research proposal - prihor adina.doc
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
1/36
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Entrepreneurship in Romania:
Females versus males
Executive summary
1
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
2/36
The purpose of this study is to provide insights regarding the profile of the Romanian
female and male entrepreneurs, their motivation for opening a business and factors
influencing the process of opening a business. In order to fulfil the objectives
mentioned above, a quantitative method will be chosen, in order to gather the primary
data. The instrument used was the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be online.
Before designing the final form of the questionnaire, a preliminary research will beconducted. The advantages of this method is that this method requires minimum costs
and requires less time in gathering the necessary data, than other instruments.
Population and target group
The chosen population is the population from Iasi and the target group is represented
by males and females,that own at least one business, with ages starting from 1 years
old.
ata collection
The method used in gathering data will be the online survey based on a questionnaire.
The respondents will be selected according to the ne!t criteria" being a resident of theIasi city, owning a business at the actual moment.
The questionnaire will be spread through e#mail and the data will be gathered in $
wee%s. The estimated time for completing the questionnaire was around & minutes.
Proposed analysis and expected results
'fter the primary research will be conducted, using the survey, the collected
data will be analysed with either using ()(( or *!cel. The e!pected results
should provide insights regarding the motivational factors when opening abusiness, for romanian female and male entrepreneurs. the factors influencing
the process of opening a business, for female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi,
Romania.
'lso insights regarding the profile of female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi,
Romania will be provided and the profile of the Romanian female and male
entrepreneurs will be defined.
!ntroduction
$
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
3/36
+owadays people developing businesses became one of the fastest growing population
in the world. The entrepreneurs are bringing significant contributions in terms of
innovations, employment and economic development. any authors debate on the
power of running a business from a female or a male perspective. The opinions are
spread on one side or the other, regarding the entrepreneurial field, regarding the
potential of women entrepreneurs versus the potential of male entrepreneurs.
ecisional context
Research pro"lem
The research problem of the conducted research consists in providing insights related
to the profile of female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.
Research o"#ectives
'ccording to the research proposal, the objectives of the research are"
-efine the motivational factors in opening a business, for female and male
entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.
-efine the factors influencing the process of opening a business, for female
and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.
-efine the profile of female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.
Literature revie$
History of entrepreneurship
odern business theory argues that entrepreneurs are the ones that through innovation
and the development of their business, transform the circular flow of economic
statistics in a dynamic flow. But from where do the roots of the entrepreneurshipbegin ihai /henea 0$11, p. 213, says that in all historical periods, be it ancient
times, be it medieval age, entrepreneurship has been lin%ed to more than pastoral or
agricultural activities, or engineering and architecture .any of the castles, fortresses,
churches and bridges that were built in this period, even if they were ordered by the
%ings, were still made by architects and engineers who have managed large projects
such as the business today. In this sense, people li%e 4eonardo da 5inci or
ichelangelo were also still some entrepreneurs .(%ipping the end of the Renaissance
and iddle 'ges, *uropean Industrial Revolution in *ngland was in reality the event
that fundamentally changed the relationship between labour and capital, enabling a
new type of entrepreneurship, the one that we refer to today.
In the opinion of ihai /henea 0$11, p.2$3, Romanian entrepreneur, a clear momentof entrepreneurship was in 1&&6 , the year in which 7ames 8att made a partnership
2
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
4/36
with atthew Boulton to e!ploit patented improved steam engine .This year may be
considered the date of birth of modern entrepreneurship because it is important from
many points of view" the business has become a tremendous success in the ne!t 1$
years, becoming one of the leading British manufacturer of steam engines .-uring this
time, it was established the first 'merican company joint# stoc%, also .
'ccording to Berg +ina /unnerud in the article entitled 9/ender, place and
entrepreneurship:, starting a business is referred as one of the phases of
entrepreneurial activity, meaning that this isn;t seen as a starting point in
entrepreneurship. By searching and finding entrepreneurial opportunities and later,
using them into your own benefit, this is what, according to the article, is seen as the
starting point of entrepreneurship.
*ntrepreneurship is a comple! concept, which many authors, specialists of different
fields li%e economy, sociology, psychology and sciences, along the years, tried and still
try to define it. -espite all efforts, no consensus has been reached regarding the
margins of the definition of entrepreneurship, but one thing on which everyone agreesis that the entrepreneurship positively influences on a country;s economy. 'nother
thing that the majority agrees regarding entrepreneurship, is that it is more a behaviour
rather than a personality trait.
In the majority of the definitions about entrepreneurship, there is a common
agreement, related to entrepreneurship as being represented by a behaviour defined
by ta%ing initiative, organi
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
5/36
Dn the other hand, the other category sees the entrepreneurship as the creation of new
economic activity. 'ny product, invention can be sold, as Robert ?isrich 0$@, p.63,
says 9by e!isting or newly created firms or through trading them on the mar%et:
Types of Entrepreneurship
'ccording to ihai /henea 0$113, there are three types of entrepreneurship.
/enerally when we tal% about entrepreneurs, we thin% only at those people who
develop their own business project based on an idea, assuming the ris%s that it implies
and finally benefiting from the results of the business, if it becomes successful. But in
reality, there are many areas in which, based on an idea, people can develop valuable
projects, not only business, but other types of projects" social, political, research.
(ocial entrepreneurship. This type of entrepreneurship has been identified only after
1@>.The most remar%able e!ample of social entrepreneurship is lorence
+ightingale, who developed the first independent school of nurses. (ocialentrepreneurship consists identifying a social problem and start solving this social
problem throughout specific business methods li%e structuring an organi
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
6/36
allocation of capital and human resources. Eombining them effectively
provides competitive advantage.
the introduction of new technologies , industries and products # innovative and
ris% lovers , entrepreneurs ta%e advantage of every opportunity to turn it into a
profit opportunity .
creating jobs #millions of jobs are created by the private sector , being amongthe top of employers. The entrepreneur represents often the force necessary to
achieve economic progress throughout innovation , investing the resources and
desire to progress the development of new opportunities. *ntrepreneurCs wor%
creates new ways to define problems, he brings innovation, creativity,
initiative, direct action and development of opportunities.
The Entrepreneur
Economical function versus individual characteristics
'fter defining entrepreneurship, it is appropriate to focus on the person that does all
this activity, the entrepreneur.
's in the case of entrepreneurship, there isnCt a clear definition of the entrepreneur, the
analysts defining the role of the entrepreneur in the literature, in different ways and from
different points of view.
The *ntrepreneurshipCs study can be split into two approaches" some authors define the
entrepreneurial activity as being an economical function, while the other approach focuseson the individual characteristics 0(tevenson,$, p.A3.
Individual Characteristics Approach
'ccording to the individual characteristics perspective, the essence of the noun
9entrepreneur: comes from rance and in translation has the meaning of one who
ta%es in between 0-ea%ins F reel, $2, p.23. 'ccording to (wedberg 0$, p.113,
the entrepreneur is found firstly in the iddle 'ges and had the meaning of the person
who is active, who gets things done. 'round 1&$2 in rance the entrepreneur was
described as being someone that manufactures a project In the 1th century, *nglandhad defined the entrepreneur as being also an underta%er or an adventurer.
rom Baumol;s 01@@, p.@&3 perspective, the entrepreneurs are seen as creative
persons in terms of finding ways that add to their own wealth, power and prestige.
Dther analysts were defining the entrepreneur as a person which starts its own, new
and small business. Dne analyst being against these definition is -ruc%er 01@6,
p.A63which says that not every new small business is entrepreneurial or represents
entrepreneurship. 'lso, not every entrepreneurial business is innovative.
'ccording to )eter -ruc%er 01@6, p.A&3 the entrepreneurs are people who see
9change: as the standard. *ntrepreneurs regard change as essential and welcome it as
beneficial to the lives of big corporations and small businesses ali%e.
>
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
7/36
(ome other authors, li%e, 7oseph (chumpeter0Brouwer, $$, p.@3define
entrepreneur as an innovator and one who develops untried technology, while -avid
cElelland 01@>13opinioned that entrepreneur is an energetic, moderate ris% ta%er.
rom the perspective of 'lbert (hapero 01@&>3, the entrepreneur is that person which
ta%es initiative, organi
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
8/36
In ar% EassonCs opinion, economics professor, the entrepreneur is defined as an
organi
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
9/36
of personal e!periences to help you get through une!pected moments, unprecedented
and difficult to quantify.
(cientific methods say...
' study conducted by auditing and consulting firm *rnst F Houng 0* F H3 shows that> of successful entrepreneurs have previously wor%ed in a large company, and
2 of them say that this was the %ey to success .
The Romanian entrepreneur 'le!ander 4apusan founder Jitec says that it is not a good
idea to go into entrepreneurship right after you finished school and it is advisable to
first wor% in a company. ?e mentions the importance of wor% e!perience in an
organi
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
10/36
small changes in the form of an advance towards a product, a service or a different
approach to the e!isting mar%et.
'ssumption 0ris%s3.'n entrepreneurial function %ey is lin%ed with ris%#ta%ing. There
are two categories of opinion. Dn the one hand there are proponents of the theory that
entrepreneurs are, by nature, people with high ris% appetite. The second theory refers
to entrepreneurs who have an appetite for ris%, assuming only controllable ris%s.'ccording to ihai /henea 0$11, p.A>KA&3, this is the list of the four functions of
entrepreneurship.
The Entrepreneur - personal characteristics
8hen spea%ing about the personal characteristics of an entrepreneur there is an
impediment, related to the difficulty of e!amining this subject 0-e5ries, 1@&&, p.A23,
due to unclear definitions e!isting on the concept of entrepreneur 0-ea%ins and reel,
$2. p.A3
-avid cElelland 01@&, p.$$23, 'merican psychologist, sustains in his study ofentrepreneurship, that an successful entrepreneur should have the ne!t %ey
competencies"
high need in terms of adaptability achievement in perceiving and acting in
advantageous situations
the entrepreneur should ta%e own initiative or responsibility, in terms of
underta%ing an activity or creating changes
the entrepreneur is a moderate ris%#ta%er, trying to avoid ta%ing high ris%sL
the entrepreneur is spontaneous. ?e doesnCt li%e to follow an habitual or fi!ed
way of doing things.
'nother opinion regarding the qualities of an entrepreneur, in an Romanian
perspective this time, belongs to ihai /henea 0$11, p.A1KA23 which creates a profile
of the entrepreneur having the ne!t mandatory qualities"
5ision
Intelligence and creativity
=nowledge of the industry
)erseverance and determination
Eharisma and persuasion
Responsibility -ecision ma%er
)roblem solver
/ut feeling
)ositive Thin%ing
)assion for own business
)ersonal *thics
Trust in people
'ttitude
1
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
11/36
Entrepreneurship environment $ in Romania
In political economics, entrepreneurship is the process of identifying and starting a
new business venture, sourcing and organith in the *uropean Nnion 0as 'ustria, *stonia, 4atvia, the
+etherlands and (lova%ia 3 in terms of total entrepreneurial activity " @ of the
wor%ing population is in the process of starting a business or developing their own
start# ups. ?owever it occupies last place in *urope in terms of sustainable
entrepreneurship" more than half of newly established companies fail to survive the
critical period of A$ months 0they close or suspend their activity 3.
Factors influencin% the entrepreneurships& environment development
Entrepreneurs characteristics
*ntrepreneurs share a common set of features that help them start their own business
and increase their chances of success. These include leadership s%ills , ability to wor% ,
the degree of independence desired, ris% tolerance or level of responsibility and willing
to assume. 'ccording to some studies, Romanians are not prepared in this regard and
feel the need to develop these characteristics through educational programs.
(everal factors were identified according to statistics and researches, and they are
related to"
Access to &inance sources' big problem is the lac% of Romanian entrepreneurial ecosystem access to finance
.'lthough A of Romanian want to start off on their own, more than half of them say
they do not have the financial resources necessary to do so. ears of insufficient funds
are added and lin%ed to the inability to return the debts. These problems diminish with
increasing age when entrepreneurs reali
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
12/36
In Romania develop strong entrepreneurial communities in large cities, but they are
not yet sufficiently present. Houng also accuses the lac% of business connections and
mentors relevant to them. There were , however, significant differences by age " the
networ% of contacts of a person increases significantly with age , which brings
business and new connections and support they need from mentors .In addition , there
are significant differences between entrepreneurs and those who havenCt already startedtheir own business , the first having developed networ% access connections and
business mentoring .
Culture and social capital
*ntrepreneurial culture plays an important role for the development of
entrepreneurship and Romania is e!cellent in this regard, having developed social
capital and a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship. But when we loo% at the types
of people who influence the general opinion on entrepreneurship , we note that
successful entrepreneurs , media, events and friends have a high positive impact .'t
the opposite pole , however, teachers , career counselors , parents and family , which
affects the probability of becoming a young entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurial education$2 of the Romanian states that participated in at least one entrepreneurial education
program , the percentage is equal to that in the *uropean Nnion. ?owever, they are
dissatisfied with the quality of entrepreneurship education received and believes that
they are supported by people who have no connection with the business .The lac% of
connection between school and business entrepreneurship education is the main
problem in Romania, and the solution consists in the improvement of the level of
sustainability of newly established companies.
Pu"lic policies
8hen it comes to the state , instead of fostering the development of entrepreneurial
ecosystem , community measures are seen as a major impediment to development.
'ctive members of the business community are aware of the policy to support
entrepreneurship, but they consider them inappropriate. The lac% of results is due to a
poor understanding of the Romanian business environment and endemic corruption
that affect measures ta%en at all levels.
*ntrepreneurship O female versus male perspectives
+owadays people developing businesses became one of the fastest growing population
in the world. The entrepreneurs are bringing significant contributions in terms of
innovations, employment and economic development.There is a strong debate regarding the potencial of women entrepreneurs versus the
potencial of male entrepreneurs. -ifferent authors released researches, sustaining the
entrepreneurship from a feminin point of view or from a masculin point of view.
'ccording to statistics released by the /lobal *ntrepreneurship onitor and the
*uropean Eommision in $1, in Romania, the number of male entrepreneurs was
higher than the number of the femele entrepreneurs. In the ne!t table above are
presented some characteristics that, both female and male entreprenerus share in terms
of business owned.
1$
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
13/36
)*+ ,ethodology
Research design
In order to fulfill the objectives mentioned above, a quantitative method was chosen,
in order to gather the primary data. The instrument used was the questionnaire, applied
on a sample of A1 respondents. The questionnaire was held online. Before designing
the final form of the questionnaire, a preliminary research was conducted. The
advantages of this method were that this method requires minimum costs and requires
less time in gathering the necessary data, than other instruments. ' major disadvantage
is that it contains many opened questions, hard to quantify. In the beginning, the
instrument chosen was the interview, but due to the fact that the respondents didn;t
want to participate in the interviews, for several reasons, I had to stic% to this method.
*ven so, it was hard to gather the necessary data, because people were not interested in
the study" in order to obtain the sample of A1 respondents, I had to as% & persons.
Population and target group
The chosen population was the population from Iasi and the target group was
represented only by women and males, that are owning at least one business, with ages
starting from 1 years old.
Preliminary research
' small preliminary research was conducted before designing the final form of the
questionnaire. The preliminary research was conducted on a sample of & students from
the aculty of *conomics and Business 'dministration, and it had the purpose of
helping in designing the final form of the questionnaire.
-uestionnaire design
The questionnaire had 1A questions and it was structured in 2 parts.
In the first part 0questions 1#6, 12#1A3 was created to gather data related to details of
the business owned by the respondents.
The second part 0questions >#@3 focused on finding out details about obstacles and
beliefs of the respondents according to entrepreneurshipThe third part 0questions 1#123 was designed in order to gather data related to
attitudes and beliefs of the respondents towards entrepreneurship field.
The questionnaire was held online, using the mail, during a wee% and it was designed
in Romanian. It was applied on & persons, having a rate of return of 61 answers, $6
females, $> males.
ata collection
The method used in gathering data was the online survey based on a questionnaire.
The respondents were chosen according to the ne!t criteria" being a resident of the Iasi
city, owning a business at the actual moment.
12
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
14/36
The questionnaire was spread through e#mail and the data was gathered in a wee%.
rom & questionnaires spread only 61 were gathered due to the lac% of interest and
time of the persons. The estimated time for completing the questionnaire was around &
minutes.
ata analysis
'escriptive analysis
In the ne!t pages, the results of the questionnaire will analy
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
15/36
igure 2 Business domain of activity K females igure A# Business domain of activityKmale
'ccording to igure 2.2 and igure 2.A Business domain of activity, the female and male
entrepreneurs have a common domain of business, TradeK(elling, in which the difference
relates to the number of businesses run. Businesses run by males are found in a higherpercentage 03 in compari
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
16/36
estimate that, in terms of profitable years, $1A will be brea%out year for female entrepreneurs
opening their businesses.
igure @# Type of business ownedKfemales igure 1 Type of business ownedKmales
The figures above present results related to the type of businesses Romanian entrepreneurs run
nowadays. Dn the female entrepreneurs; side the majority, >@, run a business opened by
themselves. Dn the males side the number of entrepreneurs that opened their own business is
greater than the female entrepreneurs, with a percentage of @.
'nother objective of the research was to provide insights regarding the motivational factors n
opening a business, of the romanian entrepreneurs, which will be a step in defining the profile
of the Romanian entrepreneur. The ne!t results were gathered"
igure 11 Reasons for opening a businessKfemales igure 1$# Reasons for opening a businessKmales
'ccording to igure 11 and igure 1$, there is a higher desire of having control and freedom
when running a business, among male respondents 0>63 in comparison with the female
respondents. 'nother stated reason for opening a business on the males side is related to the
desire of ta%ing own decision, while on the females side the second met reason is related tothe fact of not wanting to wor%. Regarding the financial reward. (eeing this results, a
conclusion could be that a common characteristic that female and male entrepreneurs are
sharing is that they want to be independent, having freedom and control on their own
decisions and wor%.
1>
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
17/36
igure 12 Dbstacles in opening a businessKfemales igure 1A Dbstacles in opening a businessKmales
In terms of obstacles met when opening a business, according to figure 2.12 and 2.1A, a
common obstacle of the romanian entrepreneurs is related to low financing sources, being
more often met on the male entrepreneurs; side 0>63, in comparison with female
entrepreneurs 02A3. ' second obstacle stated by the female respondents is related to combingthe personal life with the professional life 01&3, which might lower their business
performance, in comparison, a small number of the male respondents 0A3 found this as an
obstacle.
In the questionnaire, the respondents were as%ed to describe, shortly, how they overcome the
obstacles met and chec%ed previously, in igure 6.>, these results contribute in defining the
features of the romanian entrepreneurs. The ne!t results were gathered"
igure 16 8ays of overcoming obstaclesKfemales igure 1> 8ays of overcoming obstaclesKmales
'ccording to figures 16 and 1> a common way of the managing obstacles when opening abusiness, for the male and female respondents, is related to selfconfidence. The male
respondents thin% that a way of overcoming an obstacle is by being perceverent. ostly, they
are focusing on their own abilties in order to overcome the obstacles.
1&
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
18/36
igure 1& 'n entrepreneur shouldn;tPKfemales igure 1 'n entrepreneur shouldn;tPKmales
In the questionnaire the respondents were as%ed to provide an advice for the future
entrepreneurs. The results are presented in the tables above as it can be seen the malerespondents advice the future entrepreneurs to have %nowledge in business before starting a
one 0>63, while the female respondents are relating to the communication with others and
the advice the future entrepreneurs to to never listen to others 0$A3,
igure 1@+ecessary things in entrepreneurshipKfemales igure $+ecessary things in
entrepreneurshipKmales
In terms of advices that the respondents would give to the future entrepreneurs, concerning the
necesar things for success in entrepreneurship, are presented in the figures above.
In the opponion of the respondents, the necesity for success consists in self#confidence 0213
on the females; side, while for most of the male respondents the most important thing to
succeed when running a business is related to perceverence 0A>3.
In the questionnaire the respondents were as%ed to ran% the following statements in terms of
how the entrepreneurship managed to meet e!pectation regarding them. ?ow did
entrepreneurship influenced the stated statements. The statements were ran%ed on a scale from
1 to 6, 1 Oe!tremely wea%, $# wea%, 2 O well, A O good, 6 O e!tremely good. The following
results were obtained"
1
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
19/36
igure $1relationship between entrepreneurship Figure 22 relationship betweenentrepreneurship
balance between personal and professional life balance between personal andprofessional life
Regarding how did the entrepreneurial activity influenced the balance between the personal
life and the professional life, the most frequent answer, on the female respondents; side,
describing this relationship was 9well: 0263. The ne!t frequent answer, with a lowerpercentage, was 9good: 0$@3. +o female respondent considers that the entrepreneurial
activity satisfied e!tremely good their e!pectation in terms of balance between personal and
professional life. Dn the male respondents; side the majority stated that the entrepreneurial
activity satisfied 9good: 0&&3 their e!pectations regarging the balance between personal and
professional life.
In terms of ran%ing the statements related to how did the entrepreneurship met the
e!pectations of the respondents in terms of financial reward, the ne!t results were obtained"
igure $2Relationship between entrepreneurship Relationship betweenentrepreneurship
and nancial reward and nancialreward
'ccording to table above most of the female respondents are quite satisfied with how
entrepreneurship succeeded to meet their e!pectations regarding the financial reward, the
majority 0A13 describing these relationship as being 9good:, while on the male respondents;
side the majority 013 has the same oppinion. +o female respondent is completly satisfied
regarding the financial reward as they e!pected when it comes to entrepreneurship, while in
the males; side an significant percentage 01@3 agrees that entrepreneurial activity met
e!tremely good their e!pectation regarding the financial reward.
In terms of ran%ing the statements related to how did the entrepreneurship met the
e!pectations of the respondents in terms of career development, the ne!t results wereobtained"
1@
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
20/36
igure $6 Relationship between entrepreneurship and careerKfemales igure $> Relationship between entrepreneurship
and careerKmales
'ccording to results, 6> of the female respondents appreciated that the entrepreneurship met
9e!tremely good: their e!pectation related to career development, while of the male
respondents appreciate that the entrepreneurial activity met 9good: their e!pectation related to
career development. rom the gathered results, the female respondents are more statisfied in
terms of career development due to the entrepreneurship, than the male respondents.
In terms of ran%ing the statements related to how did the entrepreneurship met the
e!pectations of the respondents regarding equal opportunities between men and women, the
ne!t results were obtained"
igure $& Relationship between entrepreneurship and equal opportunities igure $ Relationship between entrepreneurship
and equal opportunities
'ccording to the results above, A1 of the female respondents appreciated that the
entrepreneurship met 9good: their e!pectation related to equal opportunities. ' bigger
percentage of the male respondents 0&23 agrees the same thing.
$
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
21/36
'nother step of the conducted research was to create a profile of the romanian entrepreneur, in
terms of qualities, in the opinion of the respondents. The respondents were as%ed to write
three mandatory qualities that an entrepreneur should have, according to their opinion. The
following results were obtained"
igure $@ andatory qualities for a women entrepreneurKfemales igure 2 andatory qualities for a womenentrepreneurKmales
'ccording to the figures above, the female respondents consider as mandatory qualities for an
entrepreneur are" responsability 0$23, perceverance 0$3 and hard wor%ing 0113. Dn the
male respondents; side, perceverence0A>3 is one of the most important qualities that the
majority stated. The other two are related to creativity 0$23 and will 0163.
In terms of preferences for business partners of the respondents, the results were the
following"
igure 21 Business partners preferredKfemales igure 2$ Business partners preferredKmales
'ccording to the results above all the male respondents agreed that they preffer wor%ing withboth female and male business partners, while on the female respondents; side a significant
percentage 0$A3 preffers wor%ing mostly with women, when it comes to business.
$1
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
22/36
igure 22 Respondents; ageKfemales igure 2A Respondents; ageKmales
'ccording to the figures above, most of the female respondents had ages between $> and 26
years, while the majority of male respondents had ages from 2> to A6 years. 'ccording to the
results gathered romanian female entrepreneurs run businesses from a younger age then male
entrepreneurs.
igure 26Respondents; level of studiesKfemales igure 2> Respondents; level of studiesKmales
In terms of studies, according to the results above, the majority of the female respondents finished a faculty0&>3, while the majority 0A3 of the male respondents have a master degree.
Analysis
Analysis . testing Correlation
In order to see if the variables chosen are correlated between them and to see what types of
relationships e!ists, the variables are tested using the ()(( program.
$$
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
23/36
Table 1 O Eorrelation between reward andbalance in career with life
rom the following table you can see that the )earson;s r value is .A which is close to
1. This means that there is a strong correlation between Balance between career and
family life variable and the reward variable. 'ny increase of value in the first variable
will lead to an increase in the second variable also, related to Reward.
The (ig 0$ O tailed3 value is ., less than .6, which shows that there is a statistically
significant correlations between the two variables. Increases or decreases in one
variable do significantly relate to increases or decreases in your second variable.
Table 2 Correlation between nancial reward and equal opportunities
In the table above, there is a negative correlation, due to the fact that )erson;s r value
has a negative value of #.>2. This means that as the value of *qual opportunity
variable increases in value, the value of Reward variable decreases in value.
'ccording to the (ig. 0$#tailed3 value, which is .>@Q.6, shows the fact that there is
no statistically correlation between the two variables. That means, increases or
decreases in one variable do not significantly relate to increases or decreases in the
second one..
$2
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
24/36
Table 2 O Eorrelation between reward and balance in career with life
'ccording to the table above, the )earson;s r value is .26, being close to , determinesa wea% relationship between the two variables. Ehanges in the one variable are not
correlated with changes in the second variable
'ccording to the (ig. 0$#tailed3 value, which is .12 Q.6, shows the fact that there is no
statistically correlation between the two variables. That means, increases or decreases
in one variable do not significantly relate to increases or decreases in the second one.
Table 4 Correlation between reward and equal opportunities
rom the following table you can see that the )earson;s r value is .66 which is close to
1. This means that there is a strong positive correlation between -uties delegation
capacity variable and the team communication capacity variable. 'ny increase of value
in the first variable will lead to an increase in the second variable also.
$A
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
25/36
The (ig 0$ O tailed3 value is ., less than .6, which shows that there is a statistically
significant correlations between the two variables. Increases or decreases in one
variable do significantly relate to increases or decreases in your second variable.
Conclusions
'ccording to the resuls obtained of the conducted research, the objectives established in the
beggining of the research have been achieved.
or the first objective related to motivational factors in opening a business, according to the
gathered data the respondents there is a higher desire of having control and freedom when running
a business, among male respondents 0>63 in comparison with the female respondents 0A3.
'nother stated reason for opening a business on the males side is related to the desire of ta%ing own
decision, while on the females side the second met reason is related to the fact of not wanting to
wor%. Regarding the financial reward. (eeing this results, a conclusion could be that a commoncharacteristic that female and male entrepreneurs are sharing is that they want to be independent,
having freedom and control on their own decisions and wor%..
' second objective of the research was to define the factors 0obstacles3 influencing the process of
opening a business, for female and male entrepreneurs from Iasi, Romania.
In terms of obstacles met when opening a business, according to figuresP., a common
obstacle of the romanian entrepreneurs is related to low financing sources, being more often
met on the male entrepreneurs; side 0>63, in comparison with female entrepreneurs 02A3. '
second obstacle stated by the female respondents is related to combing the personal life with
the professional life 01&3, which might lower their business performance, in comparison, a
small number of the male respondents 0A3 found this as an obstacle.
The third objective was to provide insights regarding the Romanian entrepreneurs profile. In terms
of business domain of activity, the female and male entrepreneurs have a common domain of
business, TradeK(elling, in which the difference relates to the number of businesses run. Businesses
run by males are found in a higher percentage 03 in compari
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
26/36
8hen it comes obstacles when opening a business, a common way of the managing obstacles when
opening a business, for the male and female respondents, is related to selfconfidence. The male
respondents thin% that a way of overcoming an obstacle is by being perceverent. ostly, they are
focusing on their own abilties in order to overcome the obstacles.
In terms of advices that the respondents would give to future entrepreneurs, the male
respondents advice the future entrepreneurs to have %nowledge in business before starting a
one 0>63, while the female respondents are relating to the communication with others and
the advice the future entrepreneurs to to never listen to others 0$A3,
'ccording to the results above all the male respondents agreed that they preffer wor%ing with
both female and male business partners, while on the female respondents; side a significant
percentage 0$A3 preffers wor%ing mostly with women, when it comes to business.
'ccording to the figures above, the female respondents consider as mandatory qualities for an
entrepreneur are" responsability 0$23, perceverance 0$3 and hard wor%ing 0113. Dn themale respondents; side, perceverence0A>3 is one of the most important qualities that the
majority stated. The other two are related to creativity 0$23 and will 0163.
?aving this results the ne!t conclusion related to the profile of romanian entrepreneurs are
obtained"
Romanian female entrepreneur"
owns a business in domains li%e Trading and production
she opened the business in $11 or $12
she opened her business by herself, being motivated by the feeling of control andfreedom in business, independence being the characteristic that defines her
the main obstacle met in opening the business is related to low finance sources
she overcome the obstacle due to the fact that she is very confident and perseverant
in her opinion, other entrepreneurs shouldn;t listen to others and in order to succeed
self#confidence is a must.
(he doesn;t care about what gender do her business partners have
In her opinion the 2 must qualities of an successful entrepreneur are" responsibility,
perseverance, hard wor%ing
Romanian male entrepreneur"
Dwns a business in domains li%e Traiding and production
Dpened his business in $12
Dpened the business by himself, being motivated by the desire of having
freedom and control and by the desire of ta%ing its own decision
' common obstacle of the romanian entrepreneurs is related to low financing
sources, being more often met on the male entrepreneurs; side 0>63,
$>
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
27/36
The male respondents thin% that a way of overcoming an obstacle is by being
perceverent. ostly, they are focusing on their own abilties in order to
overcome the obstacles.
In their oppinion, the future entrepreneurs to have %nowledge in business
before starting a one 0>63
they preffer wor%ing with both female and male business partnersthey consider that the three most important qualities are" perceverence0A>3
,creativity 0$23 and will 0163.
/i"liography
Re&erences
Baumol, 8.7. 01@@3. 9*ntrepreneurship" productive, unproductive, and destructive:.
7ournal of )olitical *conomy @" p.@2#@$1.
Blaug, M !2"""# $ntrepreneurship The %ocial %cience &iew '(fordManage)ent ReadersOxford University Press, p. 83/86
Brouwer, .T. 0$$3.: 8eber, (chumpeter and =night on entrepreneurship and
economic development:. 7ournal of *volutionary *conomics, 1$" p.2#16.
-avid cElelland 01@&3 9Eharacteristics of (uccessful *ntrepreneurs: The 7ournal
of Ereative Behavior0olume )+1pages $1@O$22,
-ruc%er, ).. 01@63 9The )ractice of Innovation and *ntrepreneurship. )ractice and
)rinciples: p.1@#22, electronic format boo%
-ea%ins, -., reel, . 0$23. 9*ntrepreneurship and (mall irms:. Third *dition.
)ublished by c/raw#?ill *ducation, p. 2KA
-as, T.=., Teng B#(. 08inter, 1@@3. 9Time and *ntrepreneurial Ris% Behavior.
*ntrepreneurship Theory and )ractice: p.>@#. *lectronic format boo%
-e5ries, ..R. =ets 01@&&3. 9The entrepreneurial personality" a person at the
crossroads:. The 7ournal of anagement (tudies" p.2A#6&/artner. 8.B 01@3, 8ho is an entrepreneur Is the wrong question, 'merican (mall
Business 7ournal, 5ol 1$, p.>K>6
$bner, * !2""+# The nstitutional *nal-sis of $ntrepreneurship./istorist *spects of %chu)peter0s 1eelop)ent Theor- n 3oseph*lois %chu)peter Entrepreneurship, Styleand Vision Bachaus, 3!$d#, p5+"
red ?arrison01@&3 The )ower in the 4and, p.A6KA&, electronic format boo%
/henea ihai 9'ntreprenoriat # drumul de la idei catre oportunitati si succes in
afaceri: Nniversul 7uridic, p. 21K>
$&
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jocb.1987.21.issue-3/issuetochttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jocb.1987.21.issue-3/issuetochttp://www.amazon.co.uk/Fred-Harrison/e/B001HO6WCI/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/276-0246753-0225177http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jocb.1987.21.issue-3/issuetochttp://www.amazon.co.uk/Fred-Harrison/e/B001HO6WCI/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/276-0246753-0225177 -
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
28/36
/oss, -. 0arch, $63. 9(chumpeter;s legacy Interaction and *motions in the
(ociology of *ntrepreneurship:. *ntrepreneurship Theory and )ractice" p.$6#$1,
electronic format boo%
etcalfe, 7.( 0$A3. 9The entrepreneur and the style of modern economics:. 7ournalof *volutionary *conomics 1A, p.16&6
)ages, *. R. 0$63. 9The Ehanging -emography of *ntrepreneurship:, p. @2#@&
Robert -. ?isrich, ichael ). )eters, -ean '. (hepherd # 9*ntrepreneurship: # th
*dition, p.6$K6&O electronic format boo%
(wedberg, R. 0$3. 9*ntrepreneurship O The (ocial (cience:, p.11 O electronic
format boo%%teenson, //, Roberts M3, 6rousbec /, Bhid7 *& !2"""# 8ewbusiness entures and the entrepreneur Fifth edition, Mc6raw9/illnternational editions. :;
Internet sources"
http"KKwww.legal#words#short#essay#on#women#
entrepreneurs.html
http"KKwww.forbes.comKsitesKgeristengelK$1AK1KK11#reasons#$1A#will#be#a#brea%#
out#year#for#women#entrepreneursKhttp"KKwww.startups.roKstiriKmarius#ghenea#vorbeste#despre#tran
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
29/36
/ello= M- na)e is >rihor *dina and a) a student of the Facult- of
$cono)ics and Business *d)inistration conduct a research on the
success and deelop)ent of wo)en entrepreneurs in asi Co)pletion
questionnaire lasts about ?9; )inutes , and the infor)ation is strictl-
condential Than -ou =
1.What is your current employment situation?
I own your own business
I am an employee of a company ( questionnaire stops here)
Freelancer ( questionnaire stops here )
2@hich of the following state)ents best describe the siAe of-our business
Micro !59e)plo-ees#
Mediu) !5"94 e)plo-ees#
Big ! ?"92?" e)plo-ees#
Darge ! )ore that 2?" e)plo-ees#
+@hat is the actiit- do)ain of -our business Teleco))unications infrastructure ! networs , software
applications , equip)ent and s-ste)s # Teleco))unication serices ! )obile telephon- , broadcasting,
content # >roduction
Co))erce E %ales
T %erices
Beaut-
Retail
>R E *dertising Custo)er %erices
nsurance
'ther ! specif-#
4.When did you open the first business? Specify year
!..Which of the followin" statements describes best the situation of thebusiness owned?
$@
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
30/36
I de#eloped the business by myself
It$s a family affair
It is a bou"ht business
%ther ( specify) &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'.When you opened the business which were the main obstacles problems you ha#e encountered ?
*o obstacle
+ow confidence in their own abilities
Fundin"
+ac, of information ad#ice on how to start a business
Findin" business partners
-ccess to support for settin" up a business
+ac, of mana"erial s,ills and ,nowled"e
+ac, of entrepreneurial s,ills +ac, of necessary lan"ua"e s,ills intercultural forei"n mar,ets
ombinin" personal life with professional life
/ender discrimination
%ther ( specify) &&&&&&&&&&&
0. resent succinctly as you o#ercome obstacles
2. What determined you to open a business?
rofit financial stability
I do not want to wor, for other companies
3esire for control and freedom
he desire to ta,e own decisions
Social status
onfidence in products ser#ices
he fear that I mi"ht become unemployed anytime
Self accomplishment
%ther ( specify) &&&&&&&&&&&
5.If you could ad#ise entrepreneurs 6ust "ettin" started what would beyour recommendations for
2
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
31/36
+ever do.........
'bsolute necessity for success consists of"
17. 8ow much did entrepreneurship met your e9pectations accordin"
to the followin" statements %n a scale of 1 to ! ran, the followin" statements (1 :
e9tremely wea, ; wea, < = well 4 = "ood ! = e9tremely "ood)
1
>9tremelywea,
;
wea,
qual opportunities
11. -s a business partner do you prefer ..
>specially women
>specially men
Women and men
3oes not matter
1;. What are in your opinion the top three features that you should not miss to an
entrepreneur ......................................
1
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
32/36
8i"h school
ost=secondary
aculty
-octorate
Master
14. What is your a"e ?
etween ;7 and ;! years
etween ;' and
etween
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
33/36
Mica !5" 4 angaati#
Medie ! ?" 2?" angaati#
Mare ! peste 2?" de angaati#
+Care este sectorul de actiitate al afacerii du)neaoastra nfrastructuri de teleco)unicatii ! retele , software si aplicatii ,
echipa)ente si siste)e # %ericii de teleco)unicatii ! sericii de telefonie )obilG ,
audioiAual , de continut # >roductie
Co)ertE &anAari
%ericii T
Beaut-
Retail
>RE >ublicitate
Custo)er %erices
*sigurari
*ltul!specicati#
4.and #=ati deschis prima afacere? reciAati anul infiintarii
!.are dintre urmatoarele afirmatii descriu cel mai bine situatia afaceriidetinute in preAent?
-m creat afacerea sin"ura
>ste o afacere de familie
>ste o afacere cumparata
-ltele (specificati)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
22
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
34/36
'.and ati deschis afacerea care au fost principalele obstacole problemepe care le=ati intampinat?
*iciun obstacol
Incredere scaAuta in abilitatile proprii Finantarea
+ipsa de informare consiliere cu pri#ire la modul de a Bncepe o afacere
/@sirea partenerilor de afaceri
-ccesul la spri6in pentru infiintarea unei Bntreprinderi
+ipsa abilitatilor si a cunostintelor mana"eriale
+ipsa competentelor antreprenoriale
+ipsa competentelor interculturale ti lin"#istice necesare pieHelor e9terne
ombinarea #ietii personale cu cea profesionala
3iscriminarea de "en
-ltele (specificati)&&&&&&&&&&&
0.reAentati succint cum ati depasit obstacolele intalnite
2.e #=a determinat sa deschideti o afacere?
rofitul stabilitatea financiara
*u doresc sa lucreA pentru alte companii
3orinta de control si libertate
3orinta de a lua deciAii proprii
Statutul social
Increderea in produseleser#iciile oferite
eama ca as putea de#eni somera oricand
CealiAarea de sine
-ltele (specificati)&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2A
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
35/36
5.3aca ati putea sfatui femei antreprenoare la inceput de cariera care ar firecomandarile dumnea#oastra pentru
+iciodata sa nu ........
+ecesitatea absoluta pentru succes consta in"
17. at de mult a reusit antreprenoriatul sa #a indeplineasca asteptarile
pri#ind urmatoarele afirmatiie o scara de la 1 la ! ( 1= foarte slab ;=slab
-
7/21/2019 Research Proposal - Prihor Adina.doc
36/36
1;. are sunt in opinia dumnea#oastra principalele trei caracteristici ce
nu ar trebui sa lipseasca unei antreprenoare ......................................
1
Intre 4' si !! de ani
este !' de ani