downscaling technique to overcome this issue using multi-scale remotely sensed data (e.g. Landsat, IKONOS) and topographic information. In the production of daily leaf area index esti-mates, poor quality values were removed based on the quality control label for each pixel and filled by spatio-temporal linear interpolation methods. We apply this technique into eco-hydrological simulations at a local scale with integrating MODIS-derived seasonal phenology into dynamic simulations of high spatial resolution patterns of water, carbon and nutrient cycling.

Examining Impacts of Land Use and Climate Changes Using Geophysical Methods and Hy-drologic Models

D. W. Hyndman, D. H. Jayawickreme, A. D. Kendall, and R. L. Van DamLand use and climate changes will have significant effects on regional and global water resources over the coming decades. Predicting those impacts requires methods to characterize spatial and temporal variability in subsurface moisture distributions and hydrologic models capable of simulating the primary processes that drive the hydrologic cycle. Electrical resistivity imaging along 2D or 3D arrays is one method for monitoring changes in root zone moisture below different land uses, which provides insight into root water uptake under different climate and land use conditions. This type of information can be used in process-based codes such as the Integrated Landscape Hydrology Model (ILHM), which was developed to simulate hydrologic fluxes at fine resolution across regional domains using readily available data. Simulations across a range of scales in Michigan illustrate large spatial and temporal variations in groundwater recharge, evapotranspiration, and stream discharge. These simulations reveal the complex interactions between land use and climate that influence regional hydrologic fluxes, and provide insight into the hydrologic response of projected land use and climate changes.

Ecohydrologic Dynamics in Areas of Complex Topography in a Semiarid Ecosystem

Valeriy IvanovAbstract: Vegetation, particularly its dynamics, is the often-ignored linchpin of the land-surface hydrology. However, enhancing predictability of the impact of climatic disturbances, change in watershed land- and water-use practices, and spatial variability of topographic and soil characteristics on key hydrologic bal-ances will likely require more detailed representation of vegetation in future generation of models. This study emphasizes the coupled nature of interactions, elucidating key factors that control vegetation-water-energy dynamics in complex topography of a semiarid ecosystem. These dynamics are investigated by constructing a coupled modeling system, tRIBS+VEGGIE, based on physical, biochemical, or mechanistic representation of individual processes. In a set of numerical experiments, linkages between terrain at-tributes, patterns of vegetation productivity, and water balance components are examined. For different imposed regimes of lateral water transfer, regions of relative vegetation "favorability" are identified. Their principal controlling mechanisms, as mediated by topographic features of the landscape, are investigated. It is argued that the long-term effects of site-specific and non-local terrain characteristics are superim-posed and the key features of the superposition appear to be of the same form, irrespective of the soil hy-draulic type or the actual water transport mechanism involved. Furthermore, the commonly used “static” vegetation assumption is addressed at shorter timescales to investigate its hydrological significance and ranges of applicability. Inferences advocating representation of vegetation dynamics in hydrologic models are discussed.

HOBE – a Hydrological Observatory

Karsten H. Jensen Abstract: The Water Framework Directive of the European Union requires that water resources manage-ment strategies must be developed at catchment scale, the natural geographical and hydrological unit, in-stead of according to administrative or political bounds and that surface water and groundwater must be managed in an integrated and sustainable manner. The water supply in Denmark is entirely based on groundwater and thus the environmental impacts of groundwater abstraction on streams and wetlands need to be assessed. In consequence there is a need to obtain a better scientific understanding of the hy-drological processes at catchment scale in order to assess management decisions. Recent assessments of the exploitable groundwater resource at the national scale based on integrated hydrological model sim-ulations have documented that the knowledge of the in- and outgoing water fluxes and the exchange of water between the different hydrological compartments at catchment scale is insufficient. Even for the two most basic hydrological fluxes, precipitation and evapotranspiration, significant uncertainties are related to their estimation at larger scale. These uncertainties have among others been reflected in problems with closure of the water balance. To remedy these problems various empirical correction factors have been applied to the various fluxes in order close the water budget. As a result current assessments of the avail-able groundwater resources for water supply in Denmark are inherently uncertain because of the uncer-tainty in the estimates of basic hydrological variables and processes.

To address these problems a hydrological observatory is currently being established in the 2500 km2

Skjern catchment in the western part of Denmark based on a $ 6.8 mill. donation from a private founda-tion. In the hydrological observatory integrated and interdisciplinary measurements and experiments at multiple spatial and temporal scales will be carried to create a high density multi-scale data set that can provide a platform for interdisciplinary hydrological research. We will address the following elements of the hydrological cycle: (1) precipitation, (2) evapotranspiration, (3) recharge, (4) surface water – ground-water interaction, and (5) groundwater seepage to the sea. In addition continuous measurements of greenhouse gasses over different vegetation types will be carried out.

We will use classic state-of-the-art measurement techniques in combination with novel sensor techniques to measure and analyze the multi-scale spatial and temporal patterns of the land surface and subsurface systems including system parameters, state variables, in- and outgoing water fluxes, and water fluxes be-tween hydrological compartments. In particular we will take advantage of the recent developments within ground-based, air-borne and space-borne non-invasive sensors. The collected data will form the basis for further development of integrated and physically based hydrological models and of procedures for inte-gration and utilization of data representing variable scales and accuracy using assimilation and data fu-sion techniques.

The Influence of Landuse/Landcover Change on the Water Budget

Kim, Y., Band, L. and Shin, D.Abstract: There have been periodic reports of severe water shortage in North Carolina; the most recent droughts were in 2002 and 2007 (continuing). It is obvious that both climate and landuse/landcover (LULC) affect on water sources over a long period of time. There has been an increasing precipitation and no significant or a small decrease in annual mean temperature in southeastern part of the United States since early 1900. We confirmed these trends with weather data analysis of our research area, northern central part of North Carolina since the early 1900’s. In a systems perspective, increasing input, i.e. pre-cipitation, will induce output increment, i.e. stream flow, if internal watershed system conditions remain the same. However, there has been no significant sign of increasing stream flow since the 1920’s.

Therefore, we hypothesized that transformation of the watershed condition over the last century, in this case LULC conversion from agricultural to forest areas and population increment, might be the main causes of offsetting the increase precipitation in terms of water yield. In order to test our hypothesis, we chose the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for simulating water yield change within LULC change area and the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method for calibrating and represent-ing uncertainty in the model predictions. The scenario for long term simulation from early 1920 to current time was applied with behavioral parameter sets for current LULC condition. This scenario supposes that the LULC of 1930’s were the same as current condition, i.e. forest, instead of agricultural area. Then, the observed streamflow data from the agricultural area and simulated data (assuming current LULC condi-tions) were used to investigate the existences of a water yield difference between these observed and simulated dataset. To evaluate the watershed model performance, SWAT was also applied to a control watershed from the late 1950’s to current time with same scenario like LULC change watershed. This simulation result did not show a significant difference between observed and simulated data, whereas re-forested watershed showed decreasing trend of annual water yield. We conclude that reforestation has a substantial impact on long term trends in streamflow, and have effectively offset the increase in precipita-tion in controlling runoff production.

Thermodynamics and Optimality of the Water Balance on Land

Axel Kleidon, Stan Schymanski Abstract: The water balance on land plays a critical role in connecting key hydrological processes with climate and ecology. Over the last few years, several advances have been made in applying thermody-namic and optimality approaches to better describe the water balance on land. Both concepts can be viewed in a more integrated framework when linked to the proposed principle of Maximum Entropy Pro-duction (MEP). This principle states that complex systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium organize in a way such that the rate of entropy production – a measure of irreversibility – is maximized. MEP provides a perspective of how the general functioning of the land surface water balance can be viewed from a uni-fying principle of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that is applicable across a wide range of Earth systems beyond hydrology. In this review, the thermodynamic foundation of the water balance far from thermody-namic equilibrium is reviewed as well as its place in the planetary entropy budget and it is linked with pre-viously suggested optimality approaches, specifically regarding the fluxes of evapotranspiration and runoff. Some of the objections to optimality and thermodynamics are discussed as well as its potential im-plications of how the water balance on land may react to change.

HMF-Geophysics: Advancing and Supporting the Use of Geophysical Methods in the Hydro-logic Sciences

Rosemary Knight, Nigel Crook, David RobinsonAbstract: One of the key challenges faced in the hydrologic sciences is obtaining the spatial and tempo-ral data required to adequately characterize subsurface properties and processes. Geophysical methods provide a non-invasive form of measurement that can be used to obtain high-resolution images over large volumes of the subsurface. Available are a wide range of instruments capable of measuring, over a wide range of scales, the mechanical and electromagnetic properties of geological materials. New approaches are emerging for the acquisition, inversion, processing, and interpretation of geophysical data. What is needed is a way to advance and support the use of geophysical methods in hydrologic research.

CUAHSI (Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences) is developing, with the support of the National Science Foundation, a Hydrologic Measurement Facility (HMF), which contains a Geophysics Module. Through HMF-Geophysics our objective is to determine how best to utilize geophysi-cal instrumentation and engage geophysical expertise in addressing key challenges in watershed-scale characterization. Over the past three years we have developed an operational model for HMF-Geo-physics that includes a central facility and a system of “nodes”, where the nodes are individuals at univer-sities or the U.S. Geological Survey who have committed to sharing equipment, software and their exper-tise to support HMF-Geophysics. Central of the operation of HMF-Geophysics is the development of re-search partnerships between hydrologists and geophysicists.

Over the past three years we have collaborated with researchers at 6 sites: the Reynold’s Creek Water-shed, the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and four WATERS test-beds. These collaborations provide examples of how geophysical methods can provide critical information about the surface (soil layer) and subsurface structure and heterogeneity. While much of our work to date has involved state-of-the-practice or state-of-the-science applications of geophysics, continued support for HMF-Geophysics will undoubt-edly lead to the development of new ways in which geophysical imaging can be used to measure and monitor hydrologic properties and processes.

Mobile Radar Technologies for Hydrologic Experiments

Witold F. KrajewskiAbstract: High spatial and temporal resolution estimates of rainfall rate and accumulation are needed for many hydrologic studies and field experiments. Such estimates are rarely provided by operational net-works of rain gauges and weather radars. The author will discuss a mobile network of four X-band polari-metric radars currently under development. The network will be capable of providing rainfall intensity and accumulation maps with ~1 minute temporal resolution and 100 m by 100 m spatial resolution over areas as large as ~1000 km2. This performance will be possible owing to the four radars working in concert and thus mitigating the shortcomings of a single radar operation. At X-band radar signal is significantly atten-uated by high intensity rainfall. This undesirable effect will be reduced by the use of measurements at vertical and horizontal polarization and by taking advantage of the different viewing directions of storms by the network radars. In addition to rainfall quantities, the system will be capable of classifying precipita-tion, e.g. into rain and snow, and generating hydrometeor size distribution maps.

The author will present the principles of radar-rainfall estimation using polarimetric observations. He will summarize the current status of the system development and discuss the plans for system’s deployment and testing. The main objective of the testing will be to establish quantitative aspects of the estimation uncertainty for the rainfall quantities as a function of space and time scales and rainfall amounts. Devel-opment of the software necessary to operate the system for the benefit of the hydrologic research com-munity will be covered as well.

Typology of Hydrologic Prediction Challenges and Consequences for Effective Model Devel-opment

Praveen Kumar Abstract: NRC Water Science and Technology Board’s committee on Hydrologic Science (NRC 2002) states that the problem of hydrologic predictability may be understood at many levels. First, these may be characterized as an initial value problem where the uncertainty in the specification, or in other words the information content, of the initial state has a bearing on the outcome. These uncertainties arise as a result of our inability to precisely measure all state variables in a system at high enough resolution. An example is the uncertainty in the prediction of the stream flow due to lack of knowledge of the soil-moisture state. The second type may be characterized as a boundary value problem where the specification of the dy-namics at the interfaces of the systems is the bottleneck. For example, the water and energy fluxes at the interface of land-surface and atmosphere impact the predictability of both atmospheric dynamics as well as the terrestrial hydrology, and an inadequate characterization of the dynamics will result in reduced pre-dictability. The third type may be specified as the uncertainty in the model parameters at the prediction scale due to heterogeneity, or the scale problem. For example, our inability to map the matrix versus macropore flows for sub-surface transport. This has a strong influence on predictability as dynamics are scaled up from small to large scales.

The above three classifications, however, do not account for a number of additional sources of error that limit our predictive ability. For example, connectivity patterns between processes change as the system as a whole transitions from one dynamic regime to another. These connectivity patterns are often associ-ated with characteristic emergent patterns that in turn constrain the dynamics. Another source of error is the multiple scale interactions where the slower modes of the dynamics while constraining the behavior of the faster dynamic modes also evolve in response to the latter. The third additional element is that of model complexity, which includes issue of trade off between the number of degrees of freedom incorpo-rated in the model and the unobservability of state variables - the more the degrees of freedom that are used the more difficult it is to observe all the state variables. A fourth additional element is associated with the model errors which include issues pertaining to the degrees of approximations used in process repre-sentation and cross-process coupling. These lead to systematic errors in predictions. Understanding the unique issues associated with these prediction challenges will better inform the appropriate model devel-opment, particularly in the context of current transient environment of climate change, land use – land cover change, urban expansion, etc.

Land and atmosphere interactions using satellite remote sensing and a coupled mesoscale/land surface model

Venkat Lakshmi, Seungbum Hong, Eric Small and Fei ChenAbstract: Land and atmosphere interactions have long been recognized for playing a key role in climate and weather modeling. However their quantification has been challenging due to the complex nature of the land surface amongst various other reasons. One of the difficult parts in the quantifications is the ef-fect of vegetation which are related to land surface processes such soil moisture variation and to atmo-spheric conditions such as radiation.

This study addresses various relational investigations among vegetation properties such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), surface temperature (TSK), and vegetation water content (VegWC) derived from satellite sensors such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrora-diometer (MODIS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). The study provides gener-al information about a physiological behavior of vegetation for various environmental conditions. Second, using a coupled mesoscale/land surface model, we examined the effects of vegetation and its relationship with soil moisture on the simulated land-atmospheric interactions through the model sensitivity tests.

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was selected for this study and the Noah land sur-face model (Noah LSM) was implemented in the WRF model for the model coupled system. This coupled model was tested through two parameterization methods for vegetation fraction using MODIS data and through model initialization of soil moisture from High Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRL-DAS). Then, this study evaluates the model improvements for each simulation method.

A Collaborative Approach to Component-Based Community Models and Tools

George H Leavesley and Olaf DavidAbstract: The advantages of community, component-based models are well recognized. Getting a com-munity to participate in such a development involves a variety of technical, as well as related social, is-sues. A key technical issue is the choice of an existing, or design of a new, modeling framework. A wide variety of modeling system frameworks and tools are reported in the literature. Differences among these systems typically are related to the science concepts, problem objectives and institutional guidelines that were used in the design and development of the system. While alternative designs have limited the ability to share components and tools among systems, they have enabled the evaluation of the strengths and limitations of different approaches to system development. Building on this previous experience and knowledge, more recent systems enable the use of multiple programming languages, different computa-tional platforms, and distributed cluster computations. One of these systems is the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Object Modeling System (OMS). OMS is a modular modeling framework that uses an open source software approach to enable all members of the scientific community to collaboratively ad-dress the many complex issues associated with the design, development, and application of distributed hydrological and environmental models. OMS will be used as an example to compare and contrast alter-native modeling framework concepts and opportunities for component sharing among frameworks. An im-

portant feature in the OMS design is scalability of component applications. That is, components can be developed and tested on a laptop with a multi-core processor, but are fully compatible for execution on a cluster or a computing cloud. Collaborative multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional model and tool devel-opment in OMS is supported by the USDA internet-based Collaborative Software Development Laborato-ry (CoLab). Providing a common development environment addresses a number of technical issues, and through improved communication and technical support, addresses some of the social issues as well.

Spatial Patterns of Soil Moisture in a Semi-Arid Montane Catchment with Complex Terrain and Aspect-Dependent Vegetation

Brandon M. Lehman, Jeffrey D. NiemannAbstract. Soil moisture exerts substantial control over physiological and water-use characteristics of vegetation, microbial activity and nutrient cycling, the partitioning of latent and sensible energy fluxes, and the magnitude of both vertical and lateral water fluxes. Significant progress has been made to determine how topography, vegetation, and soil properties influence spatial patterns of soil moisture in humid envi-ronments at the catchment and hillslope scales. However, our understanding of the controls on soil mois-ture patterns in semi-arid and heterogeneous (with respect to soil and vegetation properties) environ-ments remains more limited. This study examines the relationships between the spatial patterns of near surface soil moisture (upper 5 cm), terrain attributes, and soil properties in a small, semi-arid, montane catchment. The 7.5 ha catchment, located in the Cache La Poudre River Canyon in north-central Col-orado, has a total relief of 115 m and average elevation of 2193 m; it is characterized by steep slopes (mean ≈ 17°) and shallow sandy soils with small, scattered granite outcroppings. Depth to bedrock ranges from 0 to greater than 1 m. Most notably, vegetation in the catchment is highly correlated with to-pographic aspect as deciduous brush and coniferous forest are the dominant vegetation types on the south-facing and north-facing hillslopes, respectively. Soils were collected to characterize soil texture and bulk density (30 m resolution) and several datasets consisting of more than 200 point measurements of soil moisture were collected using time domain reflectometry (TDR) in Fall 2007 and Spring 2008. Re-sults from soil textural analysis performed with the ASTM standard hydrometer method show that cos(as-pect) is the best univariate predictor of soil texture, which is finer on the north-facing hillslope than on the south-facing hillslope. Bulk density increases with depth, but shows no significant relationship to topo-graphic indices. As the catchment dries, variance of soil moisture decreases and terrain attributes, espe-cially cos(aspect), explain more of the variation in soil moisture.

Frequency of Preferential Flow Occurrence in the Shale Hills Catchment

Henry LinAbstract: While preferential flow in soils has been widely recognized, the frequency of its occurrence in a given soil or hillslope over time has not yet been adequately addressed. Through real-time soil hydrologic monitoring over 1.5 years in the Shale Hills Catchment (a humid forest watershed in central Pennsylva-nia), we found that preferential flow occurred frequently during various precipitation events. This frequen-cy varied significantly among different soil series, hillslope positions, seasons, and rainfall characteristics. Such variation was also observed within the same soil series, even for those soil profiles adjacent to one another because of the differences in hillslope position, slope gradient and orientation, the underlying bedrock fracture and orientation, or some combinations. Based on the timing of soil moisture sensor re-sponse to rainfalls in different soil depths and landscape positions, we have identified six preferential flow pathways in this catchment that have been confirmed by in situ observations. A general relationship be-tween subsurface preferential flow pathways and soil types, landforms, initial soil moisture conditions, and precipitation inputs is proposed for this catchment, which facilitates subsurface preferential flow network modeling.

Vegetation-hydrology dynamics in semiarid biomes across an elevation gradient.

Marcy Litvak Abstract: The coupled nature of hydrological, ecological and biogeochemical processes is particularly in-teresting in arid and semi-arid ecosystems, given that water is a key limiting resource in these biomes for much of the year. Despite the close coupling that exists between surface water dynamics, vegetation

structure and land surface-atmosphere exchange, rarely have all of these variables been measured si-multaneously. We report on a new, ongoing effort to look at how these variables interact across six biomes that are distributed across an elevation gradient network in New Mexico. The six biomes include a desert grassland, desert shrubland, juniper savanna, pinon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine woodland and mixed conifer forest that differ in ecosystem structure, climate and soils. We use continuous fluxes of carbon, water and energy exchange measured by eddy covariance over each biome to quantify how sea-sonal patterns of evapotranspiration, carbon and energy balance components vary across semi-arid land-scapes. We couple these fluxes with continuously measured profiles of soil temperature and moisture, and measures of ecosystem structure to identify how the ecologically and hydrologically relevant process-es that control land surface atmosphere exchange vary across these biomes. The objective across the network is to quantify how hydrological processes, including the type, rate, and timing of water availability influence ecologic processes across these biomes, and what role the change in ecosystem structure plays in this process. Specifically, we focus this talk on the two highest elevation biomes in the network, the ponderosa pine forest and mixed conifer forest, both part of the NSF Sustainability of semi-Arid Hy-drology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA) hydrological observatory in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico.

The Direct-Push Permeameter for High-Resolution Characterization of Spatial Variations in Hydraulic Conductivity: Tool Design

Gaisheng Liu, Geoff Bohling, James J. Butler, Jr. Abstract: The direct-push permeameter (DPP) is a tool for the in-situ characterization of hydraulic con-ductivity (K) in shallow, unconsolidated formations. This device, the prototype of which consists of a short screened section with a pair of pressure transducers near the screen, is advanced into the subsurface with direct-push technology. K is determined through a series of injection tests conducted between ad-vancements. Our previous studies, including field work at sites in Kansas and Germany and a systematic simulation assessment, have demonstrated that the DPP offers a promising means of obtaining K infor-mation at an unprecedented level of detail, accuracy and speed. In this study, we conduct a series of nu-merical simulation analyses to explore different configurations of the DPP tool, including the number and placement of transducers, such that the most information can be obtained from this technique in an effi-cient manner. In this presentation, we report the major results from these analyses. The smallest K inter-val that can be measured by a single DPP injection test is the domain between the injection screen and the second transducer. When the scale of vertical K variations is greater than that interval, the K profiles can be reproduced by all different tool designs considered in this study accurately and efficiently. When the scale of vertical K variations is smaller, the K profile can still be quantified by reducing the vertical ad-vancement. However, the DPP performance is greatly affected by how well the K structure is represented during the inverse K estimation process. In field applications, information on the K structure can be ob-tained through monitoring the injection-induced back pressure as the tool is advanced. Addition of more pressure transducers, if properly placed, can significantly reduce the number of tests that are required to quantify those small-scale K variations. Given practical considerations regarding the manufacture of tool and field hydraulic tests, we demonstrate that a three-transducer configuration appears to offer the most advantages in characterizing K with the DPP.

Sensitivity of the Seasonal Snowcover in a Semi-Arid Mountain Catchment to Climate Warm-ing in Conjunction with Natural Variability

Danny MarksAbstract: Over the last 50 years in the mountainous western US, temperature has increased by nearly 2°C, while annual precipitation has not changed. These climate trends have altered the snowmelt-domi-nated hydrologic cycle. More precipitation falls as rain, causing earlier snowmelt, peak streamflows, re-duced peak SWE, and reduced summer soil moisture and stream flow. Natural variation in weather and precipitation (wet-dry precipitation and warm-cold weather cycles) make it difficult to quantify the impacts of climate warming on hydrology. To assess the sensitivity of the seasonal snowcover to climate variability and climate warming, five snow seasons representing the range of conditions that occurred within the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) over the past 25 years were selected for analysis. Re-sults indicate that the model accurately simulated the base condition snowcover for each of the selected snow seasons. Cold and warm scenarios were then developed for each snow season, based on -2°C and +2°C adjustment to air temperature, and associated adjustments to dew point temperature, thermal radia-tion from the atmosphere, snow cover albedo decay and changes to the calculated snow redistribution.

The scenario simulations indicate that colder conditions result in less rain and more snow, increasing snow water equivalent (SWE), delaying the date of peak SWE and surface water input (SWI) to soil and streams until late spring and early summer. The warm scenarios resulted in a change in precipitation phase, decreasing SWE by 50% or more, shifting the date of peak SWE to as much as 2 ½ months earli-er and shifting the shape of the SWI hydrograph to a fall or winter peak, with little or not water input in spring or early summer. The most significant climate related shift in this mountain catchment is the change in precipitation phase, because most storms in this mid-elevation basin occur at temperatures near 0°C. This analysis indicates that even if precipitation is unchanged or slightly increased, climate warming will result in a critical hydrologic shift across the region. As snow becomes rain, water stored in the snowcover will be sharply reduced, the remaining snowcover will be more vulnerable to mid-winter rain on snow events and the seasonal input of water will occur during fall and winter, leaving much drier spring and summer conditions.

Re-thinking streamflow generation theory from the bottom-up: A hydropedology approach.

Jeff McDonnell, Taka Sayama , Kellie Vache, Chris Graham and Luisa HoppAbstract: Streamflow generation theory has remained largely unchanged since the 1960s despite numer-ous case studies from an ever-widening array of watersheds. Two broad classes of streamflow generation behavior have been described and conceptualized into widely used model structures: infiltration excess overland flow and saturation excess overland flow. These concepts rely on description of the spatial pat-terns of soil surface infiltration rates and “variable source areas” of saturation (from rising near-stream water tables). While subsurface stormflow during events is observed in many environments and some-times associated with infiltration-excess and saturation-excess, its location and often threshold activation are poorly conceptualized and poorly predicted by the topography of the soil surface. Furthermore, mech-anisms of subsurface stormflow are seemingly endless from lateral preferential flow, to flow along imped-ing layers, to flow in highly conductive soil and sub-soil layers—all largely unpredictable from conditions at the soil surface.

How can we conceptualize subsurface stormflow and its many manifestations? Can we cast it in a man-ner consistent with existing streamflow generation concepts? Here we adopt a hydropedology approach to group all the manifestations of subsurface stormflow as “storage excess” subsurface flow. The concept forces a spatially explicit representation of the total and dynamic subsurface storage volume in the water-shed both during and between precipitation events. We present data from watersheds distributed across a wide array of climate, geology, vegetation and topography to show how hydropedology may play a use-ful role in describing storage excess subsurface flow and how this knowledge can in turn be used to pre-dict streamflow, the geographic sources of streamflow and streamwater residence times.

Hydrologic Connectivity Between Landscapes and Streams: Transferring Reach and Plot Scale Understanding to the Catchment Scale

Brian L. McGlynn, Kelsey G. Jencso, Michael N. Gooseff, Steven M. Wondzell, Kenneth E. BencalaAbstract: The relationship between catchment structure and runoff characteristics is poorly understood. In steep headwater catchments with shallow soils, topographic convergence and divergence (upslope ac-cumulated area-UAA) is a hypothesized first-order control on the distribution of soil water and groundwa-ter. Hillslope- riparian water table connectivity represents the linkage between the dominant catchment landscape elements (hillslopes and riparian zones) and the channel network. Hydrologic connectivity be-tween hillslope-riparian-stream (HRS) landscape elements is heterogeneous in space and often temporal-ly transient. We sought to test the relationship between UAA and the existence and longevity of HRS shal-low groundwater connectivity. We quantified water table connectivity based on 146 recording wells and piezometers distributed across 24 HRS transects within the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (U.S. Forest Service), northern Rocky Mountains, Montana, USA. Correlations were observed between the

longevity of HRS water table connectivity and the size of each transect’s UAA (r2

=0.91). We applied this relationship to the entire stream network to quantify landscape scale connectivity through time and ascer-tain its relationship to catchment scale runoff dynamics. We found that the shape of the estimated annual landscape connectivity duration curve was highly related to the catchment flow duration curve. This re-search suggests internal catchment landscape structure (topography and topology) as a first-order control on runoff source area and whole catchment response characteristics.

Morning, noon and night: using environmental observatories to measure the biogeochemical pulse of the River Continuum

Diane McKnightAbstract: Approaching questions of aquatic biogeochemistry from the perspective of “hotspots” and/or “hot moments” allows for integration of these results within the broad concepts of hydrology and aquatic ecosystem function. This approach also allows for designing environmental observatories to gain an un-derstanding of processes controlling the dynamic chemistry of the diverse water quality constituents of in-terest to hydrologists and environmental engineers. One example is the role of sunlight in determining the structure of stream ecosystems, not only by controlling photosynthesis, a theme of the River Continu-um Concept (RCC), but also by driving evapotranspiration in the terrestrial ecosystem and photochemical processes in the stream or river. The evapotranspiration drives diel changes in streamflow. Concomitantly, photochemical processes can transform nutrients, dissolved organic material and many trace con-stituents. From a biogeochemical perspective, the noonday sun irradiating a stream or river reach repre-sents a “hot moment” that can have a sustained ecological effect through the rest of the diel cycle. The hydrologic transport of these reactive photochemical constituents to downstream reaches and to adjacent reducing environments, such as hyporheic zones, may influence ecosystem function. Thus, the chemical diversity and biogeochemical reactivity of many important chemical species in stream ecosystems are dy-namic. The changes occurring over a day-night cycle are superimposed upon seasonal changes in light regime and in hydrologic regime. Incorporating these dynamic processes into the broad scale of the RCC and into monitoring approaches may be useful in understanding the current effects of the substantial changes in water quality, land use and hydrologic regime.

A two-step, low cost, rapid approach for estimating the cost effectiveness of LID/GI in urban watersheds

FA Montalto, CT Behr, O Khader, K DigiovanniAbstract: Across the nation, there is increasing interest in low impact development/green infrastructure (LID/GI) as a means of reducing urban runoff and associated pollutant loads to receiving waters, amongst water utilities, NPDES permit holders, and city, state, and federal government agencies. To support these endeavors, multiple hydrologic and hydraulic modeling techniques have been proposed. While many dif-ferent modeling techniques can be applied with reasonable effort and assumptions to small scale study areas (lots, blocks, etc), modeling at larger scales (>10 acres) remains a challenge; yet it is at the larger scale that planning decisions that ultimately determine how much LID/GI is eventually adopted and en-couraged in different communities. Additionally, in many locations, interested parties have very small win-dows of opportunity within which to compare the cost of LID/GI with other, conventional stormwater man-agement approaches. This talk presents a two-step approach to assessing the cost-effectiveness of GI/LID in an urban watershed. The first step applies the Low Impact Development Rapid Assessment (LIDRA) model to perform large-scale cost-effectiveness comparisons between centralized and decentral-ized stormwater management approaches. LIDRA includes life cycle cost considerations, spatial applica-bility constraints for various GI/LID technologies, and a wide range of public private cost sharing scenar-ios in a continuous simulation of cost-effectiveness over some locally relevant planning year. It utilizes lo-cally available precipitation time series and either observed or modeled time of onset of CSO data to per-form a simple statistical comparison of likely overflows with and without various GI/LID controls present in the watershed. Because LIDRA’s hydrologic and hydraulic modeling is simple, the technique can be ap-plied rapidly, but requires that more robust hydrologic and hydraulic simulations be performed in parallel to verify results. Accordingly, step two of the approach uses targeted small-scale, high resolution, calibrat-ed SWMM simulations in catchments with representative land use/land cover to refine the effectiveness estimates made with LIDRA.

Implementation of the CUAHSI HIS components into the Clear Creek Digital Watershed

Marian Muste, Nick Arnold, and Dongsu Kim

Abstract: The Clear Creek Digital Watershed (CCDW) is one of the eleven WATERS Network Test Beds serving as beta test locations for the deployment of the CUAHSI-HIS project products. The goal of the CCDW at this initial stage is to integrate simple but diverse sensors, communication means (including wired and wireless machine-to machine), with data and numerical models into an end-to-end system that

can operate via the Internet automatically and in real time. Currently, CCDW integrates daily data streams from USGS’ NWIS, multi-parameter water quality data from EPA’s STORET, precipitation estimates from the high-spatial and temporal resolution Hydro-NEXRAD database, local data on precipitation (measured with tipping buckets), and local water quality measurements (acquired with OTT Hydrolab Data Sonde 5X samplers). The incoming data are automatically downloaded in real time using the information system components developed through the CUAHSI-HIS project “glued” with customized software. A simple wa-ter quality model was also implemented in the CCDW to forecast in real time on the safety of the stream at the outlet of the watershed. The paper describes the customized applications developed for the CCDW and lessons learned during the process.

Land Data Assimilation for Improved Soil/Vegetation States in Regional Models

Dev Niyogi, Fei Chen Abstract: Land surface representation affects surface energy and water balance, regional circulations, and the rainfall/ convection modeling in multiscale models. Accurate representation of surface properties such as soil moisture and surface vegetation/ transpiration feedback are important components of the land data assimilation systems. A joint project is underway between NCAR and Purdue that is improving the current state of the art High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) system that has been developed at NCAR to meet the need for high-resolution initial conditions of land state (soil moisture and temperature) for today's numerical weather prediction models coupled to a land surface model such as the WRF/Noah coupled modeling system. Intended for conterminous US application, HRLDAS uses observed hourly 4-km national precipitation analysis and satellite-derived surface-solar-downward radia-tion to drive, in uncoupled mode, the Noah land surface model to simulate long-term evolution of soil state. The advantage of HRLDAS is its use of 1-km resolution land-use and soil texture maps and 4-km rainfall data. As a result, it is able to capture fine-scale heterogeneity at the surface and in the soil. The ul-timate goal of HRLDAS development is to characterize soil moisture/temperature and vegetation variabili-ty at small scales (~4km) over large areas to provide improved initial land and vegetation conditions for the WRF/Noah coupled model. Hence, HRLDAS is configured after the WRF/Noah coupled model config-uration to ensure the consistency in model resolution, physical configuration (e.g., terrain height), soil model, and parameters between the uncoupled soil initialization system and its coupled forecast counter-part. We will discuss various characteristics of HRLDAS, including its spin-up, development of a flux ad-justing surface data assimilation system (FASDAS) and recent strategies to assimilate vegetation bio-physics, satellite data information, and water quantity/quality linkages. We will describe recent enhance-ment and applications of HRLDAS for heavy rainfall/ convection simulation, impact of agricultural/ biofuel land use changes, and drought / water quality relations.

Impacts of Anthropogenic landuse land cover changes on heavy rainfall Trends

Dev NiyogiAbstract: Population growth and resulting agricultural intensification and urban growth are changing the Earth's land surface at an unprecedented rate. The rainfall characteristics are also showing detectable changes across the globe with disproportionate increase in heavy rainfall events. The presentation seeks to address the question: whether there is a relation between anthropogenic land use change and the rain-fall changes regionally and globally? Building on general energy balance concepts, the presentation will cover topics such as role of land use land cover change and the impact on rainfall; the role of urban – ru-ral heterogeneity on the regional rainfall intensity; a summer time climatology of the impact of urban area on thunderstorm and rainfall characteristics over Central Indiana; and a multidecadal analysis on the po-tential role agricultural intensification and urbanization may have played in affecting the Indian summer monsoon pattern.

Is restoration of the Mississippi Delta feasible?

Chris PaolaAbstract: We review controls, including subsidence, sediment supply, sea-level rise, vegetation dynam-ics, and carbon storage, that influence the feasibility of restoring wetlands in the Mississippi Delta. We use data from physical experiments, modern deltas, and the stratigraphic record to obtain broad con-

straints on delta response to these controls. We then combine this information with relatively simple mass-balance models to investigate how much wetland area could be sustained under different scenarios of sediment retention and subsidence. Even with the current reduced total sediment supply, and assum-ing high rates of total relative sea-level rise (1-2 cm/yr), there is sufficient sediment to maintain a total wet-land area of the order of several hundred square kilometers or more, if natural processes of wetland dy-namics and sediment delivery can be restored.

Relationships between stream – ground water exchange and topography of the channel, val-ley, and watershed

Robert A. Payn, Michael N. Gooseff, Brian L. McGlynn, Kenneth E. Bencala, Steven M. Wondzell, Kelsey JencsoAbstract: Stream flow gains and losses represent exchange with groundwater and are commonly associ-ated with the topography of the stream channel and contributing area. The magnitude of stream gain, i.e. runoff generation, is thought to be related to the extent and geometry of the contributing surface area. To validate this relationship between streams and their topography, we compare measurements of distribut-ed stream flow to the terrain analyses of corresponding contributing areas. Comparisons are made for distributions of stream flow measured every 100-m along a 2.6-km long headwater stream in the Tender-foot Creek Experimental Forest (USFS), Montana. The stream drains a 5.5 km2 catchment with a riparian area of 0.073 km2, delineated by contributing area with elevation within 2 m of the stream channel. The stream we studied flows over 3 geological units with valley slopes around 6.7, 5.7, and 9.0%, from up-stream to downstream. At each 100-m interval, discharge was measured using conservative tracer (chlo-ride) experiments and dilution gauging techniques. Discharge distributions were measured at multiple times during the declining summer baseflows of the snowmelt driven hydrograph. We compare distribu-tions of stream flow with the topography of the area contributing to the stream. Elevation data for the wa-tershed were collected using aerial laser swath mapping (ALSM, 1-m resolution) and the 100-m intervals were located on the elevation model using high-precision optical survey equipment. Cumulative contribut-ing area to each 100-m interval was calculated through terrain analyses of elevation data. Results indi-cated a consistent bimodal spatial distribution of watershed yields (by area), likely associated with a dis-continuity in geologic unit and the corresponding change in valley structure. However, a shift in the up-stream yield indicated a dynamic hydrologic link between the stream and watershed, consistent a dispro-portionate effect of drying at higher elevations and a shift in stream groundwater flow direction. Compar-ing topography with stream water balance is a spatially explicit approach to linking watershed structure with stream – ground water interaction, which is important to understanding solute fate and transport among the stream and adjacent ecosystems.

Conceptual Design of a Chesapeake Bay Environmental Observatory (CBEO)

W.P. Ball, D. Di Toro, Alexej Voinov, W.M. Kemp, R. Burns, M.Piasecki, David Potsiadlo, I. Za-slavsky, B. Cuker, and L. MurrayAbstract: An interdisciplinary team of computer scientists, ecologists, oceanographers and environmental engineers are developing and deploying a Chesapeake Bay Environmental Observatory (CBEO) to demonstrate the transformative power of cyberinfrastucture (CI). In a region with a rich history of both management directives and research intitiatives that has fostered an existing sensory network, archived data, and intensive modeling efforts, the project team aims to resolve some serious remaining issues of cross-disciplinary semantics, syntax, and inter-operability in addition to developing and demonstrating new shared CI tools for the assimilation and interpolation of both observational data and model outputs.

The project team is organized into four groups. The CBEO:N are working toward the construction of a GEON-based node, incorporating the test bed CI into national EONs, like WATERs, NEON, and ORION. The education element (CBEO:E) will translate the highlights of observational science for public con-sumption through workshops for users, managers, and science educators. Current plans for this compo-nent include the direct participation of multicultural students and a K-12 teacher. The CBEO:T team will rapidly construct a locally accessibly test bed to serve initially as the development platform for data inte-gration, interpolation, and visualization. This feature will include fifteen years (1986-2000) of simulated data from the Bay-wide fine spatial (1-10 km) and temporal (0.02-1 hr) scale hydrodynamic and water quality model. Finally, the environmental science element (CBEO:S) will provide the driving force and context for the project by using CBEO:T and CBEO:N to address unresolved questions of anthropogenic and climactic factors controlling hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay.

The CBEO project hopes to tap into the potential of CI coupled with domain science to produce new and exciting scientific insights and engineering tools. Current activities center on the creation of several test bed DBs that form the underlying base that permits the joining of disparate data sources as well as the in-stallation of interpolation routines that span across these DBs. Much activity has also centered on the in-stallation and population of a WATERs server which effectively integrates the current CBEO into the WA-TERs network. In addition, the team has made available many numerical modeling results (4K model from C. Cerco) for the CB proper and integrated these into the test bed DBs thus effectively aiding in providing the largest and densest data coverage for a any single node in the WATERs network.

The Diverse Role Of Humans Within the Climate System—A Need to Broaden the Perspective Presented to Policymakers

R.A. Pielke Sr,Abstract: Humans are significantly altering the global climate, but in a variety of diverse ways beyond the radiative effect of carbon dioxide. The IPCC assessments have been too conservative in recognizing the importance of these human climate forcings as they alter regional and global climate. Attempts to signifi-cantly influence regional and local-scale climate based on controlling CO2 emissions alone is an inade-quate policy for this purpose.

The reasons that a focus on the radiative effect of CO2 is inadequate include that:1.Atmosphere and ocean circulations respond to regional forcings not a global average;2.Climate variability and change are much more than changes in the long term global average surface temperature trends (i.e. global warming).

Human climate forcings include (in addition to the radiative forcing of the well-mixed greenhouse gases), the diverse influence of aerosols on regional (and global) radiative heating; the effect of these aerosols on cloud and precipitation processes, the influence of aerosol deposition on land and ocean processes; the effect of land cover/ land use; and the biogeochemical effect of added atmospheric CO2.Natural climate variations and change, have also been underestimated (and are only poorly understood) based on examination of the historical and paleo-climate record.

Examples that document these issues will be presented in my talk, as well as the consequences of these conclusions with respect to climate and energy policy making.

The Use of WinSLAMM to Model Source Controls in the Urban Environment

Robert Pitt, John VoorheesAbstract: WinSLAMM, the Source Loading and Management Model, was developed to assist stormwater managers in evaluating sources of urban stormwater pollutants and flows, and to calculate the benefits of alternative control strategies. Over the years, WinSLAMM has been extensively expanded and now ad-dresses many source area, drainage system, and outfall controls, including: minimizing the use of pave-ment, disconnections of pavement and roofs from the drainage system, public works practices (street and catchbasin cleaning, grass swales), hydrodynamic devices, sedimentation ponds, biofiltration and biore-tention facilities (including rain gardens), beneficial reuse of stormwater (water tanks, rain barrels, pump-ing from ponds), and many possible combinations of these devices. Life-cycle cost analyses, and flow-du-ration curves can also be calculated for the different stormwater control options when using WinSLAMM. This presentation will demonstrate how WinSLAMM can be used to calculate the benefits of bioretention/biofiltration controls and water reuse and other runoff reducing practices.

Scaling stream ecosystem dynamics from microcosms to drainage networks: current ad-vances and future research needs.

Geoffrey Poole, Ashley HeltonAbstract: Simulation models are commonly employed as a means to "scale up" site-specific measure-ments of biogeochemical dynamics from point measurements to stream reaches, and from stream reach-es to stream networks. Such models indicate that in-stream denitrification can be a major sink for anthro-

pogenic nitrogen sources. Yet the ability of a model to represent key geomorphic, hydrologic, and biogeo-chemical dynamics occurring within a given stream reach or drainage network will ultimately determine the applicability of a given model and the success of the scaling effort. Here, we present results from a stream network model derived from a comprehensive in-stream denitrification dataset and based upon assumptions commonly used to represent stream network geomorphology and hydrology. We use our model results as a starting point to identify research imperatives for modeling stream network denitrifica-tion as the biosphere becomes increasingly human-dominated, which highlight the need for models to in-corporate: 1) non-channel stream ecosystem components, such as floodplains and hyporheic zones, 2) human alterations to watershed hydrology, such as tile drainage and storm sewer systems, 3) transient, rather than steady-state, hydrology, 4) nitrogen storage and mineralization, and 5) the role of stoichiome-try in stream denitrification. Our subsequent ongoing modeling efforts are designed to address many of these needs when simulating lotic ecosystems on the scale of a large floodplain, but workable approach-es to address these needs at a stream network scale remain elusive.

Insights from minimalist models of terrestrial water balance

Amilcare PorporatoAbstract: We present a minimalist representation of terrestrial water balance which allows a parsimo-nious description of soil moisture dynamics, plant water stress and streamflow dynamics during low-flow periods. The model’s key ingredients are the intermittent stochastic rainfall input, two distinct storage ca-pacities for the rooting zone and ground water respectively, and the threshold-like nonlinearities of both percolation/runoff losses and vegetation water stress. The results show that this representation offers a simple ‘theory of hydrology’ capturing some fundamental behavior of terrestrial water balance (e.g., Budyko’s curve), provides classifications benchmark for more complex modes.

Dynamic patterns of soil biogechemistry and their modulation by topography

Amilcare PorporatoAbstract: We discuss the emergence of some universal patterns in soil mineralization/immobilization dy-namics and analyze the role of hydro-climatic fluctuations and soil heterogeneity on the dynamics of soil nutrients. We then analyze and discuss how those dynamics may be affected by spatial heterogeneity due to topography, indirectly through changes in the soil water and energy balance, and directly by both affecting input of litter by vegetation and inducing erosion/deposition and leaching of carbon and nitrogen.

Development of a variable-source-area model of stream flow generation for ungauged basins

Nawa Raj Pradhan and Fred L. OgdenAbstract: This research developed a relation between distributed saturation deficit, highest saturation deficit and the threshold area of saturation with an exponential scaling formulation of the soil-moisture. With this formulation, a hydrological variable-source-area forecasting model is created that combines the distributed soil-moisture deficit and dynamic contributing area. The advantage of this approach is that re-quires identification of a single parameter, the maximum soil moisture deficit in the catchment, and is therefore independent of the topographic index distribution and its scale effects. Direct measurement of this parameter is a possibility using a time-series of remote sensing imagery. Scaling relations are used to extrapolate from this single parameter to points of stream initiation and further to simulate the temporal dynamics of saturated source areas. This approach avoids regionalization and parameter transferability problems. The model is applied in 620 km2 Balaphi catchment in Nepal. Figure 1 shows the comparison of the one parameter simple model predictions with that of TOPMODEL.

Lot Scale and Area-wide Scale BMP/LID Representation in Urban Drainage Models

Sri Rangarajan and William M. LeoAbstract: Stormwater best management or low impact development practices (BMP/LIDs) and sustain-ability elements (e.g., water reuse) play a vital role in managing the increased runoff volumes and peak flows resulting from continually developing urban landscapes. A number of computer programs (e.g., Hy-droCAD and MIDUSS 98) can be used to design site-specific practices, however, the overall benefits can

be understood only through modeling of the entire urban drainage system. Stormwater systems are part of a continuum and any changes at an upstream site will have effects on the downstream waterbody or sewer system.

The inclusion of BMPs in large-scale urban drainage models is not straight-forward. A major issue is the spatial and temporal scale of urban areas and the level of representation of BMP/LID practices. In large drainage areas, the pipe network generally includes larger sewers and lumps together flows from several contributing smaller pipes into a single node/pipe. Inserting a BMP/LID at a particular location may re-quire expansion of the model to include a greater level of detail of specific BMP elements, or adjustment of simulation parameters to accommodate variations in the level of detail. Another issue lies in character-izing the hydraulic performance of BMP/LIDs and integrating the sustainability elements such as water reuse. For green-roofs or water reuse, the resulting hydraulic performance is highly dependent on tech-nology-specific parameters (e.g., seasonality) and is often difficult to characterize within a large-scale ur-ban drainage models.

In this paper, we will present innovative ways of using GIS data of land parcels, land cover data obtained from remote sensing, and reconfiguration of hydrologic/ hydraulic processes within urban drainage mod-els to efficiently evaluate the effectiveness of BMP/LIDs. Large subcatchments and routing through large pipes can significantly reduce computational effort typically associated with finer representation of the BMP/LIDs, particularly in evaluations that adopt continuous simulations. Pre-processing of climatic inputs to represent the expected performance of BMP/LIDs has allowed us in screening a range of BMP/LID scenarios and then evaluating in detail the ones that are short-listed based on the feasibility, economics, and community acceptance factors. Technical approaches developed for specific BMP/LIDs and repre-sentations within the InfoWorks modeling framework will be reviewed in this paper.

In addition, we will review the sensitivity of detailed spatial representation of smaller sites within large-scale urban drainage models. Comparisons of lumped and distributed representation of BMP/LIDs will be presented to highlight the relevance of spatio-temporal scales from the standpoint of screening, planning and design of BMP/LIDs in an urban watershed context. Finally, a set of recommendations and additional research needs will be presented based on one or two case studies previously performed by the authors.

The groundwater reservoir may be a key player in the global water cycle

Ying Fan ReinfelderAbstract: The role of the groundwater in large-scale water cycle is explored. Evidence are presented that the groundwater reservoir influences the spatial-temporal structure in soil moisture and river flow, trans-ports water across long distances, supports extensive wetlands, and links the continental drainage to the sea level. Current climate and earth system models do not yet explicitly include the groundwater reservoir, which may limit their ability to simulate the water cycle responses and feedbacks in a changing climate, which in turn may limit their ability to represent the terrestrial biosphere responses and feedbacks. The latter is particularly important at millennium to glacial-interglacial time scales, where CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the terrestrial biosphere may have played an important role in global dynamics. As the earth’s climate cooled and warmed, and the global sea level fell and rose over 120m, land hydrology went through profound changes. Deserts expanded or contracted, interior lakes dried or overflowed, and the coastal water table fell and rose following the sea level. The reorganization of the hydrologic landscape set the stage for the reorganization of terrestrial ecosystems. Thus a paleo water cycle reconstruction is a key ingredient in paleoclimate reconstruction. But the water cycle reconstruction must include the ground-water because changes at these time scales are dependent on the groundwater tied to the sea level change. Some of the questions are: What was the water cycle like during the glacial-interglacial transitions which were marked by profound hydrologic disequilibrium? How did the deserts (sources of dust) and the wet-lands (sources of CH4) shift? What were the river fluxes to the world’s oceans and were they sufficient to slow down the ocean conveyor belt and cause cooling reversals? What was the role of soil moisture and large periglacial lakes in continental climate? And, what change will likely occur in the water cycle in the next century and millennium? A global-scale and deep-time synthesis of observations, and integrated wa-ter cycle modeling at the community level, may hold the key to the answers.

Chemical composition of streamwater in mixed alpine and subalpine watersheds of the Col-orado Rockies

Chuck Rhoades, John Norman III, Eugene Kelly and Kelly ElderAbstract: In high-elevation watersheds, variability in streamwater chemistry, nutrients and carbon re-spond to complex spatial patterns in vegetation, soil and the physical environment. At the Fraser Experi-mental Forest in central Colorado, we analyzed streamwater in eighteen headwater tributaries of the Fraser River. The proportion of each study basin located above treeline ranges from 0 to nearly 70%. Streamwater nitrate concentration spans two orders of magnitude and is positively correlated to the pro-portion of a basin located above treeline (r2 = 0.94). Seasonal patterns for most chemical constituents are synchronized with the period of peak snowmelt in early spring. We also developed terrain models and hy-drological distance surfaces to characterize upland and riverine geomorphic variability in order to develop basin-wide characterizations of the factors that regulate biogeochemical and hydrologic processes. This method accounts for non-linear relationships between spatially-explicit physical features of a watershed and point estimates of parameters such as soil depth, extent of exposed rock or steep slopes, and Nor-malized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and generates a representation of the landscape relation-ships that contribute to biogeochemical fluxes from a watershed. High-elevation watersheds are sensitive indicators of changing climatic conditions and atmospheric inputs to alpine and treeline ecosystems. Greater understanding of interactions between terrain features and watershed processes will lead to bet-ter monitoring of ecosystem change in complex mountainous terrain.

Snow Cover Depletion Characteristics to Support Flow Forecasting for the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado

Eric Richer, Stephanie Kampf, Steven FassnachtAbstract: The Cache la Poudre River in northeastern Colorado is a source of water for many agricultural, municipal, and industrial users. The river is modified by an extensive network of diversions and impound-ments to meet regional water needs. Most runoff in the basin is generated from snowmelt, but SNOTEL measurements are located only at select high elevation points. For this study we analyzed snow covered area (SCA) depletion characteristics to see if they could improve snowmelt runoff prediction. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day snow-cover products were obtained for the Cache la Poudre basin from 2000 to 2006 for March through June of each year. Snow cover depletion was inves-tigated in spatial subsets of the basin, including sub-basins and elevation bands. Regression analyses compare the 8-day SCA images to 8-day average streamflow at the USGS canyon mouth gauge (the forecasting location). Results from regression analyses show a wide range of relationships between SCA and streamflow (0.03<R2<0.92), mostly as a result of high inter-annual variability in the flow regime. SCA image impairment from cloud cover also impacted results in some years. For sub-basins, the strongest correlations between SCA and streamflow were for high elevation sub-basins (0.60<R2<0.92), whereas for elevation bands, the strongest correlations were for a mid-elevation band, 2680-3042 m (0.60<R2<0.92). The poorest relationships between SCA and streamflow occurred for low elevation bands, 1591-1953 m and 1954-2315 m, and very high elevation bands, 3406-3768 m and 3769-4131 m. We are analyzing these relationships between discharge and SCA to determine an appropriate network of sub-elements for a quasi-distributed snowmelt runoff model. Results suggest this relationship is stronger for a network of sub-basins than for elevation bands or the basin as a whole.

GEOFRAME a system for doing hydrology by computer

Riccardo RigonAbstract: The JGrass-GEOtop project has the overall ambition of providing a Free Software methodologi-cal framework to support the ex-ante analysis of geo-hydrological processes and their consequences to policies at all scales, and to give a comprehensive and modern extensible educational and research tool.

This framework will enable: - Analysis at the full range of scales, whilst focusing on the most important issues emerging at each scale; - Analysis of a broad range of issues and agents of change, such as climate change and environmental policies, landscape development options.

This will be made possible thanks to an integrated and operational framework, named GEOFRAME, with the following specific objectives: - to provide quantitative and qualitative tools and databases schemes for integrated evaluation of hydro-logical and geomorphological systems at multiple scales and for varying time horizons. - to develop a software architecture that allows reusability of models and database components and knowledge, also ensuring transparency of models and procedures developed. As a service to researchers GEOFRAME provides:1. A desktop environment (actually a rich client platform) where to test new ideas and models, provided that standard tools are already present.2. A system for the visualization of models and data analysis.3. A set of tools for statistical analysis4. A connection to standard modeling frameworks which implements "model components" (e.g. OpenMI, and in perspective, ESMF)5. A set of models' components based on the distributed model GEOtop, the semi-distributed model GEOtransf, and standard rainfall-runoff models6. A set of standard tools for models' initialization. This talk will discuss the assumptions at base of the GEOFRAME concepts, the choices made in its im-plementation and, finally, the rationale behind the models' component implemented.

Patterns and processes of initial ecosystem development in an artificial catchment

W. Schaaf, W. Gerwin, I. Kögel-Knabner, J.-C. Munch, U. Grünewald, R. F. HüttlAbstract: Since July 2007 a new Transregional Collaborative Research Center (SFB/TRR 38) funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft has gathered scientists from Cottbus, Munich and Zurich. As the main research site the group uses the artificial catchment ´Chicken Creek´ built in the Lusatian lignite-mining area close to Cottbus, Germany (Fig. 1). The catchment with an area of 6 ha including a small lake is mainly composed of a 2-4 m layer of sandy to loamy Quaternary overburden sediments above a 1-2 m clay layer that seals the total catchment area at the bottom. No restoration, planting or other reclamation measures were carried out to allow natural development.

Main research objectives are:·Which abiotic and biotic patterns and processes are regulating the initial phase of ecosystem devel-opment?·How do processes interact with abiotic and biotic patterns?·Which patterns and processes can be used to define development stages?·Which parameters are suitable for generalization and application to other initial ecosystems?

Processes like mineral weathering, soil formation, humus accumulation, plant and microbial succession, development of (preferential) flow paths, runoff and erosion, and element cycling are studied in interaction with spatial patterns to integrate up to the catchment scale.

Reductionist vs. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Evaluating River Restoration Techniques: A Comparison between the Colorado River in Grand Canyon and Fossil Creek, Arizona

Nathan SchottAbstract: Until recently, the construction of dams as a means of river management has been widely sup-ported. The benefits reaped from dams are numerous and have contributed significantly to the develop-ment of this country, both economically and socially. But dams have also been shown to cause severe environmental degradation. Recent scientific investigations into the effects dams have on aquatic and ri-parian ecosystems have helped to demonstrate some of the consequences of dam construction.

In an era of rising environmental consciousness, efforts to reverse the ecosystem degradation caused by dams have become increasingly common. In order to access the effectiveness of these restoration tech-niques, the scientific community has called for long-term, detailed monitoring programs to accompany restoration activities. Many in the scientific community have advocated that an interdisciplinary approach to research and monitoring can provide a better understanding of ecosystem response than more tradi-tional, reductionist approaches.

This paper will compare ecosystem monitoring activities examining the effectiveness of restoration pro-grams on two systems highly impacted by dam operations. At Fossil Creek, Arizona, an interdisciplinary approach to research and monitoring has been implemented by several researchers from Northern Ari-zona University to assess the effectiveness of dam decommissioning activities. This approach will be compared to the research and monitoring accompanying the “High Flow Experiment” in March 2008 along the stretch of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon. These activities, largely the responsibility of the Grand Canyon Research and Monitoring Center (GCMRC) have been approached in a more tradition-al, reductionist nature.

The success and problems associated with the interdisciplinary approach to monitoring restoration activi-ties at Fossil Creek are summarized. The barriers to implementing an interdisciplinary approach to re-search and monitoring on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon will be identified, and the realities of imple-menting a new approach will be explored.

The use of sediment yield and sediment transport models to guide more-responsible urban development

Jim Selegean, Rob Nairn and Travis Dahl Abstract: A suite of numerical models was applied to a rapidly urbanizing watershed near Detroit, Michi-gan, USA to assess the consequences of various urban development alternatives. The sediment yield models ranged in complexity from a simple lumped-parameter model to a high-resolution, 2-d finite differ-ence solution of sediment yield and delivery, including surfacewater-groundwater interaction. These mod-els examined the effects of cluster-housing, urban buffer strips, rain-barrels, loss of wetlands and other urban BMPs.

A sediment transport model was applied to the lower reach of this watershed to optimize the operation of an inflatable weir with the goal of minimizing aggradation. Event-based and long-term simulations were performed with Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code, a 3-d numerical model of hydrodynamics and sedi-ment transport.

All of the models applied were originally developed, in whole or in part, by the U.S. government and are in the public domain.

Simulation of Soil Water Storage Effects on Streamflow Generation in a Mountainous Snowmelt Environment

M.S. Seyfried, L.E. Grant, D. Marks, A. Winstral, and J. McNamaraAbstract: Soil processes affect the timing and amount of streamflow generated from snowmelt and are often overlooked in estimations of snowmelt generated streamflow in the western USA. We investigated the use of a soil water balance modeling approach for incorporating the effects of soil processes, in partic-ular soil water storage, on the timing and amount of snowmelt generated streamflow. The study was con-ducted in the Reynolds Mountain East (RME) watershed, a 38 ha, snowmelt dominated watershed in southwest Idaho. Snowmelt or rainfall inputs to the soil were determined using a well established snow accumulation and melt model (Isnobal). The soil water balance model was first evaluated at a point scale, using periodic soil water content measurements made over two years at 14 sites. In general, the simulat-ed soil water profiles were in agreement with measurements as indicated by high R2 values, y-intercept values near 0, slopes near 1 and low average differences between measured and modeled values. In ad-dition, observed soil water dynamics were generally consistent with critical model assumptions. Spatially distributed simulations over the watershed for the same two years indicate that streamflow initiation and cessation are closely linked to the overall watershed soil water storage capacity, which acts as a thresh-old. During periods of rapid streamflow response contributing cells are highly interconnected. Incorpora-tion of soil water storage effects may potentially improve estimation of the timing and amount of stream-flow generated from mountainous watersheds dominated by snowmelt.

Distributed Hydrologic Modeling over South-Central Texas

Hatim SharifAbstract: The San Antonio metropolitan area, is the 7th largest city in the nation, is located in one of the most flash-flood prone regions in North America and has experienced a number of flooding tragedies over the past decades.. South Central Texas is particularly vulnerable to floods due to: (1) proximity to a moist air source (the Gulf of Mexico); (2) the Balcones Escarpment, which concentrates rainfall runoff; (3) a ten-dency for synoptic scale features to become cut-off and stall over the area; and (4) decaying tropical cy-clones stalling over the area. This presentation will discuss physically based distributed parameters hy-drologic modeling studies in the region. Predicted runoff from a number of catchments ranging in size from less that 50 km2 to over 3000 km2 is compared to observations. Flood events simulated include the 2002, 2004, and 2007 events. Particular focus is on flooding events in San Antonio and Austin areas. Im-pact of the characteristics of inputs and watershed physiography on model predictions will be discussed.

Emergent properties and dominant processes over time scales: Application of data-based mechanistic approach for two nested watersheds

Daehyok Shin a, Renata Romanowicz, Lawrence E. Band Abstract: Each biophysical process may mark its own distinct signature on stream flow data, but the intri-cate interactions among the processes make it difficult to isolate the signatures of specific processes. Through a narrow scale window, however, many of the signatures may degenerate into simple trends or indecipherable noise, and only a few patterns, properties, and processes can emerge as dominant in de-termining observed rainfall-runoff dynamics. This scale dependence allows for systematic investigation and comparison of watershed behavior, but the possibility has rarely been explored thus far. In this study, we identified and compared emergent properties and dominant processes of two nested watersheds in the Little Tennessee River basin over a wide range of time scales using the data-based mechanistic ap-proach. As a result, a distinct signature for the control of soil moisture condition on runoff generation was captured at each time scale. For both watersheds, the ratio of effective rainfall to precipitation increased almost linearly with stream discharge at the annual scale, but at the monthly scale, the ratio asymptotical-ly converged to a threshold value at high flows. Additional residual analysis revealed that evapotranspira-tion loss strongly affected seasonal stream flow pattern observed at the scale. At the daily scale, two flow components were separated with distinct recession curves from data. Compared to a headwater catch-ment, the response of a downstream watershed was characterized both by a stronger and more linear re-lationship between the ratio of effective rainfall and stream discharge and by longer residence times of water storages to generate flow components. The identified signatures enabled us to develop a series of models with simple structures but sufficient functionality to reproduce dominant modes of observed stream flow dynamics accurately. As more patterns became discernible from data at finer scales, the models had progressively more elaborate structures. Since the parsimonious models provided well-de-fined quantitative measures for stream flow dynamics, particularly of large watersheds at long-term scales, we anticipate that the measures can serve as new general descriptors useful in comparing and potentially classifying catchment responses to hydrologic events.

Computationally Efficient Procedures for Uncertainty Assessment and Forecasting with Wa-tershed Models

Christine Shoemaker, Dillon Cowen, Nikolai Blizniouk, David Ruppert Abstract: This poster will address methods for assessing uncertainty in watershed models and other computationally expensive water resource models. The method involves the use first of a derivative-free optimization method to select the best values of the calibrated parameter values to fit the observed data. Examples of such methods include Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS) and Stochastic RBF. Then the model simulations that have been done as part of the optimization are re-used in an analysis of uncer-tainty. We will discuss two approaches to get uncertainty estimates, one of which involves a response surface of the likelihood and Markov Chain Monte Carlo Bayesian analysis. Results including prediction intervals will be presented for SWAT flow models of New York watersheds.

Response of floods to climate and/or land use changes: Is there a role for similarity concepts and catchment typology?

Murugesu SivapalanAbstract: Estimations of floods around the world combine a dose of empiricism and experience, based on statistical analyses of rainfall and runoff data. These have served us well. However, in the era of global change – climate change and/or land use change – how will floods and droughts change? Do we even know the direction of change, let alone the magnitude of change? How can we estimate these changes? The moment we realize that past records are no longer a sufficient guide to the future, we know that something new has to be brought in to replace lack of empirical guidance. It is widely acknowledged that the solution is to bring more process understanding to replace the lack of empirical information on change. The temptation is to completely replace empirical methods with physically-based models and get these to estimate the floods and droughts. However, this approach is fraught with difficulties. Potential problems include, amongst others, inability to estimate parameters unambiguously, resulting in equifinali-ty, lack of attention paid to processes that contribute to the extremes (the quantities we want to predict). If not done with care, we will only be replacing one devil with an even worse kind. This is not to say that pro-cess based models are not the solution, but that we should make judicious use of models but in combina-tion with empirical data analysis, i.e., we should exercise both wisdom and experience. What is the source of wisdom? My contention is that similarity analysis based a deep understanding of, and insights into, the transformations involved in the interactions between landscape and catchment characteristics that results in floods can generate the wisdom we need to enable us to make some a priori estimates of the changes we want to predict, at the minimum the direction of change. They will enable us to create a typology of catchments on the basis of generally available climate and landscape characteristics, as a dis-tillation of that wisdom. Similarity analysis and catchment typology can help us to choose the right mod-els, focusing on those that can unambiguously reproduce the likely processes and process changes in a given catchment or region. From a data perspective, they will also help us to measure or monitor those datasets that will be keys to empirically and physically justifiable predictions. In this talk I will illustrate the potential application of similarity concepts to the problem of flood estimation, using examples of derived flood frequency analysis applied to catchments in three different parts of Australia: Perth, Darwin and Newcastle. Interpretation of the similarity and differences between these catchments is aided by the dis-aggregation of the transformations involved in the generation of the flood frequency curve into three com-ponents: event scale runoff generation, runoff routing, and the distribution of antecedent soil moisture condition. Each of these building blocks can be presented within a broad theoretical framework to identify and isolate key dimensionless variables that can describe similarity and differences between catchments. This will provide the necessary background for a study of the effects of climate and/or land use changes on flood frequency generally, including change of dominant processes, and will provide the motivation for the exploration of concepts of catchment similarity and typology.

From Watershed Hydrology to Landscape Evolution: A New Semi-Discrete Finite Volume Model of Intermediate Complexity

Chris Duffy, Shuangcai Li, Mukesh Kumar, Yizhong Qu, and Rudy SlingerlandAbstract: In order to develop a predictive science of the processes shaping the Earth’s surface it is nec-essary to understand how natural surface systems form spontaneously in response to the system’s inter-nal dynamics, localize key quantities such as material flux and strain, and couple across large time and space scales. Towards that end we present here a new morphodynamic model of intermediate complexi-ty (PIHMSED) based on the Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM) developed by Qu and Duffy [2007] and Li [2008]. PIHMSED combines hillslope and channel processes, and is capable of simulating 2-D surface overland flow and sediment transport, 1-D channel routing and sediment transport, 2-D sub-surface flow, and morphological evolution of the surface in a fully coupled manner. Surface overland and channel flows are approximated as a two-dimensional diffusion wave. Subsurface flow is described by Richard’s equation. Leaf-interception, snowmelt runoff, and evapotranspiration are estimated by empiri-cal formulae. A physically-based, non-equilibrium, non-uniform sediment transport component predicts rain-splash and sheetflow detachment on hillslopes and either total load or suspended and bedload trans-port on hillslopes and in channels. Algorithms for bed armoring and riverbank erosion are incorporated in the model. The bed is divided into an active layer, middle layer, and parent layer, depending on the de-gree of erosion or deposition. The active layer is set to D50 of the parent layer particle distribution.

A novel aspect of PIHMSED is its strategy for solving the resulting mixture of ordinary and partial differen-tial equations which is a stiff system because it describes processes over a wide range of time and space

scales. The horizontal model domain is decomposed into a network of irregular Delaunay triangles (a TIN) using GIS software and each triangle is projected downwards to form a prism in which layers represent fluvial sediment, regolith, and bedrock. In each prism a semi-discrete finite volume method is used to transform the PDEs into ODEs to form a local system of equations (called a kernel). The local kernels are then combined over the domain into a “global system” that is solved using the SUNDIALS suite of stiff, nonlinear ODE solvers from Lawrence Livermore Lab. The TIN provides a mesh that efficiently tracks water courses and the kernel-formulation allows for easy modifications of the process-laws.

Near Real-Time Operational Radiometric Soil Moisture Imaging during CLASIC 2007

Eric M. McIntyre, Albin J. Gasiewski, Damian Manda, and Dean F. SmithAbstract: During summer 2007 the CU Center for Environmental Technology operated the PSR/CXI scanning C and X-band radiometer onboard the NASA P-3B aircraft as part of the DoE CLASIC 2007 ex-periment. The observation domain included a large region of central Oklahoma, and three areas over Texas. During the experiment an unusual amount of precipitation was observed over the CLASIC domain, which resulted in significant flooding of populated areas. The PSR/CXI instrument was used to obtain high resolution microwave thermal emission maps over these areas, which were subsequently used to obtain estimated soil moisture (SM) maps. Data from other sources including the Oklahoma Mesonet (air and soil temperatures), National Weather Service (air temperatures), and the SeaWiFS sensor onboard the SeaStar satellite (NDVI) were used in the SM retrieval algorithm to produce calibrated SM maps with-in less than 24 hours turnaround time after each flight. The algorithms developed for this data processing were based on the work of Jackson, et al. between 1999 and 2002. As a result of the near-operational processing of the data the experimenter’s products were requested and used by emergency management personnel responding to severe flooding over one of the regions of observation (central Texas). We dis-cuss in this talk the theory and method of the operational soil moisture retrieval algorithm and the tech-niques used to acquire the brightness data and utilize the necessary data elements from a variety of sources to compensate for the various confounding variables of vegetation cover and surface tempera-ture. We compare and validate the results of the soil moisture retrieval algorithm to accumulated precipi-tation as reported by the NWS Nexrad radar system and in situ soil moisture measurements obtained from the Oklahoma Mesonet. Techniques for communicating experimental results using the Google Earth mapping software and KML file formats and implications of airborne SM mapping on cloud and convection development and flood risk management are discussed.

The WATer and Environmental Research Systems Network

WATERS Network Design Team - Presenter: David G TarbotonAbstract: The WATer and Environmental Research Systems (WATERS) Network is an environmental ob-servatory initiative developed in response to community planning over the past 10 years that brings to-gether scientists and engineers from three research communities (environmental engineering and sci-ence, hydrologic and related Earth sciences, and social, behavioral and economic science) to focus on the complex interrelationships involved in the water cycle in an integrated and comprehensive manner. The goal is to create a national capability to better predict and manage the behavior of water – and its nu-trients, contaminants, and sediments – everywhere in the U.S. The approach to creating the capability to predict water quality and quantity everywhere at all times (WQ2EAT) is a portfolio of observatories where processes are measured and studied in detail, from which knowledge is gained that can be transferred, through modeling to any location on the continent. Transferability requires that observatory locations span the domain of relevant water environment conditions. Measurements within the observatories need to quantify system variables with sufficient precision so that functional behavior can be understood and al-ternative hypotheses regarding water environment process understanding discriminated. Water process-es are generally well understood individually at small scales, from the reductionist approach that has been prevalent in water studies to date. However larger scale behavior where boundary and medium proper-ties are heterogeneous and difficult to characterize and where coupling between processes is prevalent is poorly understood. The focus of WATERS Network is therefore on larger scales and integrated under-standing of functional behavior that emerges from process interactions. This presentation will describe the current state of planning for the WATERS Network, and the approach being taken in the design of the WATERS Network. The WATERS Network website is www.watersnet.org.

NASA Hydrology Data and Information Services Center (HDISC) Supports Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and Other Hydrologic Data Sets

William TengAbstract: The Hydrology Data and Information Services Center (HDISC) aims to support weather and cli-mate forecast and water and energy cycle research. At present, HDISC, a component of the NASA God-dard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), primarily supports the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)-generated data set, which includes a series of land surface state (e.g., soil moisture and surface temperature) and flux (e.g., evaporation and sensible heat flux) products, simulated by four land surface models (CLM, Mosaic, Noah, and VIC). Current data holdings in-clude a set of 1.0 degree resolution data products from the four models, covering 1979 to the present; and a 0.25 degree data product from the Noah model, covering 2000 to the present. The products are in Gridded Binary (GRIB) format and can be accessed through a number of interfaces. Planned for the fu-ture are new data formats (e.g., netCDF) and services (e.g., temporal aggregation).

In addition to the basic anonymous data downloading, GES DISC provides several advanced data search and downloading services (Mirador, OPeNDAP, and Giovanni) for hydrologic data sets (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture). Mirador is a Google-based search tool that provides discovery of and access to data based on keywords. Mirador also provides user the capability to perform on-the-fly spatial and parameter sub-setting of selected data. OPeNDAP (Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol) enables remote OPeNDAP clients to access OPeNDAP-served data regardless of local storage format. Giovanni is an online visualization and analysis tool that provides a simple way to visualize, analyze, and access vast amounts of data without having to download the data. With Giovanni, users can perform spatial and temporal subsetting and explore spatial and temporal correlation of various parameters. Giovanni sup-ports Web services, including an existing service accessible via CUAHSI’s Hydrologic Information Sys-tem.

Future directions in nutrient spiraling research

Steven A. ThomasAbstract: Unidirectional flow in streams and rivers creates a unique setting for examining nutrient cycling because it requires researchers to explicitly address transport processes. The continual downstream movement of nutrients as they cycle through ecosystem components led stream ecologists to develop the Nutrient Spiraling Concept. Nutrient spiraling is both a conceptual and empirical framework for describing the spatial characteristics of elemental cycles. The original nutrient spiraling model was holistic, with spe-cific empirical and numerical methods for estimating the combined cycling and movement of nutrients in multiple ecosystem compartments. In this presentation, the current state of nutrient spiraling research is reviewed and new directions for research are explored, including; a) simultaneous investigation of multi-ple elements and their coupling (or lack thereof), b) nutrient regeneration from biotic pools and its relation-ship to inorganic nutrient uptake, c) quantifying the transport characteristics of particulate/organic nutrient pools, and d) a more complete integration of spiraling with current advances in stream hydrology. Results from recent studies will be used to develop each of these topics and identify critical research needs. Im-proving our understanding of nutrient movement through stream networks will require expanding our cur-rent focus. This presentation is designed to identify specific topics to help achieve that goal.

Dimensions of Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Cycles: Seasonal Snow Cover in Western Mountains

Oubeidillah Aziz, Glenn Tootle and Steve GrayAbstract: An evaluation of Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and western continental U.S. snowpack (Snow Water Equivalent – SWE) was performed to identify coupled regions of SST and west-ern continental U.S. snowpack variability. Both SSTs and snowpack displayed temporal variability when applying the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) statistical method. SVD has been shown to be simple to perform and preferable for general use in the determination of couple relationship between two, spatial-temporal fields when compared to other statistical methods. Monthly Pacific Ocean SST data consisted of two by two degree cells ranging from Latitude 20o South to 60o North and 120o East to 80o West and 40o

West to 2o West. Three (Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun and Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep and Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec) periods, consisting of six-month averages of the monthly Pacific Ocean SST data were de-termined for the previous year. Western continental U.S. SWE data for Mar 1st, Apr 1st and May 1st were determined for the current year. This resulted in lead-times varying from two months to 11 months. The period of record was 1960 to 2005 and upwards of 323 SWE stations were identified. The utilization of SSTs for entire regions (e.g., Pacific Ocean) eliminates any spatial bias as to which SST region (or re-gions) may impact hydrology (e.g., snowpack). This resulted in the identification of a SST region (or re-gions) that may not be represented in existing Pacific Ocean climate variability [e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)] and, thus, could lead to improved forecast-ing of snowpack and the resulting streamflow runoff.

Hydrologic Predictability: What do we mean and what do we want?

Peter A. TrochAbstract: What do we mean when we talk about hydrologic predictability (HP)? Are we talking about pre-dicting the dominant runoff generation processes in a particular hillslope? Or do we refer to predicting flash floods in small mountainous catchments? Do we limit HP to predicting hydrologic signatures (e.g. flow duration curve, flood frequency statistics) in ungaged basins (PUB)? Or are we only interested in long-lead streamflow forecasts related to climate variability and climate change? Of course, HP refers to all of the above and many more examples can be added to this list. Improving predictability of hydrologic systems response across all space-time scales will require a specific research agenda for the problem at hand. At the hillslope scale, we will need to develop new hydrologic theory to relate subsurface hetero-geneity to non-linear systems dynamics (e.g. threshold like response). This new theory will inevitably fo-cus on feedback mechanisms that exist between hydrologic flow paths and residence times, bio-geo-chemical weathering and denudation, biological colonization and ecosystems dynamics, soil develop-ment, and landscape evolution. Developing and testing this new theory will also require novel subsurface geophysical and geochemical characterization methods as well as interdisciplinary field experiments. Modeling rainfall-runoff response is surprisingly easy, once the spatial and temporal characteristics of the flash flood producing storm are known. Unfortunately, this information is only available in experimental catchments with many rain gages and efficient rainfall radar coverage. To improve our ability to predict flash floods in general, we need to better understand landscape controls on atmospheric dynamics. Does the landscape imprints spatial patterns during storm development that can be used to optimize positioning of a limited number of rain gages to enhance radar data quality? Improving predictions of hydrologic sig-natures in ungaged basins can be achieved if we can advance our understanding of what controls catch-ment similarity. Dimensional analysis is a powerful tool that can help us discovering scaling relationships between characteristic responses of catchments and landscape properties. However, climate variability and subsurface heterogeneity are strong controls on catchment response, and any catchment classifica-tion system will have to account for these controls. In semi-arid regions, seasonal to interannual predic-tions of river basin water availability are crucial for proper water management. Basin specific hydroclimat-ic variability is connected to oceanic and atmospheric phenomena, such as ENSO, but seasonal predic-tions of streamflow variability based on climate indices (e.g. NINO3.4) show little skill. Hydrologists, atmo-spheric scientists and oceanographers need to concert their research efforts to significantly improve basin specific hydrologic predictability at seasonal to interannual time scales. During the presentation I will refer to ongoing research efforts at Biosphere 2 (Oracle, AZ), Santa Catalina Mountains (Tucson, AZ), Valles Caldera (Los Alamos, NM), and the Colorado River basin to illustrate recent progress in improving hydro-logic predictions.

Using Natural Experiments to Test Models of Drainage Basin Evolution

Greg TuckerAbstract: No one would claim that it is easy to test theories of basin hydrologic response, but natural does at least offer plenty of data – in the form of rainstorms and floods – with which to test our ideas. In contrast, theories of topographic evolution make predictions on time scales that usually extend well be-yond the length of our lives. So how do we go about testing theories of landform development on time scales of centuries, millennia, or even geological epochs? One answer is to turn to three sources of infor-mation: scaled-down laboratory experiments, rapidly changing landforms (such as badlands), and natural geologic experiments. This talk focuses on the last of these three: natural experiments in landscape evo-lution, which can be defined as case studies of topographic change in which nature provides some de-gree of control on the driving variables and boundary conditions. Natural experiments can take many

forms. They might include, for example, erosional modification of volcanic landforms, fault blocks, marine terraces, or glacial deposits. Among the most valuable are cases of transient response, because these provide a stronger filter against “false positives” than do quasi-equilibrium landscapes. Three case studies on different time scales reveal both the promise and challenges involved in using natural experiments to test landscape evolution theory. The first comes from the central Apennines of Italy, where rates of motion on individual fault blocks are well constrained. Here, examples of transient geomorphic response to accel-erated fault motion provide a test of transport-limited versus detachment-limited models of stream inci-sion. The second case involves stream incision into Wisconsinan glacial deposits in western New York state, and it reveals both the strength of current landscape evolution theory and the surprising difficulty in demonstrating statistical equivalence between a modeled terrain and a real one. A final example of decadal-scale channel network dynamics on the high plains of Colorado provides a lesson in the increas-ing importance of quasi-random hydrologic events at this time scale.

Raman spectra distributed temperature sensing

Scott TylerAbstract: Raman spectra distributed temperature sensing (DTS) along deployed fiber optic cables is be-coming a recognized “tool” in the hydrologist’s toolbox. Reported installations range from traditional groundwater-surface water interaction, borehole circulation, snow hydrology, soil moisture studies and land-surface energy exchanges to more exotic installations in fracture rock hydrology, karst systems and fire hydrology. In this talk, we will review the basic operational issues that relate to hydrologic installa-tions, ranging from sensor robustness, signal processing, long term deployment issues and finally, thoughts on the cost/benefit analysis. These operational issues will be discussed in light of existing and planned DTS deployments by colleagues in North America and Europe. Results, feedback and impres-sions from two recent CUAHSI/HMF/NSF-supported short courses will be discussed to provide thoughts on the future of DTS in our community.

A Framework for Catchment Classification to Understand and Predict Catchment Services

Thorsten Wagener, Keith Sawicz, Murugesu Sivapalan, Peter Troch, Gustavo CarrilloAbstract: All life depends on a sufficient supply of freshwater. Catchments are the spatial units that col-lect, store and release precipitation and therefore provide important freshwater‐related services to hu-mans and ecosystems alike. Despite their importance, hydrology does not yet posses a generally agreed upon catchment classification system that would help us to understand similarities and differences be-tween catchments in an increasingly non‐stationary world. This poster discusses a general framework for a catchment classification system considering variability in relevant physical, climatic and behavioral char-acteristics; increasing human impacts on catchments, and under the assumption that our climate is changing. Other requirements for a classification system are that it explicitly accounts for uncertainty and has predictive power, rather than just being descriptive. We propose an extension to catchment classifica-tion through the inclusion of catchment services and disservices, which would explicitly link hydrology to current and future societal issues. We discuss a framework that describes catchment climate and form, and maps these on catchment function (incl. partition, storage and release of water, energy and matter). Climate, form and function can be described using indices, distributions or even conceptual models; and uncertainty needs to be preserved in individual descriptors as well as in their mapping onto each other. Descriptors of catchment function are discussed as signatures of catchment behavior, which in turn are related to catchment services and disturbances. This mapping ultimately provides predictive skill by con-straining the expected function of ungauged locations and under non‐stationary conditions through knowl-edge of form and/or climate. Establishing this framework would provide an organizing principle, create a common language, guide modeling and measurement efforts, and provide constraints on predictions in ungauged basins as well as on estimates of environmental change impacts.

Data based or processed based catchment classification

M. Weiler, K. Rosin, Ch. GascuelAbstract: Catchments have been classified mainly on climatic and physiographic (structural) characteris-tics . It has been recognized that we need a classification based on the functional characteristics of catch-ments. We will discuss and compare two approaches to derive a functional classification for catchments: a processed based approach based on a hierarchical framework to map runoff-generating processes and

link these processes to the catchment response and a data based approach using runoff, groundwater and isotopic data to derive a general framework of catchment functioning. The process based approach delineates runoff generation processes such as Hortonain Overland Flow, Saturation Overland Flow and Shallow Surface Flow at a high spatial resolution based on factors such as topography, slope, aspect, wetness index, drainage pattern and drainage density. Combining this mapping with a climatic component to predict the characteristic input for a catchment, the characteristics hydrological response can be de-rived and classified. The data based approach focuses on an example of watersheds that are dominated by subsurface flow to generate runoff. It analyses the spatial watertable dynamics, the baseflow residence times, hillslope experiments using artificial tracers and results from hydrograph separation to develop a classification framework for these kind of watersheds. Finally, we discuss the potential of both approaches and provide some suggestions for further research

Wireless sensor networks – a potential for observations in hydrology

Markus WeilerAbstract: Conventional standalone sensor arrays become more and more unsuitable for new research requiring temporal and spatial high-resolution monitoring of water flow and solute transport in watershed. The manual downloading of multiple instruments and difficult logger surveillance has hampered high-res-olution investigations for decades. New technology of wireless networking of the sensors dramatically im-proves coverage and spatial density, and ultimately, our understanding of the variability of hydrological processes while considerably reducing the total monitoring cost. These low cost, low power wireless sen-sors (motes) promise to revolutionize environmental data collection. However, setting up these wireless sensor networks, collecting data and performing QA/QC can be time consuming and difficult. Additionally, the price difference between “off the shelf” turnkey systems and individually built systems can be signifi-cant. The set-up, deployment and potential of a wireless sensor network in the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, Canada, to measure rainfall, temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and ground water level at 41 lo-cations in a watershed will be presented. Overland flow occurrence was measured at 16 locations. The backbone of the sensor cluster is a 433 MHz radio platform and data acquisition board from Crossbow Technology Inc. (www.xbow.com). Individual sensors from different companies were selected to build a very cost effective network. In this presentation, the focus will lie on the challenges building individual sensor sites, setting-up of the wireless network, and operate it under difficult environmental conditions. I will also discuss the scientific possibilities, but also the operational problems, compare this system with other systems that are currently tested and will conclude with recommendations for future users.

Lessons learned in establishing an environmental observatory - the Baltimore experience

Claire Welty, Andrew Miller, Jim Smith, Larry Band, Ken Belt, Rob Ryan, Reed Maxwell, Robert Shedlock, Todd Scanlon, Peter Groffman, Michael McGuire, Nigel Crook, Philip Lar-son, and Christiane RunyanAbstract: A long-term goal of hydrologic modeling and measurement activities in the Baltimore region is to establish an “end-to-end system” of field-deployed sensors and sensor networks feeding real-time data into hydrologic models to enable prediction of water fluxes in streams and aquifers. A principal objective is to understand how the urban landscape and infrastructure partitions water in all components of hydro-logic cycle at multiple scales. This understanding is critical to quantifying biogeochemical cycles, and to aid in understanding transport pathways of nutrients, pathogens, and sediments to the Chesapeake Bay. The coarse scale of our work is in the Gunpowder-Patapsco 8-digit HUC (3500 sq km), which contains most of the Baltimore metropolitan area; focused efforts within that domain are in the 171 sq km Gwynns Falls (11 digit HUC), with fine-scale characterization being carried out in Dead Run (14 sq km) and its subcatchments (2-6 sq km).

We are using the PARFLOW-CLM model as a driver for designing the observational network. Activities to date have included assimilation of relevant legacy data, “adopting” abandoned homeowner wells and in-strumenting as recording wells, carrying out water level synoptics at existing/active homeowner wells, synthesizing multiple regional raingage networks, carrying out microgravity and resistivity geophysical surveys, installation of eddy covariance equipment, design and installation of soil moisture and soil ten-sion sensors, installation of riparian zone piezometers, expanding the stream gaging network, and carry-ing out very large-scale tracer tests. Overall water balances necessarily must also consider inter-basin transfer of piped water and wastewater, as well as disposition through septic and leakage from the piped systems. Lessons learned from equipment procurement and deployment will be presented, along with quantitative results from various analyses to date.

Making your Hydrologic Data a Part of CUAHSI HIS Network

Thomas Whitenack, David Valentine, Ilya Zaslavsky, David MaidmentAbstract: The CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System project maintains a comprehensive workflow for publishing hydrologic observations data and registering them to the common HIS metadata catalog. Once the data are loaded into a database instance conformant with the CUAHSI HIS Observations Data Model (ODM), the user configures ODM web service template to point to the new database. After this, the hydro-logic data become available via the standard CUAHSI HIS web service interface, that includes both data discovery (GetSites, GetVariables, GetSiteInfo, GetVariableInfo) and data retrieval (GetValues) methods. The observations data then can be further exposed and accessed in two ways:

a) Via a regional HIS Testbed Server's DASH (Data Access System for Hydrology). Testbed data man-agers can configure this online application to provide map-based access to multiple observations net-works, by pointing it to the registered CUAHSI web services. DASH is developed with ESRI's ArcGIS Server, and allows user to query individual or multiple stations, explore variables and periods of record for each station, retrieve and download observations time series, and visualize time series as charts.

b) Via the global semantics-based search engine called Hydroseek. To register the published observa-tions networks to the global search engine, users can now use the HIS Central application (new in HIS 1.1). With this online application, the WaterML-compliant web services can be submitted to the online catalog of data services, along with network metadata and a desired network symbology. Registering ser-vices to the HIS Central application triggers a harvester which uses the services to retrieve additional net-work metadata from the underlying ODM (information about stations, variables, and periods of record). The next step in HIS Central application is mapping variable names from the newly registered network, to the terms used in the global search ontology. Once these steps are completed, the new observations net-work is added to the map and becomes available for searching and querying.

The number of observations network registered to the central repository at SDSC, is constantly growing. At the time of submission, the catalog contains 35 networks, with estimated 2 million stations, and we have yet to go into production mode.

Integrating CUAHSI HIS cyberinfrastructure with Open Source Data Turbine streaming data middleware

Thomas Whitenack, Sameer Tilak, Ilya Zaslavsky, Tony FountainAbstract: The CUAHSI HIS (Hydrologic Information System) project has focused on consistent manage-ment of observations data available from several federal (USGS, EPA, USDA, NOAA, etc.) and state agencies as well as data published by individual investigators. Management of real time data is an impor-tant component of the CUAHSI HIS project. The Open Source DataTurbine Initiative is an NSF-supported effort that focuses on providing open source streaming data middleware to multiple environmental obser-vation projects. The Open Source DataTurbine team has been collaborating with the CUAHSI HIS team in the development of applications that demonstrate the utility of DataTurbine for managing streaming data from hydrologic stations. An initial set of tools integrating DataTurbine with the CUAHSI infrastructure has been developed. More specifically, DataTurbine was used to acquire and stream data from a range of sensors connected to a Campbell Datalogger, into a database system. The schema of this database fol-lows the CUAHSI Observations Data Model (ODM). A Java application (DataTurbine sink program), which serves as a connection between the DataTurbine server and the client database was developed. The ap-plication retrieves realtime data from the DataTurbine server and populates the ODM's Values table. Next, the streaming data were configured for access via the CUAHSI HIS GetValues service, and the group of real time stations was added to the DASH (Data Access System for Hydrology) online mapping applica-tion. As a result, CUAHSI HIS users now have the ability to query DataTurbine-managed data along with data from other federal or local observation networks in a seamless manner, i.e. using the same web ser-vice signatures and a common online user interface. The DataTurbine middleware is capable of connect-ing with multiple types of sensors from different vendors and exposing streaming data in a uniform way, thus making integration of heterogeneous real time data streams efficient. This ability to explore and combine data streams coming from different distributed real time and archival sources, to create a com-prehensive dynamic portrait of the state of environment in a given area, is an important component of the vision for environmental observatories. The poster also discusses recent improvements in the Open Source Data Turbine software and its enhancements to improve usability and streamlined user interfaces.

Tree-Ring Based Reconstructions of Annual Runoff in the Colorado River basin

Connie WoodhouseAbstract: Variations in water year runoff are a reflection, in large part, of snow water equivalent at the end of the snowpack season, and are a key component of water supply in many areas of the western U.S. It is possible to reconstruct variations in water year runoff with tree rings to document long-term nat-ural variability over past centuries. The link between runoff and tree growth is indirect but robust in the watersheds such as the Colorado, Rio Grande, and Sacramento River basins. The linkage is a result of both annual growth rings and water year totals at a gage integrating the effects of precipitation and evap-otranspiration, mediated by soil, over the course of the water year. In both cases, winter snowpack is the main source of moisture. Regional climate, especially with respect to the cool season storm track, is the common influence on winter snowpack, water year runoff, and annual tree growth increments. In areas such as the Colorado River basin, this connection results in skillful tree-ring based reconstruction models of water year streamflow. Because of this and the existence of old, moisture-sensitive trees, it is possible to reconstruct high quality records of past streamflow for up to 1200 years in the past. Since they docu-ment a range of natural variability beyond that contained in gage record, these reconstructions are now being used for drought planning and water resource management. However, the streamflow reconstruc-tions do not reflect changes in watershed conditions due to land use change and disturbances such as fire and widespread tree mortality from insect infestation.

TERENO – A network of terrestrial observatories in Central Germany – Concept for hydrologi-cal research

Steffen Zacharias, Dietrich Borchardt, Michael Rode and Peter DietrichAbstract: Climate change and land use changes are among most important factors of global environmen-tal change which have to be managed by the society in the next decades. Global changes in terrestrial systems take place on different spatial and temporal scales and the resulting challenges for environmen-tal research are immense. Therefore, long-term operated „Global Change Observatories“ for monitoring, analyzing and predicting changing state variables and fluxes within different environmental compartments are of special importance. Starting in 2008 the Helmholtz Association establishes a network of observato-ries (TERENO – Terrestrial Environmental Observatoria) in different sensitive and representative regions in Germany. The terrestrial system focussed by TERENO consists of the subsurface environment as well as the land surface and includes the biosphere, the lower atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the anthropo-sphere.

As an example of the hydrological research in TERENO the hydrological research concept of the UFZ-TERENO will be presented. It is focussing on the prediction of the impact of changing land use and cli-mate conditions on water balance, runoff dynamics, solute budget and associated aquatic ecosystems. To improve our process understanding on catchment hydrology including runoff generation and coupled pro-cesses of solute transport and conversion a nested catchment approach will be established at the river Bode (approx. 3 300 km²). Research questions focus on the influence of changing land use due to a growing bioeconomy sector and structural changes in agricultural land use on surface water and ground-water quality, climate change induced extreme events (excessive precipitation, droughts) on soil water balance, flow regime and the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems.

Analysis and visualization of hydrologic data and observations catalogs using the OLAP data cube technology

Ilya Zaslavsky, Matthew Rodriguez, Bora Beran, David Valentine, Catharine van IngenAbstract: One of the goals of the CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System project is to create a compre-hensive portrait of hydrologic observations for the country, integrating observations data and metadata from multiple sources, at federal, regional, and local levels. The data are made available via a uniform set of web service interfaces, called CUAHSI WaterOneFlow services, and via online mapping applications that include the Data Access System for Hydrology (DASH), and Hydroseek. To provide rapid access to data summaries, in particular for several nation-wide data repositories including EPA STORET, USGS NWIS, and USDA SNOTEL, we convert the observations data catalogs and the databases with the har-vested values, into special representations that support high performance analysis and visualization. Con-struction of OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) cubes, often called data cubes, is an approach to orga-nizing and querying large multi-dimensional data collections. We have applied the OLAP techniques, as

implemented in Microsoft SQL Server 2005, to the analysis of the catalogs from several agencies. This poster describes challenges of generating OLAP cube dimensions for hydrologic data catalogs and obser-vations data, and presents analytical results primarily related to hydrologic data availability from the ob-servations data catalogs. The results reflect geography and history of available data totals from USGS NWIS, EPA STORET, and USDA SNOTEL repositories, and spatial and temporal dynamics of available measurements for several key nutrient-related parameters.

Dining

Dining Nestled on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, Boulder is known for its unique setting, friendly residents, cultural arts and incredibly diverse dining experiences.

THE BOULDER DUSHANBE TEAHOUSE The Boulder Dushanbe Teahouse is a rare, handcrafted gift from Boulder’s sister city, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. With its eclectic international menu, breathtaking artwork and charming ambiance, the teahouse is a perfect gathering place to relax and enjoy a cup of tea.

BOULDER RESTAURANT LISTING Boulder boasts more than 250 restaurants featuring local, regional and international cuisine. For dining assistance, please contact the Boulder CVB for a free Boulder Restaurant Listing. Options include, but are not limited to:

American Ethiopian Italian Mexican Caribbean French Japanese Organic Chinese Indian Korean Thai Continental Irish Mediterranean Vietnamese

Boulder has an incredible array of dining choices, from ethnic and health food restaurants to funky spots, popular brewpubs, locals' hangouts and elegant dining for that special occasion. Both Boulder Weekly's "2004 Best of Boulder" and The Daily Camera’s "2004 Readers' Choice Awards" offer insight into Boulder's culinary favorites: Whole Foods was Boulder Weekly's biggest victor in 2004, winning "Best Salad Bar," "Best Fresh Produce," "Best Grocery Store" and "Best Health Food Store," as well as runner-up for "Best Vegetarian." Boulder Weekly also gave top honors to The Full Moon Grill as the "Best Overall Restaurant" in Boulder. Curious which restaurants won titles from both The Daily Camera and Boulder Weekly? Moe's Bagels proudly holds the coveted "Best Bagel" title, Sunflower topped the list as "Best Vegetarian" and the Cream Puffery took home "Best Dessert" by both papers this year. The "Best Sandwich" can be devoured at Salvaggio's, the "Best Breakfast" at Lucile's, and, of course, the "Best Margarita" can be sampled at the Rio Grande. In the mood for ethnic cuisine? The Golden Lotus reportedly has the "Best Chinese," Laudisio serves the "Best Italian," Juanita's mixes up the "Best Mexican," Sushi Zanmai prepares the "Best Japanese," and Khow Thai whips up the "Best Thai." If you would rather prepare your own fixin's at home, swing by Whole Foods, the "Best Grocery Store" in town. On a health kick? Take advantage of the healthy edibles at either Breadworks or the Boulder Bread Company, owners of this year's "Best Bakery" titles. No time to sit down and eat? Swing by Siamese Plate on the go for some of Boulder's "Best Takeout."

Want to sample a few local microbrews? Old Chicago's offers the "Best Beer Selection," while The West End Tavern is said to be the "Best Bar." Mountain Sun taps this year's "Best Microbrew” and if your looking for a great wine selection, Trilogy was voted “Best Wine Selection” by Boulder Weekly.

For a peek at Boulder's local favorites, head to Turley's for a shot of wheat grass, stop in at Glacier Homemade Ice Cream for Boulder's "Best Ice Cream" or drop by Mountain Sun to sample the "Best Hamburger" in town. The "Best Outdoor" dining can be found at The Mediterranean or West End Tavern which provides unparalleled views of the Flatiron Mountains.

Dining

Service: B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner; Br=brunch

Boulder Restaurant Guide

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14th St. Bar And Grill 1400 Pearl St. 303.444.5854 American Bistro L;D • 90Abo's Pizza 637 S. Broadway 303.494.1274 Pizza L;DAbo's Pizza 2761 Iris 303.443.1921 Pizza L;D •

Aji 1601 Pearl St. 303.442.3464Central/South American

L;D

Ajuaa 627 S. Broadway 303.494.9204 Mexican L;D • 147Alexander's and Levorio's Creekside Café

1718 Broadway 303.443.3856 Mexican/Itallian L;D

Alexander’s Restaurant 1650 Broadway 303.444.6699 New Mexican L;D • 25Allison Espresso & Pastry 1521 Pearl St. 303.442.3065 Coffee/Pastry B;L;D

Amante Coffee 4580 N. Broadway 303.448.9999Coffee/Sandwich/ Pastry

Antica Roma 1308 Pearl 303.449.1787 Italian L;D •

Applebee’s Neighborhood Grill

1906 28th Street 303.442.8813 American L;D; Br • 230

Asian Deli 2829 28th St. 303.449.7950 Vietnamese L;D 40Attic Bar and Bistro 949 Walnut 303.415.1300 American L;DBacaro 921 Pearl St. 303.444.4888 Italian L;D • 90Baked in Boulder 1729 15th St. 303.444.1773 Pizza L;DBD's Mongolian BBQ 1600 Pearl St. 303.443.6803 Mongolian Stir Fry L;D •Belgian Bakery 3267 28th St. 303.449.7240 Bakery B;L

Big Daddy Bagels 4800 Baseline Rd. 303.554.0193 Bagel Sandwich B;L;D • 35

BJ’s Pizza Grill & Brewery 1125 Pearl St. 303.402.9294 American L;D • 180

Blue Fine Pastries 1918 Pearl St. 720.565.9092 Pastries B;L • 8

Bombay Bistro1800 Broadway (One Boulder Plaza)

303.444.4721 Indian L;D •

BookEnd Espresso Café 1115 Pearl Street 303.440.6699 Coffeehouse/Bakery B;L;D • 100

Boulder Broker Restaurant 555 30th St. 303.449.1752 ContinentalB;L;D;B

r• 200

Boulder Café 1247 Pearl St. 303.444.4884 American L;D; Br • 175

Boulder Chili/Chilly 1622 Broadway

Boulder Chop House & Tavern

947 Walnut St. 303.443.1188 American L;D • 217 20

Boulder Cork 3295 30th St. 303.443.9505American/ Steakhouse

L;D • 25024;36;

65

Boulder Creek Market 1437 Arapahoe Ave. 303.444.7167 Deli L • 15

Boulder Dushanbe Tea House

1770 13th St. 303.442.4993 International B;L;D • 100

Boulder Pizza Exchange 1546 28th St. 303.449.6363 Italian L;D

Boulder’s Dinner Theatre 5501 Arapahoe Ave. 303.449.6000 American D • 290

Brasserie Ten Ten 1011 Walnut 303.998.1010 French L;D • 107

Breadworks Café 2644 Broadway 303.444.5667 American B;L;D • 40

Brickhouse BBQ Grill 1346 Pearl St. 303.440.6555 Barbecue L;D

Buchanan's1301 Pennsylvania Ave.

303.440.0222 Sandwich/ Pastry L;D • 50

Buff Restaurant 1725 28th Street 303.442.9150 American B;L • 150

Restaurant Grid as of 4.1.06

Dining

Service: B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner; Br=brunch

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Buffalo Sports Bar & Grille 800 28th St. 303.443.3322 American B;L;D • 13040;70;

100

Burnt Toast1235 Pennsylvania Ave.

303.440.5200 American B;L;D49/2

7

Café Blue5280 Spine Rd. #103

303.530.4345 American L;D • 50

Café Food 2079 30th St. 303.443.9239 American L • 35

Café Bravo 2425 Canyon Blvd. 303.440.5737Sandwich, salad, burrito

B;L;D • 20

Café Gondolier 1738 Pearl St. 303.443.5015 Italian L;D • 133Café Siena One Boulder Plaza 303.546.0269 American B;L • 30Caffe Sole 637 S. Broadway 303.499.2985 Coffee/Desserts B • 50Camille's Sidewalk Café 1710 Pearl St. 303.444.9727 Sandwich/soup L;D •Carelli’s of Boulder 645 30th St. 303.938.9300 Italian L;D • 100 70Casa Alvarez 3161 Walnut 303.546.0630 Mexican L;D • 350 70Celestial Seasonings Cafe 4600 Sleepytime 303.581.1201 American B;L • 150

Chautauqua Dining Hall 900 Baseline Rd. 303.440.3776 American B;L;D 65

Cheba Hut 1315 College Ave. 303-413-3494Sandwich/Soup/ Salad

L;D

Cheers 2850 Iris Ave. 303.440.0810Vietnamese/ Chinese

L;D • 120

Cheesecake Factory 1401 Pearl St. 303.546.0222 Varied L;D • 250Chez Thuy Restaurant 2655 28th St. 303.442.1700 Vietnamese L;D • 150Chili’s Grill & Bar 1729 28th St. 303.449.9682 American L;D • 225China Gourmet 3970 N. Broadway 303.440.3500 Chinese L;D • 60 25Chinatown Express 1121 Broadway 303.444.8886 Chinese L;DChipotle Mexican Grill 919 Pearl St. 303.554.9383 Mexican L;D • 75CiCi's Pizza 4800 Baseline Rd. 720.304.0403 Pizza/pasta L;D •City Street Bagels 3070 28th St. 303.442.0049 American B;L • 20Conor O’Neill’s 1922 13th St. 303.449.1922 Irish L;D • 200

Corner Bar & Cafe 2115 13th St. 303.442.4560 American L;D • 85

Cosmo's Pizza 30th & Baseline 303.447.3278 Pizza/salads L;D • 40

Crosswalk Café & Deli 1148 Pearl St. 303.443.9032 American B;L;D • 40

D’Napoli Ristorante 835 Walnut 303.444.8434 Italian D • 40Da Gabi Cucina 3970 N. Broadway 303.786.9004 Northern Italian L;D • 80 25

Daddy Bruce's Bar-B-Que & Catering

2000 Arapahoe Ave. 303.449.8890 BBQ L;D 15

Dark Horse 2922 Baseline Rd. 303.442.8162 American L;D • 422Delhi Darbar 826 Pearl St. 303.443.3929 Indian L;D 60Deli Zone 2900 Valmont Rd. 303.447.9349 Sandwiches L;D • 15Deli Zone 4800 Baseline Rd. 303.499.9213 Sandwiches L;D • 15

Denny’s Restaurant 2905 Baseline Rd. 303.447.0080 American B;L;D • 160

Dolan’s Restaurant 2319 Arapahoe Ave. 303.444.8758 American L;D • 250 60; 35

Dot’s Diner 1333 Broadway 303.447.9184 American Diner B;L • 80Dot’s Diner 2716 28th St. 303.449.1323 American Diner B;L • 80Efrains 1630 N. 63rd St. 303.440.4045 Mexican L;D •Egg & I Boulder 2574 Baseline Rd. 303.494.0555 American B;L

Restaurant Grid as of 4.1.06

Dining

Service: B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner; Br=brunch

Boulder Restaurant Guide

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Einstein Brother Bagels 1693 28th St. 720.565.0413 Bagel Sandwich B;L;D • 35

Einstein Brother Bagels 2400 Baseline Rd. 303.543.1525 Bagel Sandwich B;L;D •15/2

0

El Taco Loco 1664 30th Street 303.247.1562 Mexican L;D • 100

Espressoria 2116 Pearl St. 303.247.0124 Lightfare B;L;D • 30

Espress-OH!Public Library-10th & Canyon

303.444.1876 Sandwiches L • 25

Falafel King Restaurant 1314 Pearl 303.449.9321 Mid-Eastern L;D • 50Fatty J's 770 28th St. 303.442.6666 Pizza L;D • 20Fiasco's Mexican Grill 2690 Baseline Rd. 303.200.0469 Mexican L;D •

Flagstaff House Restaurant 1138 Flagstaff Rd. 303.442.4640 Continental D • 100 20

Foolish Craig’s 1611 Pearl St. 303.247.9383 American B;L;D • 50

Frasca Food & Wine 1738 Pearl St. 303.442.6966 North Eastern Italian D •

Fresh Grains 2520 N. Broadway 303.938.1998 American B;L • 39

Full Moon Grill 2525 Arapahoe Ave. 303.938.8800 Italian D •

Gemini Thai Kitchen 1630 30th St. 303.447.3321 Thai L;D •

Glacier Homemade Ice Cream

3133 28th St. 303.440.6542 Ice Cream L;D

Glacier Homemade Ice Cream

1350 College Ave. 303.440.6542 Ice Cream L:D

Global Chili/Chilly 1622 Broadway 303.546.9000 Chili, Ice Cream L;D

Golden Lotus 1964 28th St. 303.442.6868 Chinese L;D • 285 25

Greenbriar Inn8735 N. Foothills Hwy

303.440.7979 American D; Br • 250 10-200

Half Fast Subs 1215 13th St. 303.449.0404 American L;D • 100

Haoway Chinese Café 1678 30th Street 303.442.5115 Chinese L;D • 20

Hapa on the Hill1220 Pennsylvania Ave.

303.447.9883 Asian Fusion/Sushi L;D •Hapa Sushi Grill & Sake Bar

1117 Pearl St. 303.473.4730 Asian Fusion/Sushi L;D • 90

Harpo's Sports Grill 2860 Arapahoe Av 303.444.9464 American/Mexican L;D •

Himalayas Restaurant 2010 14th St. 303.442.3230 Tibetan / Indian L;D 86 50

House of Chang 6565 Gunpark Dr. 303.581.9958 Chinese L;D • 125 yes

Hungry Toad 2543 N. Broadway 303.442.5012 American / English L;D;Br • 100

Il Pastaio3075 B Arapahoe Ave.

303.447.9572 Italian L;D • 20

Illegal Pete’s 1320 College Ave. 303.444.3055 Mexican/Burritos L;D

Illegal Pete’s 1447 Pearl St. 303.440.3955 Mexican/Burritos L;D • 60

Intl. House of Pancakes-IHOP

1675 28th St. 303.444.2115 American B;L;D •140/60

Jalino's 1647 Arapahoe Av 303.443.6300 Italian L;D 6

Jamba Juice 3052 Arapahoe Av 303.247.1170 Smoothies/soup B;L;D • 10

Japango 1136 Pearl St. 303.938.0330 Japanese L;D •

Jax Fish House 928 Pearl St. 303.444.1811 Seafood D •

Jazzy's Crab Shack 2719 Iris St. 303.544.0069 Seafood D •

Jet's Espressoria 2116 Pearl St. 303.247.0124 Sandwich/soup B;L;D • 30

Restaurant Grid as of 4.1.06

Dining

Service: B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner; Br=brunch

Boulder Restaurant Guide

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Jill's 900 Walnut St. 720.406.9696 American B;L;D •

Jin Chan 1915 28th St. 303.442.7166 Chinese L;D • 120 60

John’s Restaurant 2328 Pearl St. 303.444.5232French /Italian /Spanish /American

D • 60 60

Juanita’s Mexican Food 1043 Pearl St. 303.449.5273 Mexican L;D 150

Juice Stop 2525 Arapahoe Av 303.444.4667 Juice Bar B;L;D •

Jus' Burritos 1116 13th St. 303.448.9517 Mexican B;L 50

JW’s Steakhouse 2660 Canyon Blvd 303.440.8877 American B;L;D •

Karma Cuisine 1911 Broadway 303.440.9292 Vegetarian L;D

K’s China 1325 Broadway 303.413.0000 Chinese L;D • 130

Kerrigan's 2500 30th St. 101 303.524.3425 American-Irish B;L;D •

Khow Thai Café 1600 Broadway 303.447.0273 Thai L;D • 40

Kim Food to Go 1325 Broadway 303.442.2829 Vietnamese L;D

Korea House 2750 Glenwood 303.449.1657 Korean L;D • 45

KT’s BBQ Outback 2675 13th St. 303.442.3717 BBQ L;D • 16

KT’s Hick’ry Pit BBQ 75th & Arapahoe 303.786.7608 BBQ L;D • 65 22

L'Absinthe Restaurant1800 Broadway #150

303.442.6777French, Mediterranean

L;D; Br • 110

La Hacienda 1606 Conestoga 303.440.8565 Mexican B;L;D • 120 30

La Mariposa Restaurant Taqueria

2845 28th St. 303.444.2922 Mexican L;D

L'Atelier 1739 Pearl Street 303.442.7233 French L;D • 50

Laudisio 2785 Iris Ave. 303.442.1300 Italian L;D • 22530;60;

120

Lazy Dog Sports Grill 1346 Pearl St. 303.440.3355 American L;D •400/200

Le Francais Bakery & Cafe 2570 Baseline Rd. 303.499.7429 French Bakery B;L;D • 150 60

Le Peep Restaurant 2525 Arapahoe Av 303.444.5119 American B;L • 150 30

Lee Yuan Chinese Cuisine 4800 Baseline Rd. 303.494.4210 Chinese L;D • 48

Lick Skillet Bakery 5340 Arapahoe 303.449.7775 Bakery/Health Food B;L;D • 30

Lucile’s 2124 14th St. 303.442.4743 BBQ/Cajun/Creole B;L 65

Lucky's Café 3980 Broadway 303.444.5007 American/Greek B;L

Mamacitas 1149 13th St. 303.443.2300 Mexican L;D 35

Marie’s Cafe 2660 Broadway 303.447.0320 American B;L • 75Masa Grill 1265 Alpine 303.440.9511 Mexican L;D • 100Mataam Fez Moroccan Restaurant

2226 Pearl St. 303.440.4167 Moroccan D 80 30;50

Mateo 1837 Pearl St. 303.443.7766 Country French L;D • 50Maywah Chinese & Vietnamese Restaurant

2500 Baseline Rd. 303.499.8225Chinese & Vietnamese

L;D • 80

Mediterranean 1002 Walnut 303.444.5335 Mediterranean L;D • 200 50

Moe's Bagels3075 Arapahoe Ave.

303.442.4427 Bagel Sandwich

Restaurant Grid as of 4.1.06

Dining

Service: B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner; Br=brunch

Boulder Restaurant Guide

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Moe's Bagels 2650 N. Broadway 303.444.3252Bagel Sandwich/Pizza

B;L;D 30

Moongate Asian Bistro 1628 Pearl St. 720.406.8888 Asian L;D • 49

Mountain Sun Pub & Brewery

1535 Pearl St. 303.546.0886 American L;D • 70

Murphy’s Bar & Grill 2731 Iris 303.449.4473 American L;D • 180 60

Mustard's Last Stand 1719 Broadway 303.444.5841 American L;D •

Naked Fish 1346 Pearl 303.440.6555 Seafood D • 300 200

Narayan's Nepal Restaurant

4800 Baseline Rd. 303.499.2234Nepali/Indian/ Tibetan

L;D • 49 49

Nick-N-Willy's Take-N-Bake 4800 Baseline Rd. 303.499.9898 Pizza

Nick-N-Willy's Take-N-Bake 801 Pearl St. 303.444.9898 Pizza

Noodles & Co. 1245 Alpine Ave. 303.440.4340 Noodles/pasta L;D • 49

Noodles & Co. 2770 Pearl St. 303.444.5533 Noodles/pasta L;D • 54

Noodles & Co. 2850 Baseline 303.247.9978 Noodles/pasta L;D • 50

North Broadway Coffee Shop

4479 Broadway 303.449.3663 Variety B;L;D • 100 7

Old Chicago 1102 Pearl St. 303.443.5031 Italian L;D • 257 70

Olive Garden 2685 Pearl St. 303.546.6506 Italian L;D • 300 30

Orchid Pavilion 1050 Walnut 303.449.4353 Chinese L;D • 200

Original Pancake House 2600 Canyon Blvd. 303.449.1575 Breakfast B •

Paradise Bakery & Café 1207 Pearl St. 303.442.3965 Bakery

Parkway Restaurant 4700 Pearl St. 303.447.1833 American B;L • 90 25

Pasta Jay’s 1001 Pearl St. 303.444.5800 Italian L;D • 80

Ping's Favorite 1635 28th Street 303.449.0783 Chinese L;D • 25

Pita Pit 1509 Arapahoe Ave. 303.443.7482 Pita Sandwich/soup B;L

Pizza Colore 1336 Pearl St. 303.444.8958 Pizza L;D

Playa Azul 1600 38th St. 303.545.9400 Mexican L;D • 470 50

Proto's Pizza4670 Broadway, Ste. C110

720.565.1050 Pizza L;D

Q’s Restaurant 2115 13th St. 303.442.4880Contemporary/ American

B;L;D • 100 25

Qdoba 1625 28th St. 303.440.1006 Mexican L;D •

Ras Kassas Ethiopian Restaurant

2111 30th St. 303.447.2919 Ethiopian D • 60

Red Lion Inn38472 Boulder Canyon Dr.

303.442.9368 Continental D;Br • 25080;100

;250Red Robin Burgers & Spirits Emporium

2580 Arapahoe Ave. 303.442.0320 American L;D • 380

RedFish New Orleans Brewhouse

2027 13th St. 303.440.5858 Creole L;D; Br • 22520; 50;

75

Republic of Boulder 1095 Canyon Blvd. 303.443.1460Burgers/Salads/ Soups

L;D • 200

Rhumba 950 Pearl St. 303.442.7771 Caribbean L;D • 177 45

Restaurant Grid as of 4.1.06

Dining

Service: B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner; Br=brunch

Boulder Restaurant Guide

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Rincon Del Sol 2350 Arapahoe Ave 303.442.0541 Mexican L;D • 165

Rio Grande Mexican 1101 Walnut St. 303.444.3690 Mexican L;D • 250

Rock N'Soul Café 5290 Arapahoe Ave #I

303.443.5108 Sand/Soup L;D

Royal Peacock 5290 Arapahoe Ave #B

303.447.1409 Indian L;D •

Rudi’s Restaurant 4720 Table Mesa Dr.

303.494.5858American / International / Vegetarian

L;D;Br • 60 27

Saffron 2005 18th St. 303.544.6060 Indian L;D • 75

Salvaggio’s Italian Deli 2609 Pearl St. 303.938.1981 Italian B;L;D • 10

Salvaggio's Italian Deli 1107 13th St. 303.448.1200 Italian B;L;D

Salvaggio's Italian Deli 1397 Pearl St. 303.545.6800 Italian B;L;D

Sam's Chinese Kitchen 5360 Arapahoe Ave. 303.447.3529 Chinese L;D

Santiago's Mexican Restaurant

1325 Broadway 303.245.9365 Mexican L;D

Serrano’s Southwestern Grill

6525 Gunpark Dr. 303.530.7423 Mexican L;D •40-60

Sherpa's Rest. & Bar 825 Walnut 303.440.7151 Indian L;D

Siamese Plate 1575 Folsom 303.447.9718 Thai/Japanese L;D • 70 10

Siamese Plate To Go 3033 28th St. 303.444.3133 Thai/Japanese L;D •

Sidney's Cappuccino and Art Bar

1375 Walnut St. 303.939.9052Bagels/Pastries, Salads, Sandwiches

B;L 20

Sink 1165 13th St. 303.444.7465 Variety/ American L;D • 230 25; 90

Snarf's 2049 Pearl St. 303.444.7766 Sandwiches L;D 10

Snarf's 5304 Arapahoe Ave. 303.444.3404 Sandwiches L;D

Southern Sun Pub and Brewery

627 S. Broadway 303.543.0886 Pub fare L;D • 160

South Side Walnut Café 673 S. Broadway 720.304.8118 American B;L • 80

Spicy Dragon 4479 N. Broadway 303.449.3663 Chinese D

Spicy Pickle 2660 Pearl St. 303.413.0707Sandwich/salad/ soup

L;D

Sumida’s 1575 Folsom 303.449.8404 Japanese/Sushi L;D • 10

Sunflower 1701 Pearl St. 303.440.0220 Organic / American L;D • 40

Sushi Tora 2014 10th St. 303.444.2280 Japanese L;D •

Sushi Zanmai / Sake Zanmai

1221 Spruce 303.440.0733 Japanese L;D • 110 6;16

Taj Restaurant 2630 Baseline Rd. 303.494.5216 Indian L;D 125 30

Tandoori Grill 619 S. Broadway 303.543.7339 Indian L;D

Taste of Saigon 1635 28th St. 303.449.0783Chinese/ Vietnamese

L;D • 110 20

Tea Spot1801 13th Street #170

303.442.4832 Tea/Coffee/Bakery B;L;D •

Restaurant Grid as of 4.1.06

Dining

Service: B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner; Br=brunch

Boulder Restaurant Guide

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Terrace Maya 4929 N. Broadway 303.443.9336 Mexican L;D • 45

The Kitchen 1039 Pearl St. 303.544.5973 New American B;L;D • 70

The Grindstone Coffee 4593 N. Broadway 303.444.5886 Bakery, sandwiches

The Reef Piano Bar & Grill 1801 13th Street 303.209.3740 Caribbean/ Cuban D •

Thunderbird Burgers 1087 14th St. 303.449.9990 Sandwiches L;D • 15

Thyme on-the-Creek 1345 28th St. 303.443.3850 Continental B;L;D • 85

Tom’s Tavern 1047 Pearl St. 303.442.9363 American L;D • 100

Tra Ling’s Oriental Cafe 1305 Broadway 303.449.0400 Chinese L;D

Trattoria on Pearl 1430 Pearl Street 303.544.0008 Italian L;D •

Traveler's Juice & Java 1932 14th St. 303.444.4849Smoothies/ sandwiches

B;L

Trilogy Wine Bar 2017 13th St. 303.473.9463 D

Tsing Tao607-A South

Broadway303.494.6228 Chinese L;D • 80

Turley’s 2805 Pearl St. 303.442.2800 American B;L;D • 175

Twin Teriyaki 2720 Canyon 303.546.0094 Japanese L;D

Vicki's Parkway 4700 Pearl St. 303.447.1833 American B;L

Village Coffee Shop 1605 Folsom 303.442.9689 American B;L •

Wahoo's Fish Taco 2790 Pearl St. 303.473.9072 Mexican L;D

Walnut Brewery 1123 Walnut 303.447.1345 American L;D; Br • 450 30

Walnut Cafe 3073 Walnut 303.447.2315 American B;L • 65 30

West End Tavern 926 Pearl St. 303.444.3535 BBQ/American L;D

Whole Foods Market 2905 Pearl 303.545.6611Organics, Vegetarian

B;L;D • 15

Wild Oats Market 2584 Baseline Rd. 303.499.7636Organics, Vegetarian

B;L;D • 10

Wild Oats Market 1651 Broadway 303.499.7636Organics, Vegetarian

B;L;D • 10

Wilderness Pub @ Rockies Brewing Co.

2880 Wilderness Pl. 303.444.8448 American L;D • 98+ 35

Wing Zone 1310 College Ave 303.544.9464 Wings

Wok & Roll Teriyaki 2900 28th St. 303.449.6555 Japanese L;D • 90

Yuko Asia 1175 Walnut St. 720.974.0388 Japanese L;D •

Zolo Grill 2525 Arapahoe Ave. 303.449.0444Gourmet Southwestern

L;D • 94

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Lee Hill Rd.

Valmont Rd.

Baseline Rd.

26th

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SunshineCanyon Rd.

FourmileCanyon Rd.

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93

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Inns, Motels & Lodges1 Best Western Boulder Inn • 303.449.3800 • 800.233.84692 Best Western Golden Buff Lodge • 303.442.7450 • 800.999.28333 Boulder Creek Quality Inn & Suites • 303.449.7550 • 888.449.75504 Boulder Mountain Lodge • 303.444.0882 • 800.458.08825 Boulder University Inn • 303.442.3830 • 800.258.79176 Colorado Chautauqua Association • 303.442.3282, ext. 11

Bed & Breakfast7 Alps Boulder Canyon Inn • 303.444.5445 • 800.414.25778 The Bradley • 303.545.5200 • 800.858.5811

Hotels9 Boulder Broker Inn • 303.444.3330 • 800.338.540710 Boulder Marriott • 303.440.8877 • 800.228.929011 Boulder Outlook • 303.443.3322 12 Courtyard by Marriott • 303.440.4700 • 800.321.221113 Homewood Suites by Hilton • 303.499.9922 • 800.CALLHOME 14 Hotel Boulderado • 303.442.4344 • 800.433.434415 Millennium Harvest House • 303.443.3850 • 800.545.628516 Residence Inn by Marriott-Boulder • 303.449.5545 • 800.331.313117 St Julien Hotel & Spa • 720.406.9696

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Meeting Attendees (registered as of 1 July 2008)

Hiruy AbduUtah State Universityhiruy.abdu@aggiemail.usu.edu

Nibret AbebeUniversity of Wyomingnabebe@uwyo.edu

Daniel AmesIdaho State Universityamesdani@isu.edu

Marcelo ArdonDuke Universitymla5@duke.edu

Roni AvissarDuke Universityavissar@duke.edu

Lawrence BandUniversity of North Carolinalband@email.unc.edu

Nandita BasuPurdue Universitynbasu@purdue.edu

Justin BergerUtah State Universityjust.berg@aggiemail.usu.edu

Trent BiggsSan Diego State Universitytbiggs@mail.sdsu.edu

Kevin BishopSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesKevin.Bishop@ma.slu.se

James BrockDesert Research Institutejbrock@dri.edu

Erin BrooksUniversity of Idahoebrooks@uidaho.edu

Paul BrooksUniversity of Arizonabrooks@hwr.arizona.edu

Paul BrooksUniversity of Arizonabrooks@hwr.arizona.edu

Nathaniel BrunsellUniversity of Kansasbrunsell@ku.edu

Wilfried BrutsaertCornell Universitywhb2@cornell.edu

Stephen BurgesUniversity of Washingtonsburges@u.washington.edu

Colleen BuzbyNorthwestern Universityc-buzby@northwestern.edu

Tony CahillTexas A&M Universitytcahill@civilmail.tamu.edu

David ChandlerKansas State Universitydgc@ksu.edu

Yoori ChoiDrexel Universityyrc22@drexel.edu

Matthew CohenUniversity of Floridamjc@ufl.edu

Matthew CohenUniversity of Floridamjc@ufl.edu

Paulin CoulibalyMcMaster Universitycouliba@mcmaster.ca

Olaf DavidCSUolaf.david@ars.usda.gov

Joseph DelfinoUniversity of Floridadelfino@ufl.edu

Michael DettingerU.S. Geological Surveymddettin@usgs.gov

Joel DettyPlymouth State Universityjmdetty@plymouth.edu

David DeWallePenn State Universitydrdewalle@psu.edu

Heidi DietrichUC, Mercedhdietrich@ucmerced.edu

Peter DietrichHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZpeter.dietrich@ufz.de

Walter DoddsKansas State Universitywkdodds@ksu.edu

Jeff DozierUniversity of Californiadozier@bren.ucsb.edu

Darren DrewryUniversity of Illinoisdtd2@uiuc.edu

Christopher DuffyPenn State Universitycxd11@psu.edu

Thomas DunneUC Santa Barbaratdunne@bren.ucsb.edu

Michael DurandOhio State Universitydurand.8@osu.edu

Jay FamigliettiUniversity of California, Irvinejfamigli@uci.edu

Graham FoggUC Davisgefogg@ucdavis.edu

Efi Foufoula-GeorgiouUniversity of Minnesotaefi@umn.edu

David FreybergStanford Universityfreyberg@stanford.edu

Peter FureyUniversity of Colorado, Boulderfurey@cora.nwra.com

Albin GasiewskiUniversity of Coloradoal.gasiewski@colorado.edu

Alexandra Geddes-OsborneUC Davisageddes@ucdavis.edu

Judy GeniacUSDA Forest Servicejgeniac@fs.fed.us

David GochisNational Center for Atmospheric Researchgochis@rap.ucar.edu

Jonathan GoodallUniversity of South Carolinagoodall@engr.sc.edu

Wendy GrahamUniversity of Floridawgraham@ufl.edu

Rodney GuajardoUNC at Chapel Hill Institute of Marine Sciencesrodneyg@unc.edu

Vijay GuptaUniversity of Coloradoguptav@cires.colorado.edu

Andrew GuswaSmith Collegeaguswa@email.smith.edu

Mark HausnerUniversity of Nevada Renohausnerm@unr.nevada.edu

James HeffernanUniversity of Floridaj.heffernan@ufl.edu

David HillUniversity of Illinois, NCSAdjhill1@ncsa.uiuc.edu

Kenneth HillUniversity of Coloradokenneth.hill@colorado.edu

Robert HirschUSGSrhirsch@usgs.gov

Ben HodgesUniversity of Texas at Austinhodges@mail.utexas.edu

George HornbergerUniversity of Virginiahornberger@virginia.edu

Jeff HorsburghUtah State Universityjeff.horsburgh@usu.edu

Jane HunterUniversity of Queenslandjane@itee.uq.edu.au

Taehee HwangUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hillh7666@email.unc.edu

David HyndmanMichigan State Universityhyndman@msu.edu

Bisher ImamUniversity of California, Irvinebimam@uci.edu

Jennifer JacobsUniversity of New Hampshirejennifer.jacobs@unh.edu

Karsten JensenUniversity of Copenhagenkhj@geol.ku.dk

Stephanie KampfColorado State Universityskampf@warnercnr.colostate.edu

Yuri KimUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hillyuri513@email.unc.edu

Axel KleidonMax-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistryakleidon@bgc-jena.mpg.de

Rosemary KnightStanford Universityrknight@stanford.edu

Witold KrajewskiUniversity of Iowawitold-krajewski@uiowa.edu

Anton KrugerThe University of Iowaanton-kruger@uiowa.edu

Praveen KumarUniversity of Illinoiskumar1@uiuc.edu

Venkat LakshmiUniversity of South Carolinavlakshmi@geol.sc.edu

Philip LarsonUMBCplarson@umbc.edu

George LeavesleyColorado State Universityghleaves@engr.colostate.edu

Brandon LehmanColorado State Universitybrandon.lehman@colostate.edu

Henry LinPenn State Univ.henrylin@psu.edu

Marcy LitvakUniversity of New Mexicomlitvak@unm.edu

Gaisheng LiuUniversity of Kansasgliu@ku.edu

Matt LuckUniversity of Vermontmatthew.luck@gmail.com

Danny MarksUSDA-ARS NWRCars.danny@gmail.com

Jeffrey McDonnellOregon State Universityjeff.mcdonnell@orst.edu

Brian McGlynnMontana State Universitybmcglynn@montana.edu

Kevin McGuirePlymouth State University & US Forest Servicekmcguire1@plymouth.edu

Kathleen McKeeUniv of Floridakatmckee@ufl.edu

Diane McKnightUniversity of Coloradodiane.mcknight@colorado.edu

Franco MontaltoDrexel Universityfam26@drexel.edu

Hamid MoradkhaniPortland State Universityhamidm@cecs.pdx.edu

Larry MurdochClemson Universitylmurdoc@clemson.edu

Dev NiyogiPurdue Universityclimate@purdue.edu

Fred OgdenUniv. of Wyomingfogden@uwyo.edu

Thomas OverEastern Illinois Universitytmover@hotmail.com

Chris PaolaUniversity of Minnesotacpaola@umn.edu

Yeonjeong ParkUniversity of California, Mercedypark@ucmerced.edu

Stephen ParkerNational Research Councilsdparker@nas.edu

Robert PaynColorado School of Minesrpayn@mines.edu

Michael PiaseckiDrexel Universitymichael.piasecki@drexel.edu

Thomas PiechotaUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegasthomas.piechota@unlv.edu

Roger Pielke Sr.University of Coloradopielkesr@cires.colorado.edu

Robert PittUniversity of Alabamarpittal@charter.net

Geoffrey PooleMontana State Universitygpoole@montana.edu

Amilcare PorporatoDuke Uiversityamilcare@duke.edu

Kenneth PotterUniversity of Wisconsinkwpotter@wisc.edu

Srinivasan RangarajanColumbia Universitysr2360@columbia.edu

P. Suresh RaoPurdue Universitypscr@purdue.edu

Michael ReddyU.S. Geological Surveymmreddy@usgs.gov

Patrick ReedThe Pennsylvania State Universitypreed@engr.psu.edu

Ying Fan ReinfelderRutgers Universityyingfan@rci.rutgers.edu

Chuck RhoadesUSFS Rocky Mountain Research Stationcrhoades@fs.fed.us

Eric RicherColorado State Universityeericher@warnercnr.colostate.edu

Riccardo RigonUniversit?ÿ di Trentoriccardo.rigon@ing.unitn.it

Fred ScatenaUPENNfns@sas.upenn.edu

Wolfgang SchaafBTU Cottbusschaaf@tu-cottbus.de

Nathan SchottNorthern Arizona Universitynathan_schott@hotmail.com

Kim SchreudersUtah State Universitykim.schreuders@usu.edu

John SelkerOregon State Universityselkerj@engr.orst.edu

Mark SeyfriedUSDA-ARSmark.seyfried@ars.usda.gov

Hatim SharifUniversity of Texashatim.sharif@utsa.edu

Daehyok ShinUniversity of North Carolinasdhyok@email.unc.edu

Christine Shoemakercornellcas12@cornell.edu

Murugesu SivapalanUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignsivapala@uiuc.edu

Rudy SlingerlandPenn State Universitysling@geosc.psu.edu

David SmithGLOBEdasmith@globe.gov

Dean SmithUniversity of Coloradodean.smith@colorado.edu

Andre SnyderUniversity of Idahoasnyder@uidaho.edu

Sean SwensonNational Center for AtmosphericResearchswensosc@ucar.edu

James SyvitskiUniversity of Colorado/CSDMSjames.syvitski@colorado.edu

David TarbotonUtah State Universitydavid.tarboton@usu.edu

William TengNASA GES DISC (Wyle)william.l.teng@nasa.gov

Teklu TesfaUtah State Universityt.k.t@aggiemail.usu.edu

Steve ThomasUniversity of Nebraskasthomas5@unl.edu

Glenn TootleUniversity of Wyomingtootleg@uwyo.edu

Peter TrochUniversity of Arizonapatroch@hwr.arizona.edu

Greg TuckerUniversity of Coloradogtucker@colorado.edu

Scott TylerUniversity of Nevada, Renostyler@unr.edu

Juan ValdesThe University of Arizonajvaldes@u.arizona.edu

Thorsten WagenerPennsylvania State Universitythorsten@engr.psu.edu

Markus WeilerFreiburg Universitymarkus.weiler@ hydrology.uni-freiburg.de

Claire WeltyUMBCweltyc@umbc.edu

Larry WinterNCARbusmgr@cuahsi.org

Wayne WoldtUniversity of Nebraskawwoldt1@unl.edu

Connie WoodhouseUnversity of Arizonaconniew1@email.arizona.edu

Steffen ZachariasUFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Researchsteffen.zacharias@ufz.de

Ilya ZaslavskyUCSDzaslavsk@sdsc.edu