Resilience Against Single Resilience Against Single Attacks in Wireless Mesh Attacks in Wireless Mesh Networking for the Smart Networking for the Smart GridGrid

Tae (Tom) OhAssociate Professor Galisono College of Computing and Information ScienceRochester Institute of Technology

104/19/23Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsDriving Force of Change in Electrical

PowerWhat is Smart Grid?Smart Grid BenefitsWireless Mesh Networking for Smart

Grid.Resilience Against Single AttackA Proposed Solution for the Single AttackNY State Smart Grid ConsortiumSummery

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Driving Forces of Change Driving Forces of Change in Electric Powerin Electric Power Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2) have the potential to

seriously impact the environment and local economies. Power Outages wreak havoc and cost billions of dollars in lost

productivity and revenue. Security Threats are constant to the electric infrastructure. The

physical and cyber security risks, from terrorists and hackers continue to grow exponentially.

Innovative Technology holds significant promise as a “game changer.” Innovation is pervasive across the electricity value chain (from smart appliances to advanced energy storage technologies).

Evolving Standards hold the key to the pace of development. Technical interoperability will be vital to ease of use, adoption rates, cyber security and avoiding stranded costs. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing these standards in conjunction with the GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC).

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What is Smart grid?What is Smart grid?A smart grid puts information and communication technology into electricity generation, delivery, and consumption, making systems cleaner, safer, and more reliable and efficient.  U.S. Department of Energy Definition:

A smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, control methods, and integrated communications into the current electricity grid.

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What does the concept of Smart What does the concept of Smart Grid Grid look like?look like?

Electrical Infrastructure

“Intelligence” Infrastructure

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Smart Grid ApplicationsSmart Grid Applications

Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy SourcesDistributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources

Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and IslandingSelf-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding

Asset Management and On-Line Equipment MonitoringAsset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring

Demand Response and Dynamic PricingDemand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Participation in Energy MarketsParticipation in Energy Markets

Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing – Intelligent Responses!

Real-time Simulation and Contingency AnalysisReal-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis

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Smart Grid BenefitsSmart Grid BenefitsEconomic Development

◦ New Jobs: The manufacture, installation, operation and maintenance of the smart grid and its components will create new jobs within the state.

◦ Innovation: Smart grid innovation will enable the growth of business while rewarding customers with valuable new products.

◦ Lower Costs: Costs rise over time and energy is no exception, but the smart grid should provide less costly energy than otherwise would be possible. As such, it will save customers money which can be invested or consumed as they choose.

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Smart Grid Benefits-contSmart Grid Benefits-cont Customer Satisfaction

◦ Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improved reliability and better customer control will raise satisfaction among all types of customers (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional).

◦ Improved Reliability: Smart grid will reduce and shorten outages and improve the quality of power.

◦ Shorter Outages: The incorporation of advanced sensors and measurement (PMU), communication networks and smart systems will allow an unprecedented degree of system visibility and situational awareness of the electric power system. Smart grid will result in shorter outages through its “islanding” and “self-healing” features.

◦ Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent and is aligned with the underlying economics of generation and distribution, customers’ decisions to save money will benefit society as well

◦ Highest Security: Security will be incorporated into the design of the smart grid and will require the implementation of practices and procedures by individual stakeholders. In this way, the physical and cyber security risks can be managed to the highest standards possible.

◦ Timely renewables: Smart grid is the enabler of more renewable energy. Its development will allow for the timely incorporation of these sustainable sources of power in a user-friendly, cost-effective manner.

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Wireless Mesh Networking Wireless Mesh Networking for the Smart Grid for the Smart Grid

www.elstermetering.com 904/19/23Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

Wireless Mesh Networking Wireless Mesh Networking for the Smart Grid for the Smart Grid AssumptionsAssumptions• Smart meters located at homes and

businesses compose a neighborhood area network (NAN).

• The NAN architecture is assumed to be a wireless mesh network• Meters communicate bidirectionally with a

neighborhood "collector" via multihop routing.• Collectors are connected directly to a utility

provider.• Smart meters have a limited range and not all

meters can reach a collector directly.• Label switching concept in applied.• A meter may malfunction and interfere with

the proper forwarding of packets, e.g., delaying, altering, misrouting, dropping, or misinserting packets.

1004/19/23Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

Resilience Against Single Resilience Against Single AttacksAttacks A wireless mesh network depends

on the cooperation of each node to properly forward packets to their destinations.

If a malicious attacker was located in a path, it could interfere with packet forwarding

Serious Problem: the traditional method to verify receipt of packets is acknowledgements and retransmission time-outs.

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Resilience Against Single Resilience Against Single AttacksAttacks Example ExampleThe sender waits for an acknowledgement or

times out and retransmits. If an attacker within the path is dropping

packets, the destination would have no way to know that packets have been dropped, and the sender would not know if packets are being dropped due to malice or normal congestion conditions.

Moreover, an attacker could generate false acknowledgements to the sender to make it believe that packets had been delivered.

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A Proposed SolutionA Proposed SolutionA new method taking advantage

of route diversity in the mesh network.

Least two disjoint routes◦Primary route: Used for send data◦Secondary route: Used for send

verification meta-data periodically. SenderData

Verification

LSP X

LSP Y

Destination

S

D

1304/19/23Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

A Proposed Solution-contA Proposed Solution-contSender

Data

Verification

LSP X

LSP Y

Destination

S

D

•Interference in the primary route by a malicious or malfunctioning meter or collector can be detected by the verification meta-data in secondary route.•Verification meta-data describes the packets sent along the primary route.

Meta-data fields: LSP = X; Time interval = 10 sec; Current time = 0900; Number of packets sent = 9; Number of bytes sent = 1068; Hash of packets sent = xxxxx.

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Other Research Activities in Other Research Activities in Smart GridSmart GridA Method for Anonymous Packet

Forwarding for Smart Grid.Research Activity with Tenrehte

◦www.tenrehte.com Enabling real-time communication between the consumer and

utility so consumers can tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and/or environmental concerns.

Member of NY State Smart Grid Consortium.◦ Golisano College of Sustainability◦ Golisano College of Computing and Information

Science Smart grid networking and security

◦ College of Engineering

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New York State Strategic New York State Strategic Smart Grid VisionSmart Grid Vision

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NY State Smart Grid NY State Smart Grid Consortium MembersConsortium Members

MarketsNew York Independent System Operator (NYISO)New York Power Authority (NYPA)New York State Reliability Council

Universities

Brookhaven National LaboratoryClarkson UniversityCornell UniversityRochester Institute of TechnologyState University of New York at BuffaloState University of New York at Stony BrookSyracuse University

Utilities

Central Hudson G&EConsolidated Edison (Con Ed)Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)National GridNew York Power Authority (NYPA)New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG)Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)

End Users

National GridNew York Power Authority (NYPA)

Government

City of New YorkNew York State Governor’s OfficeNew York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)New York Department of Public Service (NYDPS)New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR)Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Coordination (CSCIC)

Industry

General ElectricIBM

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SummarySummarySmart Grid is an emerging technology

to provide next generation power grid and is promoted by many governments as a way of addressing energy independence, global warming and emergency resilience issues.

We proposed a solution to address a security issue in wireless mesh networks for smart grid.

Plan to publish a study on the performance and resilience of solution.

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ResourcesResources New York State Smart Grid Consortium

http://nyssmartgrid.com/ U.S. Department of Energy-Smart Grid

www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htmThe Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability’s (OE) Web site on smart grid education, activities and other related topics.

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/NETL’s (part of DOE’s national laboratory system) Web site on the modernization of our nation’s electricity grid.

Metering.com www.metering.com Online resource of utility news and information for metering and customer management professionals

Smart Grid News.com www.smartgridnews.com Online resource for smart grid news, research and analysis and a guide to smart grid stimulus spending.

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Any Questions?

2004/19/23Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

Operating PrinciplesOperating Principles Customer-focused – Developing the most effective, efficient and accessible smart grid to benefit all customers and communities. • Strategically Aligned – Building a robust, dynamic and secure

electricity infrastructure by being collectively focused on the sustainable execution and progression of the NYS smart grid strategy. • Collaborative – Integrating and leveraging the resources of

the consortium membership - across industry, utility, market, academic and

government institutions - to assure the open and effective development of shared institutional

knowledge. • Innovative – Managing a well-defined nexus of R&D smart grid

technologies and systems to accelerate the advancement of technical and institutional

interoperability Performance-driven – Creating a transparent validation process

to ensure the progression and long-term achievement of the NYS smart grid to

foster economic development

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Smart Grid Benefits-2Smart Grid Benefits-2 Customer Satisfaction Higher Customer Satisfaction: The combination of lower costs, improved reliability and better customer control will raise satisfaction among all types of customers (residential, commercial, industrial, institutional). • Improved Reliability: The Advanced Transmission Operations (ATO) and Advanced Distribution Operations (ADO) inherent in the smart grid will reduce and shorten outages and improve the quality of power. • Shorter Outages: The incorporation of advanced sensors and measurement (PMU), communication networks and smart systems will allow an unprecedented degree of system visibility and situational awareness of the electric power system. Smart grid will result in shorter outages through its “islanding” and “self-healing” features. • Increased Efficiency: The integrated advanced components of the smart grid will improve efficiency and lower costs for customers. • Customer Energy/Cost Savings: As pricing becomes more transparent and is aligned with the underlying economics of generation and distribution, customers’ decisions to save money will benefit society as well. • Highest Security: Security will be incorporated into the design of the smart grid and will require the implementation of practices and procedures by individual stakeholders. In this way, the physical and cyber security risks can be managed to the highest standards possible. • Timely renewables: Smart grid is the enabler of more renewable energy. Its development will allow for the timely incorporation of these sustainable sources of power in a user-friendly, cost effective manner.

2204/19/23Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology

Wireless Mesh Networks for Wireless Mesh Networks for Smart Grid AssumptionSmart Grid AssumptionSmart meters located at homes and businesses

compose a neighborhood area network (NAN). The NAN architecture is assumed to be a wireless

mesh network where meters communicate bidirectionally with a neighborhood "collector" via multihop routing.

Collectors are connected directly to a utility provider.

Smart meters may be occasionally added, removed or relocated.

A meter may malfunction and interfere with the proper forwarding of packets, e.g., delaying, altering, misrouting, dropping, or misinserting packets.

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Technical Smart Grid PlanTechnical Smart Grid Plan Consumer Visibility to Energy Usage and Cost: Consumers of all

categories must have the ability to see the real-time costs of their energy choices. • Consumers Empowered to Save Energy Costs and Participate in

Markets: Consumers must be able to act directly or indirectly, on that usage and pricing information to make choices to save energy and money. • Utilities have Enhanced Visibility and Control of Distribution Systems for Reliability and Economics: Utilities have the devices and communication systems in place to enable them to determine actual operational and economic conditions at any point, at any time. • Energy storage is used to improve economics and reliability: Storage devices are integrated into the grid, to enable the most cost-effective management of generation and usage. • Transmission system reliability and economics are enhanced with smart grid technologies: These are exploited to increase transmission utilization and support cost effective renewables

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Resilience Against Malicious Resilience Against Malicious or Malfunctioning Meters.or Malfunctioning Meters.Clustering Algorithm:

◦Self organize the meters into clusters associated with each collector.

Routing Protocol:◦Calculate a set of label switched

paths (LSPs) to allow every meter to reach at least two collectors for resiliency.

◦Label switching is necessitated for privacy.

2504/19/23Tom Oh, Rochester Institute of Technology