researching environmental concerns 11...
TRANSCRIPT
279
World Energy Outlook, WEO2006. http://www.worldenergyoutlook. org/.
World Wind Energy Association, http://www.world-wind-energy.info/ Zaaijer M B, 2002. Foundation models for the dynamic response of
offshore wind turbines. Marine Renewable Energy Conference, Newcastle, UK.
Zhu S P, 1993. ‘Diffraction of short-crested waves around a circular cylinder’, Ocean Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 389–407.
280
9
Household environmental pressure from consumption: an Australian environmental atlas Christopher Dey, Charles Berger, Barney Foran, Miles Foran, Rowena Joske, Manfred Lenzen and Richard Wood
Abstract Modern living means consuming, and consuming causes resource depletion and environmental degradation. Environmental education and action plans for households typically focus on the environmental pressures associated directly with household requirements, such as electricity generation, the direct combustion of fuels and direct water use. Though important, such direct environmental pressures are generally smaller than the indirect pressures associated with the consumption of goods and services by households. These indirect ‘requirements’ occur in the numerous producing industries of the Australian as well as overseas economies. However, in accordance with Adam Smith’s classic statement that ‘consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production’, these requirements are ultimately being demanded by households. Total household environmental pressure is then the combination of direct and indirect requirements. By combining detailed census, household expenditure and environmental data with an economy-wide model, we have calculated the total household environmental pressure for over 1300 Australian statistical local areas (SLAs). These estimates of the wider environmental
28
1
pres
sure
of
aver
age
hous
ehol
ds a
t a
fine
spat
ial s
cale,
rep
rese
nt a
new
re
sour
ce fo
r env
ironm
enta
l edu
catio
n. W
e ha
ve p
rodu
ced
map
s of t
hese
re
sults
, for
the
indi
cato
rs o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issio
ns, w
ater
use
and
ec
olog
ical f
ootp
rint,
to re
veal
the
sour
ces
of e
nviro
nmen
tal p
ress
ures
in
term
s of a
vera
ge p
er c
apita
impa
cts.
Resu
lts sh
ow th
at im
pact
s are
hig
hly
corr
elate
d w
ith h
ouse
hold
exp
endi
ture
, bu
t th
at w
ithin
clea
r ge
nera
l tre
nds
ther
e ca
n be
larg
e di
ffere
nces
bet
wee
n th
e av
erag
e ho
useh
olds
in
diffe
rent
SLA
s. Th
e re
sults
wer
e tra
nsfo
rmed
into
an
inte
ract
ive
web
-ba
sed
tool
, the
Aus
tralia
n Co
nsum
ptio
n A
tlas,
whi
ch a
llow
s us
ers
to s
ee
map
s of
env
ironm
enta
l per
form
ance
by
SLA
, as
well
as
find
the
typi
cal
perf
orm
ance
by
post
code
, co
upled
with
exp
lanat
ions
and
sug
gest
ions
fo
r ac
tion.
Th
e lau
nch
of th
e A
tlas
was
sup
porte
d by
a n
atio
nal m
edia
and
outre
ach
cam
paig
n. T
he p
ublic
’s an
d m
edia'
s re
spon
se to
the
Atla
s w
ere
cons
ider
able:
int
eres
t w
as b
oth
wid
espr
ead
and
sust
ained
ove
r m
any
wee
ks. T
here
was
par
ticul
arly
stro
ng in
tere
st in
the
mag
nitu
de o
f in
dire
ct im
pact
s as
well
as
the
varia
tions
bet
wee
n SL
As.
It ap
pear
s th
at
this
resp
onse
is in
dica
tive
of th
e pu
blic
beco
min
g m
ore
soph
istica
ted
in
its u
nder
stan
ding
of t
he so
urce
s of e
nviro
nmen
tal p
ress
ures
.
Intro
duct
ion
Ther
e is
exte
nsiv
e ac
adem
ic lit
erat
ure
on t
he li
nks
betw
een
hous
ehol
d co
nsum
ptio
n an
d en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
(Che
n 20
07; C
hrist
offe
rsen
et
al 20
05; M
unks
gaar
d et
al 2
005;
Tur
ner e
t al 2
007;
Wied
man
n et
al 2
007;
W
ier, M
cDon
ald &
For
gie
2006
;). M
ost o
f th
ese
stud
ies c
orre
ctly
poin
t ou
t the
impo
rtanc
e of
off-
site
impa
cts,
whi
ch a
re in
add
ition
to d
irect
or
on-s
ite
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s w
hich
ar
e th
e no
rmal
focu
s of
en
viro
nmen
tal
educ
atio
n ca
mpa
igns
(L
enze
n,
Dey
&
Fo
ran
2004
; M
unks
gaar
d,
Pede
rsen
&
W
ier
2000
). In
dire
ct
impa
cts
in
mos
t de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s ar
e ty
pica
lly t
wo
to t
hree
tim
es h
ighe
r th
an t
he
dire
ct im
pact
s (L
enze
n 20
01c)
. Res
ourc
e re
quire
men
ts o
f citi
es h
as lo
ng
been
of i
nter
est,
but o
n a
per c
apita
bas
is, s
imila
r res
ourc
e re
quire
men
ts
are
invo
lved
in m
ost l
ifest
yles
in d
evelo
ped
coun
tries
(Mol
l & N
orm
an
2002
). Fu
rther
mor
e, in
dire
ct im
pact
s ar
e hi
ghly
relat
ed to
affl
uenc
e; so
, as
the
gen
eral
afflu
ence
of
hous
ehol
ds i
ncre
ases
, so
do
the
indi
rect
en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
of t
hose
hou
seho
lds
(Len
zen
1998
). Th
is is
desp
ite t
he c
omm
only
hel
d no
tion
that
, as
afflu
ence
incr
ease
s, th
ere
is m
ore
oppo
rtuni
ty
for
hous
ehol
ds
to
redu
ce
(dire
ct)
impa
cts
by
28
2
incr
easin
g en
ergy
and
wat
er u
se e
fficie
ncy.
This
may
occ
ur,
but
in
gene
ral
any
redu
ctio
n in
dire
ct e
nviro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
are
mor
e th
an
coun
tere
d by
an
incr
ease
in t
he w
ider
, ind
irect
impa
cts
asso
ciate
d w
ith
incr
ease
d sp
endi
ng.
This
is pa
rticu
larly
the
case
if
trade
effe
cts
are
inclu
ded:
the
em
bodi
men
t of
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s in
the
pro
duct
s pu
rcha
sed
by d
evelo
ped
coun
tries
(G
hertn
er &
Frip
p 20
07).
In s
hort,
th
ere
is in
crea
sing
evid
ence
to
sugg
est
that
glo
bally
the
Env
ironm
enta
l K
uzne
ts1 c
urve
doe
s no
t hol
d, p
artic
ular
ly fo
r gre
enho
use
gas
emiss
ions
(G
hertn
er &
Frip
p 20
07).
Publ
ic kn
owled
ge
of
off-s
ite
impa
cts
of
cons
umpt
ion
has
been
st
imul
ated
by
the
relat
ivel
y fa
st a
ccep
tanc
e of
the
eco
logi
cal f
ootp
rint
conc
ept,
whi
ch a
ttem
pts
to m
easu
re t
he t
otal
land
requ
irem
ents
for
su
ppor
ting
a lif
esty
le (L
enze
n &
Mur
ray
2001
; W
acke
rnag
el &
Ree
s 19
95).
The
ecol
ogica
l fo
otpr
int
is fu
ndam
enta
lly a
com
mun
icatio
n m
etric
des
crib
ing
the
notio
n th
at t
he im
pact
s of
life
style
s’ sp
read
well
be
yond
their
imm
ediat
e vi
cinity
. Alth
ough
onl
y ab
out 1
5 ye
ars
old
as a
co
ncep
t, th
e w
ord
‘foot
prin
t’ is
now
in g
ener
al pu
blic
usag
e, th
ough
it
has
been
dilu
ted
and
broa
dene
d fr
om t
he o
rigin
al m
eani
ng o
f th
e ec
olog
ical f
ootp
rint.
The
analo
gous
term
‘car
bon
foot
prin
t’ is
now
also
in
com
mon
usa
ge, a
nd is
par
t of t
he g
row
ing
inte
rest
in c
arbo
n ne
utra
lity
and
the
relat
ed p
ract
ice o
f ca
rbon
offs
ettin
g.2
Env
ironm
enta
l foo
tprin
t is
bein
g us
ed i
ncre
asin
gly
as a
gen
eral
phra
se t
o m
ean
envi
ronm
enta
l pr
essu
res
as m
easu
red
by a
ran
ge o
f in
dica
tors
, su
ch a
s w
ater
use
, po
llutio
n, a
ir tra
vel a
nd fo
od m
iles.
D
espi
te
the
incr
easin
g pu
blic
awar
enes
s of
th
e w
ider
dr
iver
s of
en
viro
nmen
tal
pres
sure
, th
ere
is a
need
for
fur
ther
edu
catio
n an
d ou
treac
h to
ols
that
will
stim
ulat
e re
al ac
tion
( Le
nzen
, Dey
& M
urra
y 20
02; L
enze
n &
Mur
ray
2001
a; Le
nzen
& S
mith
200
0). S
ucce
ss in
this
area
dep
ends
upo
n a
num
ber
of f
acto
rs. F
irstly
, too
ls, r
esul
ts a
nd th
eir
mea
ning
mus
t be
acce
ssib
le to
the
gene
ral p
ublic
, mak
e co
nnec
tions
with
th
eir c
urre
nt u
nder
stan
ding
and
not
be
load
ed w
ith j
argo
n. S
econ
dly,
1 T
he E
nviro
nmen
tal K
uzne
ts c
urve
is th
e ge
nera
l hyp
othe
sis th
at, a
s pop
ulat
ions
de
velo
p, th
ey p
ass o
ver a
pol
lutio
n ‘h
ump’
afte
r whi
ch fu
rther
dev
elopm
ent,
in te
rms
of ri
sing
inco
me,
leads
to re
duct
ions
in e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts.
2 S
ee IS
A re
port,
Car
bon
Neu
tralit
y – se
nse a
nd se
nsibi
lity,
http
://w
ww
.isa.o
rg.u
syd.
edu.
au/p
ublic
atio
ns/C
arbo
nNeu
tral.p
df.
28
3
educ
atio
n m
ater
ial m
ust
still
be
suffi
cient
ly qu
antit
ativ
e, in
depe
nden
t an
d re
liabl
e to
sec
ure
the
publ
ic’s
trust
. Th
irdly,
she
er v
olum
e of
in
form
atio
n –
for
exam
ple,
man
y in
divi
dual
indi
cato
rs
addr
essin
g m
ultip
le iss
ues
– w
ill n
ot b
e as
effe
ctiv
e as
a s
elect
ion
of k
ey in
dica
tors
co
verin
g m
ajor
conc
erns
. Fo
urth
ly,
com
mun
icatio
n of
re
sults
an
d m
eani
ngs
will
be
enha
nced
if t
here
can
be
pers
onal
rele
vanc
e, su
ch a
s re
sults
rela
ted
to p
artic
ular
dem
ogra
phic
gro
ups,
lifes
tyle
fact
ors
or
loca
tions
. Fin
ally,
to b
e ul
timat
ely s
ucce
ssfu
l, an
y ed
ucat
ion
cam
paig
n sh
ould
stim
ulat
e sig
nific
ant a
ctio
n or
beh
avio
ur c
hang
e. Th
is ch
apte
r is
not
only
conc
erne
d w
ith t
he c
alcul
atio
n of
hou
seho
ld
impa
cts,
large
ly an
aca
dem
ic ex
ercis
e fo
r w
hich
the
re i
s a
gene
ral
conv
erge
nce
of m
etho
ds a
nd a
n un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e im
porta
nce
of th
e w
ider
im
pact
s of
hou
seho
lds.3
Rat
her,
this
wor
k als
o ex
amin
es t
he
effe
ctiv
enes
s of c
omm
unica
tion
of th
ese
issue
s to
the
gene
ral p
ublic
, and
th
e re
spon
se o
f the
pub
lic a
nd th
e m
edia
to su
ch is
sues
. The
wor
k is
the
outc
ome
of a
par
tner
ship
bet
wee
n re
sear
cher
s fr
om t
he C
entre
of
Inte
grat
ed S
usta
inab
ility
Ana
lysis
at t
he U
nive
rsity
of
Sydn
ey a
nd
educ
ator
s fr
om
the
Aus
tralia
n Co
nser
vatio
n Fo
unda
tion,
a
non-
gove
rnm
enta
l or
gani
satio
n w
ith
a lo
ng
hist
ory
of
envi
ronm
enta
l ed
ucat
ion
and
advo
cacy
. In
thi
s ch
apte
r w
e ou
tline
the
met
hodo
logy
beh
ind
the
calcu
latio
n of
av
erag
e en
viro
nmen
tal p
ress
ures
acr
oss
Aus
tralia
and
pre
sent
a s
ampl
e of
resu
lts to
illu
stra
te th
e w
eb-b
ased
tool
kno
wn
as th
e Co
nsum
ption
Atla
s. W
e th
en d
iscus
s th
e re
spon
ses
to th
e lau
nch
and
educ
atio
n ca
mpa
ign
of
the
Cons
umpt
ion
Atla
s, be
fore
con
cludi
ng a
nd d
iscus
sing
brief
ly id
eas
for f
utur
e w
ork
in th
is ar
ea.
Met
hodo
logy
Th
e pr
incip
le m
etho
dolo
gy b
ehin
d th
is w
ork
is w
ell d
evelo
ped
and
is de
scrib
ed e
lsew
here
(Le
nzen
199
8; L
enze
n, D
ey &
For
an. 2
004)
. The
ob
jectiv
e of
the
proj
ect w
as to
est
imat
e th
e to
tal e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts,
mea
ning
the
dire
ct p
lus i
ndire
ct im
pact
s, fo
r typ
ical h
ouse
hold
s dow
n to
3 How
ever
, the
re is
still
not
yet
com
plet
e ag
reem
ent o
n m
etric
s and
scop
es o
f an
alyse
s; se
e, fo
r exa
mpl
e, di
scus
sions
and
refe
renc
es in
Tur
ner e
t al (
2007
) and
W
iedm
ann
et a
l, (2
007)
.
28
4
a fin
e sp
atial
leve
l cov
erin
g all
of
Aus
tralia
. In
sum
mar
y, th
e w
ork
here
co
mbi
nes
an i
nput
–out
put
analy
sis a
ppro
ach
for
calcu
latin
g in
dire
ct
requ
irem
ents
for
hou
seho
lds,
with
hou
seho
ld e
xpen
ditu
re d
ata
for
a sa
mpl
e of
Aus
tralia
n ho
useh
olds
, with
com
preh
ensiv
e po
pulat
ion
cens
us
data
for
the
who
le na
tion.
The
wor
k th
eref
ore
relie
s on
the
ext
ensiv
e, pu
blicl
y-av
ailab
le da
tase
ts c
ollec
ted
and
prov
ided
by
the
Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of S
tatis
tics (
ABS
). Th
e m
etho
dolo
gy is
out
lined
in th
e fo
llow
ing
sect
ions
.
Inpu
t–ou
tput
ana
lysi
s In
put–
outp
ut a
nalys
is is
a m
acro
econ
omic
tech
niqu
e th
at u
ses
data
on
inte
r-ind
ustri
al m
onet
ary
trans
actio
ns
to
acco
unt
for
the
com
plex
in
terd
epen
denc
ies
of
indu
strie
s in
m
oder
n ec
onom
ies.
Sinc
e its
in
trodu
ctio
n by
Leo
ntief
(Le
ontie
f 19
36; 1
941)
, it
has
been
app
lied
to
num
erou
s ec
onom
ic an
d en
viro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s, an
d in
put–
outp
ut ta
bles
ar
e no
w c
ompi
led o
n a
regu
lar b
asis
for
mos
t in
dust
rialis
ed, a
nd a
lso
man
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s. To
obt
ain r
egio
nal r
esul
ts w
e co
mbi
ne t
he
natio
nal
Aus
tralia
n in
put–
outp
ut t
ables
and
nat
iona
l da
ta o
n re
sour
ce
use
and
pollu
tion
(mod
ified
by
regi
onali
sing
som
e im
porta
nt s
tate
-sp
ecifi
c im
pact
s su
ch a
s th
ose
from
elec
tricit
y pr
ovisi
on a
nd m
eat
prod
uctio
n) w
ith r
egio
nal h
ouse
hold
exp
endi
ture
dat
a. Th
e as
sum
ptio
n in
here
nt i
n th
is ap
proa
ch i
s th
at p
rodu
cts
purc
hase
d by
reg
iona
l ho
useh
olds
are
pro
duce
d re
gion
ally
and
natio
nally
usin
g a
simila
r pr
oduc
tion
recip
e. H
ence
it
is a
stud
y of
nat
iona
l im
pact
s th
at r
esul
t fr
om re
gion
al co
nsum
ptio
n. In
con
trast
, reg
iona
l inp
ut–o
utpu
t tab
les a
re
requ
ired
for
the
analy
sis o
f re
gion
al im
pact
s an
d in
ter-r
egio
nal
flow
s (T
iebou
t 19
60).
The
tech
niqu
e of
co
mbi
ning
in
put–
outp
ut
and
hous
ehol
d ex
pend
iture
dat
a ha
s be
en u
sed
prev
ious
ly by
a n
umbe
r of
au
thor
s (s
ee c
ompr
ehen
sive
refe
renc
e lis
t in
Len
zen,
Dey
& F
oran
20
04).
Th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct o
f hou
seho
lds i
s det
erm
ined
via
�
�Y
F�
��
hhem
b.
(1)
28
5
The
varia
bles
in E
quat
ion
1 ar
e in
turn
: F
M
atrix
of
ho
useh
old
factor
req
uirem
ents.
Its
ele
men
ts
��
gj
fi
ijF,...,
;,...,
11
��
desc
ribe
the
tota
l am
ount
of
fact
or i
req
uire
d by
hous
ehol
d gr
oup
j. Th
e te
rm
factor
re
pres
ents
re
sour
ce
and
envi
ronm
enta
l qu
antit
ies (
such
as
land
dist
urba
nce,
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n,
wat
er
use,
gree
nhou
se
gas
emiss
ions
an
d th
e ag
greg
ated
qu
antit
y ec
olog
ical f
ootp
rint).
F c
ompr
ises
both
fac
tors
Qhh
×Y
use
d di
rect
ly b
y th
e ho
useh
old
(in t
he h
ouse
or
by u
sing
priv
ate
vehi
cles)
, an
d als
o fa
ctor
s Q
emb ×
Y
used
by
Aus
tralia
n an
d fo
reig
n in
dust
ries,
that
are
re
quire
d in
dire
ctly
to p
rovi
de g
oods
and
ser
vice
s pu
rcha
sed
by t
he
hous
ehol
d. T
he l
atte
r ar
e als
o ca
lled
embo
died
factor
req
uirem
ents.
F h
as
dim
ensio
ns f×
g, w
here
f is
the
num
ber
of f
acto
rs (o
nly
resu
lts f
or th
ree
will
be
pr
esen
ted
here
: gr
eenh
ouse
ga
s em
issio
ns,
wat
er
use
and
ecol
ogica
l foo
tprin
t) an
d g i
s th
e nu
mbe
r of
hou
seho
ld g
roup
s. Fo
r th
is st
udy
an a
vera
ge h
ouse
hold
was
est
ablis
hed
for
each
of
the
1346
St
atist
ical
Loca
l A
reas
(SL
A)
defin
ed b
y th
e A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f St
atist
ics (A
BS).
Thi
s pro
cedu
re is
disc
usse
d fu
rther
belo
w.
Qhh
M
atrix
of
ho
useh
old
factor
mu
ltipli
ers.
Its
elem
ents
�
�s
jf
iijQ
,...,
;,...,
11
hh�
�de
scrib
e th
e us
age
by p
rivat
e ho
useh
olds
of
fact
or i
per A
$ va
lue
of fi
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
of c
omm
oditi
es fr
om in
dust
ry j
. Qhh
ha
s di
men
sions
f×s,
whe
re s
is th
e nu
mbe
r of
clas
sified
indu
strie
s. Th
e Ce
ntre
for I
nteg
rate
d Su
stain
abili
ty A
nalys
is at
the
Uni
vers
ity o
f Syd
ney
(ISA
) ha
s ex
pand
ed t
he m
ore
aggr
egat
ed A
ustra
lian
inpu
t–ou
tput
tab
les
com
pile
d by
the
ABS
to
dist
ingu
ish s
= 3
44 i
ndus
try s
ecto
rs.
Thes
e ra
nge
from
prim
ary
indu
strie
s su
ch a
s ag
ricul
ture
and
min
ing,
via
seco
ndar
y in
dust
ries s
uch
as m
anuf
actu
ring
and
elect
ricity
, gas
and
wat
er
utili
ties,
to t
ertia
ry i
ndus
tries
suc
h as
com
mer
cial
serv
ices,
healt
h,
educ
atio
n,
defe
nce
and
gove
rnm
ent
adm
inist
ratio
n.
This
expa
nded
in
put–
outp
ut fr
amew
ork
appl
ies to
the
year
199
8–99
. Q
emb
Mat
rix
of
embo
died
factor
mu
ltipli
ers.
Its
elem
ents
�
�s
jf
iijQ
,...,
;,...,
11
emb
��
desc
ribe
the
usag
e of
fac
tor
i per
A$
valu
e of
fin
al
cons
umpt
ion
of c
omm
odity
j,
(1)
by t
he i
ndus
try s
ecto
rs p
rodu
cing
com
mod
ity j
, (2
) by
all
upst
ream
ind
ustry
sec
tors
sup
plyin
g in
dust
ry
28
6
sect
ors
prod
ucin
g co
mm
odity
j,
(3)
by a
ll up
stre
am i
ndus
try s
ecto
rs
supp
lying
in
dust
ry
sect
ors
that
su
pply
indu
stry
se
ctor
s pr
oduc
ing
com
mod
ity j,
and
(4) s
o on
, inf
inite
ly. Q
emb
thus
cap
ture
s th
e tot
al fac
tor
requi
remen
ts of
ind
ustri
es i
n th
e en
tire
econ
omy
that
are
nee
ded
to
prod
uce
com
mod
ities
con
sum
ed b
y ho
useh
olds
. Qem
b ha
s di
men
sions
f×
s.
Y M
atrix
of
hous
ehold
exp
endit
ure.
Its e
lemen
ts �
�h
js
iijY
,...,
;,...,
11
��
desc
ribe
the
amou
nt o
f A
$ sp
ent
on c
omm
odity
i by
hou
seho
ld g
roup
j du
ring
the
refe
renc
e ye
ar. Y
has
dim
ensio
ns s×
h. Q
emb c
an b
e ca
lculat
ed a
ccor
ding
to th
e ba
sic in
put–
outp
ut re
lation
ship
�
�1in
dem
b�
��
AI
.
(2
) Th
e va
riabl
es in
Equ
atio
n 2
are:
Qin
d M
atrix
of
in
dustr
ial
factor
mu
ltipli
ers.
Its
elem
ents
�
�s
jf
iijQ
,...,
;,...,
11
ind
��
desc
ribe
the
usag
e of
fact
or i
by in
dust
ry s
ecto
r j p
er
A$
valu
e of
tota
l out
put b
y in
dust
ry s
ecto
r j.
In c
ontra
st t
o Q
emb ,
Qin
d re
pres
ents
onl
y fa
ctor
s us
ed d
irect
ly in
eac
h in
dust
ry,
but
not
in
upst
ream
supp
lying
indu
strie
s. Q
ind h
as d
imen
sions
f×s.
I Th
e un
ity m
atrix
. Its
elem
ents
��
sj
si
ijI,...,
;,...,
11
��
are
I ij=1
if i=
j, an
d I ij=
0
if i�
j. I h
as d
imen
sions
s×s.
A M
atrix
of
direct
requ
ireme
nts.
Its e
lemen
ts �
�s
js
iijA
,...,
;,...,
11
��
desc
ribe
the
amou
nt o
f in
put
in A
ustra
lian
Dol
lars
(A$)
of
indu
stry
sec
tor
i in
to
indu
stry
sec
tor j
, per
A$
valu
e of
tota
l out
put o
f ind
ustry
sec
tor j
. A h
as
dim
ensio
ns s
×s.
It co
mpr
ises
impo
rts f
rom
for
eign
indu
strie
s an
d tra
nsac
tions
fo
r ca
pita
l re
plac
emen
t an
d gr
owth
. A
ca
ptur
es
the
inte
rdep
ende
nce
of i
ndus
tries
in
the
Aus
tralia
n ec
onom
y an
d th
eir
depe
nden
ce o
n fo
reig
n in
dust
ries,
and
– as
sum
ing
that
im
ports
are
pr
oduc
ed u
sing
Aus
tralia
n te
chno
logy
– th
us e
nabl
es th
e tra
nslat
ion
of
indu
stria
l fac
tor
mul
tiplie
rs Q
ind
into
em
bodi
ed f
acto
r m
ultip
liers
Qem
b .
28
7
Furth
erm
ore,
fact
or r
equi
rem
ents
for
Aus
tralia
n in
dust
ries
prod
ucin
g ex
ports
are
rem
oved
from
Qin
d , sin
ce re
spon
sibili
ty fo
r the
se im
pact
s are
bo
rne
by t
he p
urch
aser
s of
the
exp
orte
d co
mm
oditi
es (
see
Gall
ego
&
Lenz
en 2
005;
Len
zen
et a
l 200
7)).
In A
ustra
lia t
here
is a
stro
ng t
rade
su
rplu
s of
en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts,
asso
ciate
d m
ainly
with
im
pact
s re
latin
g to
the
exp
ort
of p
rimar
y co
mm
oditi
es.
For
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
desc
riptio
n of
the
Aus
tralia
n in
put–
outp
ut f
ram
ewor
k, s
ee p
aper
s by
Le
nzen
(Len
zen
2001
b; 2
001a
; Len
zen
& F
oran
200
1).
Dat
a so
urce
s, r
egre
ssio
n an
d re
sults
bre
akdo
wns
A
trad
ition
al pr
oblem
in u
nder
taki
ng g
ener
alise
d in
put–
outp
ut a
nalys
is is
the
align
men
t of d
iffer
ent d
ata
sour
ces w
hich
may
var
y in
indu
stry
sect
or
class
ifica
tion
and
refe
renc
e ye
ar.
App
roac
hes
to t
hese
pro
blem
s ar
e de
scrib
ed e
lsew
here
(e.g
. Gall
ego
& L
enze
n 20
06; L
enze
n, G
alleg
o &
W
ood
2007
). Th
e H
ouse
hold
Exp
endi
ture
Sur
vey
(Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of
Stat
istics
200
0) c
omm
odity
clas
sifica
tion
and
the
Inpu
t–ou
tput
Tab
les
(Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of S
tatis
tics
2004
a, 20
04b)
ref
er to
the
year
199
8–99
bu
t A
ustra
lian
popu
latio
n ce
nsus
dat
a fr
om 2
001
wer
e us
ed.
The
indu
stria
l ene
rgy
and
gree
nhou
se m
ultip
liers
wer
e ob
tain
ed b
y co
nsul
ting
a ra
nge
of
sour
ces
such
as
fu
el st
atist
ics
(Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of
A
gricu
ltura
l an
d Re
sour
ce
Eco
nom
ics
1999
, 20
01),
the
Aus
tralia
n N
atio
nal
Gre
enho
use
Gas
In
vent
ory
(Nat
iona
l G
reen
hous
e G
as
Inve
ntor
y Co
mm
ittee
199
8) a
nd m
otor
veh
icle
and
trans
port
surv
eys
(Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of
Stat
istic
s 19
96, 1
997)
. The
se in
dust
ry m
ultip
liers
ar
e us
ed t
o ca
lculat
e en
ergy
em
bodi
ed i
n co
nsum
er i
tem
s. Pr
oduc
ers
mak
ing
up t
he s
uppl
y ch
ains
of t
hese
est
ablis
hmen
ts a
re l
ikely
to
be
dist
ribut
ed a
cros
s th
e w
hole
of A
ustra
lia, s
o th
at w
e ap
ply
stat
e ad
just
ed
ener
gy m
ultip
liers
for
the
firs
t an
d se
cond
lay
er o
f su
pplie
rs,
and
natio
nal
aver
ages
fu
rther
up
stre
am.
Hou
seho
ld
ener
gy
mul
tiplie
rs
hh ener
gyQ
are
gene
rally
spe
cific
to a
sta
te,
and
wer
e th
eref
ore
sour
ced
sepa
rate
ly.
Exa
mpl
es
of
regi
onall
y ad
just
ed
figur
es
are
thos
e fo
r ele
ctric
ity (
NSW
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y an
d U
tiliti
es 2
000)
, pe
trol
(Aus
tralia
n A
utom
obile
Ass
ociat
ion
2000
) an
d lo
cal
trans
port
data
(L
enze
n 19
99).
Oth
er s
ourc
es in
clude
dat
a fo
r w
ater
(Le
nzen
& F
oran
20
01;
Var
don
et
al 20
07)
and
land
use,
wei
ghte
d by
de
gree
of
di
stur
banc
e (B
arso
n,
Rand
all
&
Bord
as
2000
; G
raet
z, W
ilson
&
Ca
mpb
ell 1
995;
Len
zen
& M
urra
y 20
01).
In o
rder
to
mat
ch t
he
28
8
Hou
seho
ld
Exp
endi
ture
Su
rvey
da
ta,
all
fact
or
mul
tiplie
rs
wer
e ex
trapo
lated
to
1998
–99
valu
es, c
onsid
erin
g tre
nds
in in
dust
rial f
acto
r us
e, ch
ange
s in
pro
duct
tax
atio
n, a
nd d
evelo
pmen
ts in
the
Con
sum
er
Price
Ind
ex (
CPI)
to a
ccou
nt f
or in
flatio
n (B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tatis
tics
2002
). W
hile
this
proc
edur
e in
trodu
ces
addi
tiona
l unc
erta
inty
into
the
es
timat
es o
f fa
ctor
req
uire
men
ts,
this
unce
rtain
ty i
s w
ell b
elow
the
va
riabi
lity
of th
ese
requ
irem
ents
acr
oss
diffe
rent
hou
seho
ld g
roup
s in
a
typi
cal s
ampl
e. Th
e av
erag
e ho
useh
old
expe
nditu
re m
atrix
(Y) b
y SL
A w
as d
eriv
ed fr
om
the
1998
–99
Hou
seho
ld
Exp
endi
ture
Su
rvey
(H
ES)
ag
greg
ated
to
st
atist
ical s
ub d
ivisi
on (S
SD) l
evel
and
then
regr
esse
d ag
ainst
the
cens
us
data
. The
ran
ge o
f th
e ex
plan
ator
y va
riabl
es u
sed
in th
is de
rivat
ion
was
as
follo
ws:
wee
kly
per
capi
ta in
com
e, av
erag
e nu
mbe
r of
per
sons
in th
e ho
useh
old,
ave
rage
age
fro
m H
ES
stru
ctur
e, ed
ucat
iona
l qu
alific
atio
n,
popu
latio
n de
nsity
(km
-2),
and
hous
ehol
d ty
pe (
rent
ing,
pur
chas
ing,
ow
ners
, av
erag
e nu
mbe
r of
em
ploy
ed
pers
ons
in
hous
ehol
d,
car
owne
rshi
p,
stat
e, an
d dw
ellin
g ty
pe).
The
mul
tivar
iate
regr
essio
n te
chni
que
used
is s
imila
r to
that
em
ploy
ed fo
r th
e IS
A s
tudy
on
Sydn
ey
hous
ehol
ds (L
enze
n, D
ey &
For
an 2
004)
. Pr
evio
usly
empl
oyed
te
chni
ques
kn
own
as
prod
uctio
n lay
er
deco
mpo
sitio
n, se
ctor
al br
eakd
owns
, and
stru
ctur
al pa
th a
nalys
is m
ay b
e us
ed t
o pr
ovid
e br
eakd
owns
of
aggr
egat
ed r
esul
ts (
Lenz
en &
Tre
loar
20
03; T
relo
ar 1
997)
.
Resu
lts a
nd d
iscus
sion
This
sect
ion
pres
ents
a se
lectio
n of
the
resu
lts o
f the
ana
lysis,
inclu
ding
a
sam
ple
of t
he t
ypica
l Co
nsum
ptio
n A
tlas
map
s. K
ey f
indi
ngs
and
resp
onse
s to
them
in te
rms
of e
nviro
nmen
tal p
olicy
and
act
ion
are
also
disc
usse
d. A
vera
ge A
ustra
lian,
and
by
stat
e, gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issio
ns,
wat
er u
se a
nd e
colo
gica
l foo
tprin
t res
ults
are
giv
en in
Tab
le 9.
1. T
hese
ar
e ca
lculat
ed f
rom
the
SLA
dat
a, w
eight
ed b
y po
pulat
ion.
To
supp
ort
the
aver
age
Aus
tralia
n lif
esty
le, 1
8.9
t CO
2-e (t
onne
s of
car
bon
diox
ide
equi
valen
t) of
gre
enho
use
gase
s ar
e em
itted
, 720
000
litre
s of
wat
er a
re
used
, and
an
ecol
ogica
l foo
tprin
t of 6
.45
ha is
requ
ired.
28
9
The
prin
ciple
rea
son
for d
iffer
ence
s be
twee
n st
ates
is d
iffer
ent l
evels
of
afflu
ence
, as
ind
icate
d by
the
ann
ual
per
capi
ta i
ncom
e fig
ures
. O
ne
exce
ptio
n to
thi
s is
due
to t
he p
redo
min
ant
elect
ricity
gen
erat
ion
infr
astru
ctur
e in
ea
ch
stat
e. Ta
sman
ia,
bein
g lar
gely
po
wer
ed
by
hydr
oelec
tricit
y, is
low
er th
an a
vera
ge, w
here
as V
ictor
ia, la
rgely
pow
ered
by
br
own
coal
gene
rate
d ele
ctric
ity,
is hi
gher
. N
ote
that
de
spite
Ta
sman
ia’s
own
elect
ricity
bein
g m
ostly
low
-em
issio
n hy
drop
ower
, the
av
erag
e Ta
sman
ian
still
ha
s sig
nific
ant
emiss
ions
be
caus
e th
eir
cons
umpt
ion
draw
s on
pow
er c
onsu
med
by
indu
strie
s in
the
hig
her
emitt
ing
main
land
stat
es. T
he o
ther
majo
r in
stan
ce f
or s
tate
diff
eren
ces
not f
ollo
win
g pe
r cap
ita in
com
e is
in th
e ec
olog
ical f
ootp
rint a
nd is
due
to
diff
eren
t sto
ckin
g ra
tes f
or g
razi
ng, p
artic
ular
ly fo
r Wes
tern
Aus
tralia
. Th
e hi
gh
wat
er
use
and
gree
nhou
se
emiss
ions
in
th
e A
CT
are
pred
omin
antly
an
afflu
ence
effe
ct,
as i
ndica
ted
by t
he A
CT’s
high
av
erag
e pe
r ca
pita
inco
me.
Diff
eren
ces
in h
ouse
hold
wat
er u
se r
eflec
t th
ese
inco
me
diffe
renc
es, b
ut a
lso v
ariat
ions
in c
limat
e. W
here
wat
er is
re
lativ
ely p
lentif
ul, a
s in
Tas
man
ia an
d pa
rts o
f th
e N
orth
ern
Terr
itory
an
d Q
ueen
sland
, les
s w
ater
ext
ract
ion
is re
quire
d fo
r ga
rden
ing
and
othe
r use
s. T
able
9.1
Ave
rage
per
cap
ita n
atio
nal r
esul
ts, a
nd fo
r eac
h st
ate,
for t
he
indi
cato
rs g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issio
ns, w
ater
use
and
eco
logi
cal f
ootp
rint.
A
nn
ual
in
com
e G
reen
hou
se
gas
emis
sion
s W
ater
use
E
colo
gica
l fo
otp
rin
t
$
/ ca
pita
t C
O2-e
/ c
apita
M
L /
capi
ta
ha /
cap
ita
AC
T
25,0
16
22.5
0.
86
6.96
N
SW
20,0
92
19.3
0.
74
6.33
N
T
19,2
74
19.0
0.
65
6.73
Q
LD
18
,201
18
.4
0.68
6.
51
SA
18,1
66
17.2
0.
68
6.67
T
AS
16,5
29
14.3
0.
65
5.50
V
IC
19,5
04
19.7
0.
75
6.18
W
A
18,9
49
18.0
0.
72
7.32
A
ust
ralia
19
,309
18
.9
0.72
6.
45
29
0 Bre
akdo
wn
of a
vera
ge A
ustr
alia
n ho
useh
old
impa
ct
Prof
iles
of t
he e
nviro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
for
the
thre
e cr
oss-
cutti
ng
indi
cato
rs
(gre
enho
use
gas
emiss
ions
, w
ater
us
e, an
d ec
olog
ical f
ootp
rint)
are
give
n in
Fig
ures
9.1
–9.3
. For
eac
h in
dica
tor
a br
eakd
own
of
the
dire
ct
and
indi
rect
co
ntrib
utio
ns
to
thes
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
for
the
aver
age
Aus
tralia
n ho
useh
old
is gi
ven.
A
key
over
all fi
ndin
g, a
nd th
at w
hich
is c
onsis
tent
with
ear
lier w
ork,
is th
at
indi
rect
im
pact
s of
con
sum
ptio
n ou
tweig
h di
rect
hou
seho
ld u
se o
f en
ergy
, w
ater
and
lan
d. T
hat
is, t
he m
ajor
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s oc
curr
ing
in th
e pr
oduc
tion
and
dist
ribut
ion
of g
oods
and
ser
vice
s th
at
hous
ehol
ds c
onsu
me
far o
utw
eigh
the
dire
ct h
ouse
hold
impa
cts.
Ce
rtain
ly, t
he d
irect
use
of
petro
l, ele
ctric
ity a
nd w
ater
mig
ht b
e th
e m
ost
visib
le an
d m
ost
disc
usse
d ar
eas
of p
erso
nal
impa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t, an
d th
ese
typi
cally
ar
e so
me
of
the
large
st
singl
e co
mpo
nent
s of h
ouse
hold
impa
cts.
How
ever
whi
le m
any
Aus
tralia
ns a
re
incr
easin
gly
awar
e of
the
need
to c
onse
rve
wat
er a
nd re
duce
ene
rgy
use,
info
rmat
ion
abou
t th
e hi
dden
env
ironm
enta
l co
sts
of m
any
prod
ucts
an
d se
rvice
s is
muc
h ha
rder
to a
cqui
re. D
irect
hou
seho
ld a
nd p
erso
nal
activ
ities
acc
ount
on
aver
age
for o
nly
30 p
er c
ent o
f a h
ouse
hold
’s to
tal
gree
nhou
se g
as e
miss
ions
, 23
per c
ent o
f tot
al w
ater
use
, and
just
10
per
cent
of t
he to
tal e
colo
gica
l foo
tprin
t. Th
e pr
ofile
s in
Fig
ures
9.1
–9.3
are
cha
lleng
ing,
for i
ndiv
idua
ls as
well
as
gove
rnm
ents
and
org
anisa
tions
see
king
env
ironm
enta
l ch
ange
. Th
ey
sugg
est
that
eve
n dr
astic
mea
sure
s to
red
uce
dire
ct p
erso
nal w
ater
and
en
ergy
us
e m
ay
not
have
th
e de
sired
ef
fect
s, un
less
they
ar
e co
mpl
emen
ted
by s
trong
act
ion
to r
educ
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
asso
ciate
d w
ith su
ch a
ctiv
ities
as f
ood
and
cloth
ing
prov
ision
, and
goo
ds
and
serv
ices p
urch
ased
in g
ener
al.
Burn
ing
foss
il fu
els f
or t
he p
rovi
sion
of e
nerg
y, m
ostly
elec
tricit
y, ac
coun
ts
for
appr
oxim
atel
y 70
pe
r ce
nt
of
tota
l gr
eenh
ouse
ga
s em
issio
ns in
Aus
tralia
(Aus
tralia
n G
reen
hous
e O
ffice
200
7). T
his e
nerg
y is
used
main
ly in
the
pro
duct
ion
and
dist
ribut
ion
of g
oods
, w
ith
hous
ehol
d ele
ctric
ity a
nd p
erso
nal t
rans
port
bein
g im
porta
nt s
econ
dary
co
mpo
nent
s. Th
e di
rect
use
of
ener
gy a
nd t
he i
ndire
ct u
se o
f en
ergy
em
bodi
ed in
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces
cons
umed
by
an a
vera
ge A
ustra
lian
in
29
1
one
year
res
ult
in t
he g
ener
atio
n of
abo
ut 1
9 t
CO2-e
gre
enho
use
gas
emiss
ions
. Agr
icultu
re, l
arge
ly em
issio
ns f
rom
live
stoc
k, is
a s
igni
fican
t so
urce
of
non-
ener
gy e
miss
ions
em
bodi
ed in
hou
seho
ld c
onsu
mpt
ion.
A
reas
whe
re a
hou
seho
ld h
as re
lativ
ely
dire
ct c
ontro
l – su
ch a
s the
ir ow
n ele
ctric
ity, n
atur
al ga
s, an
d tra
nspo
rt us
e –
on a
vera
ge a
ccou
nt f
or le
ss
than
a t
hird
of
tota
l em
issio
ns (
Figu
re 9
.1).
In f
act,
if ev
ery
Aus
tralia
n ho
useh
old
switc
hed
to r
enew
able
ener
gy a
nd s
topp
ed d
rivin
g th
eir c
ars
tom
orro
w, t
otal
hous
ehol
d em
issio
ns w
ould
dec
line
by o
nly
abou
t 18%
. Th
e em
issio
ns g
ener
ated
from
pro
ducin
g th
e fo
od w
e ea
t and
the
good
s w
e pu
rcha
se a
re to
geth
er m
ore
than
fou
r tim
es th
e em
issio
ns f
rom
our
ow
n pe
rson
al us
e of
elec
tricit
y. Th
is su
gges
ts t
hat
for
hous
ehol
ds t
o m
ake
a se
rious
redu
ctio
n in
gre
enho
use
gas e
miss
ions
, the
y m
ust g
o w
ell
beyo
nd m
erely
redu
cing
hous
ehol
d en
ergy
and
pet
rol u
se.
Fig
ure
9.1
Bre
akdo
wn
of th
e to
tal g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issio
ns fo
r the
ave
rage
A
ustra
lian
(18.
9 t C
O2-e
)
29
2
Fig
ure
9.2
Bre
akdo
wn
of th
e to
tal w
ater
use
for t
he a
vera
ge A
ustra
lian
(720
kL)
Th
e to
tal w
ater
use
by
the
aver
age
Aus
tralia
n am
ount
s to
720
kL
(kilo
lit
res)
per
per
son,
per
yea
r, in
cludi
ng w
ater
em
bodi
ed in
all
food
, goo
ds
and
serv
ices
(Fig
ure
9.2)
. Thi
s am
ount
of
wat
er is
com
para
ble
to t
he
volu
me
of a
n O
lympi
c-siz
ed s
wim
min
g po
ol. D
irect
wat
er u
se i
n th
e ho
useh
old
only
acco
unts
for j
ust o
ver 1
6 pe
r cen
t of t
otal
wat
er u
se. T
he
wat
er u
sed
to p
rodu
ce a
ll go
ods a
nd se
rvic
es c
onsu
med
is m
ore
than
six
times
gre
ater
than
dire
ct h
ouse
hold
wat
er u
se. P
rodu
ctio
n of
dair
y an
d be
ef p
rodu
cts
is pa
rticu
larly
wat
er-in
tens
ive;
the
dairy
sec
tor
alone
ac
coun
ts f
or o
ne o
ut o
f ev
ery
ten
litre
s of
tot
al ho
useh
old
wat
er u
se.
Trad
ition
al ele
ctric
ity g
ener
atio
n, w
hich
use
s w
ater
for c
oolin
g, is
a la
rge
29
3
user
of w
ater
, am
ount
ing
to n
early
4 p
er c
ent o
f the
tota
l wat
er u
sed
by
hous
ehol
ds.
The
ecol
ogica
l fo
otpr
int
is a
mea
sure
of
the
tota
l am
ount
of
land
requ
ired
to s
uppl
y all
the
res
ourc
es a
per
son’
s lif
esty
le de
man
ds. T
his
inclu
des
land
dist
urba
nce
relat
ed t
o ag
ricul
ture
and
oth
er a
ctiv
ities
, as
well
as
a co
mpo
nent
to
acco
unt
for
gree
nhou
se g
as e
miss
ions
. At
an
aver
age
of 6
.45
ha (
hect
ares
) pe
r pe
rson
, Aus
tralia
ns h
ave
one
of t
he
high
est e
colo
gica
l foo
tprin
ts in
the
wor
ld (W
orld
Wid
e Fu
nd fo
r Nat
ure
2006
).
Fig
ure
9. 3
Bre
akdo
wn
of th
e ec
olog
ical f
ootp
rint f
or th
e av
erag
e A
ustra
lian
(6.4
5 ha
)
29
4
As
Figu
re 9
.3 s
how
s, ne
arly
half
of
the
aver
age
pers
on’s
ecol
ogica
l fo
otpr
int i
s at
tribu
tabl
e to
the
land
dist
urbe
d by
food
pro
duct
ion.
Cat
tle
graz
ing
in
parti
cular
re
quire
s va
st
amou
nts
of
land
in
Aus
tralia
. H
owev
er, s
tock
ing
rate
s an
d lan
d us
e ch
arac
teris
tics
in t
he A
ustra
lian
rang
eland
s ar
e qu
ite
diffe
rent
fr
om
mor
e in
tens
ively
st
ocke
d an
d de
velo
ped
graz
ing
land
in o
ther
cou
ntrie
s, clo
ser
to b
eing
in a
nat
ural
stat
e. N
ever
thele
ss,
beca
use
dire
ct
hous
ehol
d an
d tra
nspo
rt co
ntrib
utio
ns to
land
dist
urba
nce
are
relat
ively
sm
all, t
he m
ost p
ract
ical
way
for
indi
vidu
al ho
useh
olds
to
redu
ce t
heir
impa
ct in
ter
ms
of la
nd
dist
urba
nce
is to
alte
r th
eir p
atte
rns
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
of f
ood,
clo
thin
g,
and
othe
r goo
ds h
eavi
ly re
liant
on
agric
ultu
re.
Gen
eral
tren
ds in
tota
l im
pact
s fr
om c
onsu
mpt
ion
The
per
capi
ta a
vera
ge g
reen
hous
e em
issio
ns f
or a
ll SL
As
are
plot
ted
again
st a
vera
ge p
er c
apita
inco
me
in F
igur
e 9.
4. D
espi
te t
he s
catte
r of
m
any
diffe
rent
SLA
s, th
ere
is a
clear
tren
d to
war
ds in
crea
sing
emiss
ions
fo
r hi
gher
in
com
es,
as
obse
rved
m
any
times
pr
evio
usly
(e.g
. M
unks
gaar
d, P
eder
sen
& W
ier 2
000)
. Gro
ups
of s
ymbo
ls re
flect
ing
the
stat
e SL
As
can
be o
bser
ved,
with
the
Tas
man
ian S
LAs
parti
cular
ly
notic
eabl
e to
war
d th
e bo
ttom
of F
igur
e 9.
4, d
ue to
their
ow
n ele
ctric
ity
bein
g m
ainly
hydr
opow
er, a
s m
entio
ned
abov
e. Th
e s
hape
of t
he c
urve
sh
ows
no e
vide
nce
for
decr
easin
g em
issio
ns f
or h
ighe
r in
com
es,
as
wou
ld b
e ex
pect
ed if
a K
uzne
ts r
elatio
nshi
p di
d ho
ld. T
he s
igni
fican
t sc
atte
r of
the
dat
a is
indi
cativ
e of
the
vas
tly d
iffer
ing
lifes
tyles
of
Aus
tralia
n ho
useh
olds
, whe
re it
is q
uite
fea
sible
for
emiss
ions
to r
ange
ov
er a
fac
tor
of t
wo
for
the
sam
e pe
r ca
pita
inc
ome.
This
is no
t su
rpris
ing
perh
aps,
since
co
nsum
er
pref
eren
ces
and
activ
ities
va
ry
enor
mou
sly. N
ote
that
a c
entra
l ass
umpt
ion
of t
he m
etho
dolo
gy u
sed
here
is th
at im
pact
s ar
e lin
early
rela
ted
to e
xpen
ditu
re. I
n re
ality
, hig
her
quali
ty g
oods
(an
d se
rvice
s) a
nd t
here
fore
gen
erall
y hi
gher
pric
ed, w
ill
have
hig
her
impa
cts,
but n
ot n
eces
saril
y as
hig
h as
their
pre
miu
m p
rice
sugg
ests
. H
owev
er,
in t
he a
bsen
ce o
f ex
trem
ely d
etail
ed g
oods
and
se
rvice
s in
form
atio
n, b
oth
in t
erm
s of
wha
t ho
useh
olds
buy
and
the
pr
ofile
s of
di
ffere
nt
quali
ty
good
s in
th
e ec
onom
y, th
e lin
earit
y as
sum
ptio
n is
reas
onab
le, s
ince
it is
unl
ikely
tha
t all
con
sum
ptio
n of
a
hous
ehol
d is
of a
bove
-ave
rage
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces,
mea
ning
ove
rall
unce
rtain
ties
are
acce
ptab
le (L
enze
n 20
01a)
. Exp
endi
ture
is in
gen
eral
a be
tter
prox
y fo
r en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct, b
ut th
e in
com
e da
ta b
y SL
A is
29
5
mor
e re
liabl
e he
re
and
for
the
purp
oses
of
sh
owin
g im
porta
nt
relat
ions
hips
, inc
ome
is sh
own
in F
igur
es 9
.4–9
.6.
Clos
er
exam
inat
ion
of
the
HE
S sh
ows
that
, w
hile
hi
gh
inco
me
hous
ehol
ds s
pend
mor
e on
hig
h–co
st,
low
–im
pact
act
iviti
es s
uch
as
ente
rtain
men
t and
oth
er se
rvice
s, th
ey a
lso sp
end
mor
e on
elec
tricit
y an
d m
ost o
ther
cat
egor
ies o
f go
ods.
Furth
erm
ore,
som
e ac
tiviti
es w
ith h
igh
gree
nhou
se im
pact
s, su
ch a
s air
trav
el an
d co
nstru
ctio
n an
d re
nova
tion,
te
nd to
be
conc
entra
ted
in h
igh
inco
me
grou
ps.
Fig
ure
9.4
Gre
enho
use
gas e
miss
ions
(t C
O2-e
) for
eac
h SL
A a
s a fu
nctio
n of
ann
ual p
er c
apita
inco
me,
with
stat
es in
dica
ted
101520253035 $10,
000
$20,
000
$30,
000
$40,
000
Annu
al p
er-c
apita
inco
me
Greenhouse gas emissions (tonnes/capita)
ACT
NSW
NT Qld
SA Tas
Vic
WA
29
6
In c
ontra
st to
the
gree
nhou
se g
as re
latio
nshi
p sh
own
in F
igur
e 9.
4, th
ere
is les
s of a
n in
com
e de
pend
ence
of w
ater
use
and
eco
logi
cal f
ootp
rint,
as
show
n in
Fig
ures
9.5
and
9.6
resp
ectiv
ely. T
his
is re
adily
exp
laine
d sin
ce
the
prod
uctio
n of
food
tend
s to
be w
ater
- and
land
-inte
nsiv
e, an
d ab
ove
a ce
rtain
leve
l of a
fflue
nce
aver
age
expe
nditu
re o
n fo
od st
arts
to p
latea
u.
Fig
ure
9.5
Tot
al w
ater
use
for e
ach
SLA
as a
func
tion
of a
nnua
l per
cap
ita
inco
me,
with
stat
es in
dica
ted
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2 $1
0,00
0$2
0,00
0$3
0,00
0$4
0,00
0
Annu
al p
er-c
apita
inco
me
Water use (ML/capita)
ACT
NSW
NT Qld
SA Tas
Vic
WA
Fr
om
the
resu
lts
show
n in
Fi
gure
s 9.
4–9.
6 it
can
be
conc
lude
d
that
in
crea
sed
wea
lth
is lea
ding
to
hi
gher
ex
pend
iture
, or
hi
gher
co
nsum
ptio
n of
go
ods,
serv
ices
and
fuels
, an
d ul
timat
ely
high
er
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s. It
is of
ten
assu
med
tha
t af
fluen
t so
cietie
s an
d in
divi
duals
will
hav
e th
e m
eans
to
be e
nviro
nmen
tally
res
pons
ible
and
29
7
to b
e ab
le to
affo
rd to
pur
chas
e be
tter t
echn
olog
ies w
ith lo
wer
impa
cts.
In th
eory
, inc
reas
ed w
ealth
cou
ld e
nabl
e in
divi
duals
to p
urch
ase
high
er
quali
ty,
mor
e en
viro
nmen
tally
sou
nd p
rodu
cts,
and
cons
ume
grea
ter
levels
of s
ervi
ces.
To th
e ex
tent
that
well
-off
peop
le als
o ha
ve h
igh
levels
of
ed
ucat
ion,
on
e m
ight
ex
pect
an
in
crea
sed
awar
enes
s of
th
e en
viro
nmen
t an
d ca
paci
ty t
o se
ek o
ut a
sus
tain
able
life
styl
e. H
owev
er,
far f
rom
ena
blin
g a
sust
ainab
le lif
esty
le, in
crea
ses
in w
ealth
app
ear t
o go
ha
nd-in
-han
d w
ith g
reat
er e
nviro
nmen
tal
pres
sure
s. A
side
from
the
sh
eer i
ncre
ase
in e
xpen
ditu
re, i
t may
be
that
well
-off
indi
vidu
als a
re ‘t
ime
poor
’ and
thu
s m
ore
likely
to
take
con
sum
ptio
n sh
ort-c
uts
rath
er t
han
purs
uing
sus
tain
able
lifes
tyle
opt
ions
. Fo
r in
stan
ce,
hous
ehol
ds w
ith
high
er in
com
es te
nd to
was
te m
ore
food
than
thos
e on
low
er in
com
es
(Ham
ilton
, Den
niss
& B
aker
200
5).
Fig
ure
9.6
Eco
logi
cal f
ootp
rint f
or e
ach
SLA
as a
func
tion
of a
nnua
l per
ca
pita
inco
me,
with
stat
es in
dica
ted
5678910 $10,
000
$20,
000
$30,
000
$40,
000
Annu
al p
er-c
apita
inco
me
Ecological footprint (ha/capita)
ACT
NSW
NT Qld
SA Tas
Vic
WA
29
8
Wea
lth d
oes
not
have
to
have
an
envi
ronm
enta
l pe
nalty
: th
e im
pact
de
pend
s m
ore
impo
rtant
ly on
how
wea
lth is
use
d. I
t is
not h
ow m
uch
is
earn
ed,
but
how
it
is sp
ent,
and
on w
hat,
that
det
erm
ines
the
en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct. I
n A
ustra
lia, a
nd in
deed
in m
any
othe
r dev
elope
d co
untri
es, w
ealth
cou
ld b
e ut
ilise
d in
a m
ore
envi
ronm
enta
lly so
und
way
. M
ore
of o
ur in
divi
dual
and
natio
nal w
ealth
cou
ld b
e us
ed to
ena
ble
us to
lea
d fu
lfilli
ng, s
usta
inab
le liv
es r
athe
r th
an ju
st c
onsu
min
g m
ore,
and
to
inve
st in
env
ironm
enta
l pro
tect
ion
and
a m
ore
sust
ainab
le ec
onom
y. E
nviro
nmen
tal
impa
ct v
is-à-
vis
hous
ehol
d siz
e is
anot
her
inte
rest
ing
relat
ions
hip
that
aris
es f
rom
thi
s st
udy,
show
n in
Fig
ure
9.7
for
gree
nhou
se g
as e
miss
ions
. Th
e ge
nera
l tre
nd t
owar
ds d
ecre
asin
g pe
r-
capi
ta im
pact
as
mor
e re
sour
ces
are
shar
ed in
larg
er h
ouse
hold
s is
clear
an
d ha
s be
en w
ell-o
bser
ved
befo
re (L
enze
n 19
98; L
enze
n, D
ey &
For
an
2004
). O
n av
erag
e, sin
gle-
pers
on a
nd s
mall
hou
seho
lds
have
gre
ater
en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
than
lar
ger
hous
ehol
ds.
As
Figu
re 9
.7 s
how
s, ar
eas
with
hig
her
than
ave
rage
hou
seho
ld s
ize
tend
to
have
mar
kedl
y lo
wer
leve
ls of
gre
enho
use
gas
emiss
ions
per
cap
ita. H
owev
er t
here
is
large
sca
tter
in e
miss
ions
for
diffe
rent
hou
seho
lds
of th
e sa
me
(sm
aller
) siz
e, pr
imar
ily
refle
ctin
g th
e in
com
e ef
fect
. La
rge
hous
ehol
ds
are
relat
ively
rar
e in
Aus
tralia
, and
thi
s is
refle
cted
in t
he s
mall
num
ber
of
large
hou
seho
lds
in th
e H
ES
sam
ple.
The
com
para
tively
sm
all s
catte
r in
the
resu
lts f
or l
arge
hou
seho
lds
prob
ably
ref
lects
the
fac
t th
at,
by
nece
ssity
, lar
ge h
ouse
hold
s ar
e m
uch
mor
e sim
ilar
to e
ach
othe
r in
pr
ofile
(ag
e, ed
ucat
ion,
hou
se t
ype,
etc)
tha
n ar
e sm
aller
hou
seho
lds,
whi
ch a
re m
ore
dive
rse.
Th
ere
are
seve
ral
plau
sible
exp
lanat
ions
for
thi
s co
rrela
tion.
In
large
r ho
useh
olds
, peo
ple
tend
to s
hare
com
mon
livi
ng a
reas
, whi
ch w
ill lo
wer
th
e pe
r-pe
rson
hea
ting
and
elec
trici
ty b
ills.
In a
dditi
on, l
arge
r hou
seho
lds
can
shar
e ite
ms s
uch
as fu
rnitu
re a
nd a
pplia
nces
, whe
reas
a p
erso
n liv
ing
alone
gen
erall
y ow
ns a
ful
l sui
te o
f su
ch it
ems.
It is
also
reas
onab
le to
th
ink
that
larg
er h
ouse
hold
s are
mor
e lik
ely to
coo
k to
geth
er, r
esul
ting
in
mor
e ef
ficien
t pu
rcha
sing
patte
rns
and
low
er le
vels
of f
ood
was
te. I
n sh
ort,
com
mun
al liv
ing
is, in
man
y re
spec
ts, m
ore
effic
ient
than
sin
gle-
pers
on l
ivin
g or
sm
all h
ouse
hold
s. In
Aus
tralia
, th
ough
, th
e ge
nera
l tre
nd f
or h
ouse
hold
siz
e is
mov
ing
in t
he o
ther
dire
ctio
n: n
umbe
rs o
f pe
ople
per h
ouse
hold
are
dec
reas
ing,
and
at t
he s
ame
time,
the
phys
ical
29
9
size
of th
e av
erag
e ho
use
is in
crea
sing
in te
rms o
f flo
or a
rea
and
num
ber
of b
edro
oms (
Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of S
tatis
tics 2
007)
. F
igu
re 9
.7 D
epen
denc
e of
gre
enho
use
gas e
miss
ions
on
hous
ehol
d siz
e fo
r all
SLA
s
101520253035
12
34
56
7Av
erag
e ho
useh
old
size
Greenhouse gas emissions (tonnes/capita)
Th
e C
onsu
mpt
ion
Atla
s –
regi
onal
diff
eren
ces
in
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s Th
e de
taile
d st
atist
ical l
ocal
area
dat
a pr
esen
ted
abov
e m
ay b
e pl
otte
d on
m
aps
usin
g th
e Co
nsum
ptio
n A
tlas
to s
how
pat
tern
s of
con
sum
ptio
n an
d en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct a
cros
s A
ustra
lia.4
The
Atla
s di
rect
ly il
lust
rate
s
4 The
Con
sum
ptio
n A
tlas i
s acc
essib
le at
: ww
w.ac
fonl
ine.o
rg.au
/con
sum
ptio
natla
s (F
ig. 9
.8)
30
0
how
muc
h w
ater
and
lan
d is
need
ed,
and
how
muc
h gr
eenh
ouse
po
llutio
n is
crea
ted,
to
supp
ort
the
aver
age
hous
ehol
d co
nsum
ptio
n in
ea
ch
SLA
in
A
ustra
lia.
Des
igne
d an
d ho
sted
by
th
e A
ustra
lian
Cons
erva
tion
Foun
datio
n (A
CF) a
s an
inte
ract
ive
web
-pag
e, th
e A
tlas
is pu
blicl
y ac
cess
ible
and
supp
orte
d by
con
sider
able
expl
anat
ions
and
ed
ucat
iona
l m
ater
ial.
The
Atla
s is
a ce
ntra
l pa
rt of
env
ironm
enta
l ca
mpa
igni
ng b
y th
e A
CF,
in p
artic
ular
the
ir ‘G
reen
Hom
e’ in
itiat
ive
whi
ch i
s aim
ed a
t en
gagi
ng A
ustra
lian
hous
ehol
ds t
hrou
gh s
emin
ars,
ince
ntiv
es
and
com
preh
ensiv
e on
line
mat
erial
s to
re
duce
th
eir
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s. SL
As
can
be b
row
sed
by i
ndiv
idua
l st
ates
, ca
pita
l cit
ies,
and
som
e hi
gh p
opul
atio
n ar
eas
to s
how
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
in te
rms
of th
e th
ree
indi
cato
rs. I
mpa
cts
by S
LA a
re s
how
n in
a
colo
ur-s
cale
whi
ch is
the
sam
e fo
r all
of
Aus
tralia
, allo
win
g co
nsist
ent
com
paris
ons
to b
e m
ade.
Use
rs c
an a
lso e
nter
pos
tcod
es a
nd t
he s
ite
retu
rns t
he m
ost a
ppro
priat
e SL
A. I
n th
e fo
llow
ing,
seve
ral e
xam
ples
are
pr
esen
ted
to d
emon
stra
te th
e A
tlas.
Fig
ure
9.8
Main
pag
e of
the
Cons
umpt
ion
Atla
s web
site
Th
e fir
st e
xam
ple
is th
e gr
eenh
ouse
em
issio
ns b
y Q
ueen
sland
SLA
s, sh
owin
g th
e w
hole
stat
e (F
ig. 9
.9),
zoom
ed to
the
popu
lous
sou
th e
ast
30
1
area
s (F
ig.
9.10
), an
d th
en z
oom
ed i
nto
the
capi
tal
of B
risba
ne (
Fig.
9.
11).
Per c
apita
em
issio
ns o
ver t
he Q
ueen
sland
SLA
s var
y fr
om 1
5-17
t CO
2-e in
the
poor
er r
ural
area
s, to
aro
und
an a
vera
ge o
f 20-
22 t
CO2-e
in
met
ropo
litan
are
as,
to 2
8-32
t C
O2-e
in
the
mos
t af
fluen
t in
ner
Brisb
ane
SLA
s. F
igu
re 9
.9 G
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issio
ns m
ap fo
r Que
ensla
nd
30
2
Fig
ure
9.1
0 G
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issio
ns m
ap fo
r Sou
th E
ast Q
ueen
sland
Th
e da
rk a
reas
nea
r Bris
bane
indi
cate
whe
re th
e m
ajorit
y of
the
high
em
issio
ns S
LAs a
re lo
cate
d.
30
3
Fig
ure
9.1
1 Gre
enho
use
gas e
miss
ions
map
for B
risba
ne
The
dark
are
as a
roun
d th
e ce
ntre
of B
risba
ne re
pres
ent t
he m
ore
afflu
ent
SLA
s with
cor
resp
ondi
ng h
igh
per c
apita
em
issio
ns. A
pop
-up
win
dow
re
veals
the
actu
al re
sults
for a
sam
ple
SLA
and
show
s the
pos
tcod
e.
A
wat
er e
xam
ple
is sh
own
in F
igur
e 9.
12 f
or M
elbou
rne,
again
clea
rly
show
ing
that
the
affl
uent
inne
r–cit
y su
burb
s ha
ve c
onsid
erab
ly hi
gher
w
ater
‘foo
tprin
ts’ t
han
the
rest
of V
ictor
ia. T
he a
rea
on th
e rig
ht sh
ows a
ty
pica
l co
nsum
ptio
n br
eakd
own
and
som
e fu
rther
in
form
atio
n.
Thos
e ho
useh
olds
w
ith
the
high
est
wat
er
use
(up
to
near
ly on
e
30
4
mill
ion
litre
s pe
r ca
pita
) are
indi
cate
d on
the
map
by
the
dark
est s
hade
(b
lue
in t
he o
rigin
al A
tlas)
. The
se h
ouse
hold
s ap
pear
pre
dom
inan
tly in
ce
ntra
l M
elbou
rne
and
thro
ugho
ut
the
wea
lthy
coas
tal
subu
rbs
bord
erin
g Po
rt Ph
ilip
Bay.
The
high
est
wat
er u
se o
ccur
s in
Pra
hran
So
uth
Bank
and
Doc
klan
ds. O
n av
erag
e, M
elbou
rne’s
wat
er u
se is
abo
ut
5 pe
r ce
nt h
ighe
r th
an th
e st
ate
aver
age
and
9 pe
r ce
nt h
ighe
r th
an th
e na
tiona
l ave
rage
. F
igu
re 9
.12
Wat
er u
se m
ap fo
r Mel
bour
ne
The
high
est S
LAs h
ave
wat
er u
ses o
f up
to 9
50,0
00 li
tres p
er c
apita
.
Th
e th
ird e
xam
ple
of t
he C
onsu
mpt
ion
Atla
s is
for
the
ecol
ogic
al fo
otpr
int
indi
cato
r fo
r Sy
dney
SLA
s (F
igur
e 9.
13).
As
with
the
oth
er
capi
tals,
the
hig
hest
foo
tprin
ts (
up 8
.2 h
a pe
r ca
pita
) ar
e in
the
mos
t af
fluen
t sub
urbs
loca
ted
arou
nd S
ydne
y H
arbo
ur.
30
5
Fig
ure
9.1
3 E
colo
gica
l foo
tprin
t map
for S
ydne
y
Dis
cuss
ion
of re
sults
in e
nviro
nmen
tal p
olic
y an
d ac
tion
term
s Fo
ur m
ain p
oint
s ca
n be
mad
e ab
out
the
Atla
s re
sults
. Fi
rstly
, an
y be
nefit
s fr
om u
rban
isatio
n, s
uch
as h
ighe
r po
pulat
ion
dens
ities
in t
he
inne
r cit
ies le
adin
g to
incr
ease
d us
e of
pub
lic tr
ansp
ort,
are
com
plet
ely
over
–rid
den
by t
he n
egat
ive
impa
cts
of t
he a
dditi
onal
cons
umpt
ion
of
the
(affl
uent
) in
ner-c
ity a
reas
. In
each
sta
te a
nd t
errit
ory,
the
cent
re o
f th
e ca
pita
l cit
y is
the
area
with
the
hig
hest
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s,
30
6
follo
wed
by
the
inne
r su
burb
an a
reas
. Rur
al an
d re
gion
al ar
eas
tend
to
have
not
iceab
ly lo
wer
leve
ls of
impa
ct. A
fflue
nce
is th
e do
min
ant e
ffect
, ev
en
thou
gh
urba
n liv
ing
patte
rns
offe
r m
any
oppo
rtuni
ties
for
effic
iency
an
d re
duce
d en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts,
com
pare
d to
m
ore
disp
erse
d po
pulat
ions
. Th
e se
cond
poi
nt is
tha
t th
ere
is ‘u
nder
’ con
sum
ptio
n in
som
e re
mot
e ar
eas,
indi
cativ
e of
sig
nific
ant s
ocial
and
eco
nom
ic di
sadv
anta
ge. T
hese
lo
w le
vels
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
in re
mot
e ar
eas m
ay b
e of
fset
to so
me
degr
ee
by n
on-m
onet
ary
or t
radi
tiona
l ec
onom
ic a
ctiv
ities
, w
hich
are
not
re
flect
ed i
n th
e re
sults
. N
ever
thele
ss,
the
resu
lts a
re a
lso c
onsis
tent
w
ith a
ran
ge o
f st
udies
fin
ding
con
ditio
ns o
f se
vere
har
dshi
p in
man
y re
mot
e co
mm
uniti
es.
The
third
poi
nt i
s th
at ‘
smar
ter
cons
umpt
ion’
is
a va
lid r
espo
nse
to
redu
ce
the
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
of
co
nsum
ptio
n.
Hou
seho
ld
envi
ronm
enta
l in
itiat
ives
suc
h as
red
uced
was
te,
and
low
er w
ater
and
en
ergy
co
nsum
ptio
n,
thou
gh
impo
rtant
, m
ay
offe
r m
uch
small
er
envi
ronm
enta
l im
prov
emen
ts t
han
thos
e ac
hiev
able
thro
ugh
smar
ter
cons
umpt
ion.
In
term
s of
per
sona
l ac
tion
for
smar
ter
cons
umpt
ion,
ho
useh
olds
hav
e m
any
optio
ns s
uch
as: r
educ
ing
their
exp
endi
ture
on
non-
esse
ntial
goo
ds;
enga
ging
in
activ
ities
and
cho
osin
g to
con
sum
e se
rvice
s ra
ther
tha
n go
ods;
shar
ing
good
s am
ongs
t fr
iends
, neig
hbou
rs
and
fam
ily;
choo
sing
good
s w
hich
are
rec
ycled
, re
cycla
ble,
of h
igh
quali
ty a
nd h
igh
effic
ienc
y; an
d fin
ally,
redu
cing
was
te, p
artic
ular
ly fo
od
was
te.
Smar
ter
cons
umpt
ion
is no
t ne
cess
arily
inc
ompa
tible
with
a
vibr
ant
and
grow
ing
econ
omy,
but
it do
es r
epre
sent
a s
ubst
antia
l shi
ft aw
ay fr
om th
e cu
rren
t hig
h co
nsum
ptio
n ec
onom
ies w
hich
are
the
norm
in
mos
t dev
elope
d co
untri
es.
The
final
poin
t is
that
the
re is
a r
ole
for
gove
rnm
ents
to
educ
ate
and
enco
urag
e po
pulat
ions
to
cons
ume
sens
ibly.
Viab
le in
itiat
ives
inc
lude
: ed
ucat
ion
on s
usta
inab
le co
nsum
ptio
n (th
e im
porta
nce
of t
he in
dire
ct
com
pone
nts o
f the
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s of h
ouse
hold
s); r
egul
atio
n on
im
prov
ed
prod
uct
labell
ing;
hi
gher
pe
rfor
man
ce
stan
dard
s fo
r eq
uipm
ent;
and
inve
stm
ents
in
infr
astru
ctur
e w
hich
will
im
prov
e th
e ch
oice
s ava
ilabl
e to
hou
seho
lds.
30
7
Publ
ic an
d m
edia
resp
onse
The
Cons
umpt
ion
Atla
s w
as l
aunc
hed
in J
uly
2007
by
the
Aus
tralia
n Co
nser
vatio
n Fo
unda
tion
(ACF
), w
ith st
ate-
spec
ific
med
ia re
lease
s mad
e po
ssib
le by
the
det
ailed
nat
iona
l dat
a br
oken
dow
n by
SLA
. The
Atla
s re
ceiv
ed
very
st
rong
m
edia
atte
ntio
n th
roug
hout
A
ustra
lia,
with
sig
nific
ant
artic
les c
ontin
uing
to
appe
ar i
n m
ajor
new
spap
ers
for
two
mon
ths
afte
r th
e lau
nch.
It
appe
ars
that
, th
roug
h th
is co
vera
ge,
the
Cons
umpt
ion
Atla
s ha
s co
ntrib
uted
co
nstru
ctiv
ely
to
gene
ratin
g a
natio
nal
dialo
gue
on
the
impa
cts
of
hous
ehol
d co
nsum
ptio
n on
su
stain
abili
ty i
n A
ustra
lia.
It i
s ra
re i
n A
ustra
lia t
hat
an i
nter
activ
e en
viro
nmen
tal w
ebsit
e an
d as
socia
ted
mes
sage
s be
so
wid
ely v
iewed
. A
sum
mar
y of
the
main
med
ia ex
posu
res i
nclu
de:
� six
seg
men
ts o
n te
levise
d ne
ws
and
curr
ent
affa
irs p
rogr
ams,
reac
hing
an
estim
ated
2 m
illio
n vi
ewer
s �
stro
ng n
atio
nal a
nd st
ate
new
spap
er c
over
age,
enco
mpa
ssin
g at
leas
t 25
arti
cles
men
tioni
ng t
he A
tlas.
Of
parti
cular
not
e w
ere
a fr
ont-
page
sto
ry i
n th
e Sy
dney
Morn
ing
Hera
ld, a
fro
nt-p
age
stor
y an
d a
stro
ng a
ssoc
iated
edi
toria
l in
the
Canb
erra
Time
s, de
taile
d pi
eces
in
the
Melb
ourn
e H
erald-
Sun
on t
wo
Sund
ays,
and
good
cov
erag
e in
th
e A
delai
de A
dvert
iser o
ver t
wo
wee
kday
s �
very
sub
stan
tial
inte
rest
ove
r se
vera
l w
eeks
by
radi
o, i
nclu
ding
at
least
47
segm
ents
cov
erin
g all
cap
ital c
ities
and
num
erou
s re
gion
al ar
eas
� sig
nific
ant
cove
rage
in a
bout
20
loca
l new
spap
ers
acro
ss A
ustra
lia,
relat
ing
the
info
rmat
ion
abou
t th
e re
leva
nt
subu
rbs
to
loca
l re
ader
ship
s �
a gr
owin
g lis
t of l
inks
and
arti
cles o
n th
e in
tern
et, w
ith m
entio
ns o
n pr
omin
ent w
ebsit
es a
nd b
logs
suc
h as
the
New
Scie
ntist
env
ironm
ent
blog
, Cho
ice n
ews o
nlin
e, do
main
.com.
au, t
reehu
gger.c
om, a
nd o
ther
s.
The
abili
ty t
o co
mpa
re t
he e
nviro
nmen
tal
perf
orm
ance
of
indi
vidu
al su
burb
s w
as u
nque
stio
nabl
y th
e m
ajor
attra
ctio
n fo
r m
uch
of t
he
main
stre
am m
edia
cove
rage
. It
seem
s th
at,
with
out
this
geog
raph
ic
spec
ificit
y, th
ere
wou
ld n
ot h
ave
been
any
loca
l med
ia in
tere
st, a
nd s
tate
an
d na
tiona
l cov
erag
e w
ould
hav
e be
en m
uch
less
prom
inen
t. H
avin
g
30
8
attra
cted
the
atte
ntio
n of
the
med
ia in
this
way
affo
rded
an
oppo
rtuni
ty
to d
iscus
s m
essa
ges
arou
nd th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
that
are
oth
erw
ise d
ifficu
lt to
raise
in th
e m
ainst
ream
med
ia. T
he m
edia
resp
onde
d st
rong
ly to
the
‘lea
gue-
tabl
e’ na
ture
of
the
web
site
and
deta
iled
brea
kdow
n of
SLA
s. Th
e af
fluen
t sub
urbs
are
a p
opul
ar ta
rget
fo
r jou
rnali
sts a
nd th
e ge
nera
l pub
lic a
like.
Th
ere
wer
e als
o ch
allen
ges
in d
ealin
g w
ith t
he d
iffer
ence
s be
twee
n th
e co
nsum
ptio
n iss
ues
and
the
tradi
tiona
l env
ironm
enta
l mes
sage
s ar
ound
w
aste
red
uctio
n, e
ffic
ienc
y, an
d di
rect
hou
seho
ld a
ctio
n. T
he m
ain to
p-lin
e m
essa
ge f
or m
ainst
ream
med
ia ar
ticles
ten
ded
to b
e “N
ew s
tudy
fin
ds r
ich a
re t
he b
igge
st p
ollu
ters
”, w
here
as m
ore
empo
wer
ing
and
soph
istica
ted
mes
sage
s ar
ound
the
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r re
duct
ions
in
cons
umer
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
, and
the
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
diffe
rent
ex
pend
iture
pat
tern
s, te
nded
to
appe
ar la
ter
in t
he a
rticle
s or
, in
som
e ca
ses,
not
at a
ll. T
he A
CF w
orke
d ha
rd o
n m
edia
stra
tegi
es t
o en
sure
th
at th
e m
edia
did
not s
tray
from
reas
onab
le in
terp
reta
tion
and
that
they
co
mm
unica
ted
good
act
ion
mes
sage
s. Th
e du
ratio
n of
med
ia in
tere
st in
the
stor
y is
note
wor
thy.
Majo
r m
edia
piec
es o
ccur
red
well
afte
r th
e lau
nch
and
initi
al m
edia
flurr
y, su
ch a
s a
fron
t-pag
e st
ory
in S
ydne
y th
at a
ppea
red
six w
eeks
afte
r th
e lau
nch.
An
expl
anat
ion
for
this
extra
ordi
nary
int
eres
t is
a co
mbi
natio
n of
the
no
velty
an
d de
pth
of
the
data
an
d an
alysis
its
elf,
but
also
the
diffe
rent
iated
mes
sage
s fo
r ea
ch s
tate
and
indi
vidu
al lo
calit
ies. I
n ot
her
wor
ds, t
he fa
ct th
at a
Vict
orian
Sun
day
pape
r di
d a
majo
r st
ory
did
not
prec
lude
a m
ajor s
tory
som
e w
eeks
late
r by
a riv
al Sy
dney
pap
er, b
ecau
se
the
Sydn
ey s
tory
was
diff
eren
t eno
ugh
from
the
Melb
ourn
e st
ory
in it
s pa
rticu
lars.
The
geog
raph
ical
spec
ificit
y of
the
Atla
s ha
s m
ade
it an
idea
l too
l to
su
pplem
ent o
ther
com
mun
ity o
utre
ach
stra
tegi
es th
e A
CF is
pur
suin
g as
w
ell.
For
inst
ance
, in
Gre
enH
ome
wor
ksho
ps,
rath
er t
han
simpl
y pr
esen
ting
natio
nal a
ggre
gate
sta
tistic
s on
per
cap
ita e
miss
ions
, ave
rage
re
sults
for
the
spec
ific
area
in w
hich
the
wor
ksho
p is
bein
g he
ld c
an b
e sh
own,
and
con
sum
ptio
n pa
ttern
s in
that
are
a di
scus
sed.
Thi
s mak
es th
e m
essa
ge m
uch
mor
e ‘re
al’ f
or a
udien
ces,
and
thus
mor
e ef
fect
ive
at
driv
ing
beha
viou
ral c
hang
es.
30
9
Ther
e w
ere,
how
ever
, som
e m
iscon
cept
ions
and
lost
mes
sage
s in
som
e of
the
med
ia ac
tivity
tha
t w
arra
nts
disc
ussio
n. S
ever
al let
ters
to
the
edito
r in
the
days
follo
win
g m
ajor
stor
ies a
bout
the
Cons
umpt
ion
Atla
s ch
allen
ged
the
resu
lts a
nd a
rgue
d th
at i
nner
city
sub
urbs
had
low
er
impa
cts,
mea
ning
dire
ct-o
nly
impa
cts.
This
resp
onse
dem
onst
rate
s th
at,
desp
ite th
e cle
ar m
edia
mes
sage
s, an
d in
fact
the
good
repr
esen
tatio
ns o
f m
ost o
f the
arti
cles,
the
publ
ic ca
n st
ill c
hoos
e to
rely
on th
eir tr
aditi
onal
thin
king
and
und
erst
andi
ng. I
t is
clear
fro
m s
ome
of th
e re
actio
ns th
at
the
resu
lts w
ere
an a
ffron
t to
mem
bers
of
the
publ
ic w
ho c
onsid
er
them
selv
es g
ood
envi
ronm
enta
l cit
izen
s. Fu
rther
mor
e, th
is hi
ghlig
hts
that
som
e pe
ople
have
diff
icul
ty w
ith th
e co
ncep
t of t
he p
erfo
rman
ce o
f th
e av
erag
e pe
rson
in S
LA.
Eve
n so
me
envi
ronm
enta
lly-a
war
e co
mm
enta
tors
miss
ed th
e pr
emise
of
the
stud
y an
d th
e m
eani
ng o
f th
e re
sults
. In
a ne
wsp
aper
sto
ry, w
hich
w
as
prin
ted
mor
e th
an
two
mon
ths
afte
r th
e lau
nch,
a
loca
l en
viro
nmen
tal c
omm
enta
tor
resp
onde
d to
the
res
ult
of a
bove
ave
rage
lo
cal
gree
nhou
se
gas
emiss
ions
by
de
scrib
ing
dire
ct-o
nly
effe
cts
cont
ribut
ing
to e
miss
ions
, su
ch a
s air
con
ditio
ning
use
and
lac
k of
re
new
able
ener
gy s
ourc
es. S
imila
rly, a
n A
ustra
lian
acad
emic
prom
inen
t in
the
fiel
d of
sus
tain
abili
ty c
halle
nged
the
fin
ding
s us
ing
dire
ct-o
nly
argu
men
ts w
hen
ques
tione
d by
a jo
urna
list.
Des
pite
the
main
poi
nt o
f th
e ac
tual
stor
ies,
and
the
basis
of
the
Cons
umpt
ion
Atla
s, ev
en
envi
ronm
enta
l ex
perts
ha
d di
fficu
lty
reco
gnisi
ng
the
fund
amen
tal
mes
sage
her
e. W
hilst
som
e of
thes
e re
actio
ns m
ay b
e du
e to
thei
r bei
ng
unfa
mili
ar w
ith t
he C
onsu
mpt
ion
Atla
s, or
bec
ause
the
y w
ere
aske
d lea
ding
que
stio
ns,
it ap
pear
s th
at t
he i
ssue
of
indi
rect
asp
ects
of
cons
umpt
ion
is no
t uni
vers
ally
reco
gnise
d.
Publ
ic at
titud
es to
and
und
erst
andi
ng o
f env
ironm
enta
l iss
ues h
ave
been
su
rvey
ed i
n N
SW e
very
thr
ee y
ears
sin
ce 1
994
(Who
car
es ab
out
the
envir
onme
nt?)
. A g
ener
al re
sult
from
the
mos
t rec
ent s
urve
y (2
006)
is th
at
ther
e is
a gr
owin
g aw
aren
ess
of t
he c
ompl
exiti
es a
nd li
nkag
es b
etw
een
envi
ronm
enta
l iss
ues,
and
mor
e ge
nera
lly
abou
t th
e co
ncep
t of
su
stain
abili
ty (
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nviro
nmen
t an
d Co
nser
vatio
n N
SW
2007
). H
owev
er, n
one
of th
e su
rvey
que
stio
ns w
ere
aimed
at e
xam
inin
g at
titud
es a
nd u
nder
stan
ding
of
envi
ronm
enta
l ef
fect
s of
the
gen
eral
31
0
purc
hase
of g
oods
and
ser
vice
s by
hou
seho
lds.
For e
xam
ple,
redu
ctio
ns
in e
nerg
y, w
ater
and
plas
tic b
ag c
onsu
mpt
ion
wer
e co
nsist
ent a
ctiv
ities
in
the
resp
onse
s, bu
t the
se r
espo
nses
(and
inde
ed th
eir q
uest
ions
) wer
e alm
ost
univ
ersa
lly a
bout
dire
ct e
ffect
s, no
t ab
out
wid
er i
mpa
cts
from
ge
nera
l co
nsum
ptio
n of
hou
seho
lds.
In f
act
the
only
men
tion
of
cons
umpt
ion
conc
erns
th
e ca
tego
ry
of
resp
onse
s ca
lled
‘gre
en
purc
hasin
g’ w
here
‘re
-usin
g th
ings
’ is
note
d as
a r
espo
nse.
Wat
er
cons
umpt
ion
is pa
rticu
larly
close
ly lin
ked
to d
irect
hou
seho
ld b
ehav
iour
, alt
houg
h an
incr
easin
g nu
mbe
r of
peo
ple
reco
gnise
that
the
majo
rity
of
wat
er u
se in
NSW
is fo
r ag
ricul
ture
. Thi
s co
mm
enta
ry is
not
a c
ritici
sm
of t
he W
ho c
ares…
? su
rvey
, w
hich
is
a ve
ry v
aluab
le ga
uge
of p
ublic
kn
owled
ge a
nd a
ctio
n on
the
envi
ronm
ent o
ver t
he la
st 1
3 ye
ars.
Rath
er,
the
lack
of a
ttent
ion
in th
e su
rvey
to th
e w
ider
impa
cts
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
(e.g
. the
wat
er a
nd g
reen
hous
e fo
otpr
ints
of c
onsu
mer
s) is
indi
cativ
e of
th
e lac
k of
aw
aren
ess
of t
hese
iss
ues
even
am
ong
envi
ronm
enta
l pr
ofes
siona
ls.
Conc
lusio
n Th
is ch
apte
r de
scrib
ed t
he r
atio
nale,
met
hodo
logy
, re
sults
, in
tera
ctiv
e w
ebsit
e, an
d th
e pu
blic
resp
onse
to
a de
taile
d se
t of
env
ironm
enta
l pe
rfor
man
ce d
ata
for
Aus
tralia
n ho
useh
olds
. Th
e da
ta f
unda
men
tally
in
clude
s up
stre
am o
r in
dire
ct c
ontri
butio
ns t
o en
viro
nmen
tal p
ress
ures
fr
om h
ouse
hold
s an
d is
ther
efor
e su
bsta
ntial
ly di
ffere
nt f
rom
mos
t en
viro
nmen
tal
educ
atio
n m
ater
ial.
The
web
site
and
resu
lts i
n ge
nera
l pr
ovid
ed a
wid
er s
cope
for
env
ironm
enta
l act
ion
and
cam
paig
ning
. An
exte
nsiv
e bu
t ca
refu
lly m
anag
ed o
utre
ach
prog
ram
by
the
Aus
tralia
n Co
nser
vatio
n Fo
unda
tion
achi
eved
subs
tant
ial p
ublic
and
med
ia in
tere
st,
cove
ring
a re
lativ
ely n
ew a
rea
of e
nviro
nmen
tal m
essa
ge.
The
succ
ess
of t
he p
rojec
t ca
n be
attr
ibut
ed t
o th
e ‘p
erso
nalis
atio
n’ o
f en
viro
nmen
tal p
erfo
rman
ce t
hat
the
good
spa
tial b
reak
dow
n af
ford
ed:
desp
ite th
e us
e of
ave
rage
figu
res,
the
publ
ic st
ill c
onsid
ered
them
selv
es
to h
ave
a pe
rson
al co
nnec
tion
with
the
resu
lts. T
he re
sults
of t
he p
rojec
t ar
e a
signi
fican
t be
nchm
ark
of n
atio
nal e
nviro
nmen
tal p
erfo
rman
ce b
y ho
useh
olds
for t
hree
impo
rtant
indi
cato
rs. W
eb-b
ased
deli
very
and
goo
d m
edia
and
com
mun
icatio
ns h
ave
enab
led v
ery
succ
essf
ul o
utre
ach
of
31
1
rese
arch
to
be a
chiev
ed.
This
repr
esen
ts a
goo
d pa
rtner
ship
bet
wee
n re
sear
cher
s and
com
mitt
ed m
edia
and
educ
atio
n sp
ecial
ists.
A
lthou
gh d
ifficu
lt to
ass
ess,
som
e of
the
succ
ess
of th
e pr
ojec
t may
be
attri
buta
ble
to t
he c
urre
nt h
igh
publ
ic en
viro
nmen
tal
awar
enes
s in
A
ustra
lia, d
ue to
a c
ombi
natio
n of
the
prot
ract
ed d
roug
ht, r
ecen
t majo
r na
tura
l disa
ster
s an
d th
eir
links
, eve
n w
ithou
t goo
d ev
iden
ce, t
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
. Rela
tively
rece
ntly
ther
e ha
s be
en a
ccep
tanc
e in
the
main
stre
am
that
clim
ate
chan
ge is
a s
igni
fican
t iss
ue. A
ll th
ese
fact
ors
are
likely
to
have
had
an
impo
rtant
bea
ring
on th
e m
edia
and
publ
ic’s
rece
ptiv
ity to
th
e Co
nsum
ptio
n A
tlas.
Ack
now
ledge
men
ts
This
proj
ect w
as su
ppor
ted
by th
e N
SW G
over
nmen
t thr
ough
the
NSW
E
nviro
nmen
tal T
rust
.
31
2 Ref
eren
ces
Aus
tralia
n A
utom
obile
Ass
ociat
ion,
200
0. ‘Y
early
ave
rage
reta
il pe
trol p
rices
19
83–1
999’
. A
BARE
, 199
9. A
ustra
lian
energ
y con
sump
tion
and
prod
uctio
n, A
ustra
lian
Bure
au
of A
gricu
ltura
l and
Res
ourc
e E
cono
mics
Can
berr
a, A
ustra
lia.
ABA
RE,
2001
. A
ustra
lian
farm
surve
ys rep
ort
2001
: fin
ancia
l pe
rform
ance
of A
ustra
lian
farms
199
8–99
to 2
000–
01, A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f Agr
icul
tura
l an
d Re
sour
ce E
cono
mics
, Can
berr
a. A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f St
atist
ics,
1996
. Su
rvey
of mo
tor v
ehicl
e us
e, A
ustra
lia,
preli
mina
ry, A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f Sta
tistic
s, Ca
nber
ra.
Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of
Stat
istics
, 19
97. M
otor
vehicl
es in
Aus
tralia
, A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f Sta
tistic
s, Ca
nber
ra.
Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of
Stat
istics
, 20
00.
'1998
–99
Hou
seho
ld E
xpen
ditu
re
Surv
ey –
Det
ailed
Exp
endi
ture
Ite
ms,
Conf
iden
tialis
ed U
nit
Reco
rd
File'
, Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of S
tatis
tics,
Canb
erra
. A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f St
atist
ics,
2004
a. A
ustra
lian
Nat
ional
Acco
unts,
Inp
ut–
outp
ut T
ables
, 199
8–99
, Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of S
tatis
tics,
Canb
erra
. A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f St
atist
ics, 2
004b
. 'A
ustra
lian
Nat
ional
Acco
unts,
Inp
ut–
outp
ut T
ables
, 19
98–9
9, I
OPC
8-d
igit
Com
mod
ity C
ards
', A
ustra
lian
Bure
au o
f Sta
tistic
s, Ca
nber
ra.
Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of
Stat
istics
, 20
07.
Aus
tralia
n So
cial
Tren
ds,
Aus
tralia
n Bu
reau
of S
tatis
tics,
Canb
erra
. A
ustra
lian
Gre
enho
use
Offi
ce,
2007
. N
ation
al gre
enho
use
gas
inven
tory
2005
, A
ustra
lian
Gre
enho
use
Offi
ce, C
anbe
rra.
Bars
on M
, L R
anda
ll &
V B
orda
s, 20
00. L
and
cove
r ch
ange
in A
ustra
lia.
Bure
au o
f Rur
al Sc
ience
s, K
ings
ton,
ACT
. Bu
reau
of
La
bor
Stat
istics
, 20
02.
'Con
sum
er
Price
In
dex,
A
ll U
rban
Co
nsum
ers
– (C
PI-U
), U
.S. c
ity a
vera
ge, A
ll ite
ms',
Bur
eau
of L
abor
St
atist
ics.
Chen
B, C
hen
C Q
, Yan
g Z
F &
Jian
g M
M, 2
007.
'Eco
logi
cal f
ootp
rint
acco
untin
g fo
r ene
rgy
and
reso
urce
in C
hina
', E
nergy
Poli
cy, v
ol. 3
5, n
o.
3, p
p. 1
599–
1609
. D
epar
tmen
t of E
nviro
nmen
t and
Con
serv
atio
n N
SW, 2
007.
Who
cares
abo
ut
the e
nviro
nmen
t in
2006
?, N
SW G
over
nmen
t. G
alleg
o B
& L
enze
n M
, 200
5. 'A
con
siste
nt in
put–
outp
ut f
orm
ulat
ion
of
shar
ed c
onsu
mer
and
pro
duce
r res
pons
ibili
ty'.
Econ
omic
Syste
ms R
esear
ch,
vol.
17, n
o. 4
, pp.
365
–391
.
31
3
Gall
ego
B &
Len
zen
M, 2
006.
'Est
imat
ing
regi
onal
inpu
t–ou
tput
sys
tem
s: a
case
stu
dy o
f A
ustra
lia',
in R
uth
M &
D
avid
sdot
tir B
, D
ynam
ics o
f In
dustr
ial E
cosyst
ems.
G
hertn
er D
A &
Frip
p M
, 20
07.
'Tra
ding
aw
ay d
amag
e: Q
uant
ifyin
g en
viro
nmen
tal l
eaka
ge th
roug
h co
nsum
ptio
n-ba
sed,
life
-cyc
le an
alysis
', E
colog
ical E
conom
ics, v
ol. 6
3, n
o's 2
–3, p
p. 5
63–5
77.
Gra
etz
R D
, Wils
on M
A &
Cam
pbell
S K
, 199
5. L
andc
over
distu
rban
ce ov
er th
e A
ustra
lian
contin
ent,
Dep
artm
ent
of
the
Env
ironm
ent,
Spor
t an
d Te
rrito
ries B
iodi
vers
ity U
nit,
Canb
erra
. H
amilt
on C
R,
Den
niss
& B
aker
D,
2005
. W
aste
ful
cons
umpt
ion
in
Aus
tralia
, The
Aus
tralia
Inst
itute
. Le
nzen
M, 1
998.
'The
ene
rgy
and
gree
nhou
se g
as c
ost o
f liv
ing
for A
ustra
lia
durin
g 19
93–9
4', E
nergy
, vol
. 23,
no.
6, p
p. 4
97–5
16.
Lenz
en M
, 19
99.
'Tot
al en
ergy
and
gre
enho
use
gas
requ
irem
ents
for
A
ustra
lian
trans
port'
, Tra
nspo
rtatio
n Re
search
Par
t D, v
ol. 4
, pp.
265
–290
. Le
nzen
M, 2
001a
. 'E
rror
s in
con
vent
iona
l and
inpu
t–ou
tput
-bas
ed li
fe-c
ycle
in
vent
ories
', Jou
rnal
of In
dustr
ial E
colog
y, vo
l. 4,
no.
4, p
p. 1
27–1
48.
Lenz
en M
, 20
01b.
'A
gen
erali
sed
inpu
t–ou
tput
mul
tiplie
r ca
lculu
s fo
r A
ustra
lia', E
conom
ic Sy
stems
Rese
arch
, vol
. 13,
no.
1, p
p. 6
5–92
. Le
nzen
M, 2
001c
. 'Th
e im
porta
nce
of g
oods
and
ser
vice
s co
nsum
ptio
n in
ho
useh
old
gree
nhou
se g
as e
miss
ions
calc
ulat
ors',
Amb
io, v
ol. 3
0, n
o. 7
, pp
. 439
–442
. Le
nzen
M,
Dey
C &
For
an B
, 20
04.
'Ene
rgy
requ
irem
ents
of
Sydn
ey
hous
ehol
ds',
Ecol
ogica
l Econ
omics
, vol
. 49,
no.
3, p
p. 3
75-3
99.
Lenz
en M
, Dey
C &
Mur
ray
J, 20
02. '
A p
erso
nal a
ppro
ach
to te
achi
ng a
bout
cl
imat
e ch
ange
', A
ustra
lian
Jour
nal o
f Env
ironm
enta
l Edu
catio
n, vo
l. 18
, pp.
35
–45.
Le
nzen
M &
For
an B
, 200
1. 'A
n in
put–
outp
ut a
nalys
is of
Aus
tralia
n w
ater
us
age',
Wat
er Po
licy,
vol.
3, n
o. 4
, pp.
321
–340
. Le
nzen
M,
Gall
ego
B &
Woo
d R,
200
7. 'A
flex
ible
appr
oach
to
mat
rix
balan
cing
unde
r pa
rtial
info
rmat
ion'
, Jo
urna
l of
App
lied
Inpu
t-Out
put
Ana
lysis,
in p
ress
. Le
nzen
M &
Mur
ray
J, 20
01. '
The
role
of e
quity
and
life
styl
es in
edu
catio
n ab
out
clim
ate
chan
ge:
expe
rienc
es
from
a
large
-sca
le te
ache
r de
velo
pmen
t pro
gram
', Ca
nadia
n Jo
urna
l of E
nviro
nmen
tal E
duca
tion,
vol.
6, p
p. 3
2–51
. Le
nzen
M, M
urra
y J,
Sack
F &
Wied
man
n T,
200
7. 'S
hare
d pr
oduc
er a
nd
cons
umer
res
pons
ibili
ty -
theo
ry a
nd p
ract
ice',
Ecol
ogica
l Econ
omics
, vol
. 61
, no.
1, p
p. 2
7-42
.
31
4
Lenz
en M
& M
urra
y S
A, 2
001.
'A m
odifi
ed e
colo
gica
l foo
tprin
t m
etho
d an
d its
app
licat
ion
to A
ustra
lia',
Ecol
ogica
l Econ
omics
, vol
. 37,
no.
2, p
p.
229–
255.
Le
nzen
M &
Sm
ith S
, 20
00.
'Tea
chin
g re
spon
sibili
ty f
or c
limat
e ch
ange
: th
ree
negl
ecte
d iss
ues',
Aus
tralia
n Jo
urna
l of E
nviro
nmen
tal E
duca
tion,
vol.
15/1
6, p
p. 6
9–78
. Le
nzen
M &
Tre
loar
G,
2002
. 'D
iffer
entia
l co
nver
genc
e of
life
-cyc
le in
vent
ories
tow
ards
ups
tream
pro
duct
ion
layer
s', J
ourn
al of
Indu
strial
E
colog
y, ac
cept
ed fo
r pub
licat
ion.
Le
ontie
f W, 1
936.
'Qua
ntita
tive
inpu
t and
out
put r
elatio
ns in
the
econ
omic
syst
em o
f the
Uni
ted
Stat
es', R
eview
of E
conom
ics a
nd S
tatis
tics,
vol.
18, n
o.
3, p
p. 1
05–1
25.
Leon
tief
W, 1
941.
The
Stru
cture
of th
e Ame
rican
Econ
omy,
1919
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9, O
xfor
d U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss, O
xfor
d, U
K.
McD
onald
G W
, Fo
rgie
V E
& M
acG
rego
r C,
200
6. '
Trea
ding
lig
htly:
ec
ofoo
tprin
ts o
f New
Zea
land'
s age
ing
popu
latio
n', E
colog
ical E
conom
ics,
vol.
56, n
o. 3
, pp.
424
-439
. M
oll H
C &
Nor
man
K J
, 200
2. T
owar
ds s
usta
inab
le de
velop
ment
at
city
level:
eva
luatin
g an
d ch
angin
g th
e ho
useh
old m
etabo
lism
in f
ive E
urop
ean
cities
, Li
fecy
cle A
ppro
ache
s to
Sust
ainab
le Co
nsum
ptio
n, L
axen
burg
, Aus
tria,
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ins
titut
e fo
r App
lied
Syst
ems
Ana
lysis
(IIA
SA),
Nat
iona
l In
stitu
te fo
r Adv
ance
d In
dust
rial S
cienc
e an
d Te
chno
logy
(AIS
T), a
nd
Sust
ainab
le Co
nsum
ptio
n an
d Pr
oduc
tion
Uni
t of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
E
nviro
nmen
t Pro
gram
me
(UN
EP)
. M
unks
gaar
d J,
Pede
rsen
K A
& W
ier M
, 20
00.
'Impa
ct o
f ho
useh
old
cons
umpt
ion
on C
O2 e
miss
ions
', Ene
rgy E
conom
ics, v
ol. 2
2, p
p. 4
23-4
40.
Mun
ksga
ard
J, W
ier M
, Le
nzen
M &
Dey
C,
2005
. 'U
sing
inpu
t-out
put
analy
sis t
o m
easu
re t
he e
nviro
nmen
tal
pres
sure
of
cons
umpt
ion
at
diffe
rent
spa
tial l
evels
', Jo
urna
l of I
ndus
trial
Ecol
ogy,
vol.
9, n
o's
1–2,
pp.
16
9–18
6.
Nat
iona
l Gre
enho
use
Gas
Inve
ntor
y Co
mm
ittee
, 199
8. A
ustra
lian
meth
odolo
gy for
the e
stima
tion
of gre
enho
use g
as em
ission
s and
sink
s, A
ustra
lian
Gre
enho
use
Off
ice,
Canb
erra
. N
SW D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy
and
Util
ities
, 20
00. E
nergy
at
a gla
nce,
NSW
D
epar
tmen
t of E
nerg
y, St
Leo
nard
s, N
SW.
Tieb
out
C M
, 19
60.
'Reg
iona
l an
d in
terr
egio
nal
inpu
t–ou
tput
mod
els:
an
appr
aisal'
, in
Pfo
uts
R W
, Th
e tec
hniq
ues
of ur
ban
econo
mic
analy
sis,
Chan
dler
-Dav
is Pu
blish
ing
Co, W
est
Tren
ton,
New
Jer
sey,
pp. 3
95–
407.
31
5
Trelo
ar G
, 19
97.
'Ext
ract
ing
embo
died
ene
rgy
path
s fr
om i
nput
–out
put
tabl
es: t
owar
ds a
n in
put–
outp
ut-b
ased
hyb
rid e
nerg
y an
alysis
met
hod'
, E
conom
ic Sy
stems
Rese
arch
, vol
. 9, n
o. 4
, pp.
375
–391
. Tu
rner
K,
Lenz
en M
, W
iedm
ann
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