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RESEARCHING THE WORLD’S BEADS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Compiled by Karlis KarklinsSociety of Bead Researchers
Revised and Updated 1 January 2020
MIDDLE EAST
The countries covered in this section include: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen. See also the two
specialized theme bibliographies and the General/Miscellaneous bibliography as they also contain reports
dealing with these countries.
Abu-Laban, Aiysha
2010 Analysis and Reconstruction of the Use of Mollusc Shells from the MPPNB Site Shkarat Msaied
in Southern Jordan. M.A. thesis. University of Copenhagen.
Discusses the recovered marine-shell beads.
2010 Exchange Systems in Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Societies – An Analysis and
Reconstruction of the Use of Mollusc Shells from the Southern Jordanian Site Shkarat Msaied. In
BoneCommons, Item #919; http://www.alexandriaarchive.org/bonecommons/items/show/919,
accessed 26 November 2014.
This inland site produced a variety of marine shells, most of which had been modified for possible use as
ornaments. The author questions whether these objects are prestige items as some researchers contend.
2014 The Use of Marine Mollusc Shells at the Neolithic Site Shkarat Msaied, Jordan. In
Archaeomalacology, Shells in the Archaeological Record. Proceedings of the
Archaeomalacology Session, 11th ICAZ Conference, edited by K. Szabo, C. Dupont, V.
Dimitrijevic, N. Serrand, and L. Gomez-Gastelum, pp. 9-17. BAR International Series 2666.
While the range of shell species used to produce beads at the site is great, the range of bead types is rather
limited.
Adachi, Takuro, and Sumio Fujii
2009 Dating of Stone and Faience Beads from Bronze Age Cairn Fields in the Northwestern Flank of
Mt. Bishri, Central Syria. Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 52(2):93-107.
A chronological review of the recovered stone and faience beads corroborates the Early to Middle Bronze
Age date previously assigned to the site.
Alarashi, Hala
2010 Shell Beads in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Central Levant: Cypraeidae of Tell Aswad
(Damascus, Syria). In Not only Food: Marine, Terrestrial and Freshwater Molluscs in
Archaeological Sites, edited by E. Álvarez-Fernández and D.R. Carvajal-Contreras, pp. 88-98.
Munibe Suplemento 31.
Several techniques were used for modifying cowrie beads: grinding or hammering, engraving, drilling,
etc. Local use wear observed on some areas, as well as the location of the perforations, is related to
various attachment systems.
2014 La parure épipaléolithique et néolithique de la Syrie (12e au 7e millénaire avant J.-C.):
Techniques et usages, échanges et identités. Ph.D. dissertation. Université Lumière-Lyon, Lyon.
On the Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic personal adornments excavated at various sites in Syria (12th-7th
millennia BC). Includes production technology, uses, and trade.
2016 Butterfly Beads in the Neolithic Near East: Evolution, Technology and Socio-Cultural
Implications. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26(3):493-512.
The study of butterfly beads, which first appeared during the 10th millennium cal. BC, covers an
important span of the Neolithization process and gives new insights on the symbolic and socio-economic
systems of the first farming communities in the Near East.
2016 PPNA Stone Grooved Pendants from the Middle Euphrates Valley: Markers of Cultural Identity?
Neo-Lithics 2:20-29.
Aims to shed the light on the cultural identity of Mureybetian societies through the study of their body
ornaments. The focus is on a series of Long Narrow Engraved Pendants, a special type of ornament that
has been found exclusively in Mureybetian sites (10,000-8,700 cal. BC) in Syria.
Alarashi, Hala and Marie-Laure Chambrade
2010 Outils géographiques appliqués à l’étude de la provenance des matériaux utilisés pour la parure
néolithique: l’exemple du site de Mureybet. In Regards croisés sur l’étude archéologique des
paysages anciens, edited by H. Alarashi et al., pp. 95-106. Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient et de
la Méditerranée 56.
Geographic tools are applied to the study of the origin of the materials used in Neolithic stone adornment
(including beads) at Mureybet in northern Syria.
Algaze, A.
1989 Tepe Chenchi: An Important Settlement near Khorsabad. In Essays in Ancient Civilization
presented to Helene J. Kantor, edited by A. Leonard and B.B. Williams, pp. 1-29. Studies in
Ancient Oriental Civilization 47.
Report on an unpublished site, probably 3rd millennium, dug in northern Iraq in 1933. Includes a few
beads of faience, bone, and stone.
Alkim, U.B., H. Alkim, and Ö. Bilgi
1988 Ikiztepe I, the 1st and 2nd Seasons’ Excavations (1974-1975). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari V.
Dizi 39.
The small finds section includes a few simple Early Bronze Age beads (pp. 191-194); Turkey.
Almasri, Eyad, Firas Alawneh, and Fadi Bala’awi
2012 Nabataean Jewellery and Accessories. Ancient Near Eastern Studies 49:150-175.
Uses finds from sites in Jordan and Israel to gain a better understanding of the kinds, shapes, and material
of Nabataean jewelry and accessories and its function and symbolism in Nabataean society. A number of
bead necklaces are discussed.
Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül
2001 Newly Found Human Remains from Menteºe in the Yeniºehir Plain: The Season of 2000.
Anatolica 27:1-14.
A neolithic burial of a young woman in Turkey was accompanied by a necklace of stone beads (exact
material not specified).
Amelirad, Sheler, Bruno Overlaet, and Ernie Haerinck
2011 The Iron Age “Zagros Graveyard” near Sanandaj (Iranian Kurdistan): Preliminary Report on the
First Season. Iranica Antiqua XLVII:41-99.
Excavation revealed beads of the following materials: carnelian, agate, black stone, frit, faience, glass,
bronze, iron, gold, and shell.
Amiet, P.
1986 L’âge des échanges inter-iraniens, 3500-1700 avant J.-C. Notes et documents des Musées de
France 11.
Central Asian imports, etched carnelian beads, etc. (pp. 143f., 147, figs. 92, 97, 100). Iran.
Andersson, Ann
2014 Beads, Pendants and Other Ornaments from Late 3rd-2nd Millennium BC Occupation on Failaka,
Kuwait. In Beyond Ornamentation: Jewelry as an Aspect of Material Culture in the Ancient Near
East, edited by Amir Golani and Zuzanna Wygnañska, pp. 209-224. Polish Archaeology in the
Mediterranean 23(2).
Related to the Dilmun culture, the beads are composed of various materials including glass, faience,
stone, metal, shell, ostrich eggshell, bone, and pearls. All appear to be imported.
2016 Beads. In Tell F6 on Failaka Island: Kuwaiti-Danish Excavations 2008-2012, by Flemming
Højlund and Aiysha Abu-Laban, pp. 176-198. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 92.
Dating primarily to the late 3rd millennium BC, the beads are composed of a variety of stones, as well as
organic materials, glass, faience, and metal.
Andrews, Carol
1990 Ancient Egyptian Jewellery. British Museum, London.
Includes much on beads: craftsmen, techniques of manufacture, materials, and methods of wearing.
Artin, Gassia
2010 The Necropolis and Dwellings of Byblos during the Chalcolithic Period: New Interpretations.
Near Eastern Archaeology 73(2):2-12.
Some of the beads recovered from this site in Lebanon are illustrated and briefly discussed.
Aruz, J. (ed.)
2003 Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Exhibition catalog. Bead entries, passim, with large photos (mostly color) and full information. Of
especial interest is an etched carnelian and a plain carnelian bicone found in an Early Bronze Age
settlement on the Greek island of Aegina (pp. 260-261, nos. 166a-b). The etched bead, linked with the
Indus Valley and Mesopotamia, is the first to be found west of Mesopotamia!
Asher-Greve, Julia M.
1985 Frauen in altsumerischer Zeit. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 18.
For references to Sumerian women wearing beads and their significance, see index: “Schmuck.”
Assaf, Ali Abu
1996 Die Kleinfunde aus “Ain Dara.” Damaszener Mitteilungen 9:87-92.
Mentions agate beads (pp. 87, 90, plates 21-22), Syria.
Avni, Gideon, Zvi Greenhuit, Tamar Shadmi, Tal Ilan, Roni Ben-Arieh, Tania Coen-Uzzielli,
Tamar Winter, Gabriela Bijovsky, and Joseph Zias
1996 The Akeldama Tombs. Three Burial Caves in the Kidron Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Antiquities
Authority Reports l.
Final report on a group of Roman cave tombs reused during the Byzantine period. Finds include 23 glass,
13 frit (8 melon, 4 plain barrel, 1 vase-shaped amulet), and 1 spherical carnelian bead discussed with
reference to beads from Samaria and other sites (pp. 111, 113-114).
Bacharach, Jere L. (ed.)
2002 Fustat Finds: Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad
Collection. American University in Cairo Press.
One section describes the beads recovered in Old Cairo, Egypt.
Bachhuber, C.
2006 Aegean Interest on the Uluburun Ship. American Journal of Archaeology 110:345-363.
A careful discussion of the Late Bronze Age wreck off the coast of Turkey: destination, purpose, and
passengers on the voyage. The glass, faience, and amber beads are an important element in the argument
(see esp. pp. 351-354).
Bagherpour Kashani, Natascha
2009 A Note on the Role of Colour in the Beads of Pre-Islamic Iran. Paper presented at The Color of
Things Workshop at the Annual Meeting of the Theoretical Archaeology Group, Stanford, 1-3
May 2009. https://www.academia.edu/1532438/
Proposes that the major colors (blue, green, yellow, and red ) of the beads recovered at Veshnâveh, Iran,
had talismanic meanings.
2011 Iranian Jewellery and Small Finds in Religious Context. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran
und Turan 43:59-69.
Describes the glass and stone beads recovered from Èale Ðâr 1 and 2 at Vešnave, Iran.
2011 Studies of Ancient Depositional Practices and Related Jewellery Finds, Based on the Discoveries
at Veshnaveh: A Source for the History of Religion in Iran. Ph.D. dissertation. Faculty of History,
Ruhr-University Bochum.
This study describes and analyses the personal ornaments found in two ancient copper mines, Èale Ðâr 1
and 2, at Vešnave, Iran. Including beads and pendants of glass, metal, stone, amber, and shell, the
adornments are assigned to the period 800 BC - 8th century AD.
Bagherpour Kashani, N., K. Roustaei, and T. Stöllner
2011 Iron Age Amber Beads from Vešnave/Iran. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan
43:71-78.
Various bead forms were recovered. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the beads originated in the Baltic
region.
Baines, J.
1985 Color Terminology and Color Classification: Ancient Egyptian Color Terminology and
Polychromy. American Anthropologist 87(2):282-297.
The ancient Egyptian language possesses 4 basic color terms; painting uses 7 and later 9 polychrome
colors. These sets correspond to Stages IIia, V, and VII (incomplete) of the Berlin and Kay encoding
sequence for language, and support the theory of 11 “basic perceptual color categories.”
Banning, Edward B., Dan Rahimi, Julian Siggers, and Hikmat Ta’ani
1996 The 1992 Season of Excavations in Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities
of Jordan 40:29-49.
A Kebaran child’s burial was found with a dentalium-shell necklace.
Barich, Barbara E. and Giulio Lucarini
2014 The Hidden Valley Technological Complex – An Overview. In From Lake to Sand: The
Archaeology of Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, edited by Barbara E. Barich, Giulio
Lucarini, Mohamed A. Hamdan, and Fekri A. Hassan, pp. 321-332. Edizioni All’Insegna del
Giglio, Florence.
Discusses ostrich eggshell bead production at a mid-Holocene site in Egypt.
Barker, Diane
2001 Stone, Paste, Shell and Metal Beads from Sharm. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
12(2):202–222.
Eighty-seven beads of various materials from a site in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) are
assigned to 12 typological groups on the basis of shape, although manufacturing techniques and materials
are also discussed. The beads are compared to other assemblages in southeastern Arabia.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, Daniella E.
1989 Late Paleolithic and Neolithic Marine Shells in the Southern Levant as Cultural Markers. In
Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference, edited by Charles F. Hayes III, pp. 169-174.
Rochester Museum and Science Center, Research Records 20.
During the Upper Paleolithic and Epi-Paleolithic periods of the southern Levant (ca. 30,000-12,500 years
BP), Mediterranean gastropods such as Columbella rustica, Nassarius gibbosula, Mitrella sp., and
Dentalium sp., were the preferred shells for use as ornaments. The subsequent Natufian culture (ca.
12,500-10,300 BP), best known for the development of the first sedentary communities, exhibits
increasing use of shells. During the Neolithic Period (10,300-8,000 BP) there was a marked shift in the
selection of marine shells. Israel, Egypt.
1997 Neolithic Shell Bead Production in Sinai. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:97-111.
Describes five marine shell assemblages with over 5,000 beads, pendants, and other artifacts from two
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (9200-7800 BP) sites, and considers their importance for both artistic uses and as
objects of exchange.
2000 Mollusc Shells. In Megiddo III – The 1992-1996 Seasons, edited by I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin,
and B. Halpern, pp. 478-486. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Monograph
Series of the Sobia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 18.
The material includes Conus shell beads. Israel.
2002 The Shell Pendants. In Kissufim Road: A Chalcolithic Mortuary Site, edited by Y. Goren and P.
Fabian, pp. 49-52. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 16. Jerusalem.
Describes the 15 shell pendants found at a Chalcolithic site in Israel.
2002 The Shells of the Nawamis in Southern Sinai. In Archaeozoology of the Near East V:
Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia
and Adjacent Areas, edited by H. Buitenhuis, A.M. Choyke, M. Mashkour and A.H. Al-Shiyab,
pp. 166-180. ARC-Publicaties 62. Groningen, The Netherlands.
Conus-shell beads were found in nawamis tombs and sites in the central Levant. Their presence suggests
that the nawamis were continuously used during the Early Bronze II period, longer than proposed by
previous studies. Israel.
2003 Mollusc Shells and Shell Beads. In Archaeology of Sinai: The Ophir Expedition, by I. Beit-Arieh,
pp. 229-241. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv.
2003 Shell Beads, Freshwater Clams and Landsnails at Tel Qashish. In Tel Qashish: A Village in the
Jezreel Valley. Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations (1978-1987), by A. Ben-Tor, R.
Bonfil, and S. Zuckerman, pp. 415-423. Israel Exploration Society, Qedem Reports 5.
2005 The Exploitation of Shells as Beads in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Levant. Paleorient
31(1):176-185.
Systematic exploitation begins in the Upper Paleolithic, especially of small gastropods. The Neolithic
change to farming sees the use of more species and the production of more kinds of artifacts, some of
which are used for exchange. In desert areas Red Sea species are collected. The Mediterranean zone
concentrates on Glycymeris and Cerastoderma.
2005 Pelecypod Beads Revisited: Glycymeris in Bronze Age Sites. Journal of The Israel Prehistoric
Society 35:45-52.
2008 Dentalium Shells Used by Hunter-Gatherers and Pastoralists in the Levant. Archaeofauna
17:103-110.
The frequency of Dentalium in a shell assemblage and the length of the Dentalium beads may reflect
changes in the availability of the raw material and changes in the degree of mobility of hunter-gatherer
societies.
2010 The Stone Beads of the Gilgal Sites. In Gilgal: Early Neolithic Occupations in the Lower Jordan
Valley, The Excavations of Tamar Noy, edited by O. Bar-Yosef, A.N. Goring-Morris, and A.
Gopher, pp. 223-237. Brill, Boston.
2011 Nawamis, Shells, and Early Bronze Age Pastoralism. In Daily Life, Materiality, and Complexity
in Early Urban Communities of the Southern Levant, edited by Meredith S. Chesson, pp. 185-
195. Eisenbrauns Winona Lake, IN.
The nawamis (above-ground burial structures) investigated in Israel contained associated artifacts,
primarily beads and pendants. They are made of ostrich egg shell, bone, shell, steatite, carnelian, and
other minerals such as turquoise, hematite, and copper.
2013 Mollusc Exploitation at Çatalhöyük. In Humans and Landscapes of Çatalhöyük: Reports from the
2000-2008 Seasons, edited by I. Hodder, pp. 329-338. Çatalhöyük Research Project 8. Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles.
Personal ornaments and jewelry, including beads, from this Neolithic site in Turkey were made not only
of local material (Unio, Viviparus, Stagnicola, and Xeropicta), but also from imported shells. These
consist of marine and fossil shells that were either used in their natural state (as in the case of scaphopods
and naturally holed gastropods), or were perforated and/or painted.
2013 Shell Beads. In Peqi'in: A Late Chalcolithic Burial Site, Upper Galilee, Israel, edited by Dina
Shalem, Zvi Gal, Howard Smithline, pp. 365-369. Kinneret Academic College, Institute for
Galilean Archaeology, Israel.
Discusses the identifiable shells and shell beads, while shell beads made of unidentifiable shell are
dealt with in Bar-Yosef Mayer and Porat (2013).
2013 Towards a Typology of Stone Beads in the Neolithic Levant. Journal of Field Archaeology
38(2):129-142.
Profers a comprehensive typology of the earliest stone bead assemblages in the southern Levant from
Late Natufian and Neolithic sites.
2014 Shell and Stone Ornaments. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 44:66-68.
Describes the small collection of shell and stone beads and pendants recovered from Beisamoun, a major
Middle and Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement in the northern part of the Southern Levant. Israel.
2017 Shell Beads in Neolithic Sites in Turkey. The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 28:1-4.
A general overview of the subject.
2019 Special Issue: Early Personal Ornaments – Upper Paleolithic Explorers: The Geographic Sources
of Shell Beads in Early Upper Paleolithic Assemblages in Israel. PaleoAnthropology 2019:105-
115.
A comparison of Upper Paleolithic shell bead assemblages of Levantine sites to Aurignacian assemblages
in Europe suggests that while most of the shells are Mediterranean species, it is nonetheless possible to
distinguish between the local Ahmarian traditions in personal ornaments, and those which were brought
or influenced by the Aurignacian traditions.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., S. Paz, and Y. Paz
2019 Conus Ornaments from Tel Bareqet in an Early Bronze Age Near East Context. In Studies in
Archaeology and Ancient Cultures in Honor of Isaac Gilead, edited by Haim Goldfus, Mayer I.
Gruber, Shamir Yona, and Peter Fabian, pp. 210-215. Archaeopress, Oxford.
Sixteen Conus apex beads recovered from a site in central Israel are made of Indo-Pacific shells,
suggesting long-range contacts. The existence of a workshop of such artifacts in Oman might point to
their actual origin.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. and Naomi Porat
2008 Green Stone Beads at the Dawn of Agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the U.S.A. 105(25):8548-8551.
During the transition to agriculture in the Near East, stone, in particular green stone, was used for the first
time to make beads and pendants. A large variety of minerals of green colors were sought, including
apatite, several copper-bearing minerals, amazonite, and serpentinite. It is suggested that the occurrence
of green beads is directly related to the onset of agriculture. Green beads and bead blanks were used as
amulets to ward off the evil eye and as fertility charms.
2010 Glazed Steatite Paste Beads in the Chalcolithic of the Levant: Long Distance Trade and
Manufacturing Processes. In Techniques and People: Anthropological Perspectives on
Technology in the Archaeology of the Proto-Historic and Early Historic Periods in the Southern
Levant, edited by S.A. Rosen and V. Roux, pp. 111-123. Centre de Recherche Français de
Jérusalem.
2013 Beads. In Peqi'in: A Late Chalcolithic Burial Site, Upper Galilee, Israel, edited by Dina Shalem,
Zvi Gal, Howard Smithline, pp. 337-364. Kinneret Academic College, Institute for Galilean
Archaeology, Israel.
Describes the typology of the stone and shell beads and assesses their possible sources. Includes
archaeometric analysis. See also Bar-Yosef Mayer (2013).
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., Naomi Porat, and Uri Davidovich
2014 Personal Ornaments at the Nahal Mishmar Cave of the Treasure. Near Eastern Archaeology
77(4):267-273.
The small but diverse bead assemblage from the cave constitutes an important contribution to the growing
database of Levantine Chalcolithic beads. Israel.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., N. Porat, Z. Gal, D. Shalem, and H. Smithline
2004 Steatite Beads at Peqi’in: Long Distance Trade and Pyro-Technology during the Chalcolithic of
the Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:493-502.
The burial cave at Peqi’in in Israel yielded about 190 small beads made of white enstatite, found in the
context of ossuaries. They were apparently made of a paste composed of powdered talc formed into long
tubes and fired at a high temperature, then sliced to form beads. Neither talc nor enstatite are found in
Israel; the nearest sources are in Turkey or Egypt.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., Naomi Porat, and Mina Weinstein-Evron
2013 Natufian Green Stone Pendants from el-Wad: Characteristics and Cultural Implications. In
Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia, edited
by Ofer Bar-Yosef and François R. Valla, pp. 139-145. International Monographs in Prehistory,
Archaeological Series 19.
Discovered in el-Wad Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel, the pendants are among the earliest green stone beads
in the Levant and are attributed to the Late Natufian period.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., B. Vandermeesch, and O. Bar-Yosef
2009 Shells and Ochre in Middle Palaeolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: Indications for Modern Behavior.
Journal of Human Evolution 56:307-314.
Qafzeh Cave, the burial place of several anatomically modern humans, yielded archaeological evidence
reflecting their modern behavior. Dated to 92 ka BP, the lower layers at the site contained a series of
hearths, several human graves, and a collection of sea shells which had been brought from the
Mediterranean Sea some 35 km away, and are complete Glycymeris bivalves with natural perforations.
Several valves bear traces of having been strung, and a few have red ochre stains on them.
Bass, George F.
1986 A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kaº): 1984 Campaign. American Journal of
Archaeology 90:269-296.
Faience and amber beads, an amphora filled with glass beads, and early glass ingots were found on a
shipwreck off the southern coast of Turkey; late 14th century BC.
Bass, George F., Cemal Pulak, Dominique Collon, and James Weinstein
1989 The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign. American Journal of Archaeology
93:1-29.
A wreck off Turkey with mixed Egyptian, Levantine, and Aegean cargo continues to produce interesting
beads.
Baysal, Emma L.
2009 The Question, Nature and Significance of Neolithic Craft Specialization in Anatolia. Ph.D.
dissertation. University of Liverpool.
Turkey.
2013 A Tale of Two Assemblages: Early Neolithic Manufacture and Use of Beads in the Konya Plain.
Anatolian Studies 63.
Turkey.
2013 Epipalaeolithic Marine Shell Beads at Pýnarbaºý: Central Anatolia from an Eastern Mediterranean
Perspective. Anatolica XXXIX:261-276.
The Epipalaeolithic bead assemblage from Pýnarbaºý in the Konya Plain, Turkey, provides a unique
window on the use of beads in the earliest context yet known from Central Anatolia. The assemblage is
largely associated with the inhumation of a single individual who was interred with a variety of
possessions including marine shell beads, mostly Dentalium and Nassarius.
2014 A Preliminary Typology for the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Beads of Barcýn Höyük. Anatolia
Antiqua 22: 1-11.
This site in Turkey yielded a diverse collection of beads and pendants of stone, shell, bone, and clay.
2014 Findings Relating to the Manufacture and Use of Stone Beads at Neolithic Boncuklu Höyük.
Colloquium Anatolicum 13:57-79.
Discusses the production technology of the beads recovered from this site in Turkey, as well as their uses.
2015 Neolitik Dönem Kiºisel Süs Eºyalarý: Yeni Yaklaºýmlar ve Türkiye’deki Son Araºtýrmalar /
Neolithic Personal Ornaments: New Approaches and the Current State of Research in Turkey.
Tüba-Ar 18:9-23. https://www.academia.edu/19605818/
Looks at typological and chronological trends, how Neolithic ornaments may be interpreted, what they
can tell us about Neolithic technology and identity, and how remaining questions might be answered in
future research. In Turkish with English abstract.
2016 Anadolu ve Levant Epi-paleolitiði ýºýðýnda Direkli Maðarasý kiºisel süs eºyalarý (The Personal
Ornaments of Direkli Cave in the Light of the Epipalaeolithic of Anatolia and the Levant).
Anadolu / Anatolia 42:137-154.
New evidence from Direkli Cave in southeastern Turkey reveals that, as in the Levant, marine shells and
stone were used to make beads during the Epipaleolithic period.
2016 Beads at The Place of White Earth – Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Aktopraklýk,
Northwestern Turkey. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 28:50-59.
Aktopraklýk saw a particularly prolific use of beads that indicates complex networks of communication
and exchange with other areas, both near and far, as well as possible early craft specialization. This article
provides a brief introduction to the beads and their implications for the archaeology of prehistoric
northwestern Turkey.
2016 Beadwork in a Basket: An Ornamental Item from the Final Halaf Level of Mersin Yumuktepe.
Adalya 19:17-29.
Dated to ca. 5800 BC, an intricate piece of beadwork composed of nearly 1,500 stone beads was found in
a basket at a site in south-central Turkey. It is discussed in detail.
2017 Personal Ornaments in Neolithic Turkey, the Current State of Research and Interpretation.
Arkeoloji ve Sanat 155:1-22. https://www.academia.edu/34604289/.
Explores the evidence for how beads, bracelets, and pendants were procured, made, used, and deposited,
what meanings they might have had, and how all these factors changed through the Neolithic period.
2017 Reflections of Faraway Places: The Chalcolithic Personal Ornaments of Canhasan I. Anatolian
Studies 67: 29-49.
Details the beads, pendants, plaques, and other ornaments recovered from a site in central Turkey, and
considers their temporal and geographical positions within the history of personal adornments.
2019 Personal Ornaments in Prehistory. Beads, Bracelets and Other Adornments from the Palaeolithic
to the Early Bronze Age. An Exploration of Body Augmentation from the Palaeolithic to the Early
Bronze Age. Oxbow Books, Oxford and Philadelphia.
Considers how and why the human relationship with ornaments developed and continued over tens of
thousands of years, from hunter-gatherer life in the cave to urban elites, from expedient use of natural
resources to complex technologies.
Baysal, Emma and Ayºe Bursalý
2016 Turkey’s First Evil Eye? The Manufacture and Use of Blue Beads in the Neolithic. Past: The
Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society 82:14-15.
Explores the technological and social significance of blue apatite beads found at sites in Turkey and
elsewhere in the Middle East, primarily through the use of scientific analyses.
Baysal, Emma and Burçin Erdoðu
2014 Frog in the Pond: Gökçeada (Imbros), an Aegean Stepping-Stone in the Chalcolithic Use of
Spondylus Shell. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80:363-378. DOI:10.1017/ppr.2014.13
The shell beads and bracelets of the Chalcolithic settlement at Uðurlu, Turkey, evidence a consistent
engagement with Spondylus and Glycymeris throughout the Chalcolithic occupation period, and
particularly during Phase III.
Baysal, Emma and Cevdet Merih Erek
2018 Material Movement in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic: Implications of the Shell and Stone
Beads of Direkli Cave, Turkey. Journal of Field Archaeology 43(8).
Analysis of the beads – made primarily from shell (marine and freshwater) and stone – reveals that the
raw materials were brought to the site from the shores of the Mediterranean and that the material culture
of the site has relationships to the Levant, northern Mesopotamia, and inner Anatolia.
Beeri, Ron and Oren Cohen
2008 Burial Remains at Huzuk Musa. Revue Biblique 115:421-439.
Beads, mostly of glass, found at this cave site in Israel range from the Late Bronze Age to the Middle
Ages.
Belcher, Ellen H.
2011 Halaf Bead, Pendant and Seal ‘Workshops’ at Domuztepe: Technological and Reductive
Strategies. In The State of the Stone Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern
Lithics, edited by Elizabeth Healey, Stuart Campbell, and Osamu Maeda, pp. 135-143. Studies in
Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 13
Examines some of the technological aspects of stone beads, pendants, and seals from a large 6th-
millennium BC site in southeast Turkey in terms of both the utilization of raw materials and the evidence
for the methods of manufacture of final products.
Ben Basat, Hagar
2011 Early Iron Age Beads at Tel Dor: A Comparative Study. M.A. thesis, University of Haifa, Israel.
The site produced beads and pendants of a variety of materials: stone, bone, ivory, shell, egg-shell, clay,
metal, faience, and glass.
2013 Beads. NGSBA Archaeology 2:36-43.
Discusses a small but varied collection of beads of various materials recovered from Tsur Natan, an Iron
Age tomb in Israel.
Ben Tor, A. and M.T. Rubiato
1999 Did the Israelites Destroy the Canaanite City? Biblical Archaeology Review 25(3):22-39.
A hoard of beads and cylinder seals was found next to a jewelry box in the Late Bronze Age palace of
Hazor in the southern Lavant (color photo, p. 35).
Benedick, Jered T.
2014 An Egyptian Occulus: Examining the Middle Kingdom Through the Wedjat Eye. B.A. thesis.
Department of Anthropology, Robert D. Clark Honors College, Eugene, Oregon.
Examines the lives of Middle Kingdom Egyptians, mostly from a non-royal context, in an effort to
broaden the understanding of Egyptian personal identity and social structure. Beads and amulets
recovered from the Abydos north cemetery in Upper Egypt are briefly described in Appendix 1.
Bennett, C.-M. and P. Bienkowski
1995 Excavations at Tawilan in Southern Jordan. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 8.
A variety of carnelian/agate, amethyst, calcite, marble, unidentified stone, amber (?), bone, coral, shell,
glass, and faience (?) beads are discussed from Late Iron Age (Edomite/Achaemenid) contexts; additional
beads were recorded from Nabataean and Islamic contexts.
Benton, Jodie
1993 Update on the 1993 Excavations at Tell Abraq (Umm al Qaiwain, UAE). Orient Express 2:13f.
Beads from a 3rd-millennium tomb; many stone and frit, one silver.
1994 Recent Excavations at Jebel al Emalah (U.A.E.). Orient-Express 1:17-18.
Describes carnelian, tubular talcose or baked steatite, and softstone microbeads from a late 3rd-
millennium Hafit tomb. Imports from India?
1996 Beads. In Excavations at al Sufouh: A Third Millennium Site in the Emirate of Dubai, edited by
J.N. Benton, pp. 111-144. Série Abiel 1, Brepols, Leiden.
The systematic use of 1mm-mesh sieves resulted in the recovery of an enormous quantity of beads,
primarily microbeads. These were sewn onto either garments or shrouds.
Benzel, Kim
2013 Pu-abi’s Adornment for the Afterlife: Materials and Technologies of Jewelry at Ur in
Mesopotamia. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia
University, New York.
An in-depth study of the jewelry belonging to a female named Pu-abi buried in the so-called Royal
Cemetery at the site of Ur in modern Iraq. The mid-third millennium BC assemblage includes beads of
stone and gold.
Berna, F.
1995 La lavarazione dell’amazzonite nel villagio neolitico di Jebel Ragref (Giordania meridionale).
L’ecologia del Quaternario 17:41-54.
Amazonite processing for beads in the neolithic village of Jebel Ragref, southern Jordan.
Biagi, Paolo
1999 Excavations at the Shell-Midden of RH6 1986-1988 (Muscat, Sultanate of Oman). Al-Rafidan:
Journal of Western Asiatic Studies XX:57-84.
Serpentinite and phyllite beads, mostly small cylinders, and one perhaps unfinished bead (p. 63, fig. 15);
5th-4th millennia BC.
Bianchi, Alice and Anne Wissing
2009 Die Kleinfunde. In Studien zur Urbanisierung Nordmesopotamiens. Ausgrabungen 1998-2001 in
der zentralen Oberstadt von Tall Mozan/Urkeš Serie A, Bd. 2. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
Excavations at the ancient city of Urkesh in Syria produced a broad assortment of beads and pendants
which are well described.
Bianchi, R.S.
1998 Raneferef’s Carnelian. In Essays on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Herman te Velde, edited by J.
van Dijk, pp. 29-32. Archaeological Memoirs 1.
On the meaning of a deposit of more than 2,000 carnelian beads carefully arranged around two burned
boats in a mortuary temple.
Bimson, M. and I.C. Freestone
1988 Some Egyptian Glasses Dated by Royal Inscriptions. Journal of Glass Studies 30:11-15.
Very early colorless Egyptian glass beads.
Bingöl, F.R. Isik
1999 Museum of Anatolian Civilizations: Ancient Jewellery. Ministry of Culture, General Directorate
of Monuments and Museums, Ankara.
Includes grey and white stone disc beads with antler pendants from Catalhoyuk, Early Bronze Age,
carnelian phallic beads, Uratian quartz and amber beads, Hellenistic emeralds (?), and Roman faceted
sardonyx beads, some attached to earrings. Western Turkey.
Biron, Isabelle, Valérie Matoïan, Julian Henderson, and Jane Evans
2009 Scientific Analysis of Glass Beads from Ras Shamra-Ugarit (Syria). In Annales du 18e congrès
de l’association internationale pour l’histoire du verre, Thessaloniki 2009, edited by Despina
Ignatiadou and Anastassios Antonaras, pp. 29-34.
Presents the results of the chemical analysis of glass beads from a Late Bronze Age context in Syria.
Boehmer, R.M.
1985 Uruk-Warka XXXVII: Survey des Stadtgebietes von Uruk, VI: Kleinfunde. Baghdader
Mitteilungen 16.
Two gold beads (p. 119); a marine-snail bead (p. 136); a frit spacer (p. 146) of various dates. Iraq.
1987 Uruk, Kampagne 38, 1965. Deutsches Arch. Inst., Abt. Baghdad, Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka,
Endberichte I.
Beads of the Kassite period: faience, shell, and (?) boars tusk (pp. 52f., pls. 60, 62). Iraq.
1987 Uruk-Warka XXXVIII, Oberflächenfunde: II. Kleinfunde. Baghdader Mitteilungen 18:99-106.
A few beads ranging from Uruk to Middle Babylonian date, including a glass bead with wavy bands. Iraq.
Bonatz, D., H. Kühne, and Mahmoud As’ad
1998 Rivers and Steppes: Cultural Heritage and Environment of the Syrian Jezireh. Catalogue to the
Museum of Deir ez-Zor. Ministry of Culture, Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums,
Damascus.
Early Syrian beads from Mari with gold collars, 2300-2200 (p. 75, no. 72): one lapis lazuli cylindrical and
one etched carnelian with white wavy lines.
Bos, Jolanda E.M.F.
2017 The Tutankhamun Beadwork: An Introduction to Archaeological Beadwork Analysis. In Not Just
for Show: The Archaeology of Beads, Beadwork and Personal Ornaments, edited by Daniella E.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, Clive Bonsall, and Alice M. Choyke, pp. 115-128. Oxbow Books, Oxford and
Philadelphia.
Describes a system for documenting and analyzing archaeological beadwork in Egyptian contexts and
how it has contributed to the study of beadwork found in the tomb of Tutankhamun (18th Dynasty).
Bos-Seldenthuis, J.
2007 Tutankamun’s Beadwork. Ornament 30(3):56-59.
Shows how the beadwork found in Tutankamun’s tomb can be reconstructed, thanks to Howard Carter
using the then-standard technique of pouring hot paraffin wax to preserve the beadwork in situ before
removing it. Ancient Egypt.
Bosch, Marjolein D., Laura Buck, and André Strauss
2019 Special Issue: Early Personal Ornaments – Location, Location, Location: Investigating
Perforation Locations in Tritia gibbosula Shells at Ksâr 'Akil (Lebanon) Using Micro-CT Data.
PaleoAnthropology 2019:52-63.
Uses ìCT scans of pristine shells to create a 3-D model of shell thickness in Tritia (Nassarius) gibbosula
in order to identify structurally weak zones that would be prone to natural perforations.
Bosse-Griffiths, Kate
1975 The Use of Disc-Beads in Egyptian Bead-Compositions. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
61:114-124.
Reviews the historical outline of bead composition, such as bead collars, bead bands, bead faces, and a
hassock with geometrical patterned beading from Tutankhamun’s tomb. Ancient Egypt.
Bourke, S.J.
1996 Teleilat Ghassul 1995: A Second Season of Renewed Excavations by the University of Sydney.
Orient-Express 2:41-43.
Chalcolithic faience beads were found in Area G of the site. Jordan.
Bourke, S.J., P.L. Seaton, Rachael T. Sparks, Jaimie Lovell, and L.D. Mairs
1995 A First Season of Renewed Excavation by the University of Sydney at Tulaylat al-Ghassul.
Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 39:31-63.
Small disc beads made of calcite and frit, thought to be of possible Egyptian origin, were found at this
Chalcolithic type-site in Jordan.
Boyce, Andrew
1995 Collar and Necklace Designs at Amarna: A Preliminary Study of Faience Pendants. In Amarna
Reports VI, edited by B.J. Kemp, pp. 336-371. Egypt Exploration Society, London.
Covers every aspect of the (mostly faience) beads from Akhenaten’s city in ancient Egypt.
1995 The Finds. In Amarna Reports VI, edited by B.J. Kemp, pp. 44-136. Egypt Exploration Society,
London.
A lasting contribution to the study of beads in ancient Egypt and surrounding regions.
Braemer, F., T. Steimer-Herbet, L. Buchet, J.F. Saliège, and H. Guy
2001 Le Bronze ancien du Ramlat as-Sabatayn (Yemen): Deux nécropoles de la première moitié du
IIIe millenaire á la bordure du désert: Jebel Jidran et Jebel Ruwaiq. Paleorient 27(1):21-44.
Pastoralists using pottery and metal had carnelian beads probably in necklaces as well as microbeads of a
white composition (baked chlorite?) perhaps worn in the hair or on clothing (p. 34, table 4, fig. 13).
Braidwood, L.S., R.J. Braidwood, B. Howe, C.A. Reed, and P.J. Watson (eds.)
1983 Prehistoric Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks. The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute
Publications 105.
Stone Age beads of stone, shell, and bone from Jarmo and other sites in Iraq.
Brand, Peter J.
2006 13. The Shebyu-Collar in the New Kingdom, Part 1. Journal of the Society for the Study of
Egyptian Antiquities 33:17-42.
The shebyu-collar came in two varieties. The most familiar type was composed of bi-conical or lenticular
shaped beads, but a second type consisted of flat disk-like or wafer-shaped beads. Ancient Egypt.
Braun, E., Daniella E. Bar-Yosef, Catherine Commenge, Mariana Grinblat, Liora Kolska Horwitz,
Mikko Louhivuori, Roman Malinowski, Steven A. Rosen, Sariel Shalev, and Patricia Smith
1997 Yiftah’el. Salvage and Rescue Excavations at a Prehistoric Village in Lower Galilee, Israel.
Israel Antiquities Authority, AA Reports 2.
A small number of bone and stone beads were recovered.
Braun-Holzinger, Eva A.
1991 Mesopotamische Weihgaben der frühdynastischer bis altbabylonischer Zeit (Mesopotamian
Myths Dealing with Offerings of Early Dynastic and Old Babylonian Times). Heidelberger
Studien zum alten Orient 3.
See pp. 360-372 for a catalog of beads and interesting remarks on the inscribed beads dedicated to deities
and plain beads used in foundation ceremonies and other rituals.
Breniquet, Catherine
1984 Le cimetière A de Kish: Essai d’interpretation. Iraq XLVI(l):19-28.
Reconsideration of the find-place of an important Mesopotamian bead complex in Iraq.
Brock, L.P.
1997 The Final Clearance of KV55. In Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Near East: Studies in Honor
of Martha Rhoads Bell, edited by J. Phillips, pp. 121-136. Van Siclen Books, San Antonio, TX.
An Amarna-period tomb in the Valley of the Kings dug in 1907, re-examined in 1993. Bead details are on
pp. 127-128.
Broeder, N.H. and C.W. Skinner
1992 Beads from the 1986 Season. In The Southern Ghors and Northeast ‘Arabah Archaeological
Survey, edited by Burton MacDonald, pp. 135-153. University of Sheffield.
Covers 241 bead samples from contexts in Jordan dated to Early Bronze Age IV, Nabatean, Roman,
Byzantine, Umayyad, Fatimid, Ayyubid-Mamliu and/or Ottoman, and modern periods.
2003 Jewelry and Ornaments. In Bâb edh-Dhrâ : Excavations at the Town Site (1975-1981), edited byc
Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub, pp. 566-598. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN.
Discusses the beads of various materials from an Early Bronze Age site in Jordan.
Brovarski, Edward
1997 Old Kingdom Beaded Collars. In Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Near East: Studies in Honor
of Martha Rhoads Bell, edited by J. Phillips, pp. 137-162. Van Siclen Books, San Antonio, TX.
Expounds upon the translation of a column of hieroglyphic text located at the entrance of the 5th-Dynasty
chapel of Akhethotep which records gifts awarded to that official by his sovereign, including two beaded
collars.
Brunet, Olivier
2009 Bronze and Iron Age Carnelian Bead Production in the UAE and Armenia: New Perspectives.
Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 39:57-68.
Many believe that all ancient carnelian beads came from the Indus valley. This technological study
reveals the existence outside the Indus Valley of different productions and levels of technical skill. It
suggests that we should revise our understanding of Bronze and Iron Age exchange networks, by offering
another reading of carnelian production in this part of the world.
2014 Les éléments de parure en pierre de la péninsule omanaise du 6e au 2e millénaire av. J.-C. :
Production, circulation, valeurs. 3 vols. Ph.D. dissertation. Archéologie, Université Paris 1
Panthéon-Sorbonne.
Exhaustive study of the production, circulation, and value of stone beads and other ornaments from the
Oman Peninsula during the 6th to 2nd millennium BC.
2015 Les perles en pierre de la péninsule omanaise du Néolithique et de l’âge du Bronze: Approche
synthétique. Les Nouvelles de l’archéologie 139:12-17.
Focuses on more than 100,000 stone beads (agate, carnelian, lapis lazuli, green softstone, etc.) uncovered
in Oman, spanning approximately four millennia, from a morphological, dimensional, and especially
technological perspective.
Buhl, M.-L.
1983 Sûkâs VII: The Near Eastern Pottery and Objects of Other Materials from the Upper Strata.
Publications of the Carlsberg Expedition to Phoenicia 9. Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and
Letters, Historisk-filosofiske skrifter 10(4).
Beads of many materials at a Late Bronze to Early Iron Age site in Syria (pp. 77-78; plate XXIV).
Bulsink, Mariëlle
2015 Egyptian Gold Jewellery. Papers on Archaeology from The Leiden Museum of Antiquities 12.
Contains a catalog of gold objects (including beads, pendants, necklaces, etc.) which are part of the
renowned collection of the Egyptian Department of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden.
Bursalý, A., R. Özbal, E. Baysal, H. Özbal, and B. Yaðci
2017 Neolithic Blue Beads in Northwest Turkey: The Social Significance of Skeuomorphism. In What
Shall I Say of Clothes? Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of Dress in
Antiquity, edited by Megan Cifarelli and Laura Gawlinski, pp. 123-142. Selected Papers in
Ancient Art and Architecture, vol. 3: Dress and Identity. Archaeological Institute of America.
Investigates beads, turquoise-like in color, which may be deliberate imitations of genuine semiprecious
stone. Although beads from the 7th-millennium BCE site of Barcýn Höyük, located in northwest Anatolia,
comprise the focus of this case study, examples of similar blue imitation turquoise beads from nearby
contemporary Neolithic and/or Early Chalcolithic sites provide a comparative overview.
Bursalý, A., H. Özbal, R. Özbal, G. ªimºek, B. Yaðcý, C. Yýlmaz Akkaya, and E. Baysal
2017 Investigating the Source of Blue Color in Neolithic Beads from Barcýn Höyük, NW Turkey. In
The Exploitation of Raw Materials in Prehistory: Sourcing, Processing and Distribution, edited
by Telmo Pereira, Xavier Terradas, and Nuno Bicho, pp. 492-505. Cambridge Scholars
Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Reports on the analysis of turquoise-blue beads found at the 7th-millennium Neolithic site of Barcýn
Höyük in northwestern Anatolia (Turkey), and explores the way in which the social desire for ownership
of the color blue in the seemingly egalitarian and homogenous Neolithic period may have functioned.
Calley, Sylvie
1989 L’atelier de fabrication de perles de Kumartepe: quelques observations technologiques. Anatolica
16:157-184.
Presents a few technological comments relating to the production of Neolithic stone beads at Kumartepe,
Turkey.
Calvet, Y., A. Caubet, and J.-F. Salles
1984 French Excavations at Failaka, 1983. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Seminar for Arabian Studies
14:9-20.
Agate and carnelian beads from a Hellenistic sanctuary in Kuwait (p. 12; fig. 7).
Carter, Robert and Harriet Crawford
2002 The Kuwait-British Archaeological Expedition to As-Sabiyah: Report on the Third Season’s
Work. Iraq 64:1-13.
Excavation report on a late-6th-millennium Ubaid settlement in northern Kuwait with extensive evidence
for the manufacture of shell beads, typically small annular examples. Finds include a necklace of 44 shell
disc beads, selected and trimmed to show the orange surface on one side and white on the other (p. 2).
Other finds include circular, sub-rectangular, and hourglass-shaped shell “buttons” and “plaques,” usually
with 4 holes. Also a brief discussion of comparative evidence for shell beads at Ubaid sites (p. 8).
2003 The Kuwait-British Expedition to as-Sabiyah: Report on the Fourth Season’s Work. Iraq 65:77-
90.
Concludes that the small quantity of obsidian (as opposed to the much larger quantity of chipped flint)
lithic material was used for bead-drilling (p. 86).
Carter, Robert, Harriet Crawford, Simeon Mellalieu, and Dan Barrett
1999 The Kuwait-British Archaeological Expedition to as-Sabiyah: Report on the First Season’s Work.
Iraq 61:43-58.
Flint microdrills found with finished and unfinished shell disc beads confirm a bead manufacturing
function for this small, coastal 5th-millennium site.
Castel, Georges, Jean-François Gout, and Georges Soukiassian
1985 Gebel Zeit: pharaonische Bergwerke an den Ufern des Roten Meeres. Antike Welt 16:15-28.
Beads with votive offerings in a mineworkers’ shrine, ancient Egypt (pp. 18-20).
Caubet, Annie
2010 Or, pierres précieuses et artifices. Réflexions sur les productions en matières vitreuses à Tello. In
Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster, edited by Sarah
Melville & Alice Slotsky, pp. 37-48. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 42.
Discusses biconical faience beads and others from Tello, the ancient city of Girsu in Iraq.
Caubet, Annie and Marguerite Yon
2006 Quelques perles de cornaline. In “I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times:” Archaeological
and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday, edited
by Aren M. Maeir and Pierre de Miroschedji, pp. 137-148. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN.
Proposes an Indus origin for two types of unusual carnelian beads from 1300-1200 BC contexts in central
Syria. In French with English summary.
Cervi, Angela
2015 Adornment. In Amheida II. A Late Romano-Egyptian House in Dakleh Oasis: Amheida House
B2, by Anna Lucille Boozer, pp. 309-318. NYU Press, New York.
Seven beads of glass (including gold-in-glass forms) and faience from a site in Egypt are described and
discussed.
Charpentier, Vincent, Jean-François Berger, Rémy Crassard, Federico Borgi, and Philippe Béarez
2016 Les premiers chasseurs-collecteurs maritimes d’Arabie (IXe-IVe millénaires avant notre ère) /
Early Maritime Hunter-Gatherers in Arabia (9th-4th Millennium B.C.E.). In Archéologie des
chasseurs-cueilleurs maritimesde la fonction des habitats à l’organisation de l’espace littoral /
Archaeology of Maritime Hunter-Gatherers from Settlement Function to the Organization of the
Coastal Zone, edited by Catherine Dupont et Gregor Marchand, pp. 345-365. Séances de la
Société Préhistorique Française 6.
Briefly discusses and illustrates some of the perforated pearls and shell beads and pendants recovered
from sites in Oman occupied during the Holocene and Neolithic periods.
Charpentier, V., M. Cremaschi, and F. Demnard
1997 Une campagne archéologique sur une site côtier du Ja’alan: Al-Haddah (BJD-1) et sa culture
matérielle (Sultanat d’Oman). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 27:99-111.
Carnelian, chlorite, and holed shell beads are illustrated from a 4th-millennium coastal site.
Chernov, Elena
2007 Metal Objects and Small Finds from En-Gedi. In En-Gedi Excavations II, Final Report (1996-
2002), edited by Yizhar Y. Hirschfeld, pp. 507-543. Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.
The finds at this village site in Israel include glass eye beads of the Roman-Byzantine period.
Chevalier, J., M.L. Inizan, and J. Tixier
1982 Une technique de perforation par percussion de perles en cornaline (Larsa, Iraq). Paléorient
8(2):55-65.
Workshop with carnelian beads in association with flint drills.
Cifarelli, Megan
2013 The Personal Ornaments at Hasanlu VIb-IVc. In Hasanlu V: The Late Bronze and Iron I Periods,
edited by Michael D. Danti, pp. 313-322. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Discusses the beads, pendants, and other ornaments recovered from the ancient city of Hasanlu in
northwester Iran. See also Appendix VI: Catalog of Personal Ornaments, Cemetery, Outer Town, Hasanlu
Periods VIb-IVc.
2018 Entangled Relations over Geographical and Gendered Space: Multi-Component Personal
Ornaments at Hasanlu. In Composite Artefacts in the Ancient Near East, edited by Silvana Di
Paolo, pp. 51-61. Archaeopress, Summertown, Oxford.
Among these burials associated with Hasanlu Period IVb (1050-800 BC) are five adult women decorated
with multicomponent personal ornaments consisting of repurposed copper alloy or iron armor scales with
attached garment pins, stone, shell and composite beads, and copper-alloy tubes of various lengths. Iran.
Çinardali-Karaaslan, Nazli
2012 The East Mediterranean Late Bronze Age Glass Trade Within the Context of the Panaztepe Finds.
Oxford Journal of Archaeology 31(2):121-141.
The glass finds at Panaztepe in western Turkey include necklace spacers, relief beads, and spherical and
circular beads recovered from the two burial grounds. It is believed that most of the items were used
during the Late Helladic III A-B periods.
Cingi, Cemal and Can Cemal Cingi
2007 The Nature and Art of Turkish Evil-Eye Beads. In International Bead & Beadwork Conference,
edited by Jamey D. Allen and Valerie Hector. Rezan Has Museum, Istanbul.
Connan, J.
1999 Use and Trade of Bitumen in Antiquity and Prehistory: Molecular Archaeology Reveals Secrets
of Past Civilizations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 354(33-50).
Mentions the use of bitumen mixtures and asphaltite for the production of beads at several sites in the
United Arab Emirates and Iran.
Cooke, L.
1998 Stone and Bone Beads. In The Harm and the Hamad. Excavations and Surveys in Eastern
Jordan, Vol. I, edited by A.V.G. Betts, pp. 138-140. Sheffield Academic Press.
Reports on the material recovered from Neolithic sites in eastern Jordan.
Coppa, A., R. Macchiarelli, S. Salvatori, and G. Santini
1985 The Prehistoric Graveyard of Ra’s al-Hamra (RHS): A Short Preliminary Report on the 1981-83
Excavations. Journal of Oman Studies 8(1):97-102.
A few beads and pendants of shell and steatite (p. 99, pl. 3).
Corboud, Pierre, Anne-Catherine Castella, Roman Hapka, and Peter im Obersteg
1996 Les tombes protohistoriques de Bithnah, Fujairah, Emirats Arabes Unis. Von Zabern, Mainz.
Modified Conus, Engina, and Cypraea shells, biconical agate/carnelian, cylindrical and barrel-shaped
alabaster and agate/carnelian, spherical carnelian, faceted carnelian and cylindrical frit/glass beads from a
late-2nd to early-lst-millennia tomb in southeast Arabia (UAE), re-used in the Parthian period.
Costa, P.M. and T.J. Wilkinson
1987 The Hinterland of Sohar: Archaeological Surveys and Excavations within the Region of an
Omani Seafaring City. Journal of Oman Studies 9.
Early Islamic bone and stone beads found near the ancient Oman capital (p. 202).
Covello-Paran, K.
1996 Middle Bronze Age Burial Caves at Hagosherim, Upper Galilee. ‘Atiqot 30:71-83.
Hagosherim, Israel; ostrich eggshell disc, “flint” barrel, rounded agate, and biconical and barrel glass
beads from a Hellenistic burial although the eggshell beads may be residual Middle Bronze Age pieces.
Israel.
Crawford, Harriet
2001 The British Archaeological Expedition to Kuwait. British School of Archaeology in Iraq
Newsletter 7:10-11.
Excavations at a late 5th-millennium-BC Ubaid coastal site in northern Kuwait have revealed “about 800
shell beads in all stages of manufacture” as well as “a single small seed pearl with a hole drilled in,”
illustrating the long history of pearling in the Arabian Gulf.
Crawford, H., R. Killick, and J. Moon (eds.)
1997 The Dilmun Temple at Saar. Routledge, London.
A single agate barrel and a crude asphalt “bead” (possibly a net-weight) from the Bronze Age at Saar,
Bahrain (pp. 63, 66).
Creamer, Petra M.
2014 A Comparison of Resinous Artifacts in the Ancient Near East. Honors research thesis.
Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
By analyzing resin artifacts from eleven different sites in Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Israel, and Ukraine,
this study focuses on a comparison among the resins to understand any area- or culture-specific trends in
resin quality, use, color, clarity, craftsmanship, size, and shape.
Cristiani, Emanuela
2014 Ostrich Eggshell Products from Hidden Valley Village, Farafra Oasis – Contributions from
Technological Analysis. In From Lake to Sand: The Archaeology of Farafra Oasis, Western
Desert, Egypt, edited by Barbara E. Barich, Giulio Lucarini, Mohamed A. Hamdan, and Fekri A.
Hassan, pp. 301-306. Edizioni All’Insegna del Giglio, Florence.
Analysis permitted the reconstruction of the chaîne opératoire of the ostrich eggshell beads from a mid-
Holocene site thanks to the large number of unfinished fragments.
Critchley, Pat
2000 Stone Bead Production at Wadi Jilat 25, a Neolithic site in Eastern Jordan: Technical, Economic,
Social and Symbolic Aspects. M.A. thesis. Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
Archaeological, ethnographic, and experimental evidence is used to investigate the technology of stone
bead production at Wadi Jilat 25. The approach used is the chaine operatoire – how the production
process is embedded in socio-economic and socio-cultural organization. Exchange networks, aspects of
economic and craft specialization, and symbolic and aesthetic aspects of bead production are briefly
examined.
2007 The Stone Beads. In The Early Prehistory of Wadi Faynan, Southern Jordan: Archaeological
Survey of Wadis Faynan, Ghuwayr and al-Bustan and Evaluation of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Site of WF 16, edited by Bill Finlayson and Steven Mithen. Council for British Research in the
Levant, Levant Supplementary Series 4.
Curtis, John
1984 Nush-i Jan III: The Small Finds. The British Institute of Persian Studies, London.
Much on beads from this site in Iran, including important discussions of silver spirals and glass eye beads,
Median and Parthian periods and earlier.
Curtis, J. and A. Green
1997 Excavations at Khirbet Khatuniyeh. British Museum Press, London.
A single cylindrical marvered glass bead and fluted-barrel faience beads came from a small rural Late
Assyrian site in northern Iraq.
Curvers, H.H. and G.M. Schwartz
1990 Excavations at Tell al-Raqá’i: A Small Rural Site of Early Urban Northern Mesopotamia.
American Journal of Archaeology 94:3-23.
Stone, faience, and shell beads from a necklace and bracelet were found in a burial dating to the mid-3rd
millennium BC, northeastern Syria (fig. 16).
Dalley, Stephanie
1999 Sennacherib and Tarsus. Anatolian Studies 49:73-80.
Glass eye beads used with incantations in a ritual suggest who the occupant of a house was and add some
light on cultural history. Also includes an account of the magical and healing properties of various stones
and eye beads. Turkey.
Damick, Alison and Marshall Woodworth
2015 Steatite Beads from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: A Case Study in Early Bronze Age Technology in
Northern Coastal Lebanon. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 3:603-614.
SEM/EDX and XRD analysis of seven small stone beads revealed that six were made from fired steatite
(synthetic enstatite) while the seventh was formed of quartz-based faience or frit.
Danti, Michael D. and Megan Cifarelli
2015 Iron II Warrior Burials at Hasanlu Tepe, Iran. Iranica Antiqua 50:61-157.
Eight burials (99, 100, 105, 107, 111, 493a, 495, and 497) were accompanied by beads of glass, stone,
and metal which are briefly described and illustrated in line drawings.
Dapschauskas, Rimtautas
2015 Der älteste Schmuck der Menschheit – Implikationen für die kognitive Evolution von Homo
sapiens (The Earliest Personal Ornaments in the World – Implications for the Cognitive
Evolution of Homo sapiens). Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 24:29-96.
Discusses empirical evidence for the intentional use of personal ornaments by early Homo sapiens and
interprets the finds in the context of theoretical reflections on symbolic communication. The analysis
draws on a combination of theories, concluding that an expansion of human cognitive capacities to
communicate symbolically probably occurred in Homo sapiens during the Middle Stone Age in Southern
Africa, as well as the Middle Paleolithic of Northern Africa and the Levant.
Daviau, Paulette M. Michèle
2001 Excavations at Tall Jawa, Jordan. Volume II: The Iron Age Artefacts. Culture and History of the
Ancient Near East 11/2.
This site in central Jordan due south of Amman is not to be confused with the 4th-millennium site of the
same name in northeastern Jordan. The finds are regarded as indicative of Ammonite material culture and
include a small quantity of beads of stone, glass, faience, and shell.
Dayagi-Mendels, Michal
2002 The Akhziv Cemeteries: The Ben-Dor Excavations, 1941-1944. Israel Antiquities Authority
Reports 15.
Chapter 6 discusses the various types of jewelry, including beads, pendants, and amulets from necklaces.
de Beauclair, Roland
2005 Seashells in the Desert. A Study of Personal Adornments from the Neolithic Graveyard of al-
Buhais 18, Sharjah, U.A.E. M.A. thesis. Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen.
2008 Funerary Rites in a Neolithic Nomad Community in Southeastern Arabia: The Case of al-Buhais
18. Documenta Praehistorica XXXV:143-152.
More than 24,000 ornamental objects (beads and pendants included) have been found at a site in the
United Arab Emirates, many of them in a secure funerary context, making it possible to reconstruct
ornamental ensembles, and shedding light on specific rules concerning the way jewelry was worn by
different sub-groups of the population.
2008 La parure funéraire de la nécropole néolithique d’al-Buhais 18 (Émirats Arabes Unis).
Préhistoires Méditerranéennes 14.
Describes the various forms of shell beads and other ornaments found in a Neolithic necropolis in the
United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.).
de Beauclair, R., S.A. Jasim, and H.-P. Uerpmann
2006 New Results on the Neolithic Jewellery from al-Buhais 18, UAE. Proceedings of the Seminar for
Arabian Studies 36:175-187.
Excavations at a Neolithic graveyard in the U.A.E. have yielded numerous ornamental objects, many of
marine origin. Their detailed analysis not only gives an insight into the shell and stone bead industry
during the 5th millennium BC, but also testifies to the great importance of the sea and its resources for
this desert nomad population.
De Waele, An
2007 The Beads of Ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, UAE). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
37:297-308.
Beads, pendants, and insets of stone, bone, shell, pearl, glass, frit, faience, pottery, gold, and copper-alloy
were unearthed from contexts attributed to the late 1st century and the early 2nd century AD.
2008 The Small Finds of Ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, U.A.E). A Study of their Characteristics,
Typology, Dating and Context with an Analysis of their Spatial Distribution and the Trade in and
Beyond the Persian Gulf in the Late 1st. C. BC. to the 2nd C. AD. Ph.D. dissertation. Faculty of
Arts and Philosophy, University of Ghent.
De Waele, An and Ernie Haerinck
2006 Etched (Carnelian) Beads from Northeast and Southeast Arabia. Arabian Archaeology and
Epigraphy 17:31-40.
Surveys and illustrates examples from the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf which is not yet
archaeologically well known. Best represented are the Early Bronze Age and the centuries straddling BC-
AD, but other periods have produced examples as well.
Deblauwe, F.
1991 Old South Arabian Trade Routes. Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 22:133-158.
On some beads as evidence for contacts with Syro-Mesopotamia (p. 139).
Dêbowska-Ludwin, Joanna, Karolina Rosiñska-Balik, and Marcin Czarnowicz
2015 Golden Beads in the Context of the Lower Egyptian Culture. Archéo-Nil 25:45-56.
Presents details re: the chemical composition, workmanship, and typical shapes of gold beads discovered
at Tell el-Farkha, Egypt, as well as other examples from similar temporal and geographical loci; e.g.,
Kom el-Khilgan, Minshat Abu Omar, and Gerzeh.
Delougaz, P. and Helene J. Kantor
1996 Chogha Mish, Vol. 1, The First Five Seasons of Excavations, 1961-1971, Parts I-II. Oriental
Institute Publication 101.
Iran. Occasional prehistoric carnelian globular, white stone and greenstone tubular, shell and white stone
disc, and incised lentoid beads; hoard of 4th-millennium carnelian, black stone, fired clay, frit, and shell
beads; single agate barrel bead placed near the chin of an Achaemenid burial.
Dieudonné-Glad, Nadine, Michel Feugère, and Mehmet Önal
2013 Zeugma V. Les objets. Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient 64.
Provides an illustrated catalog of the Roman beads and amulets recovered from a site in Turkey. Materials
include glass, faience, gold, stone, and bone.
Dijk, Jacobus van
2006 2.33 Mould for a Faience Bead of Ay. In Objects for Eternity : Egyptian Antiquities from the W.
Arnold Meijer Collection, edited by Carol A.R. Andrews and Jacobus van Dijk, p. 127.
This pottery rare 18th-Dynasty mold has a depression with a raised inscription reading “The Son of Re,
God’s Father Ay, divine ruler of Thebes.”
Donaldson, P.
1985 Prehistoric Tombs at Ras al-Khaimah. Oriens Antiquus XXIV:85-142.
Egyptian tombs with beads (pp. 86f.).
Döpper, Stephanie
2014 On the Reuse of Early Bronze Age Tombs – The German Excavations at Bât and Al-Ayn,
Sultanate of Oman. In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the
Ancient Near East, 30 April - 4 May 2012, University of Warsaw, edited by Piotr Bieliñski, pp.
57-69.
Briefly discusses the beads and pendants found with burials dating mostly to the Iron Age.
Dothan, Trude
1998 Cultural Crossroads: Deir el-Balah & the Cosmopolitan Culture of the Late Bronze Age. Biblical
Archaeology Review 24(5):24-37, 70-72.
A cemetery in the Gaza Strip produced several anthropomorphic ceramic coffins whose contents included
necklaces composed of gold and carnelian beads and pendants dating to around 3500 BP.
Douka, Katerina, Christopher A. Bergman, Robert E. M. Hedges, Frank P. Wesselingh, and
Thomas F. G. Higham
2013 Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by
Anatomically Modern Humans. PLoS ONE 8(9):e72931.
The remains of two anatomically modern humans found at Ksar Akil are estimated to date between 40.8-
39.2 ka cal BP (68.2% prob.) and between 42.441.7 ka cal BP (68.2% prob.), respectively, based on
radiocarbon dates derived from marine shell beads.
Doumet-Serhal, C.
2004 Sidon (Lebanon): Twenty Middle Bronze Age Burials from the 2001 Season of Excavation.
Levant 36:89-154.
Beads are of types too common and long-lived to be informative, but two ribbed “melon” beads of rock
crystal are worth noting (p. 150).
Dubiel, Ulrike
2008 Amulette, Siegel und Perlen: Studien zu Typologie und Tragesitte im Alten und Mittleren Reich.
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 229.
Presents a typology for the amulets, seals, and beads recovered from Old and Middle Kingdom
cemeteries in the region of Qau el-Kebir (Middle Egypt), and discusses their various uses.
2012 „Dude looks like a Lady …“. Der zurechtgemachte Mann. In Sozialisationen: Individuum –
Gruppe – Gesellschaft. Beiträge des ersten Münchner Arbeitskreises Junge Aegyptologie (MAJA
1) 3. bis 5.12.2010, edited by Gregor Neunert, Kathrin Gabler, and Alexandra Verbovsek, pp. 61-
78. Göttinger Orientforschungen IV. Reihe Ägypten 51.
Data acquired from the provincial cemeteries of Middle Egypt shows that the wearing of jewellery (i.e.,
amulets, beads, shells, and seals) is clearly gender-specific and restricted to women and children. In
contrast, Medu-Nefer, governor of the oasis Dakhla, was buried with an assemblage of jewellery expected
in the burials of female individuals. This is not a matter of cross-dressing, but rather the representation of
the deceased as a social individual and his social distinction through means of beauty.
Duckworth, Chloë N.
2011 The Created Stone: Chemical and Archaeological Perspectives on the Colour and Material
Properties of Early Egyptian Glass, 1500-1200 B.C. Ph.D. thesis. University of Nottingham.
ToF-SIMS is used to investigate the origin of the colorant-opacifiers used in Egyptian glass production,
beads and amulets included. Also examines color in Egyptian thought, the relative value of Lower Bronze Age
glass, the significance of the material properties of glass, and beadmaking technology.
Duka, Katerina, Christopher A. Bergman, Robert E. M. Hedges, Frank P. Wesselingh, and Thomas
F. G. Higham
2013 Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by
Anatomically Modern Humans. PLoS ONE 8(9):e72931, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072931.
The remains of two anatomically modern humans found at the key site of Ksar Akil in Lebanon were
associated with early Upper Palaeolithic archaeological assemblages. Radiocarbon dating of marine-shell
beads place one individual between 40.8–39.2 ka cal BP (68.2% prob.) and the other between 42.4–41.7
ka cal BP (68.2% prob.). The dating of the so-called “transitional” or Initial Upper Palaeolithic layers of
the site may indicate that the passage from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic at Ksar Akil, and possibly in
the wider northern Levant, occurred later than previously estimated, casting some doubts on the assumed
singular role of the region as a locus for human dispersals into Europe.
During Caspers, Elisabeth C.L.
1987 In the Footsteps of Gilgamesh – In Search of the “Prickly Rose.” Persica XII:57-95.
On Mesopotamian trade in the Persian Gulf. Deals principally with pearls and coral, but see pp. 74-76 on
etched carnelian beads from India, and p. 70 on the custom of burying a snake with a single pearl or
turquoise bead.
Eger, Christoph
2010 Indisch, Persisch oder Kaukasisch? Zu den Karneolperlen mit Ätzdekor der Gruppe C nach Beck
und den östlichen Fernkontakten der Provinz Arabia. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen
Zentralmuseums Mainz 57:221-278.
Carnelian beads with etched white decoration occur in around a dozen settlements of late antiquity in the
southern Levant. They deserve special attention as they count as foreign forms and point to long-distance
contacts. In German with an English summary.
Eger, Christoph and Lutfi Khalil
2013 Bead Jewellery of Late-Roman and Byzantine Time in the Province of Arabia. The Beads and
Pendants of Glass, Stone, and Organic Materials from the Rock Chamber Necropolis at Khirbat
Yajuz. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 6:156-181.
The excavation of a rock-chamber necropolis at Khirbat Yajuz (northern Amman, Jordan) yielded more
than 360 beads and pendants from the Late Roman and Byzantine periods.
El Morr, Ziad and Marianne Mödlinger
2014 Middle Bronze Age Metal Artefacts and Metallurgical Practices at the Sites of Tell Arqa,
Mougharet el-Hourryieh, Yanouh and Khariji in Lebanon. Levant 46(1):27-42.
The specimens include copper-alloy beads of various forms.
El Sayed El Gayar
1995 Pre-Dynastic Iron Beads from Gerzeh, Egypt. Institute of Archaeometallurgical Studies
Newsletter, 19 June:11-12.
Re-analysis of three surviving iron beads from two groups excavated by Petrie and Wainwright from pre-
dynastic graves at Gerzeh suggests that they are not made from meteoric iron as once believed but more
probably made from iron produced as a by-product of copper smelting.
Emberling, Geoff and Helen McDonald
2002 Recent Finds from the Northern Mesopotamian City of Tell Brak. Antiquity 76:949-950.
Color illustration of a cache of over 350 beads of a wide range of shapes (mainly carnelian, also gold,
silver, lapis, amethyst, and rock crystal) placed in a basket and concealed beneath the floor of a mid-4th-
millennium house, Syria.
2003 Excavations at Tell Brak 2001-2002: Preliminary Report. Iraq 65:1-75.
A cache of some 350 beads and 2 stamp-seals was found buried in a mat or basket below a courtyard floor
in level 16 (early-4th millennium BC) of Area TW. The beads were mostly carnelian but included silver,
gold, lapis, and rock crystal (p. 9). Micro-stratigraphic sampling of a small area in level 20 of the same
excavation area revealed 6 gypsum and unidentified stone beads (discs, cylinders, and lozenges)
measuring 2-10 mm across. Syria.
Emberling, G., J. Robb, John D. Speth, and Henry T. Wright
2002 Kunji Cave: Early Bronze Age Burials in Luristan. Iranica Antiqua 37:47-104.
The skulls of the burials were repositioned some time after original burial and some were decorated with
beads (bone, chlorite, and limestone) at this point (pp. 62, 71, fig. 16). Iran.
Engle, Anita
1990 The Ubiquitous Trade Bead. Readings in Glass History 22. Phoenix Publications, Jerusalem,
Israel.
Illustrated with color photos, this publication deals with a small group of glass beads of 16th-17th-
centuries origin which were picked up at the site of ancient Caesarea on the coast of Israel. See Francis
(1990) for a review.
Esin, Ufuk
1993 Copper Beads of Asikli. In Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and its Neighbours –
Studies in Honor of Nimet Özgüc, edited by Machteld S. Mellink et al., pp. 179-183. Türk Tarih
Kurumu Basimevi, Ankara.
Extremely early metal beads: cylindrical rolls of copper from Central Anatolia dated to the first quarter of
7th millennium, Pre-Pottery Neolithic; found with stone beads. Turkey.
van Ess, Margarete and F. Pedde
1992 Uruk, Kleinfunde, II. Deutsches Arch. Inst., Abt. Baghdad, Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka,
Endberichte 7.
Iraq: includes beads in various materials from excavations conducted 1912-1985; dates from the Uruk to
Parthian periods.
Ezzughayyar, A. and M. Al-Zawahra
1996 Molluscan Fauna from Tell Ta’annek (Northern West Bank – Palestine). Archaeozoologia 8(1-
2):71-88.
The material includes Conus shell beads.
Fabiano, M., F. Berna, and E. Borzatti von Lowenstern
2004 Pre-Pottery Neolithic Amazonite Bead Workshops in Southern Jordan. In Acts of the XIVth World
Congress of the Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences (UISPP), Liege (Belgium), 2nd-
8th September 2001, edited by the Secrétariat du Congrès, pp. 265-275. British Archaeological
Reports, International Series 1303.
Thousands of borers and awls were found together with hundreds of worked and unworked amazonite
fragments. A few finished beads of amazonite and sandstone were also found. Experiments demonstrate
that the awls were mounted in drills and the majority of the borers were actually drill bits.
Finkbeiner, U.
1993 Uruk: Analytisches Register zu den Grabungsberichten – Kampagnen 1912/13 bis 1976/77.
Deutsches Arch. Inst., Abt. Baghdad. Mann, Berlin.
Concordance to the finds from 34 seasons of excavation at Uruk in Iraq. The many beads and their
publications are listed under Schmuck.
Finkenstaedt, E.
1983 Beads at Badari. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 110:27-29.
Soapstone beads are present in graves from the end of the final Amratian period up to the phase
succeeding the Gerzean. This stability militates in favor of an indigenous population. Egypt.
Finlayson, Bill
2005 Wadi Faynan: The Most Polluted Place on Earth? Current World Archaeology 13:37-44.
Page 39 illustrates beads from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic in southern Jordan; copper minerals were used to
make beads and pigments.
Fischer, Alysia Anne
2001 Integrating Anthropology in Pursuit of the Byzantine Period Glass Industry in Northern Israel.
Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Attempts to reconstruct the lives of glass-workers (beadmakers included) in the Galilee region of Israel
during the 4th-5th centuries using archaeological, ethnographic, experimental, and other evidence.
Fischer, Moshe
2013 Chapter 12: Beads, Gems and Bone Objects. In Horvat Mesad: A Way-Station on the Jaffa-
Jerusalem Road, edited by Moshe Fischer. Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University,
Monograph Series 30.
Fortin, M.
1999 Syria, Land of Civilizations: A Traveling Exhibition Organized by the Musée de la Civilisation de
Québec. Musée de la Civilisation, Québec/Les Éditions de l’Homme.
Beads from Ugarit, called carnelian but are amber (p. 212, no. 207).
Foster, Catherine Painter
2009 Household Archaeology and the Uruk Phenomenon: A Case Study from Kenan Tepe, Turkey.
Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
The domestic modes of production and consumption for four chronologically distinct 4th-millennium
households at Kenan Tepe are identified through the analysis of domestic artifact trends and intensive
microdebris sampling. Beads of various materials are mentioned throughout the text.
Francis, Peter, Jr.
1987 Report on the Beads from Nishapur, Iran, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Obtained from the
Museum’s Excavations under Charles K. Wilkinson. Contributions of the Center for Bead
Research 2. Lake Placid, NY.
A report on the museum’s collection of ca. 700 excavated beads, ca. 5th-13th centuries, including
information on materials, manufacturing technique, and uses.
1988 Nishapur: An Early Islamic City of Iran. Ornament 12(2):78-93.
A more popular account of the Nishapur beads in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in
New York.
1988 Preliminary Report on the Beads from Siraf, Iran, in the Department of Oriental Antiquities,
British Museum. Contributions of the Center for Bead Research 3. Lake Placid, NY.
1989 Bead Peregrinations. Ornament 13(2):78-82.
On the recent history of glass beadmaking in Cairo (Egypt), Hebron (Palestine), and Turkey.
1989 Beads of the Early Islamic Period. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 1:21-39.
Beads from four sites involved in the Early Islamic trade (7th to 12th centuries) represent the role that the
Muslim world played in the Indian Ocean trade.
1990 Beadmaking in Islam: The African Trade and the Rise of Hebron. Beads: Journal of the Society
of Bead Researchers 2:15-28.
Contains much interesting information from historical sources on trade with various northern and western
parts of Africa and on Hebron (Palestine), Fustat (Egypt), Tyre (Lebanon), Damascus (Syria), Herat
(Afghanistan), and other manufacturing centers.
1990 Review of The Ubiquitous Trade Bead, by Anita Engle (1990). Beads: Journal of the Society of
Bead Researchers 2:96-99.
2002 Asia’s Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu.
A book with a broad scope. In addition to the production, use, and provenance of beads involved in Asian
maritime commerce, this book examines the importance of the bead trade for the economies of the
countries involved and provides insights into the lives of its many participants: artisans, mariners, and
merchants. Includes a chapter on Middle Eastern glass beads.
2002 Beads. In Fustat Finds, edited by Jere L. Bacharach. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.
The beads from the Awad collection of artifacts from Fustat in Old Cairo, Egypt, are not entirely
homogeneous, but for the most part can be attributed to the Fustat or Early Islamic Period, 7th-12th
centuries. They provide additional information about beadmaking and importing at this time.
2002 Review of Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: Beads and Other Small Objects, by Maud Spaer
(2001). Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 14:78-81.
2004 Beads and Pendants from the Proto-Neolithic of Shanidar Cave and Zawi Chemi Shanidar
Village. In The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave, by Ralph S. Solecki, Rose L.
Solecki, and Anagnostis P. Agelarakis, pp. 199-217. Texas A&M University Press, College
Station.
An appendix to the final excavation report on an 11th-millennium-BC cemetery and contemporary nearby
settlement site in Iraqi Kurdistan. It deals with stone and bone beads, followed by a section dealing with
drilling technology. Most of the stone beads were simple plain pink calcite discoids, but a single
greenstone (described as jade) triple spacer was also found. The bone beads were mostly tubular, and the
process of making these is carefully described.
Frangipane, M., G.M. Di Nocera, A. Hauptmann, P. Morbidelli, A. Palmieri, L. Sadori, M. Schultz,
and T. Schmidt-Schultz
2001 New Symbols of a New Power in a “Royal” Tomb from 3000 BC Arslantepe, Malatya (Turkey).
Paleorient 27(2):105-139.
A tomb in eastern Anatolia raises questions about connections with the Caucasus and/or Transcaucasia. It
contained beads of gold, silver, copper, carnelian, and rock crystal. More than 100 small cylindrical
limestone beads around the man’s head and chest were perhaps sewn onto a garment or veil (pp. 108-111,
121).
Fransolet, André-Mathieu
2018 Analyse minéralogique de deux perles provenant de la tombe T.206 (N° 10) de Chagar Bazar
(Syrie). In Chagar Bazar (Syrie) VIII. Les Tombes Ordinaires de l’Âge Du Bronze Ancien et
Moyen Des Chantiers D-F-H-I (1999-2011). Études Diverses, edited by Önhan Tunca and Abd
el-Massih Baghdo, pp. 55-58. Peeters, Leuven, Belgium.
On the mineralogical identification of two stone beads from a Bronze Age tomb in Syria.
French, David
2010 Canhasan Sites 3: Canhasan I, The Small Finds. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara
Monographs 45.
Includes a discussion of the beads, pendants, plaques, and other ornaments recovered from a Chalcolithic
site in central Turkey.
Frifelt, Karen
1991 The Island of Umm an-Nar, Vol. l: Third Millennium Graves. Jutland Archaeological Society
Publications XXVI(1).
Some 13,000 beads were recovered from an island site off Abu Dhabi, UAE: mostly very small, probably
sewn onto clothing. Interesting discussion of materials, both local (“talcose steatite”) and imported.
Frifelt, Karen
1995 The Island of Umm an-Nar, Volume 2: The Third Millennium Settlement. Aarhus University
Press.
Perforated Conus and Strombus shells were found at a late-3rd-millennium coastal site, UAE. Evidence
for beads was surprisingly rare (pp. 117, 120, 225).
2001 Islamic Remains in Bahrain. Jutland Archaeological Society, Moesgard.
A hoard of some 250 beads (mostly glass but also carnelian, agate, alabaster, amethyst, crystal, turquoise,
coral, and shell) and some 100 stray finds were recovered from Islamic contexts at Qala’at al-Bahrain (pp.
151-154, figs. 309-319, color. pl. 4).
Frish, B., G. Mansfield, G. and W.-R. Thiele
1985 Kamid el-Lóz, 6: Die Werkstätten der spätbronzezeitlichen Paläste. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur
Altertumskunde 33.
Late Bronze Age frit and faience beads (pp. 79, 111f.), Lebanon.
Fritz, V. and A. Kempinski
1983 Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf der Hirbet el-Mšâš (Tel Mâœôœ), 1972-1975. Otto
Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
Early Iron Age beads including mother-of-pearl and striped glass (F. Crüsemann, p. 98ff., ill. pp. 105,
172); shells probably used as ornaments (D.S. Reese, pp. 224-226). Israel.
Gabolde, Marc
2019 An 18th-Dynasty Gold Necklace for Sale: Comparisons with Tutankhamun’s Jewellery.
https://www.academia.edu/38004555/.
Discusses Tutankhamun’s broad collar as well as necklaces, collars, and ornaments which are more or
less related to his burial jewelry. Ancient Egypt.
Galter, Hannes D.
1987 On Beads and Curses. Annual Review of the Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Project 5:11-30.
Provides a list of cylindrical beads that bear Assyrian royal inscriptions, including curses, and provides
their translations.
Gansell, A.R.
2007 Identity and Adornment in the Third-Millennium BC Mesopotamian “Royal Cemetery” at Ur.
Cambridge Archaeological Journal B:29-46.
Assemblages of adornments (including many well-known bead items) are used to interpret the social and
ritual identities of the dead and begin to clarify dynamics of group and individual identity at Ur in Iraq.
Garfinkel, Y.
1987 Bead Manufacture on the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Site of Yiftahel, Israel. Mitekufat Haeven,
Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 20(1):79-90.
Discusses Neolithic stone beadmaking at a site in northern Israel.
1994 Ritual Burial of Cultic Objects: The Earliest Evidence. Cambridge Archaeological Journal
4(1):159-188.
Deals with the ritual burial of cultic objects in the Near East during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic
periods. These items are not grave goods associated with human burials but objects buried on their own
because of their ritual significance. A cave of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B date had a “very rich collection of
beads” deposited along with other objects.
2011 Chapter 7: Bead Production in Area C. In The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Village of Yiftahel: The
1980s and 1990s Excavations, by Y. Garfinkel, D. Dag, H. Khalaily, O. Marder, I. Milevski, and
A. Ronen, pp. 207-214. Bibliotheca Neolithica Asiae Meridionalis et Occidentalis, Berlin.
Discusses Neolithic stone beadmaking at a site in northern Israel.
Gates, Marie-Henriette
1996 Archaeology in Turkey. American Journal of Archaeology 100(2):277-335.
The final season on the Late Bronze Age shipwreck off Uluburun (Kaº) “increased the previous collection
by the thousands:” beads of faience, agate, ostrich eggshell, quartz, steatite, amber, and chalcedony.
Gensheimer, T.R.
1984 The Role of Shell in Mesopotamia: Evidence for Trade Exchange with Oman and the Indus
Valley. Paléorient 10(1):65-73.
Shell artifacts, including beads, from major Mesopotamian sites of the 4th and 5th millennia BC are
critically reexamined in terms of their role in Mesopotamian contexts and their value as indicators of
external trade/exchange contacts.
Getzov, N.
2006 Beads in the Tel Bet Yerah Excavations, 1994-1995. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 28:100-
101.
Gibson, McGuire, Muhammad Maktash, Judith A. Franke, Amr Al-Azm, John C. Sanders, Tony
Wilkinson, Clemens Reichel, Jason Ur, Peggy Sanders, Abdulillah Salameh, Carrie Hritz, Brigitte
Watkins, and Mahmoud Kattab
2002 First Season of Syrian-American Investigations at Hamoukar, Hasekeh Province. Iraq 64:45-68.
Fluted double-conoid, trilobate, and unspecified other faience beads have been uncovered in Northern
Middle Uruk (ca. 3700-3500 BC) contexts, plus unspecified shell, stone, and thousands of minute bone
beads found in a cache (pp. 50, 53, 58).
Gibson, M., R.L. Zettier, and J.A. Armstrong
1983 The Southern Corner of Nippur: Excavations during the 14th and 15th Seasons. Sumer XXXIX(1,
2):170-190.
Describes a post-Kassite burial in Iraq with hundreds of beads, including frit, stone, and copper (p. 182,
fig. 23).
Golani, Amir
2004 Jewelry. In Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim, edited by Sara Beit Arieh, pp. 189-
202. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 23.
Reports on the beads of stone, bone, shell, and siliceous materials (faience, Egyptian Blue, and glass)
from Bronze and Iron Age tombs.
2009 Metallic and Non-Metallic Jewelry. In Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989-1996. Volume III:
The 13th-11th Century BCE Strata in Areas N and S, edited by Navapanitz-Cohen and Amihai
Mazar, pp. 612-633. The Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.
Beads and pendants were made of the following materials: glass, faience, shell, stone, bone, and ivory.
2010 The Beads from Tomb 80 in the ‘En Esur Cemetery. ‘Atiqot 64:115-119.
2012 The Non-Metallic Jewelry. In The Azor Cemetery: Moshe Dothan’s Excavations, 1958 and 1960,
edited by David Ben-Shlomo et al., pp. 165-174. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 50.
Located in Israel, the site yielded a variety of beads and pendants of siliceous materials, stone, bone/teeth,
and shell. They date to the Late Bronze and Iron ages.
2013 Jewelry from the Iron Age II Levant. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 34.
Provides a handy typological structure for jewelry classification as well as a comprehensive and useful
catalog for research. In addition, it illustrates the significance, meaning, and functions of jewelry and the
development of the jeweler’s craft in the southern Levant during the 1st and 2nd millennia BCE.
2014 Cowrie Shells and their Imitations as Ornamental Amulets in Egypt and the Near East. In Beyond
Ornamentation: Jewelry as an Aspect of Material Culture in the Ancient Near East, edited by
Amir Golani and Zuzanna Wygnañska, pp. 71-83. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
23(2).
As protective amulets, the symbolic potency of the cowrie form was enhanced when it was duplicated in
other materials that were often ascribed symbolic meaning of their own. As the form of the shell and not
the shell itself was of significance, the use of other materials of symbolic power to produce the cowrie
form served to emulate and enhance the cowrie’s amuletic protective powers.
2014 Metallic and Nonmetallic Jewelry Objects. In The Smithsonian Institution Excavation at Tell
Jemmeh, Israel, 1970-1990, edited by David Ben-Shlomo and Gus W. Van Beek, pp. 889-916.
Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 50.
The site produced beads and pendants of various materials including metal, faience, glass, bone, shell,
stone, and terra cotta. It was occupied during the Middle and Late Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and the
Persian period.
2016 Jewelry. In Beer-Sheba III: The Early Iron IIA Enclosed Settlement and the Late Iron IIA-Iron
IIB Cities, edited by Ze(ev Herzog and Lily Singer-Avitz, pp. 1328-1345. Eisenbrauns, Winona
Lake, IN.
Presents a detailed discussion of the beads and pendants recovered from an Iron Age site in Israel.
Materials include stone, bone, shell, terra cotta, faience, and glass.
Golani, Amir and David Ben-Shlomo
2005 The Jewelry. In Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968-1969), by Moshe Dothan
and David Ben-Shlomo, pp. 247-264. Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem.
Discusses the beads and pendants of various materials recovered from Tel Ashdod, and Iron Age site in
Israel.
Golani, Amir and Ehud Galili
2015 A Late Bronze Age Canaanite Merchant’s Hoard of Gold Artifacts and Hematite Weights from
the Yavneh-Yam Anchorage, Israel. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 7(2):16-29.
Beads were among the gold objects found in sunken ship’s cargo.
Golani, Amir and Benjamin Sass
1998 Three Seventh-Century B.C.E. Hoards of Silver Jewelry from Tel Miqne-Ekron. Bulletin of the
American Schools of Oriental Research 311:57-81.
This Iron Age site in Israel yielded 24 silver beads which may be divided into four specific types: granule
beads (type 1.1), spiral wire beads (type 1.2), hollow spacer beads (type 1.4), and decorated, spherical,
hollow beads (type 1.6).
Golani, Amir and Zuzanna Wygnañska (eds.)
2014 Beyond Ornamentation: Jewelry as an Aspect of Material Culture in the Ancient Near East.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 23/2.
Presents 12 articles dealing with ornaments, principally beads. The individual articles are listed elsewhere
in this bibliography.
Gorin-Rosen, Yael
2009 Glass Artifacts from Tomb 7 at Fardisya (East). ‘Atiqot 61:75-82.
The recovered glass beads include flower-shaped, gold-glass, simple, and polygonal. There were also two
stone beads. Israel. In Hebrew with an English summary.
Gorin-Rosen, Yael and Natalya Katsnelson
2007 Local Glass Production in the Late Roman–Early Byzantine Periods in Light of the Glass Finds
from Khirbat el-Ni‘ana. ‘Atiqot 57:73-154.
Several types of glass beads attributed to the 4th-5th centuries and three possible faience beads were
recovered from a site in Israel.
Goring-Morris, Nigel
1989 Sociocultural Aspects of Marine Mollusc Use in the Terminal Pleistocene of the Negev and Sinai
Regions of the Southern Levant. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference, edited by
Charles F. Hayes III, pp. 175-187. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Research Records 20.
Terminal Pleistocene hunter-gatherer marine mollusc assemblages in the Negev and Sinai display a
relatively conservative development, whether in terms of the major species represented, their relative
frequencies, or their modification. This agrees with lithic studies indicating considerable sociocultural
continuity, notwithstanding cultural input from various directions and the identification of various
specific groups through time. Israel, Egypt.
Gourley, Dale R.
2000 Amethyst Bead Production in the Nabataen Capital of Petra, Jordan. M.A. thesis. Brigham Young
University, Provo.
Discusses the technology and production of these beads, based on findings from archaeological
excavations.
Grajetzki, Wolfram
2013 Body Chains in Middle Kingdom Egypt. Göttinger Miszellen 237:21-24.
Discusses body chains – strings of beads worn crossed over the chest. They are best known in the late
Middle Kingdom, ca. 1850 to 1650 BC, but there is evidence that they were already worn in the First
Intermediate Period. They are also attested in the New Kingdom and later.
2014 Tomb 197 at Abydos, Further Evidence for Long Distance Trade in the Middle Kingdom.
Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 24:159-170.
While this article discusses all the beads and other objects found in the tomb, the emphasis is on an etched
carnelian bead that was produced in either the Indus Valley or Mesopotamia and dates to the late Middle
Kingdom of Ancient Egypt.
2014 Tomb Treasures of the Late Middle Kingdom: The Archaeology of Female Burials. University of
Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Beads and pendants as components of various items of female adornment are mentioned throughout the
book. Ancient Egypt.
Green, Jack
2011 The Beads and Pendants. In El-Ahwat: A Fortified Site from the Early Iron Age Near Nahal 'Iron,
Israel, Excavations 1993-2000, edited by Adam Zertal, pp. 264-287. Brill, Leiden.
Materials include glass, faience, stone, amber, bone, shell, and terra-cotta.
Green, John D.M.
2013 Social Identity in the Jordan Valley during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages: Evidence from
the Tall as-Sa‘idiyya Cemetery. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan XI:419-429.
Amman.
The cemetery provides a rich set of archaeological data with which to examine changing aspects of social
identity in death between the terminal Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (ca. 1250-800 BC). This
study focuses on “personal” assemblages from the cemetery, particularly clothing attachments, jewellery,
and beads associated with individuals of different age, gender, and status groups, and examines aspects of
identity expression over time.
Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris, Danny Rosenberg, and Dani Nadel
2013 A Functional Investigation of Perforators from the Late Natufian/Pre-pottery Neolithic A Site of
Huzuk Musa – A Preliminary Report. In Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to
Farming Societies in the Near East, edited by Ferran Borrell, Juan José Ibáñez, and Miquel
Molist, pp. 165-176. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Servei de Publicacions.
Reports on the analysis of the large collection of flint perforators, beads, and bead production waste found
at a site in Lower Jordan Valley, Israel.
Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris and Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer
2015 Lapidary Technology Revealed by Functional Analysis of Carnelian Beads from the Early
Neolithic Site of Nahal Hemar Cave, Southern Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 58:77-
88.
Use-wear analysis applied to two carnelian beads from the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period in
southern Israel revealed a manufacturing procedure that corresponds to genuine lapidary technologies of
contemporary traditional societies.
Grosman, Leore, Natalie D. Munro, Itay Abadi, Elisabetta Boaretto, Dana Shaham, Anna Belfer-
Cohen, and Ofer Bar-Yosef
2016 Nahal Ein Gev II, a Late Natufian Community at the Sea of Galilee. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0146647.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146647.
The majority of the personal ornaments recovered from the site are shell beads, mainly disc and
cylindrical. Two double-holed greenstone pendants (or buttons) were also recovered. Israel.
Gubenko, Natalia and Avraham Ronen
2014 More from Yiftahel (PPNB), Israel. Paléorient 40(1):149-158.
Finds include greenstone beads, and shell and bone pendants.
Gülçur, Sevil
1995 Das bronzezeitliche Wrack von Uluburun ber Kaº. Antike Welt 26:453-461.
More on this Bronze Age wreck off the coast of Turkey, but this time in German. Faience bicones were
perhaps used as pinheads (fig. 17a).
Gündo�du, Hamza
2004 Patterns of Black Amber Bead Making in Northeast Anatolia. In Ethnoarchaeological
Investigations in Rural Anatolia, Volume I, edited by Turan Takao�lu, pp. 115-126. Ege
Yayinlari, Istanbul.
A very important study of a little-known craft tradition based in the northeastern Anatolian region of Oltu,
Turkey, since the late 18th or early 19th century and still employing up to 6,000 individuals. The beads
are usually strung on rosaries but were also sewn onto clothing. The raw material is extracted from local
mines and the working is carried out in specialist workshops.
Hachlili, Rachel
1999 Miscellaneous Objects. In Jericho: The Jewish Cemetery of the Second Temple Period, edited by
Rachel Hachlili and Ann E. Killebrew, pp. 136-141. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 7.
In most cases, only single beads were placed with the deceased. Israel.
Haddow, Scott D. (ed.)
2017 Çatalhöyük Research Project 2017. Çatalhöyük Research Project.
Chapter 30 deals with the beads recovered during the 2017 season at large Neolithic and Chalcolithic
settlement in southern Anatolia, Turkey.
Haddow, Scott D., Christina Tsoraki, Milena Vasiæ, Irene Dori, Christopher J. Knüsel, and Marco
Milella
2019 An Analysis of Modified Human Teeth at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 28:102058.
Reports on three human teeth from Neolithic Çatalhöyük (7100-6000 cal BC) that appear to have been
drilled for use as pendants.
Haerinck, Ernie and Bruno Overlaet
1996 The Chalcolithic Period. Parchinah and Hakalan. Royal Museums of Art and History, Luristan
Excavation Documents I.
The final report on two cemeteries in Iran. Beads were generally rare although a total of 115 chlorite (?)
and two dentalium beads were found in one grave. Other reported materials comprise agate, carnelian,
black chlorite, and an unidentified gray stone (pp. 24-25, pl. 54).
1998 Chamahzi Mumah. An Iron Age III Graveyard. Royal Museums of Art and History, Luristan
Excavation Documents II. Acta Iranica 33.
The final report on a cemetery in Iran. Beads were found in 8 of the 41 excavated graves: carnelian
predominated but frit, glass paste, bronze, silver, ceramic, and unidentified stone beads, perforated shell
discs, and a single glass eye bead were also recovered.
1999 Luristan Excavation Documents III: Djub-i Gauhar and Gul Khanan Murdah. Iron Age III
Graveyards in the Aivan Plain. Acta Iranica 35.
Shells beads are among the finds at two cemeteries in Iran.
2004 Luristan Excavation Documents V: The Iron Age III Graveyard at War Kabud, Luristan Pusht-i
Kuh. Acta Iranica 42.
The finds include shell beads.
2006 Luristan Excavation Documents VI: Bani Surmah: An Early Bronze Age Graveyard in Pusht-i
Kuh, Luristan. Acta Iranica 43.
The recovered beads are composed of stone (primarily carnelian and limestone), shell, bone, and metal
(copper/bronze and silver); western Iran.
2008 Luristan Excavation Documents VII: The Kalleh Nisar Bronze Age Graveyard in Pusht-i Kuh,
Luristan. Acta Iranica 46.
Beads were present in a large number of the tombs. Materials include various stones and shells, glass
paste, and metal; western Iran.
2010 Luristan Excavation Documents VIII: Early Bronze Age Graveyard to the West of the Kabir Kuh
(Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan). Acta Iranica 50.
Discusses the beads from Early Bronze Age I-III and IV contexts at a cemetery in western Iran.
2013 An Early Bronze Age Tomb near Khorramabad (W-Iran). Herzfeld’s Gilviran Revisited. Iranica
Antiqua 48:39-76.
Provides details on the tabular and biconical agate beads found at Gilviran in western Iran.
Hafsaas, Henriette
2005 Cattle Pastoralists in a Multicultural Setting: The C-Group People in Lower Nubia 2500-1500
BCE. The Lower Jordan River Basin Programme Publications 10.
Beads, pendants, and amulets were uncovered at various sites in southern Egypt occupied by C-Group
people. Materials include faience, stone, bone, ivory, metal, and ostrich eggshell. Of interest is a remnant
of a thin leather girdle decorated with beads in a lozenge pattern and a waistband consisting of a triple
row of beads around the pelvis and waist of a woman buried at Ashkeit.
Hakemi, Ali
1997 Shahdad: Archaeological Excavations of a Bronze Age Center in Iran. Istituto Italiano per il
Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Reports and Memoirs 27.
Presents charts of the shapes of agate/carnelian, lapis lazuli, gypsum, and metal beads (pp. 655-658).
Descriptions and illustrations by grave group, passim.
Hall, Erin
2016 Hoarding at Tel Megiddo in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age I. M.A. thesis. Department of
Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University.
A hoard at a site in Israel contained 152+ beads of stone, faience, and metal as well as 2 carnelian
pendants.
Hamilton, Naomi
2005 The Beads. In Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-99 Seasons, edited
by Ian Hoddard, pp. 325-332. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Monographs.
British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 39. Çatalhöyük Research Project 5.
Presents detailed analyses of the 1,000+ beads recovered from a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic
settlement in southern Anatolia, Turkey. The materials include dentalium and other marine shells, rare
exotic stones such as serpentine, apatite and carnelian, and even metal (lead and copper), all imported to
the site. Clay beads were presumably made on-site. There is evidence for bead manufacture. Materials
identification in Jackson (2005).
Hankey, Vronwy
1995 A Late Bronze Age Temple at Amman Airport: Small Finds and Pottery Discovered in 1955. In
Trade, Contact, and the Movement of Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean: Studies in Honour
of J.B. Hennessy, edited by S. Bourke and J.-P. Descoeudres, pp. 169-185. Mediterranean
Archaeology Supplement 3. University of Sydney.
Discusses 176 beads of local types and materials: stone, amethyst (probably Middle Kingdom Egyptian),
lapis lazuli, shell, and glass (pp. 175-177); 14th century BC, Jordan.
Harper, Prudence O., Evelyn Klengel-Brandt, Joan Aruz, and Kim Benzel
1995 Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris, Antiquities in the Vorderasiatiches
Museum, Berlin. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Separate entries by Joan Aruz, Kim Benzel, and Ralf-Bernhardt Wartke describe and catalog beads (some
reused from earlier periods) that were found in rich Old Assyrian and Middle Assyrian graves in Iraq (pp.
44-47, 50-55, 92-97, color. pls. 5-6, 9-11).
Harper, Richard P.
1995 Upper Zohar, An Early Byzantine Fort in Palaestina Tertia. Final Report of Excavations in 1985-
1986. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 9.
A small number of holed shells, glass beads, and a gold-glass bead were found. Israel.
Harrell, James A.
2017 A Preliminary Overview of Ancient Egyptian Stone Beads. Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of
Egypt/Egyptology 14(2).
This survey builds on the work of Nai Xia (2014) and offers summaries on two aspects of stone beads: 1)
the relative amounts of rock and mineral varieties used during each period of Egyptian history; and 2) the
changes in bead form, perforation, and polish through time for broad categories of stone.
Harrison, R. Martin and L.B. Hill
1986 Excavations at Sarachane in Istanbul. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press.
The site of a 6th-century church in central Istanbul, Turkey, produced numerous small finds including
glass beads.
Harrison, Timothy P.
2004 Megiddo 3: Final Report on the Stratum VI Excavations. Oriental Institute Publications 127.
Provides brief descriptions of the beads and pendants of various materials recovered from Stratum VI at
Megiddo which represents the initial Iron Age (or Iron I) settlement. Israel.
Hauptmann, A., J. Lutz, E. Pernicka, and Ü. Yalçin
1993 Zur Technologie der frühesten Kupferverhüttung im östlichen Mittelmeerraum. In Between the
Rivers and Over the Mountains: Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica, edited by Marcella
Frangipane et al., pp. 541-572. Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza.”
Brief mention on p. 543 of the mis-identification of bead material from Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, in 1967, as
lead.
Hawass, Zahi
1998 Abusir Tomb. National Geographic 194(5):102-113.
Describes and illustrates the tomb of an Egyptian priest dating from around 500 BC. The mummy was
covered with a beaded shroud made of a great number of glazed (faience) beads.
Al-Hayyani, Hafidh Hussein
1999-2000 Ladies Jewellery from Assur. Sumer 49-50:147-162 (Arabic section).
Article in Arabic on finds made in the earliest of the Late Assyrian capitals in northern Iraq. Most were
from intramural graves but others were apparently from occupation contexts. Among the illustrated
material are re-strung cowries, a single Engina mendicaria shell, collared and spherical gadrooned beads
(both presumably faience), large faience rosettes (presumably Middle Assyrian), and plain and banded
cylindrical, elongated barrel, and lozenge-shaped beads, most probably chalcedony.
Healey, Elizabeth and Stuart Campbell
2014 Producing Adornment: Evidence of Different Levels of Expertise in the Production of Obsidian
Items of Adornment at Two Late Neolithic Communities in Northern Mesopotamia. Journal of
Lithic Studies 1(2):79-99.
Attempts to determine whether beads and other obsidian ornaments were produced at two sites
(Domuztepe and Tell Arpachiyah) in Turkey and Iraq, or were acquired as finished objects (or both).
Heimel, W.
1987 Das untere Meer. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 77(1):22-91.
On trade conducted by ancient Mesopotamian states with lands of the Persian Gulf and India. See pp. 51f.
for lapis lazuli, carnelian, and other stones used for beads.
Heimpel, W.
1997 Termites of a Necklace. NABU (Nouvelles Assyriologiques Breves et Utilitaires) (2):61-62.
Syria: new readings of 18th-century BC Mari texts suggest necklaces with white and red beads shaped
like termites and flies.
Hellyer, P.
1999 Hidden Riches: An Archaeological Introduction to the United Arab Emirates. United National
Bank, Abu Dhabi.
Illustrates assorted beads from a 3rd-millennium tomb at Sufouh (p. 54), a necklace and disc carnelian
beads from a tomb at Dhayah II in Ras al-Kbaimah (p. 70), and banded beads from a tomb at ed-Dur (p.
109), UAE.
Herrmann, C.
1990 Weitere Formen für ägyptische Fayencen aus der Ramsesstadt: Katalog der Model der
Ausgrabungskampagne 1988 des Österr. Arch. Instituts Zweigstelle Kairo in Tell el Dab’a und
Qantir. Agypten und Levante I:17-73.
Discusses molds for standard types of ancient Egyptian faience amulets and drop and date-shaped beads.
Herzog, Ze’ev
1985 Beer-Sheba II: The Early Iron Age Settlements. Tel Aviv University, Publications of the Institute
of Archaeology 7.
A few beads from this site in Israel (pl. 14).
Herzog, Ze’ev, George Rapp, Jr., and Ora Negbi
1989 Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv
University 8.
Tel Michal was probably a maritime station for military or commercial use during its periods of
occupation, which extended intermittently from the Canaanite period (Middle Bronze Age II, about 2000
BCE) throughout the early Arab Period (9th century CE). Describes the recovered beads and pendants.
Higuchi, T. and T. Izumi (eds.)
1994 Tombs A and C, Southeast Necropolis, Palmyra, Syria, Surveyed in 1990-92. Research Center for
Silk Roadology, Nara, Japan.
Agate, silver, bronze, frit, plain, mosaic, and gold-glass beads in a variety of forms (pp. 84-86).
Hodgkinson, Anna K.
2015 Archaeological Excavations of a Bead Workshop in the Main City at Tell el-Amarna. Journal of
Glass Studies 57:279-284;
http://www.annahodgkinson.co.uk/Hodgkinson_JGS_57_2015_Amarna_M50.pdf
Deals with the beads and other adornments of glass, faience, and agate from a beadmaking site in Egypt.
2015 Excavation of a Bead Workshop M50.14-16. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 101:1-5.
Another article on the excavation and finds at the el-Amarna workshop.
Hoffmann, Birgitta
2013 Vessel Glass and Beads. In Persia’s Imperial Power in Late Antiquity. The Great Wall of Gorgan
and Frontier Landscapes of Sasanian Iran, edited by Eberhard W. Sauer et al., pp. 535-539.
British Institute of Persian Studies, Archaeological Monograph Series II.
Hoffmann, Birgitta, C. Tagart, and D. Mattingly
2010 Beads from Zinkekra, Saniat Jibril and Old Jarma. In The Archaeology of Fazzan: Volume 3,
Excavations of C.M. Daniels, edited by D.J. Mattingly, pp. 456-458. Society for Libyan Studies
Monograph 8.
On beads excavated in the Fazzan region of Libya.
Højlund, Flemming and H. Hellmuth Andersen (eds.)
1997 Qala’at al-Bahrain. Vol. 2, The Central Monumental Buildings. Århus University Press,
Denmark.
Biconical burnished red clay beads that imitate agate/carnelian were found in Early Dilmun contexts.
Isolated beads, usually biconical or cylindrical carnelian and greenish or turquoise faience, were found
interred with Achaemenid-period snake burials in the Late Dilmun palace. Pierced pearls, spherical and
biconical carnelian, single agate and quartz beads, a modified Conus ring, and a variety of colored glass
beads were found with Achaemenid burials in the same excavation. Bahrain.
Holland, Thomas A.
2006 Archaeology of the Bronze Age, Hellenistic, and Roman Remains at an Ancient Town on the
Euphrates River: Excavations at Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria, Volume 2. Oriental Institute Publications
125.
The beads and pendants (category SF.4.b-c) are described by period: Bronze Age, Hellenistic, and
Roman.
Hoofien, Roni
2018 The Bead Assemblage of Tel Azekah as a Means for Understanding Trade and Cultural
Connections from the Early Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period. M.A. thesis. Department of
Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University.
Twenty-five raw materials were recorded through chemical and optical means, as well as by the
interpretation of literary, historical, and scientific sources. The origins of most of the materials were
traced to Egypt and Mesopotamia, while a few may have come from Jordan, the Indus Valley, Cyprus,
Israel, and even from the area surrounding Tel Azeka. In Hebrew with English abstract.
Horn, Maarten
2010 Dressing the Dead. A Comparison, Analysis and Interpretation of Dress Items in Tasian, Badarian
and Naqada I-IIB Burials in the Qau-Matmar Region of Middle Egypt. M.A. thesis. Egyptology /
Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden.
Beads and pendants of various materials are among the items discussed.
2014 A Badarian–Naqadian Cognitive Link? A Possible Insight on the Basis of a Badarian
Hippopotamus-Shaped Pendant from Egypt. In Beyond Ornamentation. Jewelry as an Aspect of
Material Culture in the Ancient Near East, edited by A. Golani, Z. Wygnañska, pp. 41-70. Polish
Archaeology in the Mediterranean 23/2, , Special Studies.
Attributed to the period from the second half of 5th to the end of 4th millennium BC, the green jasper
pendant is believed to have functioned as an amulet related to malachite.
2015 Preliminary Investigations into the Production of Glazed Steatite Beads: Discussing the Use of
Turquoise during the Badarian Period in Egypt. Archéo-Nil 25:91-121.
Several beads and pendants found in Badarian graves in the Qau-Matmar region of Middle Egypt
formerly identified as turquoise are actually glazed steatite.
2017 Re-Appraising the Tasian-Badarian Divide in the Qau-Matmar Region: A Critical Review of
Cultural Proxies and a Comparative Analysis of Burial Dress. In Egypt at its Origins 5, edited by
Béatrix Midant-Reynes & Yann Tristant, pp. 335-377. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 260.
Provides evidence – including elements of Tasian and Badarian burial dress such as beads and pendants –
that the Tasian-Badarian divide in the Qau-Matmar region of Middle Egypt is no longer tenable.
Horwitz, L.K., E. Tchernov, H.K. Mienis, D. Hakker-Orion, and D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer
2002 The Archaeozoology of Three Early Bronze Age Sites in Nahal Besor, North-Western Negev. In
In Quest of Ancient Settlements and Landscapes, edited by E.C.M. van den Brink and E. Yannai,
pp. 107-133. Ramot Publishing, Tel Aviv.
The material includes Conus shell beads. Israel.
Hussein, Muzahem M. and Amer Suleiman
1999-2000 Nimrud: A City of Golden Treasures. Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad.
A full report in English and Arabic, illustrated throughout in color, on the spectacular finds from Assyrian
queens’ tombs excavated at Nimrud between 1988 and 1992. The beads are mostly gold but include
carnelian, agate, faience, and (reused) etched carnelian. Iraq.
Hüttner, Michaela
1995 Mumienamulette im Totenbrauchtum der Spätzeit. Institut für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der
Universität Wien. Beiträge zur Ägyptologie 12.
Objects in the Ancient Egyptian collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien include beads (pp. 10-
13) and beadwork amulets (pls. 5, 11).
Ibrahim, M. and R.L. Gordon
1987 A Cemetery at Queen Alia International Airport. Yarmouk University Publications, Institute of
Archaeology and Anthropology Series I.
Construction uncovered graves of Arab nomads in Jordan with Roman connections of the late 2nd to
early 3rd centuries AD. Beads in many materials passim.
Ibrahim, M. and N. Qadi
1995 El Musheirfeh “Shnellar” Tombs: An Intermediate Bronze Age Cemetery. In Trade, Contact, and
the Movement of Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean: Studies in Honour of J.B. Hennessy,
edited by S. Bourke and J.-P. Descoeudres, pp. 81-102. Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement
3. University of Sydney.
Discusses 1,000 stone beads, mostly thin discoids, from an Early/Middle Bronze Age tomb in Jordan.
Ilan, David
1992 A MBA Offering Deposit from Tel Dan and the Politics of Cultic Gifting. Journal of the Institute
of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 19(2):247-266.
A brief but admirably detailed publication on 48 Middle Bronze Age beads: carnelian, frit, and rock
crystal (pp. 256f., figs. 9-10); Israel.
Ilan, David, Pamela Vandiver, and Maud Spaer
1993 An Early Glass Bead from Tel Dan. Israel Exploration Journal 43:230-234.
A detailed study of a spherical bead of translucent light green glass that appears to be the earliest glass
find recovered so far in Israel. The specimen is attributable to the 1st or 2nd century of the 2nd
millennium BC.
Ingram, Rebecca Suzanne
2005 Faience and Glass Beads from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun. M.A. thesis. Texas
A&M University, College Station.
The cargo of the Bronze Age (late 14th century BC) Uluburun shipwreck, Turkey, included
approximately 75,000 faience beads and 9,500 glass beads which are thoroughly studied.
2014 Vitreous Beads from the Uluburun Shipwreck. In Beyond Ornamentation: Jewelry as an Aspect
of Material Culture in the Ancient Near East, edited by Amir Golani and Zuzanna Wygnañska,
pp. 225-246. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 23(2).
Offers an introduction to the faience and wound glass beads found on the shipwreck (late 14th century
BC) at Uluburun, Turkey, with an emphasis on manufacture and their role aboard the ship.
Inizan, Marie-Louise
2000 Importation de cornalines et agates de l’Indus en Mésopotamie: Le cas de Suse et Tello. In
Cornaline de l’Inde: Des pratiques techniques de Cambay aux techno-systèmes de l’Indus, edited
by Valentine Roux, pp. 475-501. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, Paris.
http://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/8738
Discusses the importation of carnelian and agate bead from the Indus Valley to Mesopotamia based on
material recovered from two sites in Iraq and Iran, with notes on manufacturing technology.
Inizan, M., M. Jazim, and F. Mermier
1992 L’artisanat de la cornaline au Yémen: premières données. Techniques & Culture 20:155-174.
Initial data on the hand crafting of carnelian in Yemen.
Insoll, Timothy
2010 The Glass Vessel Fragments, Bracelets, Beads, Pendants, and Spindle Whorls. In The Land of
Enki in the Islamic Era: Pearls, Palms, and Religious Identity in Bahrain, edited by Timothy
Insoll. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon, UK.
Excavations at two mosques of the putative Early Islamic capital of Bahrain, in the area known as Bilaad
al-Qadim, yielded beads of agate/carnelian, garnet, hematite, lapis lazuli, glass, frit, wood, and pearl. The
total occupation period ranges from the 8th or early 9th century to the 13th-14th centuries. Appendix 7.5
provides a catalog of the beads and pendants; Appendix 7.6 discusses XRD analysis of selected beads.
Iob, Agnese
2008 Forme, colori, funzione dei collari usekh: confronto tra immagine e modello reale. Vicino Oriente
XIV:105-128.
Deals with usekh collars in funerary wall reliefs and paintings from the Old to the New Kingdom, Ancient
Egypt. Many of the collars incorporate beads of gold and faience.
Jackson, B.
2005 Report of Bead Material Identification. In Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from
the 1995-99 Seasons, edited by Ian Hoddard, pp. 373-375. McDonald Institute for Archaeological
Research Monographs. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 39. Çatalhöyük
Research Project 5.
Complements Hamilton (2005).
Jackson-Tal, Ruth E.
2008 Glass Trade in the Persian Period: The Evidence from Palestine. Transeuphratene 36:79-90.
Eye beads and head-shaped pendants are discussed with numerous references to find spots in the region.
2013 The Glass and Small Stone Finds from a Roman Tomb at ‘Ein el-Sha‘ara. ‘Atiqot 73:53-65.
Round, square, biconical, rectangular, squat, ribbed, and cylindrical glass beads were recovered from a
tomb in Israel, along with one stone and one faience bead.
2015 Beads. In Samaritan Cemeteries and Tombs in the Central Coastal Plain, edited by Oren Tal and
Itamar Taxel, pp. 161-169. Ägypten und Altes Testament 82.
Plain, eye, trailed, and crumb glass beads, as well as faience and stone beads, were recovered at HaGolan
Street, Khirbet al-Hadra, Palestine. Late Roman and Byzantine periods.
2015 Beads, Pendants, and Inlays. In Samaritan Cemeteries and Tombs in the Central Coastal Plain,
edited by Oren Tal and Itamar Taxel, pp. 108-116. Ägypten und Altes Testament 82.
Describes and illustrates the beads of glass, faience, agate, carnelian, and organic seeds coated with clay
found at the Tel Barukh Cemetery, Israel. Late Roman and Byzantine periods.
James, Frances W. And Patrick E. McGovern
1993 The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: A Study of Levels VII and VIII. University of
Pennsylvania, University Museum Monograph 85.
The beads recovered from this site in Israel include those made of faience, glass, frit, gold, and stone.
Janssen, Jac J. and M. Rosalind
1992 A Cylindrical Amulet Case: Recent Investigations. In Gegengabe: Festschrift für Emma Brunner-
Traut, edited by Ingrid Gamer-Wallert and Wolfgang Helck, pp. 157-165. Attempto, Tübingen.
Tiny copper beads (fig. 1) found inside an Egyptian amulet case. Some mention of other beads.
Jasim, Sabah Abboud
1985 The Ubaid Period in Iraq: Recent Excavations in the Hamrin Region. British Archaeological
Reports, International Series 267, I & II.
Frit beads (Part I, p. 69; Part II, figs. 64-65).
1999 The Excavation of a Camel Cemetery at Mleiha, Sharjah, U.A.E. Arabian Archaeology and
Epigraphy 10(1):69-101.
Granulated gold beads and a soft-stone bead with dotted circle decoration were found in Parthian graves
(pp. 74, 76, figs. 8, 11: 7). UAE.
2012 The Necropolis of Jebel al-Buhais: Prehistoric Discoveries in the Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates. Department of Culture & Information, Government of Sharjah, UAE.
More than 90 tombs dating from the late Palaeolithic to the Pre-Islamic era were investigated and many
contained beads and other ornaments made of various materials including stone, shells, gold, and silver.
Jean-Marie, Marylou
1999 Tombes et nécropoles de Mari. Institut Français d’Archéologie du Proche-Orient, Bibliothèque
Archéologique et Historique CLIII.
Beads of carnelian and gypsum were recovered from the site of Mari in Syria.
Jick, Millicent
1990 Bead-Net Dress from Giza Tomb G7740Z, Old Kingdom Dynasty IV, Reign of Khufu. Ornament
14(1):50-53.
The only ancient Egyptian bead-net dress extant in the world, now reconstructed at the Museum of Fine
Arts in Boston.
1996 G7440Z and Boston’s Bead-Net Dress. KMT 7(2):73-74.
A shorter piece on the dress.
Joukowsky, Martha S.
1986 Prehistoric Aphrodisias: An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies. Archaeologia
Transatlantica III.
Some beads of various materials from a site in western Turkey.
Kampschulte, I. and W. Orthmann
1984 Gräber des 3. Jahrtausends im syrischen Euphrattal, 1: Ausgrabungen bei Tawi 1975 und 1978.
Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 38.
Excavations at Tawi, Syria, uncovered graves of the 3rd millennium that contained some beads (p. 112,
fig. 33, pl. 42 and passim).
Kanawati, N., A. El-Khouli, A. McFarlane, and N.V. Maksoud
1984 Excavations at Saqqara North-West of Teti’s Pyramid. Vol. I. Ancient History Documentary
Research Centre, Macquarrie University, Sydney.
Beads from Old Kingdom tombs, pp. 60-70 passim, Egypt.
Kandel, Andrew W., Knut Bretzke, and Nicholas J. Conard
2018 Epipaleolithic Shell Beads from Damascus Province, Syria. Quaternary International
464(A):126-140.
The authors hypothesize that the most common shell ornaments excavated at the three sites investigated
(Baaz Rockshelter, Kaus Kozah Cave, and Ain Dabbour Cave) signify group identity. They also posit that
unique specimens are an indication of personal identity, standing in contrast to the shared group identity
shown by the most common shell taxa.
Karklins, Karlis
2008 Review of Middle Eastern and Venetian Glass Beads: Eighth to Twentieth Centuries, by Augusto
Panini (2007). Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 20:87-88.
2017 Review of Ancient Egyptian Beads, by Nai Xia (2014). Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead
Researchers 29:89-90.
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark and Dennys Frenez
2018 Stone Beads in Oman during the 3rd to 2nd Millennia BCE: New Approaches to the Study of
Trade and Technology. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 30:63-76.
Archaeological collections in Oman were documented to determine the range of variation in the finished
objects and if there is evidence for local production of carnelian and other hard-stone beads. A
comparative analysis with published materials from other regions was also undertaken to document the
bead types that might have been obtained through trade networks that linked this region to Mesopotamia,
Iran, the Indus Valley region, Afghanistan, Egypt, and Anatolia.
Kertesz, Trude
1989 Beads and Pendants. In Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel, edited by Z. Herzog, G. Rapp, and O.
Negbi, pp. 370-374. Tel Aviv University, Publications of the Institute of Archaeology 8.
Describes beads of faience, frit, glass, stone, bone, and plaster, some earlier Iron Age contexts but mostly
from a cemetery of the Persian period (525-300 BC). Many parallels given. See also Mienis (2015).
Kiesewetter, Henrike, Hans-Peter Uerpmann, and Sabah A. Jasim
2000 Neolithic Jewellery from Jebel al-Buhais 18. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
30:137-146.
Agate, anhydrite, carnelian, chert, crinoid, limestone, serpentinite, various snail shells, coral, pearls,
mother-of-pearl, and marine fossil beads were found associated with 5th-millennium-BC burials in
southeast Arabia, UAE. Some beads were worn as pendants but the majority were originally entwined in
the hair, or formed part of belts, loincloths, dresses, beaded bracelets, and necklaces.
Kýlýç, Sinan
2017 A New Interpretation of Beads in their Archaeological and Cultural Context. In Questions,
Approaches, and Dialogues in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology: Studies in Honor of Marie-
Henriette and Charles Gates, edited by Ekin Kozal, Murat Akar, Ya�mur Heffron et al., pp. 849-
856. Ugarit-Verlag, Munich.
Generally used for ornamental purposes, beads probably had multiple functions in the past depending on
their color, shape, and size. Evil-eye and prayer beads are good examples of multi-functional use today,
as mentioned in a number of folk legends from eastern Turkey. Beads from archaeological contexts
should therefore be analyzed not only typologically but culturally as well.
Killick, R.G. (ed.)
1988 Tell Rubeidheh, an Uruk Village in the Jebel Hamrin. Iraq Archaeological Reports 2. Hamrin
Salvage Project Report 7.
Sixteen plain clay and stone beads (pp. 31-34, fig. 26).
Kirk, Susanna
2009 The Vitreous Materials from the 2nd Millennium BC City of Nuzi: Their Preservation,
Technology and Distribution. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Applied Science, Security and
Resilience, Cranfield University, UK.
Focused on the vitreous objects (beads being the most common items) from Nuzi, a mid-2nd millennium
BC site in Iraq, this project presents the first large-scale study of the preservation and alteration of Late
Bronze Age vitreous materials from the Near East. Includes the results of compositional analysis.
Klebinder-Gauss, G.
2007 Bronzefunde aus dem Artemision von Ephesos. Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Forschungen in Ephesos XII(3).
Bronze beads and pendants from the temple of Diana of the Ephesians (pp. 109-133, 221-222), Turkey.
Klengel-Brandt, Evelyn, Sabina Kulemann-Ossen, Lutz Martin, and Ralf-Bernhard Wartke
1997 Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen des Vorderasiatischen Museums auf Tall Knedig/NO
Syrien: Ergebnisse der kampagnen 1995 und 1996. Mitteilungen der Deutschen
Orientgesellschaft 129:38-87.
Syria: Iron Age graves with bead necklaces and armlets of stone, bronze/copper, glass, etc. (pp. 64, 66,
fig. 13). Early Bronze Age grave with one rock crystal and three carnelian beads (p. 72f.).
Klimscha, Florian
2011 Long-Range Contacts in the Late Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant: Excavations at Tall
Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan and Tall al-Magass near Aqaba, Jordan. In Egypt and the Near East – The
Crossroads, edited by J. Mynárova, pp. 177-210. Charles University in Prague.
A sealed vessel containing thousands of beads was found at Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan (ca. 4th millennium
BC). Most of the beads were made of shell or stone but steatite beads were also present, as were imported
ostrich eggshell beads.
Kochavi, M.
1990 Aphek in Canaan: The Egyptian Governor’s Residence and its Finds. Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
Excavations yielded 224 beads, mostly faience discoid or annular of a type paralleled elsewhere in Late
Bronze Age Canaan (pp. xxiii, 43, 42).
Kohlmeyer, Kay and Eva Strommenger
1995 Die Ausgrabungen in Tal Bi’a 1994 und 1995. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft
127:43-55.
Syria: A hoard of more than 1,000 beads, mostly small vitreous (Fritte), and a few carnelian (p. 52, fig.
6).
Koutsoukou, Anthi, Kenneth W. Russell, Mohammad Najjar, and Ahmed Momani
1997 The Great Temple of Amman: The Excavations. The American Center of Oriental Research,
Occasional Paper 3.
A small number of Iron Age/Hellenistic and later glass, carnelian (?), and shell beads were reported.
Jordan.
Kozlowski, Stefan Karol
2002 Nemrik: An Aceramic Village in Northern Iraq. Warsaw University, Institute of Archaeology,
Œwiatowit Supplement Series, P: Prehistory and Middle Ages VIII.
A synthetic excavation report on one of the earliest settlements yet excavated in Iraq. The site was not
sieved as the intention was to excavate practically the whole village. A small number of simple shell,
stone, and clay beads were recovered, particularly from graves (pp. 84-85, pls. CLIV-CLVII).
Krèmáøová, Anna
2014 The Jewellery of The Lydian Treasure. Master’s thesis. Department of Classical Archeology,
Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Attributed to the 6th century BC, the collection of precious and finely crafted jewelry known as the
Lydian Treasure contains a number of necklaces composed of gold and stone beads. Turkey.
Kroeper, Karla and D. Wildung
1985 Minshat Abu Omar: Münchner Ostdelta Expedition, Vorbericht 1978-1984. Schriften aus der
Ägyptischen Sammlung 3.
Beads from Pre- and Protodynastic graves near Cairo, Egypt (pp. 89f.).
Kröger, Jens
1995 Nishapur: Glass of the Early Islamic Period. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Describes the 46 glass beads recovered from the splendid medieval city of Nishapur in northeastern Iran.
Ktalav, I. and O. Borowski
2010 Molluscs from Iron Age Tel Halif. Tel Aviv 37:31-39.
Most of the recovered marine shells were holed and/or polished, indicating their use as ornaments and
amulets, either as pendants or sewn onto fabric. Many were found in association with a textile-producing
workshop.
Kucharczyk, Renata
2011 Glass from Area F on Kom el-Dikka (Alexandria): Excavations 2008. Polish Archaeology in the
Mediterranean, Research 2008 20:56-69.
The site yielded a variety of glass beads as well as stone molds used for shaping drawn collared beads, all
attributed to the 4th-6th centuries AD. Egypt.
Küçükerman, Önder
1988 Glass Beads, Anatolian Glass Bead Making. The Final Traces of Three Millennia of Glass
Making in the Mediterranean Region. Turkish Touring and Automobile Association, Istanbul.
Some odd statements, such as glass beads not being vitreous, but good photographs of beads being made
in western Turkey.
Kuhn, Steven L., Mary C. Stiner, David S. Reese, and Erksin Güleç
2001 Ornaments of the Earliest Upper Paleolithic: New Insights from the Levant. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98(13):7641-7646.
Two sites located on the northern Levantine coast, Üçaðýzlý Cave (Turkey) and Ksar ‘Akil (Lebanon),
have yielded numerous marine shell beads in association with early Upper Paleolithic stone tools.
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates indicate ages between 39,000 and 41,000
radiocarbon years (roughly 41,000-43,000 calendar years) for the oldest ornament-bearing levels in
Üçaðýzlý Cave.
Kurzawska, Aldona, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, and Henk K. Mienis
2013 Scaphopod Shells in the Natufian Culture. In Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal
Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia, edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef and François R. Valla, pp.
611-621. International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 19.
Presents the first step of a project that intends to re-evaluate the role of scaphopod (tusk) shells in
prehistoric societies in the Levant.
Kutterer, Adelina U. and Roland De Beauclair
2008 FAY-NE15 – Another Neolithic Graveyard in the Central Region of the Sharjah Emirate?
Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 19(2):134-143.
The remains of three individuals uncovered at a substantial Neolithic graveyard of the 5th millennium BC
in the Central Region of the Sharjah Emirate, United Arab Emirates, were richly adorned with different
kinds of beads found in the head and neck areas.
Larson, Katherine A.
2018 Personal Adornment: Glass, Stone, Bone, and Shell. In Tel Anafa II, iii: Decorative Wall Plaster,
Objects of Personal Adornment and Glass Counters, Tools for Textile Manufacture and
Miscellaneous Bone, Terracotta and Stone Figurines, Pre-Persian Pottery, Attic Pottery, and
Medieval Pottery, edited by Andrea M. Berlin and Sharon C. Herbert, pp. 79-136. Kelsey
Museum Fieldwork Series.
Presents a detailed account of the various beads and pendants recovered from a site in Israel. The material
spans the period from the Bronze Age to the Arab Period. Materials include glass, stone, shell, and bone.
Lechevallier, M.
1994 Les éléments de parure et petits objets en pierre. In Le gisement de Hatoula en Judée occidentale,
Israël, edited by M. Lechevallier and A. Ronen, pp. 227- 232. Mémoires et Travaux du Centre de
Recherche Français de Jérusalem 8.
On a small collection of stone beads from a Late Natufian settlement at Hatoula, western Judea, Israel.
Leclère, François
2014 Catalogue of Objects from Tell Dafana in the British Museum. In Tell Dafana Reconsidered: The
Archaeology of an Egyptian Frontier Town, edited by François Leclère and Jeffrey Spencer, pp.
51-89. The British Museum, London.
Section 13 of the catalogue discusses the Jewellery which includes beads and pendants of gold, faience,
glass, and stone.
Lester, A.
1996 The Glass from Yoqne’am: The Early Islamic, Crusader, and Mamluk Periods. In Yoqne ‘am I:
The Late Periods, edited by A. Ben-Tor et al., pp. 202-217. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
The Institute of Archaeology, Qedem Reports 3.
Typological discussion with parallels; Early Islamic cylindrical crystal bead, Crusader glass and carnelian
beads, and Late Ottoman glass seed, disc, double-faceted, and painted imitations of marvered beads from
a burial (pp. 215-217). Israel.
Levy, Thomas E., Russell B. Adams, and Adolfo Muniz
2004 Archaeology and the Shasu Nomads: Recent Excavations in the Jabal Hamrat Fidan, Jordan. In
Le-David Maskil: A Birthday Tribute for David Noel Freedman, edited by W.H.C Propp and R.E.
Friedman, pp. 63-89. Eisenbrauns Books, Winona Lake, IN.
The most ubiquitous grave offerings found in the WFD 40 cemetery were beads strung in necklaces,
bracelets, and anklets. They were made from a wide variety of minerals as well as bone, coral, shell,
and, very occasionally, glass.
Lilyquist, Christine
1994 The Dilbat Hoard. Metropolitan Museum Journal 29:5-36.
Discusses a gold necklace which was part of a hoard found at Dilbat, Syria, and attributed to the 17th
century BC. Much comparative material.
Limmer, Abigail Susan
2007 The Social Functions and Ritual Significance of Jewelry in the Iron Age II Southern Levant.
Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Arizona.
This study reveals that jewelry communicated information about the wearer by its presence or absence,
serving as wealth storage and administrative device, displaying gender and status, and functioning as
amulets. The beads and pendants recovered from excavations at several sites in Israel are described in
Appendix B; the pendants in Appendix E.
Limper, Klaudia
1988 Uruk: Perlen, Ketten, Anhänger – Grabungen 1912-1985. Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka:
Endberichte 2.
Beads range from the Uruk period to the Sassanid. Table 1 provides basic data (shape, material, date).
Table 2 provides parallels from other sites. Well illustrated. Iraq.
Lion, B. and C. Michel
1997 Criquets et autres insectes à Mari. Mari: Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires 8:707-724.
Comments on insect-shaped beads referred to as rimmatum and zumbum in texts of the early 2nd
millennium BC, Syria.
Lischi, Silvia
2011 Le Perle di Sumhuram. M.A. thesis. Department of Archaeology, University of Pisa.
Towards a typology for necklace beads of shell, glass, stone, metal, and bone recovered at Sumhuram in
Oman. The site was occupied from the 3rd century BC until its permanent abandonment in the 5th
century AD.
2018 Macroscopic Analysis of the Bead Assemblage from the South Arabian Port of Sumhuram, Oman
(Seasons 2000-2013). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy; https://doi.org/10.1111/aae.12106.
Discusses the beads recovered from the city of Sumhuram (300 BC-AD 500), an important pre-Islamic
settlement in southern Oman.
Lischi, Silvia and Alexia Pavan
2012 Le perle di Sumhuram: appunti per una tipologiadi vaghi di collana dall’Arabia meridionale.
Egitto e Vicino Oriente XXXV:175-192.
A condensed version of Lischi (2011).
Lombardi, Alessandra, Vittoria Buffa, and Alexia Pavan
2008 Small Finds. In A Port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd C. BC – 5th C. AD).
Khor Rori Report 2, edited by Alessandra Avanzini, pp. 317-413. “L’Erma” di Bretschneider, Rome.
Presents detailed descriptions of the glass, stone, and shell beads recovered from Sumhuram in Oman.
Ludvik, Geoffrey E.
2018 Hard Stone Beads and Socio-Political Interaction in the Intermediate Bronze Age Southern
Levant, ca. 2500-2000 BCE. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of
Wisconsin-Madison.
Demonstrates that bead workshop traditions associated with different regions of the Near East and South
Asia could be identified in the corpus of the IBA Southern Levant. This was done by defining 21 groups
with discrete suites of similar stylistic, morphometric, technological, and mineralogical characteristics
among red-orange carnelian beads.
Ludvik, Geoffrey, J. Mark Kenoyer, Magda Pieni¹¿ek, and William Aylward
2015 New Perspectives on Stone Bead Technology at Bronze Age Troy. Anatolian Studies 65:1-18.
Eighteen carnelian and two rock-crystal beads from the site of Troy, Turkey, were studied to better
understand lapidary technology and trade during the 3rd-2nd millennium BC in this part of Anatolia.
Ludvik, G., M. Pieni¹¿ek, and M. Kenoyer
2014 Stone Bead-Making Technology and Beads from Hattusa: A Preliminary Report. In Die Arbeiten
in Boðazköy-Hattuša 2013, edited by A. Schachner, pp. 147-153. Archäologischer Anzeiger 1.
Discusses the beads found at Hattuša in central Turkey and their production technology. The beads were
formed from both soft stone, like serpentine and limestone, and also hard stone like lapis lazuli, rock
crystal, and agate, carnelian, and onyx.
Maher, L.A., T. Richter, and J.T. Stock
2012 The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-Term Behavioral Trends in the Levant. Evolutionary
Anthropology 21(2):69-81.
Traces the cultural and biological developments of the Epipaleolithic period leading up to the Natufian
and considers the long-term trajectory of culture change, social complexity, and village life in the Near
East. Beads enter into the discussion.
Maréchal, Claudine
1991 Éléments de parure de la fin du Natoufien. In The Natufian Culture in the Levant, edited by O.
Bar-Yosef and F. Valla, pp. 589-612. Prehistory Press, Ann Arbor.
On the ornaments of the Late Natufian culture, an Epipaleolithic culture that existed from 13,000 to 9,800
BC in the Eastern Mediterranean region.
Maréchal, Claudine and Hala Alarashi
2008 Les éléments de parure de Mureybet. In Le site néolithique de Tell Mureybet (Syrie du Nord),
Vol. II, edited by J.J. Ibañez, pp. 575-617. BAR International Series 1843.
Presents a thorough discussion of the beads of stone, shell, bone, and ivory from this site in northern
Syria which was occupied between 10,200 and 8,000 BC and is the eponymous type site for the
Mureybetian culture, a subdivision of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA).
Markowitz, Yvonne and Sheila Shear
2002 Ptahshepses Impy’s Beaded Broadcollar. Ornament 26(2):70-73.
Gives the archaeological context of the earliest surviving (6th Dynasty; 2675-2194 BC) broad collar and
details its construction, materials, and restoration. Ancient Egypt.
Matoïan, Valérie
2007 Matériaux vitreux découverts à Tell Ashara-Terqa (chantiers E et F, quinzième campagne). I -
Les objets en « faïence », en « bleu égyptien » et en verre du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. In Akh
Purattim 2, edited by Jean-Claude Margueron, Olivier Rouault, and Pierre Lombard, pp. 187-197.
Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon.
Discusses the beads of glass and Egyptian blue recovered from two building sites in eastern Syria.
Matthews, Roger J.
1989 Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, 1988. Iraq 51:225-248.
A grave yielded over 100 beads of various materials, including a green stone axe-shaped bead and
carnelian which help to date it to Early Dynastic I (p. 246 and fig. 10).
Matthews, Roger J., W. Matthews, and H. McDonald
1994 Excavations at Tell Brak, 1994. Iraq 56:177-194.
Gold leaf, diamond-shaped beads, a lapis lazuli date-cluster bead, and 11 carnelian beads form part of a
hoard dating probably to the middle of the Akkadian period (pp. 185-186, fig. 8).
Mattingly, David, Marta Lahr, and Andrew Wilson
2009 DMP V: Investigations in 2009 of Cemeteries and Related Sites on the West Side of the Taqallit
Promontory. Libyan Studies 40:95-131.
Garamantian burials uncovered at the Taqallit headland in Libya were found in association with
numerous beads of carnelian, amazonite, garnet, ostrich eggshell, coral, faience and glass. Strings of
beads were found in situ on the bodies, permitting an accurate reconstruction of the composition of
each necklace or belt, and the order and combination of beads used.
McDermott, LeRoy
2001 Artemis Ephesia: Multimammae or Cervid Teeth Canines. Ornament 25(2):58-61.
Deer tooth pendants and beads used from the Upper Paleolithic onwards may have symbolic meaning
because of the resemblance to breast shape. Do they explain the “multiple breasts” or “necklaces” of
Artemis?
McDonald, Helen
1997 The Beads. In Excavations at Tell Brak. Volume I: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, by
D. Oates, J. Oates, and H. McDonald, pp. 101-103. The British School of Archaeology in Iraq
and the McDonald Institute, Cambridge.
An important final publication of mainly mid-2nd-millennium material, specifically plain and decorated
glass (fig. 223), frit/faience, including red frit (figs. 224-225), stone (fig. 226), clay, bone, and shell (figs.
236, 239) beads, mostly from the reception room of a small palatial building in northeastern Syria.
McGovern, Patrick E.
1986 The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Central Transjordan: The Baq’ah Valley Project, 1977-
1981. University of Pennsylvania, University Museum Monograph 65.
Dozens of beads cataloged and classified according to Beck’s system. Includes a section on silicate
technology and analytical techniques. Jordan.
1990 The Ultimate Attire: Jewelry from a Canaanite Temple at Beth Shan. Expedition 32(1):16-23.
The 13th-century levels yielded the largest collection of glass and faience jewelry so far found in Late
Bronze Age Palestine – more than 1,500 beads and 300 pendants which perhaps adorned a cult statue.
McGovern, P.E., S.J. Fleming, and C.P. Swann
1991 The Beads from Tomb B 10a B27 at Dinkha Tepe and the Beginnings of Glassmaking in the
Ancient Near East. American Journal of Archaeology 95:395-402.
Important article on the typology, manufacture, and composition of some 140 beads from a 17th-16th-
centuries tomb in northwestern Iran. The 58 glass and frit beads form one of the earliest sizeable groups
of these materials yet found. Made locally?
McMahon, Augusta
2009 Once there was a Place: Settlement Archaeology at Chagar Bazar, 1999-2002. British Institute
for the Study of Iraq, London.
Describes the beads and pendants excavated at a northern Mesopotamian site in Iraq. The primary focus is
the early 2nd millennium BC (Old Babylonian Period). Materials include faience, shell, stone, and clay.
McMahon, Augusta (ed.)
2006 Nippur V: The Early Dynastic to Akkadian Transition, The Area WF Sounding at Nippur. The
University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications 129.
Descriptions of the beads recovered from this major site in Iraq are scattered throughout the book.
Melandri, Ingrid
2012 A New Reconstruction of the Anklets of Princess Khnumit. Vicino Oriente XVI:41-53.
Dating to the XII Dynasty, the anklets are composed of lapis lazuli, carnelian, and turquoise beads with
gold spacers and claw-shaped pendants inlaid with semi-precious stones.
Mellink, Machteld
1990 Archaeology in Anatolia. American Journal of Archaeology 94:125-151.
Mentions beads from various sites and periods (pp. 131-139). Turkey.
Merpert, N. Ya. and R.M. Munchaev
1987 The Earliest Levels at Yarim Tepe I and Yarim Tepe II in Northern Iraq. Iraq XLIX:1-36.
Beads in bone, shell, and many kinds of decorative stone, including the most striking necklace yet known
from a Hassuna (6th millennium) site.
Mershen, B.
1989 Amulets and Jewelry from Jordan – A Study on the Function and Meaning of Recent Bead
Necklaces. Tribus 38:43-58.
Méry, Sophie, V. Charpentier, G. Auxiette, and E. Pelle
2009 A Dugong Bone Mound: The Neolithic Ritual Site on Akab in Umm al-Quwain, United Arab
Emirates. Antiquity 83:696-708.
A structured platform of dugong bones had dispersed within it a number of ornaments. Beads made from
shells (Spondylus sp., P. margaritifera, Strombus decorus persicus, Ancila sp., etc.) are present, but the
most frequent are the tubular beads with angled distal double perforation, of a type which is very rare in
other Neolithic sites of the Gulf. Some of these beads are in soft stone (steatite or chlorite).
Messika, N.
1996 Persian-Period Tombs and Graves near Tell es-Sumeiriya (Lohame Hageta’ot). ‘Atiqot 29.
Cowrie shell and other beads from an extensive cemetery in Israel, 5th-4th centuries BC. In Hebrew with
English summary.
Meyer, Carol
1992 Glass from Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade. Studies in Ancient Oriental
Civilization 53.
Briefly describes and illustrates the Mamluk period (13th-14th centuries) glass beads of wound and drawn
construction excavated at a trading site on the east coast of Egypt.
Mienis, Henk K.
2004 Shell Beads Made from Opercula of Land Snails Belonging to the Family Pomatiidae. The
Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 6:3-4.
Discusses shell beads made from the opercula of the land snail Pomatias olivieri that have been found at a
Neolithic site (9500-6000 BP) in Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel, as well as at the Late Roman-
Byzantine site (about 300-600 C.E.) of Horvat Raqit, in the same mountain range.
2012 Shells from an Excavation at Ma’ale Shaharut, Uvda Valley Area, Israel. The
Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 22:9-10.
Bronze Age burials were accompanied by perforated marine shells of various species.
2013 Shell Beads Made of Cone Shells from an Early Bronze I Tomb at the Azor-Holon Cemetery,
Israel. The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 22:7.
2015 A Second Look at the Shell Beads from the Excavations at Tel Michal South of Herzliyya, Israel.
Archaeo + Malacology Group Newsletter 25:6-8.
Corrects the identifications of some of the shell species as published by Kertesz (1989).
Milevski, Ianir Isaac
2005 Local Exchange in Early Bronze Age Canaan. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Archaeology and Near
Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University.
Deals with localized exchange within the southern Levant. Items dealt with include beads and pendants of
shell, ivory, and stone, particularly, carnelian. Israel.
Miroschedji, P. de
1987 Fouilles du chantier Ville Royale II à Suse (1975-1977). II: Niveaux d’epoques achéménide,
parthe et islamique. Cahiers de la Délégation Archaeology Franç. en Iran 15:11-143.
Handsome necklace from an Acaemenid burial in Iran with granulated beads discussed in some detail (pp.
31f., fig. 6, Pl. IV:4). Other beads passim.
Mitchell, Stephen
1999 Archaeology in Asia Minor 1990-98. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies,
Archaeological Reports 45:125-191.
Buldan, Late Roman, and Byzantine tombs with beads (p. 146); 500+ amber beads were found at the
Ephesian Artemision, including many in teardrop shape from large necklaces which perhaps adorned the
ancient wooden cult statue and may be the predecessors of the famous “eggs” of the later cult image (p.
150). Turkey.
Mizrachi, Yonathan, Mattanyah Zohar, Moshe Kochavi, Vincent Murphy, and Simcha Lev-Yadun
1996 The 1988-1991 Excavations at Rogem Hiri, Golan Heights. Israel Exploration Journal 46(3-
4):167-195.
Roughly spherical and ovoid carnelian, wood, and unidentified-material beads from a Late Bronze Age
tomb (pp. 184-185, fig. 15), compared to beads from Tell el Ajjul and Qadesh.
Molist, M., I. Montero-Ruiz, X. Clop, S. Rovira, E. Guerrero, and J. Anfruns
2009 New Metallurgic Findings from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic: Tell Halula (Euphrates Valley, Syria).
Paléorient 35(2):33-48.
Numerous burials were accompanied by beads and pendants of shell, stone, bone, and copper. A detailed
compositional analysis is presented of the copper specimens.
Moon, Jane
2005 Tools, Weapons, Utensils and Ornaments. In The Early Dilmun Settlement at Saar, edited by
Robert Killick and Jane Moon, pp. 163-233. London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition, Saar
Excavation Report 3.
Excavation of this settlement (early 2nd millennium BC) in Bahrain produced beads of shell (pp. 176-
180) and carnelian, chlorite, and clay (pp. 181-187). All are believed to have been locally made.
Woolley’s Ur bead typology was employed for descriptions of shape.
Moorey, P.R.S.
1985 Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Evidence of Archaeology and Art –
Metals and Metalwork, Glazed Materials and Glass. British Archaeological Reports,
International Series 237.
This is the first systematic attempt to survey in detail the archaeological evidence for the crafts and
craftsmanship of the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians in Ancient Mesopotamia, covering the
period ca. 8000-300 BC. Bead and pendant materials include faience, glass, metal, stone, and shell.
1994 Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns,
Winona Lake, IN.
A reprint of Moorey (1985).
Morrison, H.M.
1991 The Beads and Seals of Shabwa. Syria 68:379-392.
A detailed study of the 177 beads excavated at the ancient capital of Hadramaut, Yemen, mainly from
tombs of the 1st and 4th centuries AD: 54% glass, plus stone (50% carnelian), copper, gold, frit, ceramic,
ostrich eggshell, Conus, mother-of-pearl, mollusc, and bone.
Al-Mughannum, A.S. and J. Warwick
1986 Excavations of the Dhahran Burial Mounds, Atlal. The Journal of Saudi Arabian Archaeology
10:9-27.
Beads in a great variety of shapes and materials, mid-2nd millennium (pp. 20f., pls. 27f.); Saudi Arabia.
Mukherjee, Anna J., Elisa Roßberger, Matthew A. James, Peter Pfälzner, Catherine L. Higgitt,
Raymond White, David A. Peggie, Dany Azar, and Richard P. Evershed
2008 The Qatna Lion: Scientific Confirmation of Baltic Amber in Late Bronze Age Syria. Antiquity
82:49-59.
Analyses reveal the Baltic origin of about 90 amber beads and a small container carved in the shape of a
lion’s head, luxury gifts in a royal tomb dated not later than 1340 BC. Few Bronze Age sites in Syria have
amber; Qatna now has by far the most. The lion head container was locally carved; some beads were
probably also cut locally. Analytical techniques and cultural background are expounded in detail.
Müller, H.W. and E. Thiem
1999 The Royal Gold of Ancient Egypt. I.B. Tauris, London.
Many beads, not only on necklaces but as elements of other ornaments. Large color photographs.
Müller-Karpe, H.
1986 Ein Frauengrab in Assur. Antike Welt 17(3):40-49.
Hundreds of beads of gold and fine stones from a woman’s grave (fig. 4) in Iraq.
Munchaev, R.M. and N.Y. Merpert
2001 Northern Mesopotamia: Findings of the Russian Expedition. Archaeology, Ethnology and
Anthropology of Eurasia 2(6):82-96.
Illustrates some of the rich necklaces recovered from burials from the second half of the 3rd millennium
BC at Tell Hazan I in Iraq. Materials include stone, shell, and paste.
Muss, Ulrike
2008 Amber from the Artemision at Ephesus in the Museums of Ýstanbul and Selçuk/Ephesus. In 25.
Araºtirma sonuçlari toplantisi 3. cilt, 28 mayis - 1 haziran 2007, kocaeli, edited by Fahriye
Bayram, Adil Özme, and Birnur Koral, pp. 13-26. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlýðý, Ankara.
Much of the material discussed is in the form of beads and pendants from a late Geometric – early
Archaic context. Turkey.
Al-Nahar, Maysoon
2014 ‘Ain Ghazal and Wadi Shueib: Neolithic Personal Ornaments. In Settlement, Survey, and Stone:
Essays on Near Eastern Prehistory in Honor of Gary Rollefson, edited by Bill Finlayson and
Cheryl Makarewaicz, pp. 243-256. ex oriente, Berlin.
Discusses the beads of stone, shell, amber, bone, and animal teeth found at two sites in Jordan.
Al-Najafi, Hazim Muhammad
1996 Discovering a Part of the City of Meturnat in Tell es-Sib. Sumer, supplement to vol. 45 (1987-
1988), pp. 22-39.
Assyrian site in the Hamrin Basin region of Iraq containing several graves with various beads summarily
reported (pp. 36-37).
Nakai, Izumi, K. Tantrakarn, N. Kato, N. Kawai, A. Nishisaka and S. Yoshimura
2009 XRF Analysis of 16th Century BC Transparent Glass Beads Excavated from a Hillside in
Northwest Saqqara, Egypt. In Annales du 17e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour
l’Histoire du Verre, Antwerp, Belgium, edited by Koen Janssens, pp. 27-31.
Transparent glass is rare in Egypt prior to Ptolemaic times. Consequently, the Saqqara beads (which are
attributed to the late Second Intermediate Period or the early 18th Dynasty) may be among the earliest
glass objects found in Egypt.
Nayeem, M.A.
1998 Qatar: Prehistory and Protohistory from the Most Ancient Times (ca. 1,000,000 to End of B.C.
Era). Prehistory and the Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula 5.
Color plates and a summary description based on published reports of beads from al Da’sa, Ras Abaruk,
al Khor, and al Wusail (pp. 211-217).
Needler, Winifred
1984 Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, N.Y. The Brooklyn Museum.
Catalogue raisonné of beads from Henri de Morgan’s excavations of 1906-1908, including some items
previously unpublished (pp. 308-313).
Negahban, Ezat O.
1991 Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran. University of Pennsylvania, University Museum Monograph 70.
“Several necklaces” found near a possible workshop area at an Elamite site, ca. 1505-1350 BC, include
beads of various shapes made of red carnelian and other stones, frit, and Egyptian blue. One bead is
shaped like a fly; another like a squirrel-like animal (p. 113, pl. 56).
1996 Marlik: The Complete Excavation Report, Volume 1. University of Pennsylvania, University
Museum Monograph 87.
Chapter 7 is devoted to Jewelry and Ornaments, and provides a detailed catalog of the various necklaces
composed of beads and pendants of gold, carnelian, agate, gypsum, transparent stone, frit, glass, fired
clay, shell, bone, and “a black substance.” The site is in northern Iran and dates ca. 3000 BP.
Nigro, Lorenzo
2012 An EB IIIB (2500-2300 BC) Gemstones Necklace from the Palace of the Copper Axes at Khirbet
al-Batrawy, Jordan. Vicino Oriente XVI:227-244.
Discusses the restoration of a four-strand necklace composed of beads of carnelian, rock crystal, olivine,
frit, bone, shell, copper, and amethyst. The study of the materials has made it possible to determine the
supply routes which brought them to the site from the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea regions.
Northedge, A., A. Bamber, and M. Roaf
1988 Excavations at Ána Qal’a Island. British School of Archaeology in Iraq and Directorate of
Antiquities, Archaeology Reports 1.
A few beads, 9th-8th centuries BC and Islamic (pp. 132-134, fig. 57).
Novák, M. and A. Oettel
1998 Ein parthisch-römischer Friedhofin Tall-Séh Hamad Ost-Syrien. Antike Welt 29(4):325-337.
A Parthian-Roman site in Syria produced two glass face beads (p. 332). One face bead (fig. 14) and a
necklace apparently of carnelian, glass, and faience (fig. 21) are illustrated in color.
Oates, David, Joan Oates, and Helen McDonald
2001 Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium B.C. British School of
Archaeology in Iraq/McDonald Institute Monographs.
A wide variety of beads was recovered from the site of ancient Nagar in Iraq. Materials include gold,
silver, stone (carnelian, lapis, rock crystal), faience, frit, and shell.
Ogden, Jack
1990 Gold Jewellery in Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine Egypt. Ph.D. thesis. Universtity of Durham,
Department of Oriental Studies.
Contains an extensive section on necklaces and pendants.
1995 The Gold Jewellery. In Excavations at Tawilan in Southern Jordan, by Crystal-M. Bennett and
Piotr Bienkowski, pp. 69-78. Oxford University Press.
A hoard of gold jewelry dating to the 10th century BC includes several granulated gold beads. Results of
the analysis of the gold are also provided.
Oguchi, Kazumi
1998 Beads from Area A of ‘Usiyeh. Al-Rafidan: Journal of Western Asiatic Studies XIX:75-111.
Detailed typological study with tables and illustrations of over 450 beads found in an early-2nd-
millennium-BC (Isin-Larsa) structure at a site on the middle Euphrates in Iraq. Carnelian predominates.
Other materials include agate, crystal, amethyst, frit/faience, limestone, alabaster/marble, lapis, hematite,
amber, turquoise, green stone, ceramic, and bone. Shell and metal beads are considered separately.
2000 Bone, Ivory, Gypsum and Metal Objects from Area A of “Usiyeh.” Al-Rafidan: Journal of
Western Asiatic Studies XXI:85-102.
Euphrates Dam rescue site, mostly Isin-Larsa or Old Babylon. Brief mention of bronze and gold beads,
including a gold bead of five balls joined to create a segmented bead effect (p. 87, figs. 2, 8a). Iraq.
O’Hea, Margaret
2002 The Glass and Personal Adornment. In Jebel Khalid on the Euphrates: Report on Excavations
1986-1996. Vol. One, edited by Graeme W. Clarke et al., pp. 245-273. Mediterranean
Archaeology Supplement 5.
Discusses the beads and pendants recovered from Late Hellenistic contexts at a site in northern Syria.
Materials include glass, faience, stone, bone, and teeth.
Ohnuma, Katsuhiko and Hirotoshi Numoto
2001 Excavation at Tell Taban, Hassake, Syria (3): Report of the 1999 Season of Work. Al-Rafidan:
Journal of Western Asiatic Studies XXII:1-63
A Late Assyrian adult burial was accompanied by a bronze ring and a necklace of (reused?) discoid and
spherical carnelian beads, discoid faience beads, 8 pierced Engina mendicaria shells, and several crystal
(?) beads (p. 3, pl. 49a).
Omura, Sachihiro
1996 1994 Yýlý Kaman Kalehöyük Kazilar. Kazý Sonuçlarý Toplantýsý XVII:189-207. Turkish Ministry
of Culture, Ankara.
Annual report on archaeological activity in Turkey. Mentions beads of several shapes (pp. 196-197, fig. 8
nos. 8-12). Hittite, period of the Assyrian trading colonies.
Overlaet, B.
2003 Luristan Excavation Documents IV: The Early Iron Age in the Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan. Acta
Iranica 40.
Several sites in Pusht-i Kuh, Iran, yielded shell beads.
Özdoðan, Eylem
2016 Neolithic Beads of Anatolia: An Overview. In Anatolian Metal VII: Anatolien und seine
Nachbarn vor 10.000 Jahren / Anatolia and Neighbours 10.000 Years Ago, edited by Ünsal
Yalçýn, pp. 135-151. Der Anschnitt 31.
The author believes that more meaningful conclusions will be reached concerning Anatolian beads if they
are evaluated on the basis of settlements or by focusing on aspects such as individual raw materials,
technology, shape, or distribution.
Özdo�an, M. and H. Parzinger
2000 Aºagi Pýnar and Kanligeçit Excavations – Some New Evidence on Early Metallurgy from Eastern
Thrace. In Anatolian Metal I, edited by Ünsal Yalçýn, pp 83-91. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum,
Anschnitt-Beiheft 13.
The first-named site is Early Neolithic and was manufacturing beads of Spondylus shell and malachite
before copper began to be exploited. This is the first malachite workshop known in the region, an
interesting industry in the archaeologically little-explored region which bridges Europe and the Middle
East. Turkey.
Ozgen, I. and J. Oztürk
1996 Heritage Recovered: The Lydian Treasure. Uður Okman, Istanbul.
Beads reportedly from Lydian tombs at Usak, Turkey: cylindrical and barrel beads of carnelian and
banded onyx strung with triangular carnelian and onyx pendants with flat rectangular carnelian spacers;
gold granulated beads, tapered reddish-brown stone and lapis lazuli (mistaken for blue glass) beads set as
acorn pendants; and a banded agate bead with twisted gold suspension loop, paralleled at Sardis.
Özgüc, Tahsin and Raci Temizer
1993 The Eskiyapar Treasure. In Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and its Neighbours –
Studies in Honor of Nimet Özgüc, edited by Machteld S. Mellink, Edith Porada, and Tahsin
Özgüç, pp. 613-628. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, Ankara.
Discusses two treasures hidden in pots under the house floor by their Early Bronze Age owner. The beads
are mostly gold and silver with some carnelian and rock crystal; also some quadruple spiral beads.
Parallels with other Anatolian sites suggest trade. Turkey.
Panini, Augusto
2007 Middle Eastern and Venetian Glass Beads: Eighth to Twentieth Centuries. Rizzoli International
Publications, New York.
Showcases selected specimens of glass beads acquired in West Africa, primarily Mali. The beads –
illustrated in over 700 color images – are divided into two groups based on their likely place of origin:
Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, and Venice. See Karklins (2008) for a review.
Papadopoulou, Vassiliki
2017 Shell Ornaments and their Distribution in Northwestern Anatolia during Late Neolithic and Early
Chalcolithic Periods (Mid-7th to Mid-6th Millennia B.C.): The Case of the Settlements of
Aktopraklik Höyük and Barcin Höyük. M.A. thesis. International Hellenic University,
Thessaloniki, Greece.
Discusses the shell beads and pendants found at two sites in western Turkey, including manufacturing
techniques and trade networks.
Parker, Bradley J., Catherine P. Foster, Jennifer Henecke, Marie Hopwood, Dave Hopwood,
Andrew Creekmore, Arzu Demirergi, and Melissa Eppihimer
2008 The Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) and the Curtiss T. and Mary G.
Brennan Foundation: A Preliminary Report from the 2005 and 2006 Field Seasons at Kenan
Tepe. Anatolica 34:103-176.
A site in southeastern Turkey yielded a small ceramic pot filled with metal coils and beads of shell, rock
crystal, and bone. The find is attributed to the Middle Bronze Age.
Patch, Diana Craig
2005 Jewelry in the Early Eighteenth Dynasty. In Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh, edited by
Catharine H. Roehrig, pp. 191-215. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Many of the adornments discussed (such as necklaces, broad collars, bracelets, and amulets) incorporate
beads of various materials. Ancient Egypt.
Payne, Joan C.
1993 Catalogue of the Predynastic Egyptian Collection in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Clarendon
Press, Oxford.
Good descriptions of beads in many materials, including organic, threaded on linen and hair (pp. 203-
217). Glazed carnelian is a surprise, as is the rarity of faience. Ancient Egypt.
Paz, Sarit
2014 The Beads. In The Bronze Age Cemetery at )Ara, edited by Yuval Gadot, pp. 227-235. The
Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Salvage Excavation Reports 8.
Discusses the beads recovered from several burial caves near Tell )Ara, Israel, that date to the Middle and
Late Bronze Age.
Peck, William
1983 A Sewert Bead from Mendes. Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities
XIII(2):73-74.
On the use of single biconical carnelian beads as amulets in ancient Egypt.
Pellegrino, Maria Paola, Michele Degli Esposti, Marilisa Buta, Enrica Tagliamonte, and Salah Ali
Hassan
2019 Grave-Goods from the Long Chamber Tomb “Dibba 76/1” (Fujairah, UAE): A First Inventory.
Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 2019:1-43.
Beads dominate the ornament group and were made of faience, clay, shell, gold, and various types of
stone. The site was occupied from the end of the Wadi Suq period (2000-1600 BC) to the first phases of
the late pre-Islamic period (250 BC-AD 400).
Peltenburg, E.J.
1995 Rescue Excavations at Jerablus-Tahtani, Syria, 1995. Orient Express 3:70-72.
Gold, silver, rock crystal, carnelian, shell, and vitreous-material beads from Early Bronze Age tombs.
Peltenburg, Edgar J., Stuart Campbell, Stephen Carter, Fiona M.K. Stephen, and Richard Tipping
1996 Jerablus-Tahtani, Syria, 1996: Preliminary Report. Levant 29:1-18.
Finds include a necklace of disc, barrel, biconical, and globular beads made of faience and an unidentified
black material found in a late-3rd-millennium tomb.
Peyronel, Luca
2015 A Long-Barrel Carnelian Bead from Ebla. A New Evidence for Long-Distance Contacts between
the Indus Valley and the Near East. Studia Eblaitica 1:217-220.
Detailed discussion of a bead from an Early Bronze Age site in northern Syria likely imported from India.
Pfalzner, P.
2006 Syria’s Royal Tombs Uncovered. Current World Archaeology 15:13-21.
The Middle Bronze Age tomb at Qatna contained bodies that had been interred fully dressed, with
hundreds of gold and glass beads. The funerary rituals have been analyzed in detail, since the tombs were
unlooted.
Pic, M.
1997 Le matériel de Tell Ashara-Terqa au musée du Louvre. Mari: Annales de Recherches
Interdisciplinaires 8:159-178.
Shell rings and pendants were found in a tomb of the mid-3rd millennium BC excavated in Syria in 1923.
Assorted other beads from other contexts are also cataloged.
Pieni¹¿ek, Magda
2011 Troianischer Schmuck im Kontext. Ein Vorbericht zu den Schmuckfunden des 2. Jahrtausends v.
Chr. Studia Troica 19:205-218.
Discusses selected examples of jewelry from Troy VI and VII (18th-11th cent. BC), Turkey. Beads
include those of faience, carnelian, rock crystal, and glass.
2012 Luxury and Prestige on the Edge of the Mediterranean World: Jewellery from Troia and the
Northern Aegean in the 2nd Millennium B.C. and its Context. In Kosmos: Jewellery, Adornment
and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 13th International Aegean Conference,
University of Copenhagen, Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Textile Research,
21-26 April 2010, edited by Marie-Louise Nosch and Robert Laffineur, pp. 501-508. Peeters,
Leuven - Liege.
Discusses the body and dress ornaments (beads included) from the Northern Aegean: their socio-political
context, repertoire, meaning, and function, based on selected examples. Turkey.
2015 At the Crossroads: Dress and Body Ornaments in the Northeastern Aegean. In Nostoi: Indigenous
Culture, Migration + Integration in the Aegean Islands + Western Anatolia during the Late
Bronze + Early Iron Ages, edited by Nicholas Chr. Stampolidis, Çiðdem Maner, and
Konstantinos Kopanias, pp. 871-888. Koç University Press, Istanbul.
Discusses the cross-cultural connections in the northern Aegean area in the Late Bronze Age, as seen
through the prism of personal jewelry (including beads of various materials). Special attention is given to
the eastern part of this area, in particular two sites: Troy and Beºik-Tepe, Turkey.
Pieni¹¿ek, Magda and Ekin Kozal
2014 West Anatolian Beads and Pins in the 2nd Millennium BC: Some Remarks on Function and
Distribution in Comparison with Neighboring Regions. In Beyond Ornamentation: Jewelry as an
Aspect of Material Culture in the Ancient Near East, edited by Amir Golani and Zuzanna
Wygnañska, pp. 187-208. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 23(2).
Middle and Late Bronze Age sites in Turkey and Greece have yielded a great number of dress and body
ornaments made of glass, faience, frit, stone, semiprecious stone, metal, ivory, shell, and clay. This article
discusses selected aspects related to the meaning and origin of the ornaments, their local production, and
role in interregional trade networks and fashions between the Aegean and Mesopotamia.
Piller, Christian Konrad and Ali Mahfroozi
2009 First Preliminary Report on the Joint Iranian-German Excavations at Gohar Tappe, Mâzandarân,
Iran. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 41:1-33.
Describes the beads and pendants recovered from Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age contexts at the site.
The principal materials are frit and glass, but metal, stone, shell, bone, and jet ornaments are also present.
Pinch, Geraldine
1993 Votive Offerings to Hathor. Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
A whole chapter on beads (including an unique reed-packet type) describing how various kinds were
strung and used in ancient Egypt.
2001 Red Things: The Symbolism of Colour in Magic. In Colour and Painting in Ancient Egypt, edited
by W.V. Davies, pp. 182-185. British Museum, London.
Not only red; see p. 183 for remarks on the blue and green colors of many beads.
Pinder-Wilson, R. H. and G.T. Scanlon
1987 Glass Finds from Fustat: 1972-1980. Journal of Glass Studies 29:60-71.
Seven barrel-shaped beads decorated with opaque colored threads, ca. AD 900, from excavations at Fustat
(Old Cairo), Egypt.
Pinnock, Frances
1992 Una tipologia di perle dal Palazzo Reale G di Ebla protosiriana. Orient Express 1:15-17.
Levels dated 2350-2300 BC yielded 1,045 beads of 14 types, all similar to those from neighboring
regions except for one group, which perhaps were part of priestesses’ insignia. Syria.
Piperno, Marcello
1979 Socio-Economic Implications from the Graveyard of Shahr-i-Sokhta. In South Asian Archaeology
1977, edited by M. Taddei, Vol. 1:123-139. Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario di Studi
Asiatici, Series Minor VI.
Beads are used as one of the indicators of relative wealth and social position in a cemetery of the third
millennium BC in Iran.
Pisan, Alessandra, Paolo Biagi, and Giorgio Gasparotto
2013 The Stone and Shell Beads of the Shell-Midden Settlement of RH-5 (Muscat, Sultanate of Oman).
In Man and Environment in the Arab World in Light of Archaeological Discoveries, Vol. 1, edited
by A.R. Al-Anshery, K.I. Al-Muaikel, and A.M. Alsharek, pp. 73-84. Al-Sudayri Foundation,
Riyadh.
Some 374 beads of stone and marine shell were recovered. This paper discusses the chronology,
typology, raw materials, manufacturing techniques, and circulation along the southern coast of the
Arabian sea during the 5th millennium BP.
Platt, Elizabeth E.
2005 Jewelry in the Levant. In Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader, edited by Suzanne Richard, pp.
197-204. Eisenbrauns, Warsaw, IN.
Presents a good overview of the ornaments (beads included) utilized in the Levant region from the stone
age to the Arab period.
Politis, Konstantinos D.
1995 Excavations and Restorations at Dayr ‘Ayn ‘Abata 1994. Annual of the Department of Antiquities
of Jordan 39:477-491.
Selected beads recovered from Middle Bronze Age cairn tombs are illustrated.
2012 Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in Jordan: Excavations 1988-2003. Jordan Distribution
Agency, Amman, Jordan.
Discusses the beads recovered from Early Bronze Age I, Middle Bronze Age IIA/B, and later contexts.
Pollock, Susan
1987 Abu Salabikh, the Uruk Mound 1985-86. Iraq XLIX:121-141.
A few beads are mentioned, mostly shell (pierced univalves) but also one of lapis lazuli (p. 140).
1991 Of Priestesses, Princes and Poor Relations: The Dead in the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 1(2):171-189.
Discusses the social and religious significance of the graves which produced famous assemblages of
beads. Iraq.
Porat, L.
1997 Quarry and Burial Caves at H. Kenes (Karmiel). ‘Atiqot 33:81-88.
Five faience beads from a mid-4th-century burial cave in Israel are illustrated on p. 84.
Porter, A.
1995 Tell Banat – Tomb I. Damaszener Mitteilungen 8:1-50.
A mid-3rd-millennium grave in Syria contained over 100 frit, shell, stone, and bone beads, including nine
mold-made frit beads representing stylized human faces (p. 9, figs. 9-10).
Postgate, J.N.
1983 Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1983. Iraq XLVI(2):95-113.
Early Dynastic grave with lapis lazuli, carnelian, and frit beads, and a triple spacer (p. 97).
Potts, D.T.
1989 Miscellanea Hsaitica. Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, Publications 9.
A hoard of jewelry from eastern Saudi Arabia includes gold granulated and stone beads, Hellenistic, ca.
200 BC (?) (pp. 56-67). Agate, carnelian, and frit/faience beads (pp. 67-69, fig. 104).
2000 Arabian Time Capsule. Archaeology 53(5):44-48.
Early Bronze Age site Tell Abraq in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in a land known to Sumerians as
Magan, has yielded hundreds of beads of agate, carnelian, paste, steatite, shell, bone, and gold. The few
illustrated promise interesting information in the eventual full report. Tin trade linked the site with
Bactria, Iran, Elam, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley.
2003 The mukamb and his Beads: Karib’il Watar’s Assyrian Diplomacy in the Early 7th Century B.C.
Isimu 6:197-206.
Discusses some of the less well-known evidence attesting to the existence of diplomatic links
between South Arabia and Assyria in the 7th century BC. Inscribed beads enter into the equation.
Potts, D.T., L. Weeks, P. Magee, E. Thompson, and P. Smart
1996 Husn Awhala: A Late Prehistoric Settlement in Southern Fujairah. Arabian Archaeology and
Epigraphy 7(2):214-239.
A perforated cowrie shell (Cypraea clandestina) came from a small Iron II site overlooking the Batinah
coastal plain, UAE.
Prévalet, Romain
2009 Preliminary Observation on Three Late Bronze Age Gold Items from Ras Shamra-Ugarit (Syria).
ArchéoSciences 33:129-133.
Describes the technical characteristics of the filigree and granulation of two gold beads, as well as the
joining processes that were employed by the craftsmen of a famous Levantine kingdom at the end of the
2nd millennium BC.
2013 La décoration des pièces d’orfèvrerie-bijouterie en Méditerranée orientale à l’âge du Bronze:
techniques, productions, transmissions. Ph.D. dissertation. Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
A detailed study of the technology and production of gold ornaments, including beads and pendants, in
the Eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age and the transmission of the techniques.
2014 Bronze Age Syrian Gold Jewellery – Technological Innovation. In Metalle der Macht – Frühes
Gold und Silber / Metals of Power – Early Gold and Silver, edited by Harald Meller, Roberto
Risch und Ernst Pernicka, pp. 423-433. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle
11(1).
Presents an overview of the manufacture of gold jewely in Syria during the Bronze Age, beads included.
2014 Étude technique d’une perle en or de Tell Banat (Syrie) et réflexion sur la diffusion des savoirs au
IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. Syria 91:247-260.
Reconstructs the technical processes employed in the 3rd millennium BC to produce a gold bead
decorated with filigree and granulation at Tell Banat, Syria.
Pritchard, James B.
1985 Tell es-Sa’idiyeh: Excavations on the Tell, 1964-1966. University of Pennsylvania, University
Museum Monograph 60.
Frit beads from houses of the 9th or 8th century BC (pp. 6, 9, fig. 5), Jordan.
Pulak, C.
1988 The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign. American Journal of
Archaeology 92:1-37.
More amber, stone, and faience beads (pp. 24-25).
2002 The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond. In Italy
and Cyprus in Antiquity 1500-450 BC. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the
Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University, November 16-18,
2000, edited by L. Bonfante and V. Karageorghis, pp. 13-60. The Costakis and Leto Severis
Foundation, Nicosia.
This Late Bronze Age shipwreck off the coast of Turkey is dated to the late 14th century BC. Various
glass beads were found on board (pp. 25-30, 43f.).
2005 Who Were the Mycenaeans Aboard the Uluburun Ship? In Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and
Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference, Athens, 14-18
April 2004, edited by R. Lafimeur and E. Greco, pp. 295-310. Aegaeum 25.
Typically Mycenaean beads (e.g., glass relief-beads and faience “grain of wheat” beads as well as 41
amber beads) found on the wreck were probably the property of two Mycenaean individuals, perhaps
merchants or diplomats. Turkey.
Puller, Judith
1990 Tepe Abdul Hosein: A Neolithic Site in Western Iran – Excavations 1978. British Archaeological
Reports, International Series 563.
A few very early beads of clay, stone, and shell are presented passim.
Quenet, Philippe, Geneviève Pierrat-Bonnefois, Virginie Danrey, Sylvie Donnat, and Denis
Lacambre
2013 New Lights on the Lapis Lazuli of the Tôd Treasure, Egypt. In SOMA 2012. Identity and
Connectivity: Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Florence,
Italy, 1-3 March 2012, Volume I, edited by Luca Bombardieri, Anacleto D’Agostino, Guido
Guarducci et al., pp. 515-525. BAR International Series 2581 (I).
Includes a discussion of the lapis lazuli beads, pendants, and seals contained in the treasure which dates to
the 19th century BC.
Quinn, Colin Patrick
2006 Vital Signs: Costly Signaling and Personal Adornment in the Near Eastern Early Neolithic. M.A.
thesis. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.
Drawing upon a case study of personal adornment item production and use during the Early Neolithic in
the Southern Levant at the site of Dhra’, Jordan, the author utilizes the theoretical framework of costly
signaling theory to evaluate how people in the past used particular material culture items (especially
beads) to enhance their reproductive fitness. Stone bead production techniques are also discussed.
Raad, Danielle
2015 The Production of Stone Beads at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site of el-Hemmeh, Jordan. S.M.
thesis. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge.
Patterns of typology, color, and material are systematically explored, and manufacturing methods are
reconstructed based on the close examination of perforations, polishing, and tool marks on ten PPNA
beads carefully selected as case studies.
Raven, M.J.
1990 Resin in Egyptian Magic and Symbolism. Oudheidkundige Medelingen 70:7-22.
Includes information on beads of resin, sometimes confused with amber, from Predynastic to Roman
times. Ancient Egypt.
Reade, Julian
2000 Mesopotamia. 2nd ed. British Museum, London.
A popular survey with good photos of beads from various periods: Neolithic (fig. 12), famous Ur graves
(figs. 59-61), Akkadian, long carnelians, etched carnelians, etc., imported from India (fig. 77), and early
faience (fig. 80).
Redford, Susan
2004 Royal Necropolis: Object Catalogue. In Excavations at Mendes. Volume 1. The Royal Necropolis,
edited by Donald B. Redford, pp. 42-134. Brill, Leiden.
The catalog itemizes the relatively few beads recovered from excavations at the city of Mendes in the
Nile delta. Materials include faience, glass, lapis lazuli, alabaster, and carnelian. Ancient Egypt.
Reese, David S.
1986 The Marine and Freshwater Shells, Ch. XIII. In The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Central
Transjordan: The Baq’ah Valley Project, 1977-1981, edited by P.E. McGovern et al. University
Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Shell beads, especially “conus whorl,” nerita, and cowrie types, bear significantly on trade relations.
Jordan.
1988 Recent Invertebrates as Votive Gifts. In The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna, by B.
Rothenberg, pp. 260-265. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, Institute of Archaeology.
Several shell species were used as ornament, including cowries, at a Late Bronze Age site near the Red
Sea, Israel.
1989 Appendix D: The Natufian Shells from Beidha. In The Natufian Encampment at Beidha: Late
Pleistocene Adaptation in the Southern Levant, by B.F. Byrd, pp. 102-104. Excavations at Beidha
I. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications XXIII(1).
Most of the recovered shells were used for ornament: dentalia and vermetid “beads” and holed shells.
Jordan.
1989 Treasures from the Sea: Shells and Shell Ornaments from Hasanlu IVB. Expedition 31(2-3):80-
86.
Shell beads were found in northwestern Iran in a temple burned in the 9th century. Most were offerings in
storage with other beads; some were worn by victims trapped in the fire.
1991 Marine Shells in the Levant: Upper Palaeolithic, Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. In The Natufian
Culture in the Levant, edited by O. Bar-Yosef and F.R. Valla, pp. 613-628. International
Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 1.
Full survey covering many sites and well illustrating the long-distance movement of shells for adornment
from the earliest times.
1992 Shells from the Hoard at Khirbet Karhasan. Iraq 54:178-180.
Middle Assyrian site (1400-1200 BC) with 633 shells, mostly Arcularia from the distant Mediterranean;
also 9 disc beads and various holed shells.
1992 Shells from the 1986 Season. In The Southern Ghors and Northeast ‘Arabah Archaeological
Survey, by B. MacDonald. Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 5.
Includes Conus, etc., and Early Bronze Age shell spacer-bars of a type not previously reported from
Jordan.
1995 Shells from the Wadi Hisma Sites. In Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from
the Southern Jordan, by D.O. Henry, pp. 385-390. Plenum Press, New York.
Stone Age shells classified by date, site, and species include some worked as beads, especially dentalium.
1998 Beads – Marine Shells. In The Harra and the Hamad: Excavations and Surveys in Eastern
Jordan 1, edited by A.V.G. Betts. Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 9.
Neolithic ornaments made of shells from both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea (138f.).
Reeves, C.N.
1986 Two Name Beads of Hatshepsut and Senenmut from the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
at Deir el-Bahri. The Antiquaries Journal LXVI(II):387-388.
The earliest colorless glass has previously been thought to date from about a century later than these
beads, which are put at 1497-88 BC. Ancient Egypt.
Rehm, Ellen
1992 Der Schmuck der Achaemeniden. Altertumskunde des Yorderen Orients 2.
Thorough survey of Persian jewelry types, 550-330 BC, including a whole chapter on beads with
discussion and drawings of over 80 types (pp. 88-111, figs. 63-71).
Rehren, Thilo, Tamás Belgya, Albert Jambon, György Káli, Zsolt Kasztovszky, Zoltán Kis, Imre
Kovács, Boglárka Maróti, Marcos Martinón-Torres, Gianluca Miniaci, Vincent C. Pigott, Miljana
Radivojeviæ, László Rosta, László Szentmiklósi, and Zoltán Szõkefalvi-Nagy
2013 5,000 Years Old Egyptian Iron Beads Made from Hammered Meteoritic Iron. Journal of
Archaeological Science 40(12):4785-4792.
The earliest-known iron artIfacts are nine small beads securely dated to circa 3200 BC from two burials in
Gerzeh, northern Egypt. The beads were made from meteoritic iron and shaped by careful hammering the
metal into thin sheets before rolling them into tubes. The beads were strung into a necklace together
with other exotic minerals such as lapis lazuli, gold and carnelian, revealing the status of meteoritic iron
as a special material on a par with precious metal and gem stones.
Rehren, Thilo and E.B. Pusch
2005 Late Bronze Age Glass Making at Qantit-Piramesses, Egypt. Bead Society of Great Britain
Newsletter 81:9-10.
The site, dated to ca. 1250-1200 BC, has produced evidence for glassmaking from raw ingredients, rather
than using imported glass ingots. There is evidence that some workshops may have specialized in
producing certain colors. Glass beads were found on site; also large numbers of faience beads.
Reiche, Andrzej
2013 Tumulus Grave SMQ 30 in As-Sabbiya – Mugheira (Northern Kuwait). A Report on the 2007-
2008 Investigations. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, Research 2010 22:528-541.
Tumulus grave SM Q 30 with its 600 beads and other adornments is, so far, one of the richest graves
excavated in the As-Sabbiya region. The ornaments were made mainly of shell, mother-of-pearl, and soft
stone, but two pierced pearls and a few lapis lazuli beads were also present. The grave is attributed to the
Bronze Age based on the presence of a dotted-circles motif carved on a mother-of-pearl pendant.
Reinhardt, Helen
2019 Glas aus Beirut. Die Glasfunde aus der römischen Therme in BEY 178. Felix Berytus 1.
Three types of glass beads (monochrome and polychrome ring beads and melon beads) and a pendant
were recovered from Roman deposits at a site in Beirut, Lebanon.
Rezvani, H. and K. Roustaei
2007 A Preliminary Report on Two Seasons of Excavations at Kul Tarike Cemetery, Kurdistan, Iran.
Iranica Antiqua XLII:139-184.
Shell beads are among the finds.
Rice, M.
1988 Al Hajjar Revisited: The Grave Complex at Al Hajjar, Bahrain. Proceedings of the Seminar for
South Arabian Studies 18:79-94.
Triangular carnelian beads (probably 8th century BC) and gold beads, perhaps early 2nd millennium (p.
83).
Robinson, E.D.G.
1995 Basil Hennessy and the Nicholson Museum. In Trade, Contact, and the Movement of Peoples in
the Eastern Mediterranean: Studies in Honour of J.B. Hennessy, edited by S. Bourke and J.-P.
Descoeudres, pp. 61-80. Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement 3.
Includes a list of beads and pendants now in Sydney, Australia, from the Late Bronze Age Amman airport
temple and from Neolithic and Chalcolithic Teleilat Ghassul, Jordan.
Roehrig, Catherine H.
2002 Three Egyptians of Ancient Thebes. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin LX(1).
Beads from the early Middle Kingdom grave of Wah; e.g., a necklace of hollow gold beads, a faience
broad collar, and a lone carnelian bead as an amulet (p. 19, figs. 20-23). Ancient Egypt.
Rollefson, G.O.
2002 Beadmaking Tools from LPPNB al-Basit, Jordan. Neo-Lithics 2(02):5-7.
Analysis of the lithic material recovered from this large Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement in
southern Jordan demonstrated a focus on drill production, ostensibly for the manufacture of beads.
Rollefson, G.O. and Z. Kafafi
1996 The 1995 Season at ‘Ayn Ghazal: Preliminary Report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of
Jordan 40:11-28.
A small number of beads are reported from early neolithic occupation contexts at this important site and
are identified as malachite, tooth, bird bone, Cerithium, and possibly coral.
Roosevelt, C.H., C. Luke, S. Ünlüsoy, C. Çakirlar, J.M. Marston, C.R. O’Grady, P. Pavuk, M.
Pieniazek, C.B. Scott, N. Shin, and F.G. Slim
2018 Exploring Space, Economy, and Interregional Interaction at a Second-Millennium B.C.E. Citadel
in Central Western Anatolia: 2014-2017 Research at Kaymakçý. American Journal of
Archaeology 122(4):645-688. DOI: 10.3764/aja.122.4.0645.
Located in western Turkey, the site yielded beads and pendants of stone, bone, clay, and faience.
Rosen, Steven A.
2003 Early Multi-Resource Nomadism: Excavations at the Camel Site in the Central Negev. Antiquity
77(298):749-760.
Evidence is presented for the manufacture of ostrich eggshell and imported Red Sea/Mediterranean
marine shell beads using flint microdrills at this Early Bronze Age II (ca. 3000-2700 BC) site in Israel
which is interpreted as having belonged to pastoral nomads.
Rosen, S.A ,Y. Avni, and D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer
2011 Shells, Beads, and Other Artifacts. In An Investigation Into Early Desert Pastoralism:
Excavations at the Camel Site, Negev, by Steven A. Rosen, pp. 147-154. Cotsen Institute of
Archaeology Press, Los Angeles.
Early Bronze Age II (ca. 3000-2700 BC) material from Israel.
Rosenow, Leah
2005 Small Things Remembered: The Tell Hadidi Beads at the Milwaukee Public Museum. M.S.
thesis. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Bronze Age, Syria.
Rothman, Mitchell S.
2002 Tepe Gawra: The Evolution of a Small, Prehistoric Center in Northern Iraq. University of
Pennsylvania, University Museum Monograph 112.
Presents a re-analysis of material excavated at Tepe Gawra which is dated to 4400-3700 BC. A wide
variety of beads and pendants is discussed.
Rubinson, Karen S.
1991 A Mid-Second Millennium Tomb at Dinkha Tepe. American Journal of Archaeology 95:373-394.
Many beads, mostly frit and glass (pp. 381-383, 391), but also stone and shell, with a few preserved in the
original order of stringing, and an ivory squat cone. Also twisted silver wire beads (p. 386, no. 43). Iran.
Ruffle, J.
2007 Dakhleh: Exploring an Oasis. Current World Archaeology 21:12-22.
A reference to bead finds in the earliest settlement periods from around 6800 BC at an oasis in the
Western Desert of Egypt (p. 14). These include ostrich eggshell, carnelian, and other stone.
Russell, Nerissa
2005 Çatalhöyük Worked Bone. In Excavations at Çatalhöyük, Volume 5. Changing Materialities at
Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995-1999 Seasons, edited by Ian Hodder, pp. 339-367.
Monographs of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge.
Ornaments include bone beads (mostly tubular) and pendants, as well as preforms. Also red deer canine
teeth. The site is a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, Turkey.
2007 Çatalhöyük Worked Bone 2007. http://www.catalhoyuk.com/archive_reports/2007/. Çatalhöyük
2007 Archive Report, pp. 170-180.
The major find was a necklace composed of interlocking “chain link” beads that accompanied a female
burial at a Neolithic settlement in Turkey.
2008 Çatalhöyük Worked Bone 2008. http://www.catalhoyuk.com/archive_reports/. Çatalhöyük 2008
Archive Report, pp. 123-128.
Reports on the bone beads and pendants, including perforated teeth, recovered in 2008 from a large
Neolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, Turkey.
Rutkowski, £ukasz
2011 Tumuli Graves – Beads and Other Mortuary Gifts. In Kuwaiti-Polish Archaeological
Investigations in Northern Kuwait: As-Sabbiya 2007-2010, pp. 18-23. National Council for
Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL) and Kuwait Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of
the University of Warsaw.
Illustrates an array of the stone and shell beads recovered from a site apparently dating to the late 3rd and
first half of the 2nd millennium BC (Dilmun Culture). For a detailed study of the beads, see Reiche
(2010).
2014 Tumulus Burial Field on the North Coast of Kuwait Bay. Preliminary Excavation Report on the
Spring Season in 2011. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 23/1:431-461.
Figure 20 illustrates and briefly describes the stone and shell beads recovered from five stone mounds.
2017 Archaeological Investigation of Early Bronze Age Burial Site QA 1 in Wadi al-Fajj in Northern
Oman: Results of the 2016 Season. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26/1:523-542.
The bead set is dominated by microbeads, 70 in all (mostly made of stone of various kinds and colors).
The remaining beads are made of shell, stone (including semi- precious stones), and vitreous material.
Ryholt, Kim
1997 A Bead of King Ranisonb and a Note on King Qemaw. Göttinger Miszellen 156:95-100.
An inscription on a glazed steatite bead is the first contemporary attestation of an obscure 13th-Dynasty
pharaoh to come to light. Ancient Egypt.
Al-Sadeqi, Waleed Mohamed Abdulrahim
2013 The Ancient Beads of Bahrain: A Study of Ornaments from the Dilmun and Tylos Eras. Ph.D.
dissertation. Department of Archaeology, Durham University.
Presents a typology for the beads of the Bronze and Iron ages particular to the Bahrain Islands.
Saidah, Roger
1993-1994 Beirut in the Bronze Age: The Kharji Tombs. Berytus 41:137-210.
Amethyst, rock crystal, jasper (?), clay, and spotted glass (?) beads (pp. 184-185, pl. 30) in Lebanon.
Saleh, A.-A.
1983 Excavations at Heliopolis, Ancient Egyptian Dunû. Vol. II. Cairo University, Faculty of
Archaeology.
Faience beads over the face of the mummy of a woman, perhaps serving as a mask.
Salles, Jean-François
1984 Failaka: Fouilles françaises 1983. Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient 9.
Beads of various periods (including fine Hellenistic specimens) from an island off Kuwait.
Sarkhosh, Curtis, V. Simpson, and St John Simpson
1998 Archaeological News from Iran: Second Report. Iran 36:185-194.
Trailed glass beads from Early Iron Age graves at Kaluraz in northwest Iran (p. 191); carnelian and silver
(?) beads, gold lotus palmette pendants, and a Bes-head pendant from Achaemenid burials also in
northwest Iran (pp. 188-189); and glass-paste melon beads are reported from a 1st- or 2nd-century vaulted
subterranean tomb excavated at Gelalak, southwest Iran (p. 191).
Sass, Benjamin
2002 An Iron Age I Jewelry Hoard from Cave II/3 in Wadi el-Makkuk. ‘Atiqot 41(2):21-33.
This site in Israel produced 10 beads of carnelian, jasper (?), shell, paste, and glass.
Sass, Benjamin and Gilad Cinamon
2006 The Small Finds. In Megiddo IV: The 1998-2002 Seasons, edited by I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin,
and B. Halpern, pp. 353-425. Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Monograph Series
24.
Located in northern Israel, this Bronze/Iron Age site yielded a variety of beads including those of faience,
glass, stone, and shell.
Scandone Matthiae, Gabriella
1985 La dea e il gioiello: simbologia religiosa nella famiglia reale femminile della XII dinastia. La
Parol a del Passato 224:321-337.
Connects motifs and materials of the Lahun Treasure and other Middle Kingdom Egyptian jewelry with
the goddesses Hathor and Nekhbet. Ancient Egypt.
Scanlon, George T. and Ralph Pinder-Wilson
2001 Fustat: Glass of the Early Islamic Period. Finds Excavated by the American Research Center in
Egypt 1964-1980. Altajir World of Islam Trust, London.
A suspiciously small number of glass beads (totaling only 17, plus a rock crystal octagonal bicone from a
10th-century pit and a faceted carnelian cuboid) was apparently found in these extensive excavations in
Old Cairo, Egypt (pp. 118-123, color pl. VII). The most significant of these were eight roughly spherical
beads found in two 10th-century contexts; measuring ca. 2 cm across they were decorated with marvered
polychrome canes.
Schaub, T.R. and W.E. Rast
1989 Bab edh-Dhra: Excavations in the Cemetery Directed by Paul W. Lapp (1965-67). Reports of the
Expedition to the Dead Sea Plain, Jordan I. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN.
Numerous beads with many materials and shapes represented; Early Bronze Age, Jordan.
Schaunsee, M. de
2001 A Note on Three Glass Plaques from Hasanlu. Iraq 63:99-106.
Comments on the decorative inlays on the exterior of a crude, possibly locally made, stone footed goblet
excavated in the 9th-century-BC level IVB at Hasanlu (northwest Iran). It has pre-formed glass floral
inlays, set either between re-used tubular Egyptian Blue, spherical, or barrel-shaped carnelian and glass
barrel beads, and usually banded with inlaid gold strips. Similar floral inlays found at Assyrian sites in
Iraq are believed to come from Phoenicia or southern Syria.
Scheftelowitz, N.
2002 Beads. In Tel Kabri: The 1986-1993 Excavations, edited by Aharon Kempinski and N. Angel-
Zohar. Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Monograph Series 20.
Schmidt, Conrad and Stephanie Döpper
2014 German Expedition to Bât and Al ‘Ayn, Sultanate of Oman: The Field Seasons 2010 to 2013. The
Journal of Oman Studies 18:187-231.
Various beads were associated with burials.
Schmidt, E.F., M.N. Van Loon, and H.H. Curvers
1989 The Holmes Expeditions to Luristan. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications
108.
A wide variety of beads of various materials dating to the Bronze and Iron ages were recovered at a
number of sites in western Iran.
Schoske, Sylvia
1990 Schönheit – Abglanz der Gottheit: Kosmetik in Alten Ägypten. Schriften aus der Ägyptischen
Sammlung 5.
Ancient Egypt: see no. 116 with remarks on bead belts as the professional costume of dancing girls; no.
117 on the meaning of bead collars; and no. 122, a fertility idol with hair made from beads of unbaked
mud.
Schwartz, Glenn M., Hans H. Curvers, Sally Dunham, and Barbara Stuart
2003 A Third-Millennium B.C. Elite Tomb and Other New Evidence from Tell Umm el-Marra, Syria.
American Journal of Archaeology 107(3):325-361.
Many beads were found (pp. 331-332). Two exceptional gold beads are illustrated: one a flat triangle with
raised star design, the other flanged and with double collars of wire (p. 332, fig. 9; p. 334, fig. 14).
Vessels of Early Bronze IV type date perhaps ca. 2300 BC.
Seligman, J., J. Zias, and H. Stark
1996 Late Hellenistic and Byzantine Burial Caves at Giv’at Sharet, Bet Shemesh. ‘Atiqot 29:43-62.
Brown and dark blue glass and faience melon beads, a fluted brown glass bead, and stone bead from a late
4th- or early-5th-century cave tomb, Israel.
ªenyurt, Hasan K.
2018 Yozgat’ta bulunan piºmiº toprak lahit: Erken dönem bir Galat mezarý / The Terracotta
Sarcophagus Found in Yozgat: An Early Galatian Grave. https://www.academia.edu/36723344/
Among the grave goods found with a burial in Turkey were 19 beads of glass (including an amphora-
shaped specimen), frit, bone, and stone.
Sevin, Veli and Ersin Kavakli
1996 Bir erken demir çað nekropolü Van / Karagündüz. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayýnlarý, Istanbul.
Preliminary report on an Urartian cemetery, Turkey. Beads were worn on necklaces, attached to bracelets,
earrings, and pin-pendants. Biconical, spherical, cylindrical, elliptical, lentoid, disc, and barrel shapes
were found. Most common materials were agate, carnelian, plain and decorated marvered glass, and frit.
Amethyst, rock crystal, bronze, bone, and “faience” were less common. Perforated shells (Conus,
Cypraea, and Dentalium) were rare (pp. 29, 37-44, 55-57).
Shaham, Dana and Anna Belfer-Cohen
2017 The Natufian Audio-Visual Bone Pendants from Hayonim Cave. In Not Just for Show: The
Archaeology of Beads, Beadwork and Personal Ornaments, edited by Daniella E. Bar-Yosef
Mayer, Clive Bonsall, and Alice M. Choyke, pp. 95-102. Oxbow Books, Oxford and
Philadelphia.
Proposes that the pendants were worn about the hip to provide a rhythmic sound while dancing. Israel.
Al-Shams, Majid Abdullah
1996 Excavations of the Hira Cemetery. Sumer, supplement to vol. 45 (1987-1988), pp. 9-19.
Many glass, onyx, carnelian, etc., beads from pre-Islamic graves (pp. 16-17), Iraq.
Shaw, Ian and Robert Jameson
1993 Amethyst Mining in the Eastern Desert: A Preliminary Survey at Wadi el-Hudi. Journal of
Egyptian Archaeology 79:81-97.
Highly organized mines of a material used principally for beads; Middle Kingdom, ancient Egypt.
Sheftelowitz, Na’ama
2002 The Beads. In Tel Kabri: The 1986-1993 Excavation Seasons, edited by Na’ama Sheftelowitz and
Ronit Oran, pp. 356-362. Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Monograph Series
20.
A useful detailed analysis with identifications, illustrations, and one color photograph of beads (2 shell)
from a late neolithic occupation; Early Bronze Age tombs and occupation (17, mostly decomposed, thus
“white” faience); Middle Bronze Age tombs and occupation (116, with a wider range of materials); and
Iron Age contexts (14, various materials).
Shortland, A.
2002 An Antimony Bead from Jerablus Tahtani. Historical Metallurgy 36:1-5.
Presents an analysis of a rare antimony bead from 3rd millennium BC levels at Jerablus Tahtani, near
Carchemish in Syria.
Simak, E.
2005 Near Eastern Turned Bone Spindle Whorls: Part 1. Bead Society of Great Britain Newsletter
81:7-8.
Spindle whorls are sometimes mistaken for beads. This survey shows the variety of shapes, colors, and
decorations to be found among them.
2006 Near Eastern Turned Bone Spindle Whorls: Part 2. Bead Society of Great Britain Newsletter 82:
7-8.
Simpson, St John
1998 Wooden Rosary Bead Manufacture in Late Ottoman Palestine. Bead Study Trust Newsletter 31:5.
European traveler’s accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries provide details on the subject.
2000 Observations on Early Iron Age Beads from Luristan. Bead Study Trust Newsletter 36:6-10.
Reports on beads recovered from sites in western Iran and the incorporation of such old beads into
modern jewelry in the region.
2001 Glass Beads from Hebron. Bead Study Trust Newsletter 38:11-12.
Provides a brief history of beadmaking at Hebron, West Bank, Palestine.
Sode, Torben
1996 Anatolski Glasperler. THOT, Copenhagen.
Ethnographic study of glass beadmakers in western Anatolia (Turkey). In Danish with English summary.
2007 Traditional Glass Bead Making in Turkey. In International Bead & Beadwork Conference, edited
by Jamey D. Allen and Valerie Hector. Rezan Has Museum, Istanbul.
Presents a detailed account of the beadmaking process as practiced today in western Anatolia, Turkey.
Sode, Torben and Ulrich Schnell
1998 Contemporary Faience Makers in Qourna, Egypt. In Glass, Ceramics and Related Materials,
edited by A.B. Paterakis, pp. 162-168. EVTEK Institute of Art and Design, Department of
Conservation Studies, Helsinki.
Describes the continuing manufacture of faience beads in the village of Qourna, near Luxor, together with
the method and an analysis of the ingredients used.
Solecki, Ralph S., Rose L. Solecki, and Anagnostis P. Agelarakis
2004 The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.
Discusses the beads of stone, gastropod shells, crab claws, and copper recovered from this site in Iraq. An
appendix presents a detailed report on the beads prepared by Peter Francis, Jr. (2004).
Sowada, Karin
2009 Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective.
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 237.
Chapter 4 presents a corpus of Egyptian imports in Canaan. Materials include beads of faience, shell,
carnelian, calcite, quartz, lapis lazuli, and copper. Ancient Egypt.
Spaer, Maud
2001 Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: Beads and Other Small Objects. The Israel Museum,
Jerusalem.
Presents a catalog of 647 small glass objects including beads and pendants. A shortcoming is that all of
the material appears to have been donated and therefore lacks sound provenance data. See Francis (2002)
for a review.
2007 Beads from the Kingdom of Hazar. In International Bead & Beadwork Conference, edited by
Jamey D. Allen and Valerie Hector. Rezan Has Museum, Istanbul.
Reports on the beads and pendants from Tell Hazor, an important archaeological site in upper Galilee,
Israel; 2nd-1st millennia BC.
2009 Some Observations on “Fustat Beads.” Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
21:121-124. Reprinted from The Bead Forum 22:4-11 (1993).
Proffers a possible production sequence for the so-called “Fustat” beads found in Old Cairo, Egypt, which
mainly date to the 9th-10th centuries.
2017 Chapter 17: Personal Ornaments. In Hazor VII. The 1990-2012 Excavations. The Bronze Age,
edited by Tsipi Kuper-Blau, pp. 610-638. Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem.
Beads are among the ornaments recovered from a site in Israel dating to the 2nd-1st millennia BC.
Spatz, Ashton J.
2017 Ornamental Shell Beads as Markers of Exchange in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Southern
Levant. In Not Just for Show: The Archaeology of Beads, Beadwork and Personal Ornaments,
edited by Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, Clive Bonsall, and Alice M. Choyke, pp. 69-80. Oxbow
Books, Oxford and Philadelphia.
Beads from the Red and Mediterranean seas appear to have arrived in the Southern Levant by down-the-
line exchange. While the Red Sea provided both beads and shell for their manufacture, the Mediterranean
region primarily furnished finished products. Israel, Jordan, Egypt.
Spencer, Neal
2008 Kom Firin. I: The Ramesside Temple and the Site Survey. The British Museum, London.
Beads, pendants, and amulets of various materials recovered from a site in Lower Egypt are discussed
throughout the report.
Spoor, Richard H. and Pieter Collet
1996 The Other Small Finds. In Tell Sabi Abyad, The Late Neolithic Settlement: Report on the
Excavations of the University of Amsterdam (1988) and the National Museum of Antiquities
Leiden (1991-1993) in Syria, edited by P.M.M.G. Akkermans, pp. 439-474. Netherlands
Historical-Archaeological Institute, Istanbul.
Provides details of a few beads from 6th-millennium-BC domestic contexts: gypsum, bone and snail-shell
plus imported breccia, grey-green gabbro, obsidian, rock crystal, serpentinite, and red schali. A child
burial contained a necklace of circular rock crystal beads and a bracelet of cylindrical bone beads.
Spurr, S., N. Reeves, and S. Quirke
1999 Egyptian Art at Eton College: Selections from the Myers Museum. Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York.
Exhibition catalog. A cloth doll has fine blue faience beads in her hair (p. 18). There is also a graduated
blue faience globular-bead necklace (p. 19) of the kind worn in the hair, especially by dancing girls, and
carrying associations of sensuality and fertility. Both Middle Kingdom, ancient Egypt.
Steimer-Herbet, Tara
2001 Yémen: des milliers de tombes préhistoriques. Archéologia 382:38-47.
Cemeteries of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC yielded 1,000+ beads: carnelian discoids, clay and bone
beads, also small beads of chlorite paste whose small perforations suggest they were used on clothing or
in the hair.
Stern, Edna J.
1997 Burial Caves at Kisra. ‘Atiqot 33:103-135.
Plain, molded, and trail-decorated glass beads are illustrated on p. 125 from a burial cave in Israel dated
by associated finds to the early 4th-early 5th centuries AD. In Hebrew with English summary.
Stiner, Mary C.
2003 “Standardization” in Upper Paleolithic Ornaments at the Coastal Sites of Riparo Mochi and
Üça�ýzlý Cave. In The Chronology of the Aurignacian and the Transitional Technocomplexes.
Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications, edited by J. Zilhão and F. d’Errico, pp. 49-59.
Proceedings of Symposium 6.I of the XIVth Congress of the UISPP (University of Liège,
Belgium, September 2–8, 2001). Trabalhos de Arqueologia 33.
This study considers the cultural and ecological contexts of marine shell ornament use at Riparo Mochi
on the Ligurian coast of Italy (5 assemblages, 36-9 kyr BP), and at Üça�ýzlý Cave on the Hatay coast of
Turkey (7 assemblages, 41-17 kyr BP). Both sites contain long Upper Paleolithic artifactual and faunal
series, including the earliest phases.
Stiner, Mary C. and Steven L. Kuhn
2003 Early Upper Paleolithic Ornaments from Üçaðýzlý Cave, Turkey. Beads: Journal of the Society of
Bead Researchers 15:65-74.
Discusses criteria used to distinguish early mollusc-shell beads from other kinds of shells in
archaeological deposits, focusing on evidence from the site of Üça�ýzlý Cave in Turkey. Upper Paleolithic
beadmakers at this and other sites clearly preferred certain forms of shell for ornamental purposes,
although the reasons for that selectivity remain obscure.
Stiner, Mary C., Steven L. Kuhn, and Erksin Güleç
2013 Early Upper Paleolithic Shell Beads at Üçaðýzlý Cave I (Turkey): Technology and the
Socioeconomic Context of Ornament Life-Histories. Journal of Human Evolution (2013):1-19.
Ten early Upper Paleolithic layers in Üçaðýzlý Cave I (41-29 uncalibrated ky BP) on the Hatay coast of
southern Turkey preserve a rich and varied record of early upper Paleolithic life, including the production
and use of large numbers of shell ornaments. This study examines shell bead production, use, and discard
in relation to site function and the diversity of on-site human activities.
Stone, Elizabeth C. and Paul Zimansky
2004 The Anatomy of a Mesopotamian City: Survey and Soundings at Mashkan-Shapir. Eisenbrauns,
Winona Lake, IN.
The “final report” on investigations of a major city in southern Iraq occupied during the early 2nd
millennium BC. The small number of beads recovered are tabulated and briefly discussed; most are
carnelian spheres, larger elongated hematite beads, and grey/black stone disc spacers, plus a single lapis
bead, a multiple spacer bead made of steatite (pp. 119-120), and several beads made of shell (p. 132). Frit
beads were noted as rare.
Stricker, Thomas, Karlis Karklins, Mark Mangus, and Thaddeus Watts
2018 Sourcing a Unique Man-in-the-Moon Bead. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
30:60-62.
Chemical analysis of a unique black bead found in Turkey that depicts the four phases of the moon
reveals it most likely originated in the Fichtelgebirge region of Bavaria at some time prior to the early
19th century.
Strouhal, Eugen
1984 Wadi Qitna and Kalabasha-South: Late Roman - Early Byzantine Tumuli Cemeteries in Egyptian
Nubia. Vol. I: Archaeology. Charles University, Prague.
Beads, mostly bone and glass, but also shell, wood, and stone (pp. 223- 227, figs. 151-152). Egypt.
Summers, G. and F. Summers
1996 Kerkenes Dag. Anatolian Archaeology: Reports on Research Conducted in Turkey 2:27-28.
An ivory inlay showing an animal frieze, decorated with amber beads and set with small reflective plates
of silver or tin behind each, was excavated at this large fortified Late Iron Age, possibly Median, site in
central Turkey.
Sumner, William M.
2003 Early Urban Life in the Land of Anshan: Excavations at Tal-e Malyan in the Highlands of Iran.
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University Museum
Monograph 117.
Discusses the stone, shell, gold, and organic beads of the Banesh Period (ca. 3400-2600 BC) levels in
Operation ABC at Malyan.
Szel¹g, Dariusz
2013 Shell Objects from Tell Rad Shaqrah (Syria). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, Research
2010 22:587-616.
A settlement in northern Syria dated primarily to the second half of the 3rd millennium BC yielded a
collection of beads and pendants made of shell and nacre, mostly from funerary contexts.
2014 Amulets? On the Possible Function of Zoomorphic Pendants from Child Burials in Tell Rad
Shaqrah (Syria). In Beyond Ornamentation: Jewelry as an Aspect of Material Culture in the
Ancient Near East, edited by Amir Golani and Zuzanna Wygnañska, pp. 145-160. Polish
Archaeology in the Mediterranean 23(2).
The beads found in association with the pendants are illustrated.
Tabaza, Khalil
2011 The Influence of Arab and Related Cultures on the Style and Techniques of the Jordanian Folk
Jewelry. Jordan Journal of the Arts 4(1):65-98.
Discusses folk jewelry, including necklaces composed of beads of various materials, worn in Jordan
during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century.
Tal, Oren and Itamar Taxel
2014 Samaritan Burial Customs Outside Samaria: Evidence from Late Roman and Byzantine
Cemeteries in the Southern Sharon Plain. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
130(2):155-180.
Numerous glass, carnelian, faience, and wooden beads (some found in groups, indicating
their original use in necklaces) were found at several sites in Israel.
Tala’i, Hassan and Ahmad Aliyari
2009 Haftavan IV (Iron II) Settlement Cemetery: NW-Iran, Azerbaijan. Iranica Antiqua XLIV:89-112.
Presents a general discussion of the beads recovered from graves attributed to the 12th-8th centuries BC.
Materials include stone, paste, glass, and metal (bronze and iron).
Talbot, G.C.
1983 Beads and Pendants from the Tell and Tombs. In Excavations at Jericho V, edited by K.M.
Kenyon and T.A. Holland, pp. 788-801. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, London.
Full publication of the material from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic to the Roman period. Palestine.
Talon, P. and K. van Lerberghe (eds.)
1997 En Syrie: aux Origines de l’Écriture. Brepols, Bruxelles.
Beads of various materials from various sites in Syria are illustrated and discussed.
Taniguchi, Y., Y. Hirao, Y. Shimadzu, and A. Tsuneki
2002 The First Fake? Imitation Turquoise Beads Recovered from a Syrian Neolithic Site, Tell el-
Kerkh. Studies in Conservation 47(3):175-183.
Analysis of three turquoise-blue beads revealed that they were an alternative to and imitation of natural
turquoise beads. They are formed of an apatite core with a turquoise color obtained probably by the
heating of manganese or iron compounds. The microstructure and chemical composition of the beads
indicate the use of mammal tooth or tusk, possibly “odontolite” (fossil ivory).
Taniichi, T.
1992 Spacer Glass Beads in the Second Millennium B.C. Orient 28:132-146.
A study of spacer beads from various sites in the Middle East: Nozi in Mesopotamia, Alalakhen in Syria,
Megiddo, Hazor, and Tell Abu Hawan in Palestine, Bogazkïy in Anatolia, and Kordlar Tepe in Iran.
Testa, P.
1986 Un “Collare” in faience nel Museo Archeologico di Napoli. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
72:91-99.
Unusual set of 24 plaque beads with hieroglyphs which, when put together, form an inscription for a cult
or funerary purpose. Ancient Egypt.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna
2015 Cross-Cultural Bead Encounters at the Red Sea Port Site of Berenike, Egypt. Preliminary
Assessment (Seasons 2009-2012). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 24(1):735-777.
Analysis of the bead and pendant assemblage from Berenike provides not only a preliminary typology
and chronology, but contributes to the study of the multicultural character of this Red Sea port from the
Ptolemaic through the early Byzantine period. Materials include organics, semiprecious stones, and
manmade materials.
2016 Beads and Pendants from the Tumuli Cemeteries at Wadi Qitna and Kalabsha-South, Nubia.
Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 28:38-49.
Attributed to the 4th century, the tumuli yielded over 500 beads and pendants. In addition to ostrich
eggshell of Nubian Desert origin, Red Sea shells and glass beads of Eastern Mediterranean and South
Asian origin are present. A few beads are modern European intrusions. Egypt.
2017 Beads and Pendants from the Late Harbor Temple and Harbor Temenos in the Red Sea Port of
Berenike (Seasons 2010-2013): Materials, Techniques, Functions and Cultural Attribution. Polish
Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26(2):193-210.
The Harbor Temple assemblage is dominated by South Asian glass beads dating from the 4th through
early 6th centuries AD, but the bead finds from the presumed temenos show much greater variety in both
type and date, the latter spanning the centuries from the 1st to the 5th centuries AD.
2017 Between the Nile and the Ocean. The Bead Assemblage from Shenshef in the Eastern Desert
(4th-6th Centuries AD). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26(1):719-747.
More than 200 beads and pendants were found in seven trash middens at a 4th/5th-6th centuries AD
settlement site in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Various materials and forms are represented.
2018 Bead Trade in Roman Ports: A View from the Red Sea port of Marsa Nakari. In Stories of
Globalisation: The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf from Late Prehistory to Early Modernity, edited
by Andrea Manzo, Chiara Zazzaro, and Diana Joyce De Falco, pp. 264-280. Selected Papers of
Red Sea Project VII.
Reports the results of morphological and technological analysis of beads and pendants recovered from a
site in Egypt occupied during the Early and Late Roman period. Materials include shell, coral, ostrich
eggshell, faience, and glass, including gold-in-glass.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna and Laure Dussubieux
2016 Glass Bead Trade in the Early Roman and Mamluk Quseir Ports – A View from the Oriental
Institute Museum Assemblage. Archaeological Research in Asia 6:81-103;
doi:10.1016/j.ara.2016.02.008.
Reports on an interdisciplinary study of 35 beads found mostly at Quseir port sites in Egypt; Roman
Myos Hormos (1st-3rd c. AD) and Late Ayyubid-Mamluk Quseir el-Qadim (13th-14th c. AD) periods.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna and Alexandra D. Pleºa
2019 Roman to Islamic Beads and Pendants from Matmar and Mostagedda, Middle Egypt. Beads:
Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 31:50-74.
Sixty-four bead objects (primarily necklaces) found between 1927 and 1931 by Guy and Winifred
Brunton in funerary contexts assumed to date from Late Dynastic to early Islamic times are reexamined,
thus allowed for a revision of Brunton’s initial chronology.
Thrane, Henrik
2001 Excavations at Tepe Guran in Luristan: The Bronze Age and Iron Age Periods. Aarhus
University Press.
Beads of carnelian, shell, and “frit/glass” (pp. 112-114, pls. 66-68) from western Iran.
Thuesen, Mette Bangsborg
2018 The Stone Bead Production at Shubayqa 6 and the Meaning of Personal Ornamentation in Early
Neolithic Societies. M.A. thesis. University of Copenhagen.
The site is a Late Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlement in northeastern Jordan.
Thuesen, Mette Bangsborg and Moritz Kinzel
2018 Stone Beads from Shkârat Msaied. Neo-Lithics 1:e3-e7.
Discusses the beads and bead manufacturing waste recovered from an Early/Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic
B settlement in southern Jordan.
Toffolo, Michael B., E. Klein, R. Elbaum, A.J. Aja, D.M. Master, and E. Boaretto
2013 An Early Iron Age Assemblage of Faience Beads from Ashkelon, Israel: Chemical Composition
and Manufacturing Process. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(10):3626-3635.
The microstructure and chemical composition of eight faience beads from an early Iron Age (12th century
BCE) assemblage found in the ancient city port of Ashkelon (Israel) were determined by means of FTIR
spectrometry, pXRF, microRaman, and SEM-EDS analysis. The results are compared with published data
on Egyptian and Near Eastern artifacts.
Török, L.
1988 Late Antique Nubia: History and Archaeology of the Southern Neighbour of Egypt in the 4th-6th
Century A.D. Antaeus, Comm. Inst. Arch. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16.
A silver bead bracelet, a late antique Egyptian import, was found with the burial of a queen (p. 121).
Tsoraki, Christina
2017 Ground Stone Technologies. In Çatalhöyük 2017 Archive Report, edited by Scott D. Haddow,
227-237.
Burial fill in the North Area of a large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Turkey contained
anklets and bracelets composed of various stones, but primarily carnelian. Some comments on
manufacturing techniques.
Tsuneki, Akira and Yutaka Miyake (eds.)
1998 Excavations at Tell Umm Qseir in Middle Khabur Valley, North Syria. Report of the 1996
Season. University of Tsukuba, Institute of History and Anthropology, Department of
Archaeology, Tsukuba, Japan.
Quartz, turquoise, unidentified white stone beads, and locally made holed shells were found at a Halaf
occupation site (pp. 109, 120).
Tubb, J.N.
1990 Excavations at the Early Bronze Age Cemetery of Tiwal esh-Sharqi. British Museum, London.
Stone, shell, and faience beads from a Jordan valley site. Conical calcite beads came from a waist
ornament (p. 49).
Tucker, D.
1992 A Middle Assyrian Hoard from Khirbet Karhasan, Iraq. Iraq LIV:157-182.
Perhaps a craftsman’s hoard; includes stone, shell, glass, and faience beads.
Tuncer Manzakoðlu, Bilgen and Saliha Türkmenoðlu Berkan
2016 Evil Eye Belief in Turkish Culture: Myth of Evil Eye Bead. The Turkish Online Journal of
Design, Art and Communication 6(2):193-204.
Investigates the role of culture, geography, and history in the myth of the evil eye bead in Turkey.
University of Pennsylvania
1997 Searching for Ancient Egypt: Art, Architecture, and Artifacts. Dallas Museum of Art.
Lavishly illustrated in color, this book presents a spectacular collection of archaeological and artistic
treasures covering the extent of Egyptian art from the Predynastic period of the 4th millennium BCE to
the Greco-Roman period of the 4th century CE. Includes splendid necklaces of garnet, carnelian,
amethyst, beryl, and faience, as well as cowrie beads.
Valdés, C.
1995 Pequeños objetos del ajuar de las dos tumbas del locus 12 de Tell Qara Quzaq, Siria, campana de
1992. Aula Orientalis 13:59-66.
Two 3rd-millennium tombs in Syria yielded carnelian, rock crystal disc, obsidian disc, frit, dentalium, and
cowrie and other shell beads.
van Loon, Maurits
1983 Hammâm et-Turkmân on the Balikh: First Results of the University of Amsterdam’s 1982
Excavation. Akkadica 35:1-23.
Middle Bronze Age II child burials in Syria with necklaces or bracelets of segmented and other faience
beads, also a gold bead (p. 6, fig. 9A).
2001 Selenkahiye: Final Report on the University of Chicago and University of Amsterdam
Excavations in the Tabqa Reservoir, Northern Syria, 1967-1975. Nederlands Instituut voor het
Nabije Oosten, Leiden.
The finds include mosaic glass beads.
van Loon, M. and D. Meijer
1983 Hammâm et-Turkmân on the Balikh: First Results. Annales Arch. Arabes Syriennes XXXIII:131-
152.
As van Loon (1983).
Vanhaeren, M., F. d’Errico, C. Stringer, S.L. James, J.A. Todd, and H.K. Mienis
2006 Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312(5781):1785-1788.
Perforated marine gastropod shells at the western Asian site of Skhul and the North African site of Oued
Djebbana indicate the early use of beads by modern humans in these regions. Analyses of sediment
matrix adhered to one Nassarius gibbosulus from Skhul indicate that the shell bead comes from a layer
containing 10 human fossils and dating to 100,000 to 135,000 years ago, about 25,000 years earlier than
previous evidence for personal decoration by modern humans in South Africa.
Vassilika, Eleni
1996 Museum Acquisitions 1994: Egyptian Antiquities Accessioned in 1994 by Museums in the
United Kingdom. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 82:193-195.
Included is a multi-tubular, late-18th-dynasty faience bead decorated with ankh and djed hieroglyphs,
now British Museum EA 74323 (p. 194, no. 12). Ancient Egypt.
Veldmeijer, André J.
2012 Tutankhamun's Footwear: Studies of Ancient Egyptian Footwear. Sidestone Press, Leiden, The
Netherlands.
Discusses the beads of glass, faience, and a variety of semi-precious stones that adorn the footwear.
Includes an image of an 18th-Dynasty wall painting that depicts beadmaking (p. 151).
Veli Yenisoganci, H.
1991 Report on Rescue Excavations in Hatay, I. Müze Kurtarma Kazilari Semineri 19-20 Nisan 1990,
pp. 215-224. Ankara University.
Reports 72 beads of various stones, Hellenistic or Roman (p. 217, pl. 6). Turkey.
Verduci, Josephine
2014 Personal Display in the Southern Levant and the Question of Philistine Cultural Origins. In
Beyond Ornamentation. Jewelry as an Aspect of Material Culture in the Ancient Near East,
edited by Amir Golani and Zuzanna Wygnañska, pp. 247-268. Polish Archaeology in the
Mediterranean, Special Studies 23(2).
Among the objects discussed are shell and granular metal beads of Iron Age I-IIA periods (ca. 1200-900
BC) found at sites in the southern coastal plain of Israel.
2018 Metal Jewellery of the Southern Levant and its Western Neighbours: Cross-Cultural Influences in
the Early Iron Age Eastern Mediterranean. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement Series 53.
By examining various categories of metal jewelry (beads and pendants included) from the study area, this
study contributes to the debate about the relations and exchanges that affected the region during the
pivotal Early Iron Age.
Verhoeven, Marc
1994 Excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad II, a Later Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Village in the Balikh Valley.
Orient Express 1:9-12.
This site in Syria produced a translucent light red “butterfly” bead.
1999 An Archaeological Ethnography of a Neolithic Community: Space, Place and Social Relations in
a Burnt Village at Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te
Istanbul, Leiden.
Contains a brief account, with bibliography, of the use of beads and pendants in the region: necklaces,
bracelets, anklets, ear and hair ornaments, sewn onto cloth, clothing fasteners, etc. (pp. 240f.).
Vidale, Massimo
2003 Archaeological Indicators of Craft Production. In Malyan Excavation Reports, Volume III: Early
Urban Life in the Land of Anshan, Excavations at Tal-e Malyan in the Highlands of Iran, by
William M. Sumner, pp. 104-106. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology, University Museum Monograph 117.
Deals with the production of beads from quartz, various semi-precious stones, faience, and organic
materials found in Operation ABC at Tal-e Malyan, site of the Elamite royal city of Anshan. They date to
the Banesh Period (ca. 3400-2600 BC).
Vogelsang-Eastwood, G.M.
1999 Tutankhamun’s Wardrobe: Garments from the Tomb of Tutankhamun. Barjesteh van Waalwijk
van Doom, Rotterdam.
The first specialist account of a fascinating subject: the pharaoh’s beaded tunics, kilt, and sandals
beautifully illustrated. The sandals may be the very pair mentioned as a gift from the king of Mittani.
Ancient Egypt.
Voigt, Mary M.
1983 Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran: The Neolithic Settlement. University of Pennsylvania, University Museum
Monograph 50. Hasanlu Excavation Reports I.
Shell and stone beads (pp. 260-263, fig. 117). Possible drill for manufacture (pp. 243f.).
Wachsmann, S.
1987 Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 20.
A thorough reassessment of the Egyptian frescoes that show beads as a medium of contact with the
Aegean (see esp. pp. 54f., 74f).
Wakita, S. et al.
1995 Tell Mastuma: A Preliminary Report of the Excavations at Idlib, Syria, in 1994 and 1995.
Bulletin of the Ancient Orient Museum 16:1-73.
Miscellaneous agate, greenstone, unidentified stone, clay, frit, and glass beads from Iron Age contexts
(pp. 32, 36-38).
Walker, Bethany J.
2001 Bangles, Beads and Bedouin: Excavating a Late Ottoman Cemetery in Jordan. Essays in
Economic & Business History 19.
Discusses the material from Tall Hisban which is attributed to the late 19th century.
2001 The Late Ottoman Cemetery in Field L, Tall Hisban. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
Research 322:47-55.
Objects buried with ca. 19th-century Bedouin burials in Jordan include necklaces of cowrie, agate,
carnelian, jasper, ceramic, and glass seed beads and mother-of-pearl pendants.
Wartke, Ralf-B.
1994 Die mittelassyrische Gruft 45 aus Assur: Fundgeschichte, Beigaben und Rekonstruktion im
Berliner Vorderasiatischen Museum. Antike Welt 25(3):237-251.
A history and reassessment of this important Middle Assyrian grave in Iraq, with color photographs of its
large and famous assemblage of beads, now rearranged.
1999 Les objets de parure de la tombe n 45 à Assour. In Cornaline et pierres précieuses: Lao
Méditerranée, de l’Antiquité à Islam, edited by Annie Caubet, pp. 317-340. Musée du Louvre,
Paris.
More on the necklaces and individual beads found in tomb 45. Materials include lapis lazuli, carnelian,
onyx, jasper, and gold.
Weeks, Lloyd, Charlotte Cable, Kristina Franke, Claire Newton, Steven Karacic, James Roberts,
Ivan Stepanov, Helene David-Cuny, David Price, Rashad Mohammed Bukhash, Mansour Boraik
Radwan, and Hassan Zein
2017 Recent Archaeological Research at Saruq al-Hadid, Dubai, UAE. Arabian Archaeology and
Epigraphy 28:31-60.
From Iron and Bronze Age contexts, beads are plentiful across the site and materials include marine shell,
ceramic, frit, ivory, bone, gold, glass, lead, eggshell, and a variety of semi-precious stones such as
carnelian, agate, soft stone, alabaster, and quartz. Bead blanks and unworked fragments of exotic semi-
precious stones suggest that beads were being manufactured at the site.
Weinberg, Gladys D. (ed.)
1988 Excavations at Jalame – Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine. University of Missouri
Press, Columbia.
Some beads are mentioned in Chapter 8.
Wenn, C.C., K. Bortheim, E. Cappelletto, H. Indgjerd, and H. Kiesewetter
2015 To the Bottom – Final Excavations in area B of the East Necropolis (Hierapolis, Turkey). Nicolay
Arkeologisk Tidsskrift 126:21-27.
Highlights two bead types from Roman contexts: a black glass bead with two parallel holes and ribbed
impressions on the surface, and a cylindrical hexagonal bead in green glass from a bracelet or necklace.
Whitcomb, D.S.
1985 Before the Roses and Nightingales: Excavations at Qasr-i Abu Nasr, Old Shiraz. Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York.
Describes beads of various materials from a Sasanian fortress in Iran (p. 177, figs. 69-70).
Wilkinson, A.
1989 Jewelry Beads. In Bâb edh-Dhrâc: Excavations in the Cemetery Directed by Paul W. Lapp (1965-
1967), edited by R.T. Schaub, and W.E. Rast, pp. 302-310. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
Williams, Bruce B.
1983 Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 5: C-Group, Pan Grave, and
Kerma Remains at Adindan Cemeteries T, K, U, and J. University of Chicago, Oriental Institute
Nubian Expedition V.
Beads of various materials, including some sewn onto leather garments, furnish evidence for trade
southwards and with Egypt (pp. 83-94).
1986 Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 1: The A-Group Royal Cemetery
at Qustul: Cemetery L. University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition III.
Beads include those of faience, metal, stone, shell, bone, and clay.
1989 Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Parts 2, 3, 4: Neolothic, A-Group and
Post-A-Group Remains. University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition IV.
Beads of faience and ostrich eggshell; discoid, segmented, and star-shaped.
1990 Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier. Part 7: Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and
Napatan Remains at Qustul Cemeteries W and V. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute
Nubian Expedition 8.
The recovered beads were relatively few in number but quite varied. Materials include glass, faience,
metal, stone, and ostrich eggshell.
1991 Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier. Part 8: Meroitic Remains from Qustul
Cemetery Q, Ballana Cemetery B, and a Ballana Settlement. Part I. The University of Chicago
Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 8.
Beads include those of glass, faience, metal, stone, and ostrich eggshell. Amulets are also dealt with.
1992 Excavations between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier. Part 6: New Kingdom Remains from
Cemeteries R, V, S, and W at Qustul and Cemetery K at Adindan. The University of Chicago
Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition 6.
Bead materials include glass, faience, metal, stone, and ostrich eggshell.
Woods, Gillian Margaret
2015 In the Beginning…The Origins of Predynastic Religion. Ph.D. thesis. School of History,
Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University.
This work covers the Western Desert to the Nile Valley during the period ca. 6500-3750 calBC and
determines the aetiology and nature of early Predynastic (Badarian, ca. 4350-3750 calBC) belief systems.
Part of the discussion focuses on the beads found with burials, especially those of glazed steatite, many of
which were used to create what appear to be belts. Ancient Egypt.
Wright, Katherine I. (Karen)
2008 Craft Production and the Organisation of Ground Stone Technologies. In New Approaches to Old
Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artefacts, edited by Y. Rowan and J. Ebeling, pp. 130-
143. Equinox Archaeology, London.
Discusses the massive evidence for the production of beads made of green, red, and black “Dabba
marble” at the Late Neolithic sites of Jilat 13 and 25 in eastern Jordan.
2012 Beads and the Body: Ornament Technologies of the BACH Area Buildings at Çatalhöyük. In
House Lives: Building, Inhabiting, Excavating a House at Çatalhöyük, Turkey, edited by R.
Tringham and M. Stevanovic. University of California at Los Angeles, Monographs of the Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology.
Presents a thorough discussion of the stone, shell, bone, and clay beads from a very large Neolithic and
Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, Turkey.
Wright, K.I., P. Critchley, A.N. Garrard, R. Bains, D. Baird, and S. Groom
2008 Stone Bead Technologies and Early Craft Specialization: Insights from Two Neolithic Sites in
Eastern Jordan. Levant 40(2):131-165.
Stone bead production and exchange in Wadi Jilat and the Azraq Basin, Jordan.
Wright, Katherine I. and Andrew Garrard
2003 Social Identities and the Expansion of Stone Bead-Making in Neolithic Western Asia: New
Evidence from Jordan. Antiquity 77(296):267-284.
Discusses evidence for stone bead production and use at six seasonally occupied aceramic neolithic
campsites in the Wadi Jilat region of eastern Jordan. Most of the beads were made from a local colored
stone, so-called “Dabba Marble,” but varieties of flint, silicified sandstone, white limestone/chalk, white
quartz/calcite were also used. Long-distance imports were limited to two beads of malachite and
turquoise, and a small number of Red Sea shells and mother-of-pearl beads.
Wygnañska, Zuzanna
2015 Beads, Pendants and Other Ornaments from Tumuli Graves and the Survey in Al-Subiyah. In
Tumuli Graves and Other Stone Structures on the North Coast of Kuwait Bay (al-Subiyah 2007-
2012), edited by £ukasz Rutkowski, pp. 487-531. Kuwaiti-Polish Archaeological Mission
Publications, Warsaw.
Shell beads predominate but there are also examples of those made of pearls, stone, bone, bitumen,
ostrich eggshell, and faience. Most of the ornaments can be placed in a broad time span covering the 5th
through the 3rd millennium BC.
Wygnañska, Zuzanna and Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer
2018 14. Beads. In Arcane Interregional. Artefacts, edited by Marc Lebeau, pp. 283-294. Brepols,
Turnhout, Belgium.
Using ARCANE database, this study aims to better our understanding of Early Bronze Age beads as
artifacts of economic and exchange networks, technological advances, and symbolic values from a broad
region of the Near East, western Iran included. The beads are discussed chronologically and include those
of stone, frit/faience, metal, bone, and shell.
Wyllie, Cherra and Frank Hole
2012 Personal Adornment in the Epi-Paleolithic of the Levant. In Proceedings of the 7th International
Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 12-16 April 2010, the British Museum
and UCL, London, Vol. 3, edited by Roger Matthews and John Curtis, pp. 707-717. Harrassowitz
Verlag, Wiesbaden.
Features reconstruction drawings of beaded headdresses and bone and shell jewelry based on
archaeological data from burials at el-Wad, Mallaha, and Hayonim (radio-carbon dated to the Mesolithic
Period ca. 12,500-9,500 BCE) in Israel.
Xia, Nai
2014 Ancient Egyptian Beads. Springer, Heidelberg.
Based on a Ph.D. dissertation written some 70 years ago, this book presents a detailed analysis and
thorough study of the unique collection of Ancient Egyptian beads in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian
Archaeology in London. Sections deal with the technical methods of beadmaking, classification, and
chronology. See Karklins (2017) for a review.
Yamazaki, Seria
2015 Regional Variability of Personal Adornments and Burial Customs in the Middle Kingdom.
Journal of Egyptian Studies 21:59-78.
Personal adornments from 160 tombs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt were studied to clarify their
regional diversity with quantitative analysis. Analysis revealed that necklaces, collars, single string
bracelets, and broad bracelets were the most popular adornments. In Japanese with English abstract.
2016 Introduction to a Study on Personal Adornments of the Middle Kingdom in Ancient Egypt
through the Iconographic Analysis. Journal of Egyptian Studies 22:179-204.
Aims to reveal the meaning of personal adornments depicted in frise d’objets, masks, anthropoid coffins,
“Paddle dolls,” and truncated Middle Kingdom female figurines. The indication is that each object bore
different kinds of personal adornments. In Japanese with English abstract.
2018 Archaeological and Iconographic Analysis of the Use of Funerary Personal Adornments in the
Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. Sociology and Anthropology 6(4):433-446.
Concentrates on the regional variability of personal adornments by analyzing hundreds of tombs located
in Egypt. “Ideal” assemblages and colors of the adornments for funerary rituals are examined through
iconography such as frise d’objets, mummy masks, and anthropoid coffins.
Yassine, Khair
1984 Tell el Mazar I: Cemetery A. The University of Jordan, Amman.
Discusses over 400 beads from an Iron Age cemetery in Jordan (pp. 111-131).
Yelözer, Sera
2016 Aºýklý Höyük Boncuklarý : Tipoloji, Taným ve Sosyal Açýdan Deðerlendirme / Aºýklý Höyük
Beads: Descriptive Variables and Social Aspects. M.A. thesis. Istanbul University.
Discusses the beads made of various stones and minerals, animal bone and teeth, sea and freshwater
shells, clay, and copper recovered from an aceramic Neolithic settlement in central Turkey.
2018 The Beads from Aºýklý Höyük. In The Early Settlement at Aºýklý Höyük: Essays in Honor of Ufuk
Esin, edited by Mihriban Özbaºaran, Güneº Duru, Mary Stiner, pp. 383-404. Ege Yayýnlarý,
Istanbul.
Summarizes evidence on the raw materials, colors, and types of beads at this site in central Turkey
occupied from 8200 to 7400 BC and discusses the implications of changes in ornamentation through time.
Yelözer, Sera and Devrim Sönmez
2018 Continuity and Change through Personal Ornaments : Aºýklý Höyük, Central Anatolia, Turkey. In
From the Caucasus to the Arabian Peninsula: Domestic Spaces in the Neolithic, edited by
Carolyne Douché and Fiona Pichon, pp. 169-206. Revue de l’Orient ancien.
The aim of this contribution is to identify changes and/or continuity in this aceramic Neolithic community
through the study of personal ornaments such as beads and necklaces.
Youkana, D. George
1997 Tell es-Sawwan: The Architecture of the Sixth Millennium BC. NABU Books, London.
Turquoise and white stone beads are reported from primary (Archaic Hassuna) occupation levels at this
important site in central Iraq. The report also summarizes the evidence for the spectacular Neolithic
cemetery found in Level I which included turquoise, “onyx” (possibly agate), and “tubular shell”
(dentalium) beads found in children’s graves.
Yule, Paul and Gerd Weisgerber
1996 Die 14. Deutsche Archäologische Oman-Expedition 1995. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-
Gesellschaft zu Berlin 128:135-155.
A grave in a Bronze Age cemetery excavated at Qorin es-Sahhaimah, Oman, contained over 350 enstatite
microbeads, two shell beads, and a sole carnelian (p. 146, fig. 8).
2009 Samad Ash-Shan. Excavation of the Pre-Islamic Cemeteries: Preliminary Report 1988.
Deutschen Bergbau-Museums, Bochum.
Presents a brief overview of the beads recovered from Samad Period graves at a cemetery in Oman.
Zuckerman, S.
1996 Beads and Pendants. In Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh,
Volume IV, edited by D.T. Ariel and A. de Groot, pp. 276-290. Qedem 35.
Detailed catalog of 47 Middle Bronze II/Achaemenid period stone and faience beads, principally from
Iron II levels, discussed according to material. Israel.