resech design 2009
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Design
Presented by:-
Kuldeep singh 009
Amit Khanna 008
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Research DesignDefinition- Research design
provides a systematic plan of
procedure for the researcher
to follow. John W. Best.
Meaning
- a conceptual Structure
- a blueprint
- an outline of what the researcher will doResearch design is a set of advance decisions that make up
the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed information.
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All Research Designs should contain
answers to the following questions :
What the study is about ?
Why the study is undertaken ?
What are the types of data required ?
Where data can be found ?
What techniques of gathering data will be adopted ?
Where data can be found ?
In which areas, the study will be undertaken ?
When or what periods of time , the study will conclude ? How much resources (men ,money , and materials ) will berequired ?
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Aspects of Research Design
1. A clear statement of the research problem.
2. The purpose or objective of the research
3. The time period of research study
4. The sources of collecting data.
5. The procedures and techniques of collecting data.
6. The universe of research design.
7. The sample size of respondents , if any.
8. The area where research to be conducted.
9. The methods or techniques of data processing.
10. The resources required to conduct the research.
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Significance of Research Design
Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & prevents blind search)
Yields maximum information (avoids collection of unnecessary data)
Costs least in terms of effort, time & money
Maximizes reliability of results
Provides firm foundation to the endeavor
Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless exercise
Helps organising ones ideas
Gives chance to foresee flaws & inadequacies (anticipates problems)
Incorporates by learning from others critical comments & evaluations
Like a successful journey,
Broadens your mind Gives fascinating & exciting experience
Gives insight into world around you
Provides opportunity to meet people
Gives fun and reward, but at times, very tedious
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Steps in Research Design
1. Define the research problem
2. Estimate the cost of informationIt is advisable
to find out the cost benefit ratio before proceeding
3. Select the source ofdata collection
4. Select the measurement techniques
5. Select the sample
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Steps in Research Design Cont..
6. Select the method of analysis Its depends upon
the selection of data sampling, measurement
technique, data collection, purpose of research
7. Find out time and cost needs
8. Prepare the research design
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Qualities of good Research Design
It is easy to suggest a problem but difficult to make
a good research design
Each problem/research work is unique & demands
unique research design & unique combination ofmethods and techniques
Comprehensive
Flexible
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Qualities of good Research Design Cont.
CHOOSES APPROPRIATE COMBINATION OF METHODS AND
TECHNIQUES :- This suggest that the design should be such that it
chooses appropriate combination of methods and techniques based on
objectives, possible implications of results and overall environment, current
knowledge etc.
SHOULD BE ACCEPTABLE:- This point suggests that the design should
be universally acceptable and understood by persons. It should be simple,
clear and easily understood by laymen.
Efficient, economical, maximum Reliability, minimum Biases & SmallestError:-
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Types of Research
Designs
Exploratory Descriptive Causal
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Exploratory Research
Explore- to find/ discover.
Purpose to find out causes behind a problem precisely, collect
required information and identify alternate courses of actionin order to deal with the problem
Uses of exploratory research include:
Gain background information.
To understand such problems.
Clarify problems and hypotheses.
Establish research priorities.
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Methods of Conducting Exploratory Research
1. Secondary data analysis
2. Experience (Expert) surveys
3. Case Analysis
4. Focus groups
Exploratory Research (Cont.)
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Descriptive Research
Researcher desires to know the characteristics of certaingroups such as age, sex, occupation income or
education.
Descriptive research
Cross sectional studies
Field studies surveys
Longitudinal studies
Panel methods
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Causal Research
As the name indicates ,casual design investigates the cause
and effect relationship between two or more variables.
Casual research is useful to show the impact of one variables
on the other. For example, Price and market demandrelationship or relationship between market competition and
sales performance.
Data collected:
Survey
Lab experiments
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SELECTING A STUDY
DESIGN
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The various designs have been classified by examining
them from different perspectives :
The number of contacts with the study population.
The reference period of study. The nature of investigation.
Others-some commonly used study designs which
are based on certain philosophy or methodology.
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Study Design Based on Number of
Contacts
Classified in Three groups :
Cross-sectional studies
Before and after studies
Longitudinal studies
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Also Known as one-shot or status studies
Commonly used design in social sciences
It is best suited to studies aimed at finding out
prevalence of a phenomenon, situation,
problem, attitude or issue, by taking a cross-section of population
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Steps involved are :- What you want to find out Identify the study population
Select a population
Select a sample
Contact your respondent to find out
information u need
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For example:-
Extent of unemployment in city Consumer satisfaction with a product.
Health needs of a community.
Reason for homelessness among youngpeople.
Relationship between home environment and
academic performance of student. Quality assurance of a service provided by
organisation.
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Advantages:- Only one contact with study population. Comparatively cheap.
Easy to analyze.
Disadvantages:-
They cannot measure change.
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Before And After Study Design
Most appropriate design for measuring the
impact or effectiveness of a program.
Described as two sets of cross-sectional
data collection points on the same
population to find out change in
phenomenon or variables. Change is measured by comparing the
differences in phenomenon or variables.
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Most commonly used for evaluation studies.
For example:- Effect of advertisement on sales of product.
Effect of random breath testing on roadaccidents.
Impact of incentives on productivity ofemployees in an organisation.
Impact of increased funding on quality ofteaching in universities.
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Advantages:- Measuring the impact or effectiveness of aprogram.
Disadvantages:-
Two sets of data being collected, so its quite
expensive, difficult to implement, takes longer time to
complete.
Time lapse between two contacts may results in
attrition in study population.
Maturation effect (studying young children).
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Reactive Effect (awareness).
The expression of an attitude in response to aquestionnaire or interview has cause them to
think about and alter their attitude at the time
of post-test. This type of effect is known as
Regression Effect (shift in attitude).
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Longitudinal Study Design Mainly used to determine pattern of change inrelation to time.
Useful for collecting factual information on a
continuing basis.
Ascertains trends in demand for labor, immigration,
changes in the incidence of disease or in the
mortality, morbidity, and fertility pattern of a
population. Basically the population is visited a number of times
at regular intervals to collect information.
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Time period can be as short as a week or as
long as a year. It can be seen as a series of repetitive cross-
sectional studies.
Advantages:-
It allows the researcher to measure the pattern
of change and obtain factual information,
requiring collection on a regular or continuing
basis, hence increase its accuracy.
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Disadvantages :-
Same as before and after study. Conditioning effect.
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Study Designs Based on Reference
Period
Time frame for exploring phenomenon,
situation, event or problem.
Categorization of studies :-
Retrospective;
Prospective;
Retrospective- Prospective.
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Retrospective study Design Investigates a phenomenon, situation, problemor issue happened in past.
Conducted on basis of past data available or
respondent recall of situation. For example :-
A historical analysis of migratory movements
in Eastern Europe between 1915 & 1945.
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Relation between levels of unemployment and
street crime. Utilization of land before world war 2 in
australia.
Prospective Study Design
An attempt to establish the outcome of an event
or what is likely to happen.
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Refer to likely prevalence of phenomenon,
situation, problem, attitude or outcome infuture.
Researcher must wait for an intervention toregister its effect on study population.
For example :- To determine the effect of random breath
testing on prevention of road accidents.
To find out effect of parental involvement onlevel of academic achievement of theirchildren.
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Retrospective- Prospective It focus on past trends in a phenomenon and
study it into future.
It measures the impact an intervention without
having a control group. A part of data is collected from records before
intervention is introduced and then study
population is followed to ascertain the impactof intervention.
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For example :-
Effect of advertisement on sale of product.
Effect of random breath testing on road
accidents.
Impact of incentives on productivity of the
employees of an organisation.
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THANK YOU