research proposal defend
DESCRIPTION
this is my proposal defend when i was in high scholl hope you liket it againTRANSCRIPT
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Effects of Different
concentrations ofLaurel(laurus nobilis)
And Oregano (origanumvulgare) Leaf Extracts
on the mortality ofTermites
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AbstarctTermites are one of the most destructive insects pest in
the world. The threat of termites in the Southeast Asia
including the Philippines , is greater than in other partsof the world , Thus, it affects the way of living of the
people.
This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of
the leaf extract of the Laurel leaves and Oreganoleaves as an alternative anti-termite .
The extract was prepared y lending leaf samples and
ethyl alcohol.The lended leaves were filtered using a
cheese cloth . Termites were grouped according to si!e.
A total of "# termites were used in the experiment .
$ach group of %" termites was further divided into "
groups consisting of " termites each group. % ml of
diluted laurel extract was applied to the termites.
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The same procedure was carried out
in the Oregano leaf extract andLaurel-Oregano extracts .
The numer of was highest in Laurel-
Oregano leaf extract . &t is followedy Laurel leaf extract. Then, the
oregano leaf extract.
'ased on these results the Laurel-Oregano leaf extract has the
potential to e an anti-termite agent.
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Chapter
ntroduction
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A! "ac#ground of the $tudy
'efore the production and availailityof medicines and synthetic drugs,
people were mostly, completely
dependent on plants for treatment andprevention of diseases. (or many years,
people have exploit heral and non-
heral plants as well for remedialpurposes. And plants have een a great
use for centuries.
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Termites eat chiefly wood. Termites
are exterminated y the use of
different chemicals. )ith this
chemicals it can decreases their
numer. *owever these chemicals
have also an effect to our environment
and also to us. This prolem has
prompted researcher to study other
materials to use as an alternative anti-
termite which can e effective,
cheaper and much safer.
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This study focuses to compare the
effectivity of the leaf extract ofLaurel and Oregano as alternative
anti-termite. (urthermore, this
research aims to produce a safer,environment-friendly and
effective economical anti-termite
from the leaf extracts of those
plants.
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This study is conducted to answer the following +uestion.)ill the use of Laurel and Oregano leaf extracts e
an effective anti-termite
%.&s the leaf extract of Oregano etter than the leaf
extract of the Laurel in exterminating termites/.&s there any effects when the two plants extracts
are mixed
0. )hich among the two plants has more potential to
e an anti-termite".&s the Laurel 1 Oregano extract comparale with the
commercial anti-termite
"!$tatement of the %roblem
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C! Ob&ectives
This study see2s to determine thefollowing
. To 2now the effectivity of the
Oregano and Laurel extracts as an antitermite.
%. To produce an organic anti-termite.
/. To 2now the similarities of syntheticand organic anti-termite.
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3eview Of 3elatedLiterature
Chapter
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Oregano
A! DescriptionOregano is a perennial her,
growing from %#15# cm tall,
with opposite leaves 10 cm long.
Oregano will grow in a p* range
etween 6.# 7mildly acidic8 and 9.#7strongly al2aline8 with a preferred
range etween 6.# and 5.#.
The flowers are purple, /10 mm
long, produced in erect spi2es. &t issometimes called 'ild mar&oram,
and its close relative O. majorana is
2nown as sweet mar:oram.
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"! odes of ntroduction
;any suspecies and strains of oregano have eendeveloped y humans over centuries for their
uni+ue flavors or other characteristics. Tastes
range from spicy or astringent to more
complicated and sweet. Simple oregano sold ingarden stores as Origanum vulgare may have a
land taste and larger, less dense leaves, and is
not considered the est for culinary uses, with a
taste less remar2ale and pungent. &t canpollinate other more sophisticated strains, ut
the offspring are rarely etter in +uality.
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C! ses
Oregano is used for respiratory tract
disorders such as coughs, asthma,
croup, and ronchitis. &t is also used
for gastrointestinal 7<&8 disorders suchas hearturn and loating. Other uses
include treating menstrual cramps,
rheumatoid arthritis, urinary tractdisorders including urinary tract
infections 7=T&s8, headaches, and
heart conditions.
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D! Application
The oil of oregano is ta2en y mouth for
intestinal parasites, allergies, sinus pain,
arthritis, cold and flu, swine flu, earaches, and
fatigue. &t is applied to the s2in for s2inconditions including acne, athlete>s foot, oily
s2in, dandruff, can2er sores, warts, ringworm,
rosacea, and psoriasis? as well as for insect and
spider ites, gum disease, toothaches, musclepain, and varicose veins. Oregano oil is also used
topically as an insect repellent.
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E! Constituents of Oregano
The essential oil of oregano is composedprimarily of monoterpenoids and monoterpenes,
however the concentrations of the specific
compounds vary widely depending on geographic
location and other varying factors. Over 6#different compounds have een identified with
the primarily ones eing carvacrol and thymol
ranging from # over 5#@ while lesser aundant
compounds include p-cymene, -terpinene,caryophyllene, spathulenol, germacrene-B, C-
fenchyl alcohol and D-terpineol.
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is an aromatic evergreentree or large shrub 'ithgreen* glossy leaves* nativeto the editerraneanregion! t is one of theplants used for bay leafseasoning in coo#ing! t is
#no'n as bay laurel* s'eetbay* bay tree (esp! nited+ingdom)* true laurel*,recian laurel* laurel tree
or simply laurel! Laurusnobilis figures prominentlyin classical ,ree#* -oman*and "iblical culture!
! Laurel
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"! odes of ntroductions
The laurel can vary greatly in si!e andheight, sometimes reaching #15 metres
7//Laurus noilis is a widespread relic of
the laurel forests that originally covered
much of the ;editerranean 'asin when
the climate of the region was more
humid.1"9 ft8 tall. Laurel is a small
;editerranean evergreen tree with smalllac2ish erries and glossy aromatic
leaves used for flavoring in coo2ing.
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C!sesThe plant is the source of several
popular hers and one spice used in a
wide variety of recipes, particularly
among ;editerranean cuisines. 'ay
leaves are used almost exclusively asflavor agents during the food
preparation stage?
Bried laurel erries and pressed leaf oilcan oth e used as roust spices, and
even the wood can e urnt for strong
smo2e flavoring.
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D! Constituents of Laurel
The most aundant essential oil found in laurel is
cineole, also called eucalyptol. The leaves contain
aout ./@ essential oils 7ol. lauri folii8, consisting of
0"@ eucalyptol, %@ other terpenes, /10@
ses+uiterpenes, /@ methyleugenol, and other E- and C-
pinenes, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol, andterpineol.
'oth essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit.
The fruit is pressed and water-extracted to otainthese products. The fruit contains up to /#@ fatty oils
and aout @ essential oils 7terpenes, ses+uiterpenes,
alcohols, and 2etones8.
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ethodologyFollection and
preparation ofmaterials
$xtraction of the
plants
Flassification of
Termites
Bistriution of
experimental Termites
Application of
extracted plants to
termites
Oservation of3esults
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aterials and Apparatuses
G%"#g Laurel Leaves GPetri dishes
G%"#g Oregano Leaves GTimer
GL $thyl Alcohol GBistilled )ater
G$lectronic weighing scaleG<raduated Fylinder
G'lender
G(unnelsG'ea2ers
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%rocedures
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A! %reparation and Extraction of theneeded plants
Oregano and Laurel leaves were
gathered around the surrounding of San ;iguel.These leaves were washed and placed in
separate asins. They were weighed using the
electronic weighing scale weighing %"#g each .
Biluted leaf extract of each plants was prepared
y grinding %"#g leaf sample with %"#mL of ethyl
alcohol using a lender . The leaves were soa2ed
in solvent? ethyl alcohol for H% hours . Themixtures were filtered , then the filtrate was
su:ected to rotary evaporation to yield crude
extracts
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Air drying of Laurel
Air drying of Oregano
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)eighing
of Laurel
)eighing of Oregano
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Liter of ethyl alcohol was
prepared as the extractingsolvent. Laurel extract was
prepared , %"#g Laurel in%"#mL ethanol . The same
procedure was applied in
preparing the Oregano leavesextract
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Preparing the ethanol $xtraction of Leaves
Laurel and Oregano Leaf extract
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After / days , the leaves extract were
filtered using cheese clothes for each
solution and were transferred to four$rlenmeyer flas2, ready for rotary
evaporation
Purifying the extracts y 3otary
$vaporating
" C ll ti f T it
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"! Collection of Termites
Termites with different stages ofdevelopment were collected.
Follected Termites
Di t ib ti f E i t l T it
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Distribution of Experimental Termites
A total of fifty termites at different stages were
used in the study . $ach group of %" termites wasrandomly distriuted into five treatments with
two trials per treatment. $ach trial consisted of "
termites . The five treatments were T-
control7termites were sprayed with water 8 T%-
termites were sprayed with Laurel leaf extract ?
T/- termites were sprayed with Oregano leaf
extract? T0-termites were sprayed with mixedLaurel and Oregano leaf extract ? T"-termites
were sprayed with the commercial anti-termite
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Classification of Termites
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Diluted leaf extract of Laurel andOregano 'ere applied to the
termites by spraying Three ( . )sprays of Laurel* Oregano * andmixed Laurel and Oregano leafextracts* and the commercial anti/termite 'ere utili0ed for every trial!The number of exterminatedtermites upon application of theextracts of different leaves 'asobserved
A li ti f Th t t
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Application of The extracts
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-esults andDiscussion
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Trial 1o! of
Exterminatedtermites
Observation
Time (in seconds)
# /##
% # /##
;ean /##
Table 23-eaction of termites on 'ater
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Table 43-eaction of termites on LaurelExtract
Trial 1o! of
Exterminatedtermites
Observation
Time (in seconds)
" %#/
% " H#
;ean /6."
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Table 3: Reaction of termites on OreganoExtract
Trial 1o! ofExterminatedtermites
ObservationTime (in seconds)
" 5#
% " #%
;ean 0
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Table 4: Reaction of termiteson Laurel-Oregano Extract
Trial 1o! ofExterminated
termites
ObservationTime (in seconds)
" "0
% " 05
;ean "
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Table 5: Reaction of termites onCommercial anti-termite sprays
Trial 1o! ofExterminated
termites
ObservationTime (in seconds)
" 0/
% " /5
;ean 0#."
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Table 6 Comparison of!i"erent solutions
Table 235ater
Table 43Laurel leafExtract
Table .3Oregano leafExtract
Table 63Laurel/Oregano LeafExtract
Table 73CommercialAnti/termite
/## sec. /".6 sec. 0 sec. " sec 0#." sec.
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#rap$ %: &ean Time ofExtermination of Termites
#
"#
-##
-"#
%##
%"#
/##
/"#
/##
-/6." -0-
"- 0#."
Extract )se
Sales
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#
-
%
/
0
"
6
,raph 43 Average number of termites exterminated
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A-8 A1DO1CL$O1$
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The aility of termites to
destruct different structures and
uildings is one of the ma:or
prolems of the citi!ens that ownsthe properties. So, they use
commercial anti-termite sprays
that is harmful to us and in ourenvironment.
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This experiment was conducted
to compare the effectiveness ofLaurel leaf extract, Oregano Leaf
extract, Laurel-Oregano Leaf$xtract, and Fommercial anti-
termite sprays on the mortality of
termites.
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)ith the information gathered inthis study, it says that leaf extracts
from Laurel and Oregano can e
effective as and alternative toharmful and expensive commercial
anti-termite sprays -to produce
etter solution, use thecomination of two extracts.
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These solutions generate a greatimportance in housing and
construction in our country. That
controls the mortality of termiteswithout harming us and environment.
'ut still cost-effective. And give us
comfort and assurance of strong andsturdy houses I properties.