VARDØYAO ZUO

1. LOCATION

2. MY FIELD TRIP FINDINGS

- National tourist route, Architecture & Art project in Vardø

- “Biotope” and bird resources

- “KOMAFEST” street art

Conclusion 1

3. MY NEW FINGDINGS

- Land analysis

- History changing

- Climate

- Industry - Svartnes harbor

- Millitary - Globus II

Conclusion 2

CATALOG

LOCATION

LOCATION

0 10 20KM0 250 500KM

SOURCES:

- “STEDSANALYSE VARDØ”, Ragna Fagerli og Natalie Stabell Hofsli Masteroppgave, NTNU, fakultet for arkitektur og billedkunst, 2004

0 400 800M

MY FIELD TRIP FINDINGS

THE FIRST IMPRESSION OF VARDØ

NATIONAL TOURIST ROUTE - ARCHITECTURE & ART

HISTORYBIRD RESOURCESSOURCES:- Nasjonale turistveger, http://www.nasjonaleturistveger.no/en/varanger, 2013

TOURIST

0 1 5km

VARDØ

BIRDING TRIP DESIGN

TOURISM

Varanger fjord is facing east, therefore, it protect birds from big waves caused by west winds in Bar-ents sea.

Sources:- BIOTOPE ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE, http://www.biotope.no/2011/10/this-is-biotope.html, 2013- BIOTOPE ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE, http://www.biotope.no/2011/10/hornya-wind-shelter-and-birdhide.html, 2013- BIOTOPE ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE, http://www.biotope.no/2012/10/birding-destination-varanger-pro-nature.html, 2013- BIOTOPE ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE, http://www.biotope.no/2011/10/this-is-biotope.html, 2013

0 1 5km

GULF STREAM

Varanger is good birding destination, because Varanger is where the Gulf stream meets the climate of the Arctic. Seas are kept open and the shallow Varanger fjord is facing east, therefore, it protect birds from big waves caused by west winds in Barents sea., on top of this (and because of) is one of the richest fishing fields of Norway. All this combined makes ground for spectacular bird life. Last several years, there is rapid development of infrastructure for birding, including the architecture , the maps and info to local knowledge of birds and sites.

Extreme Rich fishing field

Berlevåg

Kongsfjord

BatsfjordHammingberg

Vardø

Komagvaer

Skallelv

EkkerøyVadsoNesseby

RICH BIRD LIFE IN VARANGER

VARANGER

Rapid development of infrastructure for birding,

including the architecture , the maps and info to

local knowledge of birds and sites.

VARDØ

GULLFEST - BIRD EVENT

HORNØYA

BIOTOPE

LOCAL RESIDENTS

LOCAL BUSINESS

NATIONAL TOURIST ROUTE

Biotope is architectural office with special expertise on birds and birdwatching. The office locates in Vardø. The office deal with the project about building public architecture for peo-ple birding. It create the tourism possibility from birding. They did a lot of research about Varanger birds, and provide birding information which is include map, birds knowledge.Biotope organized Gullfest (bird festival) which start from April 2012.After one birdhide build in Vardø, it became a part of National tourist route project in Varanger. Biotope is also have a good way to connect local business. The local fishing industry and accommodation facilities is also include in their birding trip introduction to visitors. The number of guest is increasing in NORDPOL KRO Hotel which is local hotel. Biotope informed and “educated” the local people about how special the Varanger peninsula is for birders. This have created a local pride for the local fauna and the locals have a greater knowledge to shear with people visiting Vardø.

Because birds is include in locals daily life, Locals have not been aware about how distinctive the local bird life is at a global scale.

Biotope informed and “educated” the local people about how special the Varanger peninsula is for birders. This have created a local pride for the local fauna and the locals have a greater knowledge to shear with people visiting Vardø.

The project from Biotope often include local businesses,such as fishing, hotel.

Biotope is architectural of-fice with special expertise on birds and birdwatching.

Gullfest is a bird festival organized by Biotope form April. 2012. They invite people form worldwide to make exhibi-tion, talk and trip for birds.

10 min by boat

VARDØ

BIRDING TRIP DESIGN

TOURISM

FISH HUNTING

HORNØYA

Sources:- “FOLKE-OG BOLIGTELLING 1. NOVEMBER 1970 2002 VARDØ”, STATISTISK SENTRALBYRÅ, OSLO, NORWAY- Nordic Centre for Spatial Development, http://www.nordregio.se/en/Metameny/About-Nordregio/Journal-of-Nordregio/2008/Journal-of-Nordregio-no-3-2008/Uncertainty-in-the-High-North/, 2013- EUROPAN 10 VARDØ_NORWAY, Europan Norway

The bird cliffs of Hornøya outside Vardø in Varanger is a fan-tastic place. This is home to 150 000 birds, of a wide variety of species. It is one of Varanger’s most popular places to visit for birders and bird photographers. Sand Eels, Capelin, and Herring constitute the main diet of nearly all the seabird species seen on the islands. Gulls and Kittiwakes also take advantage of fish waste from trawlers and the fishing port of Vardø. The manuring effect of this is evident in the lush growth of scurvy-grass and sorrel. The gull colony on the two islands is one of the largest in Europe and numbers 40-50 000pairs. Alcids are an essential part of the bird cliffs, with 5-10 000 pairs of Puffin, 3-3500 pairs of guillemosts, 500 pairs of Razorbills and 3-400 pairs of the Arctic(Brünichs) Guillemot. Numerous other species also breed or visit the islands.

NORDPOL KRO HOTEL

Increasing number of guest

VARDØ

NORDPOL KRO HOTEL

FISH HUNTING

LIGHT HOUSE ACCOMMODATION

LIGHT HOUSE ACCOMMODATION

Hornøya is visited very year by roughly 3000 birdwatchers and photographers, and this number is increasing.

HORNØYA

LOCAL BUSINESS

About 150 000 birds in Hornøya

2128 people live in Vardø

2200m

LOCAL RESIDENTS

GULLFEST - BIRD EVENT

0 10 100m

10 min by boat

MAPPING EXISTING ART PROJECT

RESOURCES

RESTORING SITE

INDUSTRY

HISTORY

HOUSE HERITAGE

RECREATION

EDUCATION

KOMAFEST-STREET ART

HIGH LIGHT ABANDONDED HOUSES TELL THE HISTORICAL STORY ABOUT CITY

RESTORE DEAD SITE SHOW CITY ATTRACTION

A street art festival curated by the Norwegian artist Pøbel. The idea behind the project is give attention to the de-population of Northern Norway, and make something worn out beautiful and interesting; to give attention to remote areas and prove to the youth that everything doesn’t have to happen in the big cities.Locals really like this project, and started to proud of their land.Mayor of Vardø :

Lasse Hauhome

NOW

FUTURE

ART

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE STRATEGY ?

THE ROLE OF ART

ARCHITECTURE

STEILNESET MEMORIAL

BIRDING

artist Louise Bourgeois & architect Peter Zumthor - history of witch-hunts

TOURISM

architecture office “Biotope” - bird resources

STREET PAINTING

KOMAFEST

PRESERVATION ABANDOND BUILDING

artist Pøbel - “ mapping” ruins

QUESTION 1. To what degree can or should art be part of an overall landscape strategy for the island?

SOURCES:- KOMAFEST, http://www.komafest.com/p/komafest-2011.html, 2013- Finnmark DAGBLAD, http://www.finnmarkdagblad.no/finnmarken/lokale_nyheter/arti-cle6164378.ece, 2013

MY NEW FINDINGS

SOURCES:- EUROPAN 10 VARDØ_NORWAY, Europan Norway

1. Rescue boat

2. “Dampskipkaia”

3. Refinement of fish at Vardø upper sec school

5

1

2

3 5

4

56

55

Natural shoreline with slatestone Filled up area

Stone wall Wooden wharf

Building on poles

Concrete / Wall

Natural shoreline with sand

Shoreline4. Private harbour

5. Boathouse

6. Crabs

Land Analysis

Main route

Main roadsAccess by boat

0 100 500m

Land UsePublic buildings

Commercial use

Industry/production

Dwellings

Nature

Mixed use, dwellings and commercial use

Green SpaceSmall amount of green belt Green belt including rock and shore line

Park area/ churchyard/ playground/ sports facilities/ public building with a lawnn

Housing areas and other buildings with gardens

FORTRESS

UNPLANNED AREA

The section is two times on elevation0 100 500m

0 50 100m

QUESTION 2. How to built better connections between residential area and recreation area for leading tourists and locals to touch and use this unplanned area?

4800m

2900m

Recreation area

The west-north part of island is the recreation area. Locals use this area for barbecue in summer and ski in winter. There is also the place for dry fish. We can see some infrustractures on the ground. Huge rock caused uneven terrain around the costal line, different specises grow up there, creat special nature landscape in this area.

BERGEN

Hurtigrute - the coastal steamer docks in Vardø, 3 km from Svartnes HarbourIt departs daily from south to Bergen and east to Kirkenes.

FORTRESS BIRD HIDE

HIGH SCHOOL

URBAN AREA

01 - Leitstand (Typ Hovde/Hoö)02 - OB für 10,5 cm K 331 (f)03 - Tobruk04 - Tobruk05 - Felshohlbau (3 Ebenen)06 - gesprenger Vf Unterstand07 - 2 * OB Flak08 - HWB Garage

Vardö-Renösund

(4 *10,5 cm K331(f) guns/range 12 000 m

Formed in July 1941, blown up in late 1944)

The coastal defense was built by Germany in WWII to against Russia. It left on the west-north part of island in Vardø.

SOURCES:- http://www.atlantikwall-research-norway.de/HKB_Vard%F6_Ren%F6ysund.html, Jan.2014

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SOURCES:

- Forsvarsbygg, http://www.verneplaner.no/?f=vardohus&id=106871&a=3, 2013- WIKIMEDIA COMMONS, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vardø_map_1905.jpg, 2013

© Grenselandmuseet

Vardø was connected to the mainland by Norway’s first underwater tunnel, more than three kilometres long. The population about half of which is of Finnish decent had risen to 2600 by the turn of the twentieth century.

1970, the number of population is one of the highest point in the Vardø history.

SOURCES:

- “FOLKE-OG BOLIGTELLING 1. NOVEMBER 1970 2002 VARDØ”, STATISTISK SENTRALBYRÅ, OSLO, NORWAY- Nordic Centre for Spatial Development, http://www.nordregio.se/en/Metameny/About-Nordregio/Journal-of-Nordregio/2008/Journal-of-Nordregio-no-3-2008/Uncertain-ty-in-the-High-North/, 2013- EUROPAN 10 VARDØ_NORWAY, Europan Norway

1970 1982 1990

Work Distribution in 1970

Population 4187

Main Jobs in 2012

Population 2122

1000

2000

3000

4000

50004187

35343008

Empty buildings

Service Industry

Transport and Communication

Retirement and social security

Other

IndustryFishing and Whaling610897

879

329 724

648

Public sectorThe municipality is the main employer in Vardø(about 50% employees). As a part of Norwegian decentralization policy, the State Compensation Office is located in Vardø.

FishingFish used to be the main industry in Vardø, but today you hardly see any larger fish boats in the harbour and there is almost no industry left. However, fish together with public sector still remain the dominant activity in the municipality.

Military and monitoringMilitary presence has continued in Vardø(60 employees), but after the cold war the amount of Norwegian military personnel has been re-duced to a minimum. Today there is no military presence at the old fortress.

State-Based Institution The city have various state based institution, like the Norwegian Coastal Administration, the Nor-wegian Armed Forces, the Norwegian Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority Service for Vic-tims of Crime and the Police Certificate Office. The Norwegian Criminal Injuries Com-pensation Authority Service for Victims of Crime and the Police Certificate Office do have about 75 employees and many of them are lawyers.

Fishing and Industry accounts for a big amount of them.

HISTORY

US radar system installed.Officially the US has claimed that the purpose of the radar station is to track space debris. Most peo-ple, however, see it as a spy-sys-tem focused on Russia.

“It is ironic particularly in light of the fact that there was a brand new 100 million NOK opened here in 2003, only for it to be closed 12 months later.” ----Thor Robertsen

Depopulation is over.1998 2003

21222128

2012 2013

FISHERY INDUSTRY

15 years ago Vardø had 14 fishing factories, today it only has two.

29132496

As the fishing industry disappeared, buildings were left empty or changed use.

14 2

0 50 300m

Empty buildings Decreased working placeWorking places at earlier time

Working places today

SOURCES:- EUROPAN 10 VARDØ_NORWAY, Europan Norway

CENTRAL PART OF CITY

0 10 50m

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

City Centre

Abandoned Fishing Factory

CHURCH

CLOSED FISHING FACTORY

CITY HALL

STATE COMPENSATION TO VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME

VARDØ HIGH SCHOOL

VARDØ VTS(VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICE)

0 50 100m

0 50 100m

QUESTION 3. How can we rebuilt those empty factories to give them new functions through city developement?

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

January February March AprilAverage Wind speed: 17 kts

May June July August SeptemberAverage Wind speed: 12 kts

October November December Average Wind speed: 16 kts

Wind Direction©windfinder.com

WINTER WINDSUMMER WIND

SUMMER WIND

Vardø is Norway’s only town in the Arctic climate zone. This means that the average temperature per month never climbs above ten degrees. Understandably this has consequences for Vardø’s vegetation and wildlife. Vardø’s only tree died some years ago.Vardø is extremely exposed to wind. Vardø has the stormiest days in Norway. The wind is especially strong on Valen and Strandgata where the streetscape works as an icy wind tunnel. Predominant wind is from the southwest in winter and northwest of the summer.A large tidal range occurs generally on the shores of continents, Vardø is a island but really close to mainland, so, the tidal range is quite large in Vardø, The highest water level at Vardø reached 3.2m.From 23 November to 21 January the sun disappears under the horizon and from 16 May to 29 July is the midnight sun present.

“In winter, sea waves can reach-es 2-3m high, punch the shore, it caused big damage for foundation of this old fishing factory.”Said by Ruamus .His job is restoring old building in Vardø

2-3m

0 400 800m

Climate in Vardø

1975 , 201220

10

0

-10

-20

Annual: 1.1°C(1975) 2.4°C(2012)

Histograms of the mean sea wave height (m) from model simulations for Barents Sea for three decades: 1990-1999, 2040-2049 and 2090-2099.

Global warming cause increasing dangerous storm events and associated wave activity. In Barents sea, the frequency of very high (more than 5 meters) waves model simulations show a growth of activity in the middle and end of 21st century.Despite very small frequency of extremely high sea waves, these waves are especially dangerous for shipping and offshore construction.

Frequency

Height

SOURCES:

- “EUROPAN 10 VARDØ_NORWAY”, Europan Norway- WINDFINDER, http://www.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_vardo_lufthavn_svartnes.htm, 2013 - “The Vardø Vessel Traffic Service – For increased safety at sea”, NOR VTS, http://www.kystverket.no/Docu-ments/Om%20Kystverket/Brosjyrer/VardøVTSbrosjyre_EN_HR.pdf-“Climate change in Arctic and sea wave activity in the 21st century from model simulations” V.C.Khon, I.I. Mok-hov, F.A. Pogarsky A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS, Moscow, Russia

Global Warming

Unsafe shippingand offshore construction

Increasing wave activity

The Vardø Vessel Traffic Service The Vardø Vessel Traffic Service is NCA(NORWEGIAN COASTAL ADMINISTRATION)’s new maritime service for Norway.

With a 24 hour monitoring of the sea traffic from the Swedish border in the south to the Russian border. In addition to Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Swedish aviation company Saab has invested in Vardø. Saab is planning to develop Vardø into the centre for ocean security in the Barents Sea area.

Norwegian Monitoring border of sea traffic

E75Oil Spill Preparedness Deep Water Port

Bussesundet

Crew Transfer Service

TUNNEL - THE ONLY ONE CONNECTION BETWEEN INDUSTRY AREA AND LIVING AREA.

Quay

Supply Base

Pipe Storage

Local Airport, situated 800 metres from harbour

E 75, 300 metres from harbour, European route E 75 is part of the International E-road network

194m Quay

The section is 5 times on elevation

0 10 50m

SECTION

Disconnection 1. Oil and gas as most valuable nature resources in Barents sea for future Norway and Russia, more and more drill-ing happens, the Svartnes harbor became a potential oil and gas offshore supply base. Only 540km distance to Shtokman Field make Vardø became closest harbor compare with other harbors in both Norway and Russia. Vardø Barents base AS said Svartnes harbor is ideal geographic location for performing offshore activities.

But if we change the view to see this city, we can find those plans are not good connections to locals there. Firstly, the education in Vardø is not include oil, gas and marine service knowledge. So, how can people work in those new industries? Secondly, the harbor are used as Transfer Service now, when crews came to harbor, they have to walk through the tunnel which is only for car but only geologically connection with Vardø island to get recreation service ( eating and drinkings) there.

Svartnes harbor, as a potential economy part for Vardø, needs to establish better connection with island.

QUESTION 4 - 1. How to establish better connection for locals and visiting sailors?

9m6m

Svartnes Site

The Svartnes site is an industrial area with a large storage capacity. The site is situated on the mainland approx. 3 km from the centre of Vardø and is the new fishing and industri-al harbour for the municipality. Large sums of money have been invested in the develop-ment of this site.

Barents Base controls an area amounting to 7.5 acres. The total industrial area amounts to 37.5 acres. The entire area is easily ac-cessible and suitable for outdoor storage. An additional area of around 1000 acres or more is presently available but as yet undeveloped.

The quay measures 194 metres in length and has a marked approach which is 9 metres in depth. Water, electricity and a crane are available on the quay.

Coast Centre Base AS (CCB) owns 50% of the Vardø Barents Base AS. The remaining 50% is owned equally by Bjørn Dæhlie and Vivian Lorentzen.

Aarsæther Vardø AS - Stagnant fishing factory

E75

E6

E75

E75

SOURCES:

- TU Petroleum, http://www.tu.no/petroleum/2013/10/16/slik-kan-barentshavet-se-ut-i-2030, 2013- BARENTS BASE, http://www.barentsbase.as/index.php?lang=eng&id=3, 2013- BARENTS BASE, http://www.barentsbase.as/index.php?lang=eng&id=12, 2013- https://www.facebook.com/vardobarentsbase, 2013- “GEO-INVESTIGATIONS AND ADVANCED TUNNEL EXCAVATION TECHNTQUE IMPOR-TANT FOR THE VARDØ SUBSEA ROAD TUNNEL”,AriId PalmstrØm and Ingeniør A.B.BerdaI A/S, 1984

Sweden

Norway

FinlandRussia

Kirkenes

Goliat

Snøhvit

Murmansk

Teriberka

Shtokman Field

Vardø

Arkhangelsk

Shtokman field 540 km

Goliat 755 km

Snøhvit 792 km

Vardø 540 km

Teriberka 560 km

Murmansk 590km

Kirkenes 610 km

Arkhangelsk 960 km

17.3m 5m

40m

88m

Ideal Geographic location for Performing Offshore Activities

- Easternmost harbour in Norway- Closest harbour to Shtokman in both Norway and Russia- The harbour is ice-free all year

0 10 50m

350m

PLAYGROUND

RESIDENTIAL AREA

450m0 10 50m

QUESTION 4. How to use landscape to built new connection between residential area and military area?

During 2014 and 2015 the American are plan-ning to invest a total of $ 50 milli Red Banner Northern Fleet

Major Military Bases

During 2014 and 2015, the Americans are planning to invest a total of $ 50 million to upgrade the plan in Vardø.

100 km

Globus II - HS RADAR SYSTEM

SPACE SURVEILLANCE

PART OF U.S. MISSILE DEFENCE

Home-port of Russia’s Northern fleet ballistic missile sub-marines less than 100km east of Vardø

A unit of the Russian Navy responsible for the defence of north-western Russia.

STAR WARS

SENSITIVE TOPIC OF BORDER - GLOBUS II

SOURCES:- BARENTS OBSERVER, http://barentsobserver.com/en/security/2013/02/us-spends-50-million-vardo-radar-upgrade-27-02 , 2013- BARENTS OBSERVER, http://barentsobserver.com/en/security/claims-vardo-radar-can-be-used-missile-de-fence-system, 2013- A GLOBUS II / HAVE STARE SOURCEBOOK Version of 2013-09-20, http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/globusII.pdf, 2013

QUESTION 4 - 2. How to establish better connection for locals and military area?

-In 1995, Norwegian and U.S. government agreed to move Radar to Vardø from Vanden-berg Air Force Base, California.

-Norwegian Government claims that the Globus II radar’s mission is track, catalogue and identify space debris. Globus II is under Norwegian control and is operated by Nor-wegians. But owned by U.S. -Russian think that radar could be integrated into the NMD(National Missile Defence) network to provide early warning of SLBM(Satellite Launched Ballistic Missile) launches from Russian ports or the Barents Sea. In 2000, a Russian general claimed that Vardø was becoming a nuclear target. Cooperation between Norway and Russia weakened by the fuss around Globus II radar in Vardø, says Ragnar Bratland, Norwegian defence attaché in Moscow.

Globus II

GLOBUS II

Disconnection 2. The conflict of Radar(Globus II) caused relationship between Russia and Norway became sensitive. This huge “white ball” stand on the top of east hill, people can see it from far distance of city, it looks like land mark of Vardø and locates only 450 meters from residential area.

The fence has been set at foot of the slope to avoid people get into Radar area. The attitude of locals to Globus II is really negative, people worried about this Radar will bring political trouble for their land. In such a small island, Radar, as an important political role of Norway, need to be established better connec-tion with locals. Because people is most important support for city development, but not benefit of country. And for those people who lives there, city is more direct and tight connecting with them.

RECREATION

RESIDENTIAL AREA

BUSINESS CENTRETRANSPORTATION CENTRE

POLICY- radar - Globus ii

PUBLIC SECTOR-marine sercurity centre

INDUSTRY AREA-oil& gas offshore supply

Too much activities and different identities around the city

The area between residential area and policy is important transition area to remit the conflict between locals and milirary in the city.

The area between industry and island need more transportation conncections for future locak work-ers.

The area between residen-tial area and recreation need more conncetions for leading tourists and locals to touch and use unplaned nature recreation area.

OVERALL ANALYSIS

QUESTION 5. How to make an island connected with itself and mainland harbor?

The city seems to be too small to handle all the different activities that goes on, and the identities that are built around them.

From historical point, almost all the Finnmark has been burned during the WW II by Germany. Vardø is one of two city that hav-en’t totally been burned (other one is vadsø). One third buildings survived and have been kept until now, it became the precious historical culture for city. Vardø was very important promo center for transporting goods between Russia and Norway in 1930s. Lots of fisherman, crews, businessman were going to and from the Vardø, it was prosperity land, the population was more than 4000 in 1970s which is highest point during history. The city had strong identity by fishing village in the old time, but fishing age has gone as time goes by, locals moved out, depopulation continued in last 8 decades, Half of people left their land, and rest of them became disappoint to their city. Vast of abandon fishing factories around harbor and empty houses in the city.

Now, Vardø as most northeast in Norway, stands on a very important location on industry, transportation and politics. Firstly, Oil and gas as most valuable nature resources in Barents sea for future Norway and Russia, more and more drilling happens, the Svartnes harbor(in the mainland of Vardø) became a potential oil and gas offshore supply base. Secondly, Norwegian coastal administration set up new maritime service for Norway in Vardø which named Vardø Traffic Service. It has 24 hours monitoring of the sea traffic from the Swedish border in the south to the Russian border, in addition to Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Swedish aviation company Saab has invested in Vardø. Saab is planning to develop Vardø into the centre for ocean security in the Barents Sea area. Lastly, Globus II stand on an important position for country no matter for tracing space debris or Missile defence systerm.

All of this plans which already happened or will happen explained that Vardø locates in a important site for Norway, but Vardø just a super small island which is only 1.27 km2 and isolate on the sea, how to set all of those strong and important activities in an res-onalbe plan? The island is home for more than two thousands people living, this is most important and nature definition for island rather than any others. If we change the view to see this city, we can see some inherent problems happened in the city. The educa-tion in Vardø is not include oil, gas and marine service knowledge. So, how can people work in those new industries? And also the attitude of locals to Globus II is really negative, people worried about this Radar will bring political trouble for their land. How to deal with those gap in city?

Now, it is important to make a landscpae strategy to try reconcile all the activities.