research proposal for high voltage network
TRANSCRIPT
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A METAHEURISTIC LOAD SHEDDING ALGORITHM USING
VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY PARAMETERS
CHARLES MWANIKI
A research proposal submitted to the Faculty of Engineering in Partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Jomo Kenyatta
University of Agriculture and Technology.
J.K.U.A.T
July, 2013
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DECLARATION
I declare that this research proposal is my original work and it has not been presented for an
award of a degree, diploma or certificate in this or any other university.
CHARLES MWANIKI SIGN:_________________DATE: _____________
RECOMMENDATION/APPROVAL
This research proposal has been submitted with my approval as the university supervisor.
DR CHRISTPHER MAINA MURIITHI SIGN_______________DATE: ________
This research proposal has been submitted with my approval as the university co-supervisor.
DR NICODEMUS ABUNGU SIGN___________________DATE: ______________
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................................... 2
RECOMMENDATION/APPROVAL ....................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 3
1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Relevance of Study/Justification ................................................................................. 5
1.4 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 Main objective ...................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 Specific objectives ................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Scope of Study ............................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Importance of the study ............................................................................................... 7
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Under voltage Load Shedding ..................................................................................... 8
2.2 Under frequency Load Shedding ............................................................................... 10
2.3 Under voltage under frequency Load Shedding .......................................................... 17
3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Metaheuristics algorithm ........................................................................................... 20
3.2 Harmony Search Algorithm ....................................................................................... 20
3.3 Cuckoo Search Optimization ..................................................................................... 21
4 THESIS DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE......................................................................... 23
5 BUDGET .......................................................................................................................... 24
6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 25
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1 INTRODUCTION1.1 BackgroundThe developing industries and their growing infrastructure have stressed the power industry to
supply sufficient power. The generation capacity should increase in proportion to the increase
in the number of loads. Large power transfers across the grid lead to the operation of the
transmission lines close to their limits. Additionally, generation reserves are minimal and
often the reactive power is insufficient to satisfy the load demands. Due to these reasons
power systems become more susceptible to disturbances and outages. Some of the
disturbances experienced by the power system are faults, loss of a generator and or
transmission line and sudden switching of loads [1-3]. These disturbances vary in their
intensity. As a result it is necessary to study the system and monitor it in order to prevent it
from becoming unstable.
The two most important parameters to monitor are the system voltage and frequency, both of
which must be maintained within prescribed limits standards to ensure that the system
remains stable. The frequency is mainly affected by the active power, while the voltage is
mainly affected by the reactive power. Specifically, the frequency is affected by the difference
between the generated power and the load demand. This difference is caused due to
disturbances which reduce the generation capacity of the system. For example, due to the loss
of a generator, the generation capacity decreases while the load demand remains constant. If
the other generators in the system are unable to supply the power needed, then the system
frequency begins to decline. To restore the frequency within the prescribed limits a load
shedding scheme is applied to the system.
In addition, the reactive power demand of the load affects the voltage magnitude at that
particular bus. When the power system is unable to meet the reactive power demands of the
loads, the voltages become unstable. In such situations, capacitor banks are switched on to
supply the reactive power to the loads. However, when these capacitor banks are unable to
restore the voltage levels within their upper and lower limits, the system resorts to load
shedding.
1.2 Problem StatementLoad shedding is an emergency control action to ensure system stability, by curtailing system
load. The emergency load shedding would only be used if the frequency or voltage falls
below a specified frequency/voltage threshold. Typically, the load shedding protects againstexcessive frequency or voltage decline by attempting to balance real and reactive power
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supply and demand in the system. The number of load shedding steps, amount of load that
should be shed in each step, the delay between the stages, and the location of shed load are the
important objects that should be determined in a load shedding algorithm.
Despite being successful to a great extent, the conventional load shedding schemes have
certain disadvantages. The amount of a load step is, at times, large which causes excessive
load to be shed. Most schemes do not have the flexibility to increase the number of load
shedding steps, thereby introducing transients in the system.
The most LS schemes proposed so far used voltage and frequency parameters, separately and
also, the under-frequency and under-voltage relays are working in the power system without
any coordination. The individual use of these indices may be also not reliable/effective, and
may even lead to the over load shedding problems. Studying on the under-frequency load
shedding is often done using the system frequency response models. The impact of voltage
variation on the frequency deviation is not considered in these models. Furthermore, the
UVLS methods that are proposed so far for adjusting the under-voltage relays, does not
consider the frequency behavior. These two parameters (voltage and frequency) are not
independent and the coordination between UFLS and UVLS schemes is therefore crucial. The
dependency between voltage and frequency will affect LS performance.
Economical considerations need to be considered before shedding the load since certain loads
cannot be kept offline. Further, Load shedding is an emergency control operation and should
be on a priority basis, which means shedding less important loads, while expensive industrial
loads are still in service.
Therefore, this study focuses on developing an algorithm that is more reliable and effective
than the conventional schemes, that uses voltage and frequency parameters simultaneously for
making load shedding decisions. This will help in power system planning, operation and
control.
1.3 Relevance of Study/JustificationThe increase in electrical power consumption is directly proportional to the increase in people
population. As of 10th July, 2009, the world population was estimated by the United States
Census Bureau at 6.77 billion. This figure is expected to reach about 9 billion by the year
2040. Many environmental and economic constraints prevent the construction of new or
upgrading of the existing generation and transmission capacities. Additionally, generation
reserves are minimal and often the reactive power is insufficient to satisfy the load demands.
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Given this trend, power systems are expected to be more heavily loaded and moving closer
and closer to stability limit and more susceptible to disturbances and outages.
Blackouts of power systems always have been a historical problem in interconnected power
systems. However in recent years by improving monitoring and protection techniques, it is not
possible to completely prevent of blackouts [1-3]. Sudden and large changes in generation
capacity such as the outage of a generator can produce a sever imbalance between generation
and load demand. This may lead to a rapid decline in frequency, because the system may not
respond fast enough. If voltage and frequency get out from permissible range the system is in
unstable condition. In this condition the system controller's operate and attempt to restore the
voltage and frequency in the permissible range. If the disturbance is so large the controller's
cant restore the voltage and frequency in the permissible range. In this condition the last
solution to avoid the power system breakdown has been load shedding strategy.
Recent blackouts have brought our attention to the issues of voltage stability in the system.
Voltage decline can be a result of a disturbance. Its main cause, however, is insufficient
supply of reactive power. This has led researchers to focus on techniques to maintain voltage
stability. The loss of a generator causes an unbalance between the generated power and the
load demand. This affects the frequency and voltage. Load shedding schemes must consider
both these parameters while shedding load. By shedding the correct amount of load from the
appropriate buses, the voltage profile at certain buses can be improved [4].
While considering the amount of load to be shed and the step size, it is also important to take
into account the reactive power requirements of each load. Quite often, disturbances such as a
generator loss cause the voltage to decline. An effective way to restore voltage is to reduce the
reactive power demand. Thus when loads absorbing a high amount of reactive power are first
shed; the voltage profile can be improved.
1.4 Objectives1.4.1 Main objectiveThe main objective of the research is to investigate the applicability of a metaheuristic load
shedding algorithm using both frequency and voltage parameters.
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2 LITERATURE REVIEWDifferent methods for load shedding and restoration have been developed by many
researchers. Currently there are various under frequency and under voltage load shedding
techniques used in the power industry worldwide.
2.1 Under voltage Load Shedding
Lopes et all [5] suggests a method which carries out load shedding in case of two conditions.
One, where the load shedding occurs due to a post disturbance low voltage condition and
secondly, where the load shedding results due to the inability of the system to achieve a stable
operating condition during post disturbance. This method uses the load flow in order to decide
the buses from which to shed load. The initial set of control actions are first carried out. These
actions are capacitor switching, tap changing transformer and secondary voltage control.
Jianfeng et al [6] have developed a method with risk indices in order to decide which buses
should be targeted for load shedding to maintain voltage stability. The buses with a high risk
of voltage instability are considered first. This is estimated from the probability of a voltage
collapse occurrence. The risk indices are the products of these probabilities and impact of
voltage collapse.
Another method [7][31] dealing with the particle swarm approach for under voltage load
shedding has been researched. The particle swarm Optimization concept is a group or cluster
of particles in which each particle is known to have individual memory like an animal in its
herd or flock. The flock is initiated with some initial velocity and the particles move in
different directions to come up with the best solution. The best solution is shared with every
particle of the group so that they can move from there on based on this new acquired
knowledge. This same idea is used for under voltage load shedding to recognize the best
possible load shedding scheme considering the system conditions and disturbance particular
to that situation.
Ladhani and Rosehart [8] propose load modeling for an under voltage load shedding scheme.
They also suggest offering economic incentives to customers for discontinuing the use of
power during load control periods. This way the brunt of a sudden load shed is not borne by
the customer alone. Also, systematic load control will lead to the stability of the system even
when it is not faced with a disturbance.
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Yorino et al [9] suggests a new planning method for planning the VAR allocation using the
FACTS devices. Here, the total economic cost for a voltage collapse along with its corrective
control and load shedding are taken into account to come up with the optimum VAR planning
scheme. Thus, the objective function is to minimize the cost while keeping in mind the
voltage stability of the system.
Mozino [10] discusses the currently existing under voltage load shedding schemes.
They are divided into two categories; decentralized and centralized. The decentralized load
shedding involves setting relays at buses with loads to be shed and tripping the respective
relays. The centralized scheme is more advanced. The relays are installed at the key bus
locations and the information regarding which relays are to be tripped is sent to these relays
from a main control centre. Thus the required load is shed from appropriate buses. Many of
these schemes are referred to as special protection or wide area schemes. The two
categories mentioned above are widely used as under voltage load shedding relays. These
relays require logic and have to perform efficiently and accurately. Also, these relays must
avoid false operation. Thus to satisfy the above requirements digital relays are being used for
under voltage load shedding.
Single Phase UVLS Logic measures voltages on every phase. This scheme distinguishes
between voltage collapse and fault induced low voltages. The voltage collapse is a balanced
phenomenon, hence results in a reduction of voltage on all the three phases. Except for a three
phase fault all the other faults are unbalanced. The relays trips when it identifies a voltage
collapse and blocks the relay for a fault induced low voltage. Unbalanced faults usually
induce negative sequence voltages which are detected and used for blocking the relay.
Positive sequence UVLS logic checks the positive sequence voltage with the set point value.
Since the voltage collapse is balanced for all the three phases, the positive sequence voltage is
equal to the three phase voltages. In case of a fault condition, the negative sequence voltage is
utilized to block the relay.
A load shedding scheme against long term voltage instability is proposed by Van Cutsem et al
[11]. It uses distributed controllers which are delegated a transmission voltage and a group of
loads to be controlled. Each controller acts in a closed loop, shedding loads that vary in
magnitude based on the evolution of its monitored voltage. Each controller acts on a set of
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Another method [14] triggers the under frequency relays based on a dynamically changing
intelligent load shedding scheme. The main components of this scheme are the knowledge
base, disturbance list and the ILS computation engine.
Fig. 1 Block Diagram of the ILS scheme
The generalized structure of the ILS scheme is shown in figure 1. The knowledge base is the
most important block. It is connected to the computation engine which sends trip signals to
relays. The network models can be accessed by the knowledge base while monitoring the
system. The knowledge base is trained and its output consists of system dynamic scenarios
and frequency responses during disturbances. This trained knowledge base also monitors the
system continuously for all operating conditions. The disturbance list consists of pre-specified
system disturbances. Based on the inputs for the system and the continuous system updates,
the knowledge base notifies the ILS engine to update its load shedding list. Thus it ensures
that the load shed is always minimum and optimum.
Wee-Jen Lee [15] discuss about another intelligent load shedding based on microcomputers.
The unique feature about this scheme is the built in frequency setting and the time delay
setting. The frequency setting in the relay counters system re collapse situation. (Consider a
generator loss which triggers a load shedding step. This causes the frequency of the system to
recover. During this recovery period if another generator trips it results in a system re
collapse). Typical frequency relays will not trip until the second generator loss causes
sufficient frequency decay. The ILS system automatically adjusts the frequency settings such
that load is shed immediately without delay.
The time delay settings cause the load scheme to initiate during situations when a disturbance
causes the frequency to drop and hold at a value less than the rated. The number of load
shedding steps can be increased without a limit. The advantage of having large number of
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load shedding steps is that it prevents large amount of transients. It also prevents over
shedding.
Denis Lee Hau Aik, [16] suggests a method using the System Frequency Response SFR and
the Under Frequency Load Shedding UFLS together to get a closed form expression of the
system frequency such that the UFLS effect can be included in it. On doing this, the system
and UFLS performance indicators can be calculated. Thus these indicators can be used
efficiently in any further optimization techniques of SFRUFLS model. One such method
has been discussed using the regression tree by Chang et al [17]. The regression tree is
utilized to interpolate between recorded data to give an estimate of the frequency decline after
a generator outage. It is a non parametric method which can select the system parameters and
their relations which are most relevant to the load imbalance (due to generator outage) and the
frequency decline. The case considered here is only a generator outage but this method can be
applied to other forms of disturbances as well.
A Kalman filtering-based technique by A.A. Girgis et al [18] estimates frequency and its rate
of change which is beneficial for load shedding. The noisy voltage measurements are used to
estimate the frequency and its rate of change. A three-state extended Kalman filter in series
with a linear Kalman filter is used in a two stage load shedding algorithm. The output of the
three stage Kalman filter acts as the input to the linear Kalman filter. It is the second filter
which identifies linear components of the frequency and its rate of change. The amount of
load to be shed is calculated using the linear component of the estimated frequency deviation.
Another method uses Kalman filtering [19] to estimate the frequency and its rate of change
from voltage waveforms. The buses are ranked based on their rate of change of voltage
(dV/dt) values. The disturbance magnitude is calculated from the swing equation. The rate of
change of frequency required for this equation is calculated using the Kalman filter. Once the
total amount of load to be shed is estimated then the load to be shed from each bus is
determined based on the PV analyses.
An optimization technique for load shedding [20] with distributed generation was developed.
This technique converts differential equation into algebraic ones using the discretization
method. Two cases are considered here; one with the distributed generation switched on to the
system as a static model and the other case without the distributed generation on the grid.Both cases resulted in successful shedding of appropriate quantity of load.
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Li Zhang suggests a method [21] which designs under frequency relays using both the
frequency and the rate of change of frequency (df/dt). The scheme has been designed for a 50
Hz Northeast China power system. Traditional schemes required only the frequency decay
information. Here the rate of change of frequency is used as auxiliary information. The plots
for the rate of change of frequency are oscillatory in nature. Hence a new scheme is devised in
this paper which considers the integration of the rate of change of frequency (df/dt) to indicate
the frequency drop. By integrating one is effectively measuring the area between two
frequencies, fi-1 and fi. The schemes is made up of five load shedding steps for a 50 Hz system.
These steps are from 50 to 49.2 Hz, 49.2 to 49 Hz, 49 to 48.8Hz, 48.8 to 48.6 Hz, 48.6 to 48.4
Hz. The amount of load to be shed in each step is decided by integrating the df/dt value in
each step. The simulation results when compared with the old scheme with just the frequency
decay show a definite improvement in system frequency due to the inclusion of rate of change
of frequency (df/dt) in the new scheme.
The main idea in the paper proposed by Xiong et al [22] is the inclusion of on line load
frequency regulation factors. Loads with smaller frequency regulation factors are shed first,
followed by the ones with larger frequency regulation factors. The active power and load
frequency relation is established in the form of the following equation.
Where, fN is the nominal frequency. PLN is the rated active power and ai (i=1,2n) is the
percentage of the total load associated with the i-th term of the frequency. The per unit form
of the above equation is differentiated to get the change in load power as frequency changes
(dPL/df) which is theKL factor or regulation factor. The higher order terms are neglected.
Thus it is preferable to shed load for smaller regulation factors. Hence the loads are
distinguished based on their individual regulation factors and accordingly load shedding
schedules are planned based on their respective K factors.
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where is the disturbance magnitude in per unit. Now another variable is defined. If
a disturbance occurring at the weakest generator is less than this value then absolute
frequency of that generator is within the permitted limits. For a situation where the
disturbance magnitude, is less than no load shedding is required. The maximum
load shedding magnitude is equal to the difference between the disturbance magnitude and
Pthr - Pthr. The load to be shed is distributed inversely proportional to the generator
inertia to make the load shedding most effective. The equation (4) represents this distribution.
Based on this equation the layers of the load shedding scheme are designed. Both the steps
shed one third of the remaining load. These are in steps. They are presented in a table 1 with
the first step being at 59.3 Hz.
TABLE 1: SCADA Based Load Shedding Formula
An adaptive load shedding scheme which includes a self healing strategy is presented by
Vittal et al [26]. The proposed scheme is tested on a 179 bus 20 generator test system. This
self healing strategy comes into play when the system vulnerability is detected. The system
then divides into self sustaining islands. After this islanding, load shedding based on the rate
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of change of frequency is applied to the system. Due to this division, it becomes easier to
restore load. A Reinforcement Learning scheme is discussed in the paper.
The first is the controlled islanding which is done using the two-time scale method. It deals
with the structural characteristics of the power systems and determines the interactions of the
generators and their strong or weak coupling. The Dynamic Reduction Program 5.0
(DYNRED) is the software in which simulations are run to implement this technique.
Through this software coherent group of generators can be obtained on the power system.
Islanding causes two types of islands to be formed, the generation rich islands and the load
rich islands. The load rich islands may have a further decline of frequency. This may result in
the generator protection to trip the generators thus further declining the islands frequency.Thus a two layer load shedding strategy is employed for the load rich island. The first layer is
based on the frequency decline approach. The second layer considers the rate of change of
frequency. Due to the longer time delays and lower frequency thresholds for a frequency
based scheme inadvertent load shedding is avoided. When the system disturbance is large and
exceeds the signal threshold, the second layer comes into play. It sends a signal to discontinue
the first layer of operation and continues with the load shedding based on rate of change of
frequency. This layer will shed more load at the initial steps to prevent cascading effects. The
magnitude of the disturbance is found based on the formula
If we sum up all the equations for i=1 to n then the final equation obtained is
Where, m0 is defined as df/dtwhich is the average rate of frequency decline.
Rearranging the above equation we get a new equation which relatesPL to m0 .
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SinceHi is constant, the magnitude ofm0 can be directly proportional to the rate of frequency
decline. Hence the rate of change of frequency df/dt ) can be a measure of the disturbance.
Once the disturbance threshold value, PL , for the second layer of load shedding is decided,the m0 value is calculated. The mi at each bus is calculated and compared with m0 . Ifmi m0
then the second layer is activated, otherwise the conventional load shedding scheme is used.
This new shedding scheme increases the stability of the system by shedding fewer loads as
compared to the conventional scheme.
Application of Neural Network in load shedding and some Predictable functioning of load
shedding methods has been proposed [28 -30][32]. In this method the identification of the
variables like inputs and outputs is an important step for a successful application of this
technique. Sometimes a pre-processing stage is needed to choose the most significant
variables to be used as inputs of a NN. Some of the meaningful variables that have been used
as inputs of the NN
Active real power generation Active load generation Amount of active load being shed Percentage of exponential type loads being shed Damping factor Power factor
These variables provide the NN with valuable information, such that it can make the required
assessment with respect to how much the generation load disproportion has been corrected
and the influence each load type has on the resulting frequency response.
2.3 Under voltage under frequency Load Shedding
A load shedding scheme that incorporates, the frequency and the bus voltages, for deciding
the instant, the amount and the location of the load to be shed is proposed [27]. The scheme
developed consists of a stepwise approach. This has been represented in the form of an
algorithm.
The first step of the load shedding procedure is the measurement and calculation of the rate of
change of frequency. Depending on the relay, the frequency measurements or the rate of
change of frequency are recorded in the system. The total load mismatch between the
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generated power and load power is determined. For a single machine, the swing equation [1]
is given by
where, f0is the nominal frequency of the system and Pdiffis the difference in the generatedpower and the load power. In the above equation is replaced by f since = 2f. Thus arelation between the frequency and the power mismatch is obtained. This relation establishes
the estimated magnitude of the disturbance. The inertia constant in the above equation is the
kinetic energy Wkover the system base MVA. The inertia constants of all the machines in thesystem are on the base MVA.
In a large power system where there are many generators which maybe geographically far
away from each other,
Also, the equivalent mechanical and electrical powers are given as;
Pm = individual mechanical shaft power of each machine for all the machines in the system
Pe =
individual electrical power of each machine for all the machines in the system
Once the magnitude of the disturbance is determined using the above equivalent swing
equation, the location and the amount of load to be shed from each bus has to decided. In
order to do this, the buses are ranked according to the dV/dt values at the point of detection of
frequency decline. The bus with the largest dV/dt is listed at the top of the list and then so on
in the decreasing order.
Once the order is decided, the next step is to decide the amount of load to be shed at each bus.
This is decided based on the voltage sensitivity at each bus. Thus the bus with voltage
sensitivity very close to the instability limit will have a maximum load shed based on the
reciprocal of its sensitivity as a fraction of the sum of the reciprocals of all the load bus
sensitivities.
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The load shedding scheme has been tested on the IEEE 39 bus and IEEE 145 bus test systems.
Three studies based on contingency were carried out with each contingency being considered
at a time:
Case study 1: Loss of a generator for the IEEE 39 bus system. Case study 2: Loss of a generator for the IEEE 145 bus system. Case study 3: Loss of a transmission line IEEE 39 bus system
The scheme is simple and does not involve complicated calculations. It proved to be
successful in restoring the frequency within its pre-defined limits. It has also improved the
voltage profile at certain buses which had critically low voltage before load shedding was
applied. However the algorithm did not address some aspects and therefore requires fine
tuning.
Economical considerations need to be considered before shedding the load since certain loads
cannot be kept offline. The study and testing of the scheme in a multiple contingency scenario
like loss of a generator along with a loss of transmission line need to be considered as this
would create a critical situation.
Thus the various conventional schemes, under frequency schemes and under voltage load
shedding schemes have been discussed above. These give an insight about the technological
advancement achieved in this area. The proposed study intends to investigate the applicability
of harmony search algorithm as an optimization tool and how it can be applied to address the
disadvantages faced by the conventional schemes present in the industry.
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3 METHODOLOGY3.1 Metaheuristics algorithmMetaheuristic algorithms are higher-level heuristic algorithms. Here, meta-means higher-
level or beyond, so metaheuristic means literally to find the solution using higher-level
techniques, though certain trial-and-error processes are still used. Broadly speaking,
metaheuristics are considered as higher-level techniques or strategies which intend to combine
lower-level techniques and tactics for exploration and exploitation of the huge space for
parameter search.
There are two important components in modern metaheuristics, and they are: intensification
and diversification. For an algorithm to be efficient and effective, it must be able to generate a
diverse range of solutions including the potentially optimal solutions so as to explore the
whole search space effectively, while it intensifies its search around the neibourhood of an
optimal or nearly optimal solution. In order to do so, every part of the search space must be
accessible though not necessarily visited during the search. Diversification is often in the form
of randomization with a random component attached to a deterministic component in order to
explore the search space effectively and efficiently, while intensification is the exploitation of
past solutions so as to select the potentially good solutions via elitism or use of memory or
both [33-35]. If the intensification is too strong, only a fraction of local space might be
visited, and there is a risk of being trapped in a local optimum, as it is often the case for the
gradient-based search such as the classic Newton-Raphson method. If the diversification is
too strong, the algorithm will converge too slowly with solutions jumping around some
potentially optimal solutions. In this study good balance of these two important components
will be maintained.
Another important feature of modern metaheuristics is that an algorithm is either trajectory-
based or population-based. It is difficult to decide which type of method is more efficient as
both types work almost equally successfully under appropriate conditions. In this study the
focus will be on population based algorithm.
3.2 Harmony Search AlgorithmIn the HS algorithm, diversification is essentially controlled by the pitch adjustment and
randomization -- here there are two subcomponents for diversification, which might be an
important factor for the high efficiency of the HS method. The first subcomponent ofcomposing new music, or generating new solutions, via randomization would be at least at
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the same level of efficiency as other algorithms by randomization. However, an additional
subcomponent for HS diversification is the pitch adjustment characterized by rpa. Pitch
adjusting is carried out by adjusting the pitch in the given bandwidth by a small random
amount relative to the existing pitch or solution from the harmony memory. Essentially, pitch
adjusting is a refinement process of local solutions. Both memory consideration and pitch
adjusting ensure that the good local solutions are retained while the randomization and
harmony memory considering will explore the global search space effectively. The subtlety of
this is that it is a controlled diversification around the good solutions (good harmonics and
pitches), and it almost acts like an intensification factor as well. The randomization explores
the search space more efficiently and effectively; while the pitch adjustment ensures that the
newly generated solutions are good enough, or not too far away from existing good solutions.
The intensification is mainly represented in the HS algorithm by the harmony memory
accepting rate raccept. A high harmony acceptance rate means the good solutions from the
history/memory are more likely to be selected or inherited. This is equivalent to a certain
degree of elitism. Obviously, if the acceptance rate is too low, the solutions will converge
more slowly.
Furthermore, the HS algorithm is a population-based metaheuristic, this means that multiple
harmonics groups can be used in parallel. Proper parallelism usually leads to better
implantation with higher efficiency. The good combination of parallelism with elitism as well
as a fine balance of intensification and diversification is the key to the success of the HS
algorithm, and in fact, to the success of any metaheuristic algorithms. These advantages make
it very versatile to combine HS with other metaheuristic through hybridization .This research
will focus on hybridization of Harmony search algorithm with Cuckoo search optimization.
3.3 Cuckoo Search OptimizationCuckoos are brood parasites that lay their eggs in the nests of other birds (such as crows) who
serve as hosts to hatch their eggs. To elucidate, let there be n parasites and equally many
(although not necessarily) hosts. Each parasite individual would be represented by a point (x
in m-dimensional space) and similarly each host individual would be represented by a point (y
in m-dimensions). These points may be randomly generated and would lie in the domain of
the function to be optimized. Each cuckoo would take a Lvy flight and if its post-flight
fitness is better than its pre-flight fitness, it would randomly choose a host nest that has not as
yet been invaded by another cuckoo and the quality of the host eggs are inferior to the cuckooegg. If this condition is not met, it would not lay any egg in the host nest. The egg of a
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successful parasite may, however, be detected (with probability p) by the host and be
destroyed. If not detected, however, it would be hatched in the host nest and eventually join
the cuckoo population. Only the best n cuckoos, however, would enter into the next
generation.
To implement this search scheme, Yang & Deb[37] formulated the following idealized rules:
(a) Each cuckoo lays a single egg into a randomly chosen host nest from among n nests; (b)
The nests with better quality eggs (implying better fitness value of the function concerned), if
not detected, would be hatched to grow into the cuckoo chicks, who would join the next
generation; (c) The number of available host nests is fixed. The host can detect the alien egg
with a probability [0, 1] and, if detected, it will either abandon the nest and build a new nest
elsewhere or destroy the egg; (d) When generating new solutions xi(t+1) from the old one xi
(t),
Levy flight is performed with parameter 1< < 3 and thus
The Lvy flight is a type of random walk which has a power law step length distribution with
a heavy tail.
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4 THESIS DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3
ACTIVITY
Jul-13
Aug-13
Sep-13
Oct-13
Nov-13
Dec-13
Jan-14
Feb-14
Mar-14
Apr-14
May-10
Jun-14
Jul-14
Aug-14
Sep-14
Oct-14
Nov-14
Dec-14
Jan-15
Feb-15
Mar-15
Apr-15
May-15
Jun-15
Jul-15
Aug-15
Sep-15
Oct-15
Nov-15
Dec-15
Jan-16
Feb-16
Mar-16
Apr-16
May-16
Jun-16
Proposal Editing and Presentation
Literature Review:Harmony search algorithm study
and coding
Load shedding study using harmony
search algorithm
Paper Presentation
Hybridization of harmony search
ith Cuckoo search algorithm
Load shedding study using the
hybrid algorithm
Paper Presentation
Thesis Writing & Presentation
Thesis Examination
Thesis Corrections and editing
Thesis Defence
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5 BUDGET
ITEM COST (KSH)
1
Stationery, Printing, Photocopying for
entire research period 40,000
2
Computer Soft ware ( C++, Matlab and
associated tool boxes) 80,000
3 Computer Hardware: Printer, Laptop 80,000
4 Access to journals: IEEE, Actpress 50,000
5 Transport 50,000
6 Books 40,000
7 Conferences and Paper presentation 360,000
8 Thesis printing and binding 20,000
Total 720,000
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