residential differentiation and communities in the city

7/30/2019 Residential differentiation and communities in the city

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Residential

differentiationand communitiesin the city


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Overview:-

1. Examine the main methods of identifying residential areas within

the city

2. Examine the socio spatial outcomes of residential congregation

3. Typology of Ethnic areas

4. Ethnic Areas in the US City

5. Ethnic Areas in the British City


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The Identification of Residential Areas

Statistical Description:-

- Charles Booth first tried this technique

- Employed social surveys and mapping techniques

- Attempted to provide a detailed account of socialconditions of London

- Booth's work was largely ignored by contemporarysocial researchers but provided an exemplar forsubsequent studies.


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Natural Areas:-

- This concept was conceived by Chicago ecologists

- According to them, areas would evolve based ontheir homogeneous social or ethnic character.Eg. Slums and ghettos

- Similar households would give rise to segregation in

residential areas.

- One major criticism was that the identification ofsocial areas was not related to broader socio economic and cultural changes.


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The Gold Coast and the Slum in Chicago, 1929


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Social Areas:-

- Shevky & Bell regarded the city as a product of thecomplex whole of modern society

- Societal change depended on social rank,urbanization and segregation due to ethnic status

- Social rank measured by occupation and education

- Urbanization measured by number of women in laborforce, household composition and dwelling type.

- Segregation measured by percentage of ethnic group


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Social Areas:-

- These individual indices were finally standardized torun from 0 to 100.

- The economic status and family status were given afourfold division to produce 16 different social areatypes.

- In addition, each category was further designatedaccording to the composite segregation level above orbelow the city mean for minority groups.

- In this way, 32 social areas were identified.


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Factorial Ecology:-

- Factorial ecology uses a larger set of variables thanused in the social area analysis method

- Another difference is that factorial ecology obtains itsconstructs from a data set unlike social area analysis.

- However it uses the same three characteristics of

Social rank, Urbanization and Segregation.


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Factorial

Ecology of

Metropolitan

Toronto, 1969


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Sense of Place

Social area analysis and factorial ecology do notaddress explicitly the qualitative aspects of urbancommunity.

- Certain places are regarded as distinctive ormemorable through their unique physicalcharacteristics or imageability. Eg. St. Peter's Squarein Rome; The Louvre, Paris

- Individuals tend to form attachments to placesthrough memory and experience. Eg. Home towns


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Sense of Place

Urban geographers seeking to tap into these meaningsof place have employed a range of approaches.

- Literary sources: Novelists incorporate perceptive

descriptions of places in their work, providing aqualitative insight into local neighborhoods.Only problem is that often there is selectiverepresentation.

- Cognitive mapping: Attention is focused on theperception of places.


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The Urban Community

Community is one of those terms, the meaning ofwhich everyone knows, but few can define. Mosthowever, agree on three points:

- Community involves involves groups who reside in ageographically distinct area

- It refers to the quality if relationships within thegroup , bound together by common culture, values,

race or social class.

- A group of people engaged in social interaction, suchas neighboring.


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The Bases of Residential Segregation

- Socio economic status

- Family status or lifestyle

- Membership of minority groups


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Socio economic status: Whereas social constructslike the caste system in India determined socialposition in traditional society, in the west social statusdepended on economic power reflected in the nature

of employment.

Slums: Least desirable areas in the city, so attract thepoor who are unable to pay higher rents.

Status areas: Huge contrasts seen between areas inthe same city. Gated communities are planned andmarketed to spatially segregate environments. Thecost virtually guarantees social exclusivity.


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Family status and lifestyle: In society, people maychoose from among the following lifestyles:

Familism: This refers to a traditional home where

child-rearing is the dominant feature.

Careerism: People are mainly oriented towardsachieving goals in the workplace.


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Ethnic segregation: Minority clusters act as safehavens particularly for recent migrants, offering aplace of initiation and familiarization where traditionalvalues, customs and perhaps even language are

retained.

Well established ethnic enclaves form an importantlink in chain migration where earlier migrants maintainflows of information and aid to later arrivals.


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Ethnic areas in the US City: The growth of ethnicresidential waves in the urban US has been fueled by 3waves of immigration:- The first bulk of immigrants came from Western

Europe. In 1790 the English made up of 60 per cent ofthe population. Other groups included Scots, Irish,Germans, the Dutch and the French..

Boston and New york were favored centers for the

Irish, Germans favored Milwaukee and the Swedishfavored Chicago.


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Ethnic areas in the US City:

- Between 1860 and 1924, the second wave comprisedimmigrants coming largely from southern and eastern

Europe. Italian, Polish and Jewish families made up alarge proportion of this inflow.

Religious differences with the dominant Protestantismcontributed to discrimination and their segregation

into high density tenement areas.


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Ethnic areas in the US City:

The third immigration wave commenced after the theSecond World War.

The main sources of immigrants shifted from Europeto Mexico, Central and South America, The Caribbeanbasin and Asia.The migration stream was no longer directed to cities

in the north east but across the nation.

By 1990, 63% of Miami was of Hispanic origin mostlyfrom Cuba and Nicaragua, while the 40% Hispanicpopulation of L.A was primarily Mexican in origin


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Ethnic areas in the British City:

Minority ethnic groups comprised 5.5% of the Britishpopulation in 1991 and 7.9 in 2001.

Nearly half the ethnic population is from South Asia,with Indians comprising the largest single group.

4 major migration waves can be traced in the post war

era.- West Indians arrived in 1950's- Indians from late 1950's to 1970's- Pakistanis from late 1960's to 1970's- Bangladeshis in the 1970's


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To this we may add a fifth flow of A8 migration sincethe accession of the 8 former Soviet states to the EU

in 2004, with the largest inflow being from Poland.

The spatial impact of these migration waves wasinfluenced strongly by the distribution of available jobs


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Of note is the fact that minority ethnic groups areoverrepresented in declining industrial centers such as

Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester, Newcastle,Liverpool and Sheffield, affluent commuter townsaround London and central London.

The greatest concentration is found in inner London,

but unlike the USA, there are no British towns or citiesin which ethnic minorities constitute a majoritypopulation.


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Conclusion

- Pacione gives an in depth analysis of the topic.

- However coming from an architectural background, Ithink it would have been interesting to see the changein local architectural character due to residentialsegregation.

residential differentiation and communities in the city

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