research with the antimatter asymmetry group at virginia · 2007-10-12 · matter and antimatter....

12 October 2007 1E. Craig Dukes / University of Virginia

Research With the Antimatter Asymmetry Research With the Antimatter Asymmetry Group at VirginiaGroup at Virginia


The Antimatter Asymmetry GroupThe Antimatter Asymmetry Group

FacultyFaculty•• Craig DukesCraig Dukes•• Bob Bob HiroskyHirosky

Graduate StudentsGraduate Students•• Chad Chad MaterniakMaterniak•• Emmanuel Emmanuel MunyangabeMunyangabe•• ShanonShanon ZelitchZelitch

Research ScientistsResearch Scientists•• Marc BuehlerMarc Buehler•• Duncan BrownDuncan Brown•• Andrew NormanAndrew Norman

Undergraduate Students• Betty Ionescu• Machi Shields• Nicole Fields• Kiadtisak Saenboonruang• Yao Yao

EngineersEngineers•• Yoshihiro Masui (EE)Yoshihiro Masui (EE)


The High Energy Physics LaboratoryThe High Energy Physics Laboratory


These are exciting times in particle physicsThese are exciting times in particle physics

•• New accelerators that have started in the past 5 yearsNew accelerators that have started in the past 5 years•• FermilabFermilab Main InjectorMain Injector•• Stanford Linear Accelerator Center B FactoryStanford Linear Accelerator Center B Factory•• KEK B FactoryKEK B Factory

•• Future accelerators are being builtFuture accelerators are being built•• LHC at CERNLHC at CERN•• JHF in JapanJHF in Japan•• Next Linear Next Linear ColliderCollider

•• New discoveries in the past 10 yearsNew discoveries in the past 10 years•• top quarktop quark•• tautau neutrino: this may complete the “periodic table”neutrino: this may complete the “periodic table”•• neutrino massneutrino mass•• direct CP violation and CP violation in B meson decaysdirect CP violation and CP violation in B meson decays•• acceleration in expansion of the universeacceleration in expansion of the universe


We are involved in 4 experiments at We are involved in 4 experiments at FermilabFermilab


We are involved in 4 experimentsWe are involved in 4 experiments

Currently running at Fermilab

In analysis stage

In prototyping and building

stageIn planning stage


Group’s physics interests are quite broadGroup’s physics interests are quite broad

•• Fundamental symmetries of nature:Fundamental symmetries of nature:•• MatterMatter--antimatter symmetry: CP violation searches (antimatter symmetry: CP violation searches (HyperCPHyperCP, , NONOυυAA))•• LeptonLepton--number conservation (MECO)number conservation (MECO)

•• Searches for New Physics Searches for New Physics •• Through direct searchers, such as Higgs particle (DØ)Through direct searchers, such as Higgs particle (DØ)•• Indirectly through rare Indirectly through rare hyperonhyperon decays (decays (HyperCPHyperCP))•• In directly through leptonIn directly through lepton--number violation: number violation: µµ−−N → eN → e−−N’ (MECO)N’ (MECO)

•• Neutrino mass (Neutrino mass (NONOυυAA))•• Particle properties (Particle properties (HyperCPHyperCP, DØ , DØ NONOυυAA,),)


What are the job prospects like?What are the job prospects like?

Great! finding jobs isn’t the problem. Keeping Great! finding jobs isn’t the problem. Keeping postdocspostdocs is!is!

High Energy Physicists gets jobs in:High Energy Physicists gets jobs in:•• Academia (Tim Academia (Tim HolmstromHolmstrom, Casey , Casey DurandetDurandet, Gabriel , Gabriel NicolescuNicolescu, Sharon White), Sharon White)•• Industry (Karla Hagan, Industry (Karla Hagan, LanchunLanchun Lu) Lu) •• Finance (Finance (YannisYannis TzanouramousTzanouramous))•• Medicine (Sharon White, Medicine (Sharon White, LanchunLanchun Lu)Lu)•• KK--12 Education (Steve 12 Education (Steve DeSantoDeSanto))•• national labs such as national labs such as FermilabFermilab, , JLabJLab


Our group builds many types of detectorsOur group builds many types of detectors


DØ: Search for New Phenomena at the Highest EnergiesDØ: Search for New Phenomena at the Highest Energies

• One of the flagship experiments in the US HEP program

• Running through 2009 (2010?)• Discovered top-quark mass (with

CDF) in 1996• Searching for Higgs• See Bob Hirosky’s talk


Symmetric UniverseSymmetric Universe

• The very early universe was composed of equal amounts of matter and antimatter.

• After 10-6 s (T=1013K) baryons (neutrons and protons, and their antipartners) formed as the universe cooled.

• The universe was sufficiently dense that by 10-3 s (T=1012K) all the baryons and antibaryonsannihilated, leaving only photons: the annihilation catastrophe.

BB

BB

nn

n

nn

≈

≈+ −1810

γ


What Actually HappenedWhat Actually Happened

•• What we actually observe is What we actually observe is quite differentquite different•• There is no compelling There is no compelling

evidence for any antimatter evidence for any antimatter in the Universein the Universe

•• The observed ratio of The observed ratio of baryons to photons is nine baryons to photons is nine orders of magnitude too orders of magnitude too large!large!

1010)3.01.6( −×±=γn

nB


The Annihilation Catastrophe Almost HappenedThe Annihilation Catastrophe Almost Happened

•• For every For every 10 billion10 billion antibaryonsantibaryons, , 10 billion and one10 billion and one baryons were produced.baryons were produced.•• The one extra baryon is what you and me and the rest of the obseThe one extra baryon is what you and me and the rest of the observable rvable

Universe is made out of.Universe is made out of.


How to Get an AsymmetryHow to Get an Asymmetry

Sakharov in 1967 first elucidated the three needed Sakharov in 1967 first elucidated the three needed ingredients:ingredients:

1.1. Baryon number must be violatedBaryon number must be violated. Need a way to get . Need a way to get rid of matter (or antimatter) that doesn’t involve rid of matter (or antimatter) that doesn’t involve annihilation. Grand Unified Theories (annihilation. Grand Unified Theories (GUTsGUTs) do this.) do this.

1.1. Violation of both C and CPViolation of both C and CP. This produces different . This produces different decay rates for particles and antiparticles.decay rates for particles and antiparticles.

2.2. A departure from thermal equilibrium when the A departure from thermal equilibrium when the antimatter was turning into matterantimatter was turning into matter. Otherwise, if in . Otherwise, if in thermal equilibrium the reverse processes occur with an thermal equilibrium the reverse processes occur with an equal rate.equal rate.

00 KepKep −+ →=→

00 KepKep −+ →<→

00 KepKep −+ ←</←

s

d d

u

u e+

pK0

X


Problems with Problems with Sakarov’sSakarov’s MenuMenu

•• CP violation seen on CP violation seen on KaonKaon and Beauty decays too small!and Beauty decays too small!•• Search for exotic sources of CP violationSearch for exotic sources of CP violation•• LeptogenesisLeptogenesis: CP violation happened in lepton, not quark sector: CP violation happened in lepton, not quark sector

•• A A lepton asymmetrylepton asymmetry is formed and then transformed to a is formed and then transformed to a baryon baryon asymmetryasymmetry

•• Lepton:Lepton: electron, electron, muonmuon, neutrinos, neutrinos•• Baryon:Baryon: particles made of quarksparticles made of quarks

•• Baryon violation never seenBaryon violation never seen•• Keep lookingKeep looking•• Could have happened at the enormous energies of the early univerCould have happened at the enormous energies of the early universese


HyperCPHyperCP: Search for New Sources of Matter : Search for New Sources of Matter Antimatter AsymmetriesAntimatter Asymmetries

• Search for a difference in Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperon decays

• Hyperon decays are particularly sensitive to new sources of CP violation

+− →Λ=→Λ ππ pp?

u

duu

s u

d

d

W− π−

Λ p


UVaUVa Group has played Group has played thethe leading role in leading role in HyperCPHyperCP

•• ContributionsContributions•• Leadership: Dukes has been Leadership: Dukes has been cospokespersoncospokesperson since its inception since its inception

and effectively the sole spokesperson the past two yearsand effectively the sole spokesperson the past two years•• Design and fabrication of front wire chambers: C1 Design and fabrication of front wire chambers: C1 –– C4C4•• Design and fabrication of all wire chamber preamps: 19,000Design and fabrication of all wire chamber preamps: 19,000•• Design and fabrication of the Design and fabrication of the hadronichadronic calorimetercalorimeter•• Design and implementation of the triggerDesign and implementation of the trigger•• Development of the processing farm (with LBNL)Development of the processing farm (with LBNL)•• Running of the Running of the FermilabFermilab analysis farmanalysis farm

•• HyperCPHyperCP analysis projects at analysis projects at UVaUVa•• CP violation search in CP violation search in ΞΞ, , ΛΛ, and , and ΩΩ decaysdecays•• Measurement of the Measurement of the ΩΩ−− and and ΩΩ++ decay parametersdecay parameters•• Measurement of the Measurement of the ΞΞ−− polarization and polarization and ββΞΞ, , γγΞΞ decay parametersdecay parameters

Note: All precision analyses done by the UVa group!


We’ve been exceptionally busy publishing resultsWe’ve been exceptionally busy publishing results

•• In last 24 monthsIn last 24 months•• 10 papers published: 6 PRL, 1 PLB, 2 PRD, 1 NIM10 papers published: 6 PRL, 1 PLB, 2 PRD, 1 NIM•• 5 written or co5 written or co--written by written by UVaUVa groupgroup

•• HyperCPHyperCP now has 13 published papersnow has 13 published papers•• Next year:Next year:

•• 11--3 more PRL, 3 NIM (5 written or co3 more PRL, 3 NIM (5 written or co--written by written by UVaUVa group)group)•• UVaUVa group has written or cogroup has written or co--written roughly half of the written roughly half of the HyperCPHyperCP papers!papers!


HyperCPHyperCP gets other physics for free: gets other physics for free: PentaquarksPentaquarks

•• HyperCPHyperCP announced the first highannounced the first high--statistics, goodstatistics, good--resolution resolution θθ++ →→ KK00 p p search in the fall of 2004 (PRD 70, search in the fall of 2004 (PRD 70, 111101(R), 2004)111101(R), 2004)

•• Note: we have one of the largest KNote: we have one of the largest K00ss

samples in the worldsamples in the world

•• In May of 2005 CLAS, with great In May of 2005 CLAS, with great fanfare, announced their null resultfanfare, announced their null result

•• MIPP, with TPC readout upgrade MIPP, with TPC readout upgrade designed by designed by UVaUVa group, would have group, would have been ideal for been ideal for pentaquarkpentaquark searchessearches

•• PentaquarkPentaquark industry seems to be industry seems to be fading rather quicklyfading rather quickly


result intriguingresult intriguing−++ →Σ µµp


HyperCPHyperCP has been a great success!has been a great success!

•• First observation of the FCNC decay KFirst observation of the FCNC decay K−− → → ππ−−µµ++µµ−− and resolution of and resolution of the Kthe K++ → → ππ++µµ++µµ−− BR problem.BR problem.

•• First precision measurement of a First precision measurement of a hyperonhyperon ββ decay parameter and decay parameter and first evidence of one that is nonfirst evidence of one that is non--zero.zero.

•• First evidence of parity violation in an First evidence of parity violation in an ΩΩ−− decay and most precisely decay and most precisely measured measured hyperonhyperon αα decay parameter and antidecay parameter and anti--hyperonhyperon αα decay decay parameter.parameter.

•• Most sensitive test of CP violation in Most sensitive test of CP violation in hyperonhyperon decays, 20X that of decays, 20X that of the PDG world average, and constraining some SUSY models.the PDG world average, and constraining some SUSY models.

•• First highFirst high--statistics, good mass resolution statistics, good mass resolution pentaquarkpentaquark search and search and one of the first null results.one of the first null results.

•• Observation of the rarest baryon decay with Observation of the rarest baryon decay with ΣΣ++ → → ppµµ++µµ−−. Evidence . Evidence suggests it proceeds via a hitherto unknown intermediate state, suggests it proceeds via a hitherto unknown intermediate state, consistent with the consistent with the sgoldstinosgoldstino..

•• Searches for rare and forbidden Searches for rare and forbidden hyperonhyperon decays that go orders of decays that go orders of magnitude beyond previous limits.magnitude beyond previous limits.


NOυA

NuMI Off-axis υe Appearance Experiment


OverviewOverview

•• NOvANOvA is designed to:is designed to:

•• Observe Observe υυµµ→→υυee oscillations by oscillations by υυee

appearanceappearance

•• Measure Measure θθ1313, or improve limits by a , or improve limits by a factor of 20factor of 20

•• Resolve mass ordering ambiguityResolve mass ordering ambiguity

•• Search for CP violation in neutrino Search for CP violation in neutrino sectorsector

•• Measure sinMeasure sin22(2(2θθ2323) to a precision of ) to a precision of 1.01.0--0.5%0.5%

•• Measure the CPMeasure the CP--violating phase violating phase δδ•• Measure neutrino cross sectionsMeasure neutrino cross sections

•• Observe neutrinos from near galactic Observe neutrinos from near galactic supernovassupernovas


FermilabFermilab neutrino beam shot to northern neutrino beam shot to northern MinnestotaMinnestota


NOvANOvA Far DetectorFar Detector

•• One of the largest One of the largest detectors everdetectors ever

•• 15 15 ktonkton totally totally active detectoractive detector

•• $260,000,000$260,000,000

•• Largest plastic Largest plastic structure ever builtstructure ever built

•• Each plane has 12 Each plane has 12 3232--cell modulescell modules

•• 1178 planes1178 planes

How big is this?How big is this?The NOvA far detector is big enough to fit Atlas, CMS, DØ, and CDF Inside it’s active volume.

15.6 m

78 m

2.9 m

4.2 m

14.3

m

2.9 m

4.2 m

8.4

m

15.7 m

78 m

2.9 m

4.2 m

14.3

m

2.9 m

4.2 m

2.9 m

4.2 m

14.3

m

14.3

m

2.9 m

4.2 m

8.4

m

2.9 m

4.2 m

8.4

m

2.9 m

4.2 m

8.4

m

15.0

m

NearNear

DetectorDetector IPNDIPND HumpbackHumpback

WhaleWhale

FarFar

DetectorDetector

45 tons45 tons88 tons88 tons

218 tons218 tons

18,000 tons18,000 tons


UVa’sUVa’s Role in Role in NOvANOvA

•• Design, prototyping, and fabrication of the Power Distribution SDesign, prototyping, and fabrication of the Power Distribution System (PDS)ystem (PDS)

•• Design, prototyping, and fabrication of the Detector Control SysDesign, prototyping, and fabrication of the Detector Control System (DCS)tem (DCS)

•• Head the Readout Infrastructure GroupHead the Readout Infrastructure Group

•• Total cost of system: ~$4 millionTotal cost of system: ~$4 million

•• We are currently building prototypes of PDS and DCS systemsWe are currently building prototypes of PDS and DCS systems

•• Both systems will be installed in the Integration Prototype NearBoth systems will be installed in the Integration Prototype Near Detector to Detector to be completed next yearbe completed next year


Power Distribution SystemPower Distribution System

FEB

32 ModuleFiber Feed (64 ends)

APD ModuleAPD Module

Carrier Boardw/ APD chip

“Clam Shell”Optical Housing

Heat SinkInterface

64 fiberbundle


Power Distribution BoxPower Distribution Box

• Fans out power to the 12,036 Front End Boards

• Need to build 200 for the IPND and Far and Near Detectors

• Will be fabricated at UVa


Detector Control SystemDetector Control System

Daemon Based• Separate copies of the daemons run simultaneously with different hardware lists for Production and Commissioning • Allows for seamless transitions between detector changes• Common Clients can be used for both tasks

Clients

ProductionHV Systems

Server System Hardware Devices

ProductionMonitoring

ProductionControls

ProductionLogging

CommissioningHV Systems

CommissioningMon, Control, Logging

ProductionLow Voltage, FBEs

CommissioningLow Voltage, FBEs


NOvANOvA DCSNetDCSNet Router and Repeater TopologyRouter and Repeater Topology

Primary Switch 48 Port 1000Base-T1000Base-SX Links

Control Room

Fiber Repeater16 chan+2 uplink Detector Hall

Cat6 UTP

Det Hall Switch24 port+2 uplink

Detector Hall

Cat6 UTP


Detector Hall

Cat6 UTP


Detector Hall

Cat6 UTP

SF FiberInterconnect


100-TX Repeater16 chan+2 uplink

Detector Hall

Cat5 UTP


DCS Chan Server

DCS Chan Server

DCS Chan Server

DCS Logger

DCS Controls Client

DCS Monitor Client

Far Site Router VPN Site to Site Support

Control Room

Control RoomWireless

Detector HallWireless

To FNAL

To Internet

1000Mb Fiber1000Mb UTP 100Mb UTP 10Mb UTP


10m

FermilabFar Detector

30m

20m

10m

30m

20m

10m

30m

20m

10m

FermilabFar Detector

Overhead Access Points for Top Det Coverage

Lower Catwalk Access Points for Side Det Coverage


mu2e: Search for lepton number violationmu2e: Search for lepton number violation

•• UVaUVa collaborators include: C. Dukes, R. collaborators include: C. Dukes, R. HiroskyHirosky, K. , K. PaschkePaschke, and D. , and D. PocanicPocanic

•• Lepton number violation has recently Lepton number violation has recently been seen in the neutrino sectorbeen seen in the neutrino sector

•• Charged LFV has not been observedCharged LFV has not been observed

•• Almost all scenarios for new physics Almost all scenarios for new physics predict charged LFV at a level that mu2e predict charged LFV at a level that mu2e is designed to observe is designed to observe

•• Effective mass reach well beyond what Effective mass reach well beyond what can be achieved in direct searchescan be achieved in direct searches

16101

−−

−−

=−→Γ

→Γ=))((

)(R

ZNvNNeN

eµ

µ µµ

2L TeV/cM de µµ λλ3000=⇒

µ- d

d e-

L

λed

λµd

One example of new physics, with leptoquarks


Lepton Flavor Violation processes sensitive to Lepton Flavor Violation processes sensitive to SupersymmetrySupersymmetry

100 200 300

Experimental bound

tan =30β

tan =10β

tan =3β

%Rem (GeV)

mu2e single event sensitivity

10 -11

10 -13

10 -15

10 -19

10 -17

10 -21

Rµe

Current SINDRUM2 bound


History of lepton flavor violation searchesHistory of lepton flavor violation searches1

10-2

10-4

10-16

10-6

10-8

10-10

10-14

10-12

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

µµµµµµµµ-- N N →→→→→→→→ ee--NNµµµµµµµµ+ + →→→→→→→→ ee++γγγγγγγγµµµµµµµµ++ →→→→→→→→ ee+ + ee+ + ee--

K0 → µ+e-

K+ → π+ µ+e-

MEGA

SINDRUM2

PSI-MEG goal

mu2e goal

Bra

nchi

ng F

ract

ion

Upp

er L

imit


UVa’sUVa’s role in mu2erole in mu2e

•• Design of amplifierDesign of amplifier--shapershaper--discriminator (ASD) for tracking discriminator (ASD) for tracking detectordetector•• very highvery high--rate environmentrate environment•• ASIC to be designed with Prof. ASIC to be designed with Prof.

Blaylock of EE Dept.Blaylock of EE Dept.•• Fabrication of cosmicFabrication of cosmic--ray veto systemray veto system

NE592 AD96687 MC10105

93

93

50027p

56

56

0.1

47pf

240

392 560

560

33pf

1k

220

220-5V

-5V

-5V~10KTHR

1

3

12

14

7

8

7

8

2

1

4

5

2

3

25

25392

392

50

50

10

0.1uf

.01uf.01uf

100

56

56

-5.2V

AD8015

Vcc

Vee

out+

out-

in

Vbyp

nc

nc

NE68139

NE68139R

L1

L1

100C1 C2

C3

C3

L3

L3


If you are interested…If you are interested…

•• We are doing a lot of fascinating physicsWe are doing a lot of fascinating physics•• You can try us out for a summerYou can try us out for a summer•• We have plenty of hardware and software projectsWe have plenty of hardware and software projects•• We have hardware and software theses availableWe have hardware and software theses available

Stop by or give me a ring and we can chat about how you might fiStop by or give me a ring and we can chat about how you might fit int in

Craig DukesCraig [email protected]@virginia.edu982982--53645364117 High Energy Physics Laboratory117 High Energy Physics Laboratory

research with the antimatter asymmetry group at virginia · 2007-10-12 · matter and antimatter....

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