Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought Alvert Szent-Gyorgy

96

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Cho WC. Contribution of oncoproteomics to cancer biomarker discovery. Mol Cancer

2007;6.

2. Rodrigues LR, Teixeira JA, Schmitt FL, Paulsson M, Lindmark-Mänsson H. The role

of osteopontin in tumor progression and metastasis in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol

Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:1087-97.

3. Rangaswami H, Bulbule A, Kundu GC. Osteopontin: role in cell signaling and cancer

progression. Trends Cell Biol 2006;16:79-87.

4. Das R, Philip S, Mahabeleshwar GH, Bulbule A, Kundu GC. Osteopontin: it's role in

regulation of cell motility and nuclear factor kappa B-mediated urokinase type

plasminogen activator expression. IUBMB Life 2005;57:441-7

5. Wai PY, Kuo PC. Osteopontin: regulation in tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev.

2008; 27:103-18.

6. Sodek J, Ganss B, McKee MD. Osteopontin. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000;11:279-303.

7. Jain S, Chakraborty G, Bulbule A, Kaur R, Kundu GC. Osteopontin: an emerging

therapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007 11:81-90.

8. Furger KA, Menon RK, Tuck AB, Bramwell VH, Chambers AF. The functional and

clinical roles of osteopontin in cancer and metastasis. Curr Mol Med 2001;1:621-32.

9. Rittling SR, Chambers AF. Role of osteopontin in tumour progression. Br J Cancer.

2004;90:1877-81.

10. Senger DR, Wirth DF, Hynes RO. Transformed mammalian cells secrete specific

proteins and phosphoproteins. Cell 1979;16:885-93.

11. Craig AM, Smith JH, Denhardt DT. Osteopontin, a transformation-associated cell

adhesion phosphoprotein, is induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in

mouse epidermis. J Biol Chem 1989;264:9682-9.

12. Prince CW, Oosawa T, Butler WT et al. Isolation, characterization, and biosynthesis of

a phosphorylated glycoprotein from rat bone. J Biol Chem 1987 ;262:2900-7.

13. Zhang Q, Domenicucci C, Goldberg HA, Wrana JL, Sodek J. Characterization of fetal

porcine bone sialoproteins, secreted phosphoprotein I (SPPI, osteopontin), bone

sialoprotein, and a 23-kDa glycoprotein. Demonstration that the 23-kDa glycoprotein is

derived from the carboxyl terminus of SPPI. J Biol Chem 1990;265:7583-9.

14. Higashibata Y, Sakuma T, Kawahata H et al. Identification of promoter regions

involved in cell- and developmental stage-specific osteopontin expression in bone,

97

kidney, placenta, and mammary gland: an analysis of transgenic mice. J Bone Miner

Res 2004 ;19:78-88.

15. Takahashi F, Takahashi K, Shimizu K. et al. Osteopontin is strongly expressed by

alveolar macrophages in the lungs of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lung

2004;182:173-85.

16. Hoyer JR, Otvos L Jr, Urge L. Osteopontin in urinary stone formation. Ann N Y Acad

Sci 1995;760:257-65.

17. Patarca R, Freeman GJ, Singh RP et al. Structural and functional studies of the early T

lymphocyte activation 1 (Eta-1) gene. Definition of a novel T cell-dependent response

associated with genetic resistance to bacterial infection. J Exp Med 1989;170:145-61.

18. Denhardt DT, Guo X. Osteopontin: a protein with diverse functions. FASEB J

1993;7:1475-82.

19. Denhardt DT, Lopez CA, Rollo EE, Hwang SM, An XR, Walther SE. Osteopontin-

induced modifications of cellular functions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;760:127-42.

20. Crivello JF, Delvin E. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA for osteopontin-k: a

kidney cell adhesion molecule with high homology to osteopontins. J Bone Miner Res

1992;7:693-9.

21. Young MF, Kerr JM, Termine JD et al. cDNA cloning, mRNA distribution and

heterogeneity, chromosomal location, and RFLP analysis of human osteopontin (OPN).

Genomics 1990;7:491-502.

22. Fet V, Dickinson ME, Hogan BL. Localization of the mouse gene for secreted

phosphoprotein 1 (Spp-1) (2ar,osteopontin, bone sialoprotein 1, 44-kDa bone

phosphoprotein, tumor-secreted phosphoprotein) to chromosome 5, closely linked to

Ric (Rickettsia resistance). Genomics 1989;5:375-7.

23. Ellegren H, Fredholm M, Edfors-Lilja I, Winterø AK, Andersson L. Conserved

synteny between pig chromosome 8 and human chromosome 4 but rearranged and

distorted linkage maps. Genomics 1993;17:599-603.

24. Crosby AH, Edwards SJ, Murray JC, Dixon MJ. Genomic organization of the human

osteopontin gene: exclusion of the locus from a causative role in the pathogenesis of

dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. Genomics 1995;27:155-60.

25. Prince CW. Secondary structure predictions for rat osteopontin. Connect Tissue Res

1989;21:15-20.

26. Chakraborty G, Jain S, Behera R et al. The multifaceted roles of osteopontin in cell

signaling, tumor progression and angiogenesis. Curr Mol Med 2006;6:819-30.

98

27. Senger DR, Ledbetter SR, Claffey KP, Papadopoulos-Sergiou A, Peruzzi CA, Detmar

M. Stimulation of endothelial cell migration by vascular permeability factor/vascular

endothelial growth factor through cooperative mechanisms involving the alphavbeta3

integrin, osteopontin, and thrombin. Am J Pathol 1996;149:293-305.

28. Philip S, Bulbule A, Kundu GC. Osteopontin stimulates tumor growth and activation

of promatrix metalloproteinase-2 through nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated induction of

membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in murine melanoma cells. J Biol Chem

2001;276:44926-35.

29. Rittling SR, Chen Y, Feng F, Wu Y. Tumor-derived osteopontin is soluble, not matrix

associated. J Biol Chem 2002;277:9175-82.

30. Senger DR, Perruzzi CA, Papadopoulos A, Tenen DG. Purification of a human milk

protein closely similar to tumor-secreted phosphoproteins and osteopontin. Biochim

Biophys Acta 1989;996:43-8.

31. Denhardt DT, Mistretta D, Chambers AF et al. Transcriptional regulation of

osteopontin and the metastatic phenotype: evidence for a Ras-activated enhancer in the

human OPN promoter. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003;20:77-84.

32. Rudland PS, Platt-Higgins A, El-Tanani M et al. Prognostic significance of the

metastasis-associated protein osteopontin in human breast cancer. Cancer Res

2002;62:3417-27.

33. Tuck AB, Chambers AF. The role of osteopontin in breast cancer: clinical and

experimental studies. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2001;6:419-29.

34. Singhal H, Bautista DS, Tonkin KS et al. Elevated plasma osteopontin in metastatic

breast cancer associated with increased tumor burden and decreased survival. Clin

Cancer Res 1997;3:605-11.

35. Brown LF, Papadopoulos-Sergiou A, Berse B et al. Osteopontin expression and

distribution in human carcinomas. Am J Pathol 1994 ;145:610-23.

36. Bramwell VH, Doig GS, Tuck AB et al. Serial plasma osteopontin levels have

prognostic value in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3337-43.

37. Adwan H, Bäuerle TJ, Berger MR. Downregulation of osteopontin and bone

sialoprotein II is related to reduced colony formation and metastasis formation of

MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2004;11:109-20.

38. Adwan H, Bäuerle T, Najajreh Y, Elazer V, Golomb G, Berger MR. Decreased levels

of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein II are correlated with reduced proliferation,

99

colony formation, and migration of GFP-MDA-MB-231 cells. Int J Oncol

2004;24:1235-44.

39. Khan SA, Cook AC, Kappil M et al. Enhanced cell surface CD44 variant (v6, v9)

expression by osteopontin in breast cancer epithelial cells facilitates tumor cell

migration: novel post-transcriptional, post-translational regulation. Clin Exp Metastasis

2005;22:663-73.

40. He B, Mirza M, Weber GF. An osteopontin splice variant induces anchorage

independence in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2006;25:2192-202.

41. Tokes AM, Krausz J, Kulka J, Jackel M, Kadar A. Role of osteopontin in the formation

of microcalcifications in breast cancer Orv Hetil. 2002 ;143:1841-6.

42. Cook AC, Tuck AB, McCarthy S et al. Osteopontin induces multiple changes in gene

expression that reflect the six "hallmarks of cancer" in a model of breast cancer

progression. Mol Carcinog. 2005;43:225-36.

43. Thalmann GN, Sikes RA, Devoll RE et al. Osteopontin: possible role in prostate cancer

progression. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:2271-7.

44. Tozawa K, Yamada Y, Kawai N, Okamura T, Ueda K, Kohri K. Osteopontin

expression in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Int 1999;62:155-8.

45. Fedarko NS, Jain A, Karadag A, Van Eman MR, Fisher LW. Elevated serum bone

sialoprotein and osteopontin in colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Clin Cancer

Res 2001;7:4060-6.

46. Hotte SJ, Winquist EW, Stitt L, Wilson SM, Chambers AF. Plasma osteopontin:

associations with survival and metastasis to bone in men with hormone-refractory

prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:506-12.

47. Lecrone V, Li W, Devoll RE, Logothetis C, Farach-Carson MC. Calcium signals in

prostate cancer cells: specific activation by bone-matrix proteins. Cell Calcium 2000;

27:35-42.

48. Angelucci A, Festuccia C, D'Andrea G, Teti A, Bologna M. Osteopontin modulates

prostate carcinoma invasive capacity through RGD-dependent upregulation of

plasminogen activators. Biol Chem 2002;383:229-34.

49. Forootan SS, Foster CS, Aachi VR et al. Prognostic significance of osteopontin

expression in human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2006;118:2255-61.

50. Jain S, Chakraborty G, Kundu GC. The crucial role of cyclooxygenase-2 in

osteopontin-induced protein kinase C alpha/c-Src/IkappaB kinase alpha/beta-dependent

prostate tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2006;66:6638-48.

100

51. Zhou Y, Dai DL, Martinka M et al. Osteopontin expression correlates with melanoma

invasion. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:1044-52.

52. Nemoto H, Rittling SR, Yoshitake H et al. Osteopontin deficiency reduces

experimental tumor cell metastasis to bone and soft tissues. J Bone Miner Res

2001;16:652-9.

53. Ohyama Y, Nemoto H, Rittling S et al. Osteopontin-deficiency suppresses growth of

B16 melanoma cells implanted in bone and osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures. J Bone

Miner Res 2004;19:1706-11.

54. Samanna V, Wei H, Ego-Osuala D, Chellaiah MA. Alpha-V-dependent outside-in

signaling is required for the regulation of CD44 surface expression, MMP-2 secretion,

and cell migration by osteopontin in human melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res

2006;312:2214-30.

55. Philip S, Kundu GC. Osteopontin induces nuclear factor kappa B-mediated promatrix

metalloproteinase-2 activation through I kappa B alpha /IKK signaling pathways, and

curcumin (diferulolylmethane) down-regulates these pathways. J Biol Chem

2003;278:14487-97.

56. Philip S, Bulbule A, Kundu GC. Matrix metalloproteinase-2: mechanism and

regulation of NF-kappaB-mediated activation and its role in cell motility and ECM-

invasion. Glycoconj J 2004;21:429-41.

57. Rangaswami H, Bulbule A, Kundu GC. Nuclear factor-inducing kinase plays a crucial

role in osteopontin-induced MAPK/IkappaBalpha kinase-dependent nuclear factor

kappaB-mediated promatrix metalloproteinase-9 activation. J Biol Chem

2004;279:38921-35.

58. Rangaswami H, Kundu GC. Osteopontin stimulates melanoma growth and lung

metastasis through NIK/MEKK1-dependent MMP-9 activation pathways. Oncol Rep

2007;18:909-15.

59. Kao CL, Chiou SH, Ho DM et al. Elevation of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid

osteopontin levels in patients with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. Am J Clin Pathol

2005;123:297-304.

60. Zhang J, Takahashi K, Takahashi F et al. Differential osteopontin expression in lung

cancer. Cancer Lett 2001;171:215-22.

61. Gotoh M, Sakamoto M, Kanetaka K, Chuuma M, Hirohashi S. Overexpression of

osteopontin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Int 2002 ;52:19-24.

101

62. Hoogsteen IJ, Marres HA, Bussink J, van der Kogel AJ, Kaanders JH. Tumor

microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: predictive value and

clinical relevance of hypoxic markers. A review. Head Neck 2007;29:591-604.

63. Wai PY, Mi Z, Guo H et al. Osteopontin silencing by small interfering RNA

suppresses in vitro and in vivo CT26 murine colon adenocarcinoma metastasis.

Carcinogenesis 2005;26:741-51.

64. Ue T, Yokozaki H, Kitadai Y et al. Co-expression of osteopontin and CD44v9 in

gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1998;79:127-32.

65. Wong YF, Cheung TH, Tsao GS et al. Genome-wide gene expression profiling of

cervical cancer in Hong Kong women by oligonucleotide microarray. Int J Cancer

2006;118:2461-9.

66. Atkins K, Berry JE, Zhang WZ et al. Coordinate expression of OPN and associated

receptors during monocyte/macrophage differentiation of HL-60 cells. J Cell Physiol

1998;175:229-37.

67. Somerman MJ, Berry JE, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Osdoby P, Simpson RU. Enhanced

expression of alpha v integrin subunit and osteopontin during differentiation of HL-60

cells along the monocytic pathway. Exp Cell Res 1995;216:335-41.

68. Oyama Y, Akuzawa N, Nagai R, Kurabayashi M. PPARgamma ligand inhibits

osteopontin gene expression through interference with binding of nuclear factors to

A/T-rich sequence in THP-1 cells. Circ Res 2002 ;90:348-55.

69. Marroquin CE, Downey L, Guo H, Kuo PC. Osteopontin increases CD44 expression

and cell adhesion in RAW 264.7 murine leukemia cells. Immunol Lett 2004;95:109-

12.

70. Le QT, Sutphin PD, Raychaudhuri S et al. Identification of osteopontin as a prognostic

plasma marker for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res

2003;9:59-67.

71. Ye QH, Qin LX, Forgues M et al. Predicting hepatitis B virus-positive metastatic

hepatocellular carcinomas using gene expression profiling and supervised machine

learning. Nat Med 2003;9:416-23.

72. Zhu Y, Denhardt DT, Cao H et al. Hypoxia upregulates osteopontin expression in NIH-

3T3 cells via a Ras-activated enhancer. Oncogene 2005;24:6555-63.

73. Agrawal D, Chen T, Irby R et al. Osteopontin identified as lead marker of colon

cancer progression, using pooled sample expression profiling. J Natl Cancer Inst

2002;94:513-21.

102

74. Ito T, Hashimoto Y, Tanaka Eet al. An inducible short-hairpin RNA vector against

osteopontin reduces metastatic potential of human esophageal squamous cell

carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1308-16.

75. Irby RB, McCarthy SM, Yeatman TJ. Osteopontin regulates multiple functions

contributing to human colon cancer development and progression. Clin Exp Metastasis

2004;21:515-23.

76. Agrawal D, Chen T, Irby R, et al. Osteopontin identified as colon cancer tumor

progression marker. C R Biol 2003;326:1041-3.

77. Yeatman TJ, Chambers AF. Osteopontin and colon cancer progression. Clin Exp

Metastasis 2003;20:85-90.

78. Lee S, Baek M, Yang H et al. Identification of genes differentially expressed between

gastric cancers and normal gastric mucosa with cDNA microarrays. Cancer Lett

2002;184:197-206.

79. Boldrini L, Donati V, Dell'Omodarme M et al. Prognostic significance of osteopontin

expression in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2005;93(4):453-7.

80. Donati V, Boldrini L, Dell'Omodarme M et al. Osteopontin expression and prognostic

significance in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:6459-65.

81. Pass HI, Lott D, Lonardo F et al. Asbestos exposure, pleural mesothelioma, and serum

osteopontin levels. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1564-73.

82. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature

2000;407:249-57.

83. Jain RK. Molecular regulation of vessel maturation. Nat Med 2003;9:685-93.

84. Nishida N, Yano H, Nishida T, Kamura T, Kojiro M. Angiogenesis in cancer. Vasc

Health Risk Manag 2006;2:213-9.

85. McMahon G. VEGF receptor signaling in tumor angiogenesis. Oncologist 2000;5:3-10.

86. Neufeld G, Cohen T, Gengrinovitch S, Poltorak Z. Vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) and its receptors. FASEB J 1999;13:9-22.

87. Meyer M, Clauss M, Lepple-Wienhues A et al. A novel vascular endothelial growth

factor encoded by Orf virus, VEGF-E, mediatesangiogenesis via signalling through

VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J

1999;18:363-74.

88. Ogawa S, Oku A, Sawano A, Yamaguchi S, Yazaki Y, Shibuya M. A novel type of

vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-E (NZ-7 VEGF), preferentially utilizes

103

KDR/Flk-1 receptor and carries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding

domain. J Biol Chem 1998;273:31273-82.

89. Ferrara N, Davis-Smyth T. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr

Rev 1997;18:4-25.

90. Torimura T, Sata M, Ueno T et al. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth

factor is associated with tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol

1998;29:986-91.

91. Bell C, Lynam E, Landfair DJ, Janjic N, Wiles ME. Oligonucleotide NX1838 inhibits

VEGF165-mediated cellular responses in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim.

1999;35:533-42.

92. Ferrara N. VEGF and the quest for tumor angiogenesis factors. Nat Rev Cancer

2002;2:795–803.

93. Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med

2003;9:669–76.

94. Cross MJ, Dixelius J, Matsumoto T, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGF-receptor signal

transduction. Trends Biochem Sci 2003;28:488–94.

95. Weigand M, Hantel P, Kreienberg R, Waltenberger J. Autocrine vascular endothelial

growth factor signalling in breast cancer. Evidence from cell lines and primary breast

cancer cultures in vitro. Angiogenesis 2005;8:197-204.

96. Shibuya M, Yamaguchi S, Yamane A et al. Nucleotide sequence and expression of a

novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase gene (flt) closely related to the fms family.

Oncogene 1990;5:519-24.

97. Matthews W, Jordan CT, Gavin M, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Lemischka IR. A

receptor tyrosine kinase cDNA isolated from a population of enriched primitive

hematopoietic cells and exhibiting close genetic linkage to c-kit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U

S A 1991;88:9026-30.

98. Terman BI, Carrion ME, Kovacs E, Rasmussen BA, Eddy RL, Shows TB.

Identification of a new endothelial cell growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase.

Oncogene 1991; 6:1677-83.

99. Galland F, Karamysheva A, Pebusque MJ et al. The FLT4 gene encodes a

transmembrane tyrosine kinase related to the vascular endothelial growth factor

receptor. Oncogene 1993; 8:1233-40.

100. Aprelikova O, Pajusola K, Partanen J, et al. FLT4, a novel class III receptor tyrosine

kinase in chromosome 5q33-qter. Cancer Res 1992;52:746-8.

104

101. Matsumoto T, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGF receptor signal transduction. Sci STKE 2001

;2001: RE21.

102. Partanen TA, Alitalo K, Miettinen M. Lack of lymphatic vascular specificity of

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in 185 vascular tumors. Cancer

1999;86:2406-12.

103. Pajusola K, Aprelikova O, Pelicci G, Weich H, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K.

Signaling properties of FLT4, a proteolytically processed receptor tyrosine kinase

related to two VEGF receptors. Oncogene 1994;9:3545-55.

104. Barleon B, Totzke F, Herzog C et al. Mapping of the sites for ligand binding and

receptor dimerization at the extracellular domain of the vascular endothelial growth

factor receptor FLT-1. J Biol Chem 1997;272:10382-8.

105. Shinkai A, Ito M, Anazawa H, Yamaguchi S, Shitara K, Shibuya M. Mapping of the

sites involved in ligand association and dissociation at the extracellular domain of the

kinase insert domain-containing receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol

Chem 1998;273:31283-8.

106. Lu D, Kussie P, Pytowski B et al. Identification of the residues in the extracellular

region of KDR important for interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor and

neutralizing anti-KDR antibodies. J Biol Chem 2000;275:14321-30.

107. Shibuya M, Ito N, Claesson-Welsh L. Structure and function of vascular endothelial

growth factor receptor-1 and -2. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1999;237:59-83.

108. Cai H, Reed RR. Cloning and characterization of neuropilin-1-interacting protein: a

PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 domain-containing protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic

domain of neuropilin-1. J Neurosci 1999;19:6519-27.

109. De Vries L, Lou X, Zhao G, Zheng B, Farquhar MG. GIPC, a PDZ domain containing

protein, interacts specifically with the C terminus of RGS-GAIP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U

S A 1998;95:12340-5.

110. Zeng H, Dvorak HF, Mukhopadhyay D. Vascular permeability factor (VPF)/vascular

endothelial growth factor (VEGF) peceptor-1 down-modulates VPF/VEGF receptor-2-

mediated endothelial cell proliferation, but not migration, through phosphatidylinositol

3-kinase-dependent pathways. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:26969-79.

111. Zeng H, Zhao D, Mukhopadhyay D. Flt-1-mediated down-regulation of endothelial cell

proliferation through pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, beta gamma subunits, small

GTPase CDC42, and partly by Rac-1. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:4003-9.

105

112. Zeng H, Sanyal S, Mukhopadhyay D. Tyrosine residues 951 and 1059 of vascular

endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (KDR) are essential for vascular permeability

factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelium migration and

proliferation, respectively. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:32714-9.

113. Staton CA, Kumar I, Reed MW, Brown NJ. Neuropilins in physiological and

pathological angiogenesis. J Pathol. 2007;212:237-48.

114. He Z, Tessier-Lavigne M. Neuropilin is a receptor for the axonal chemorepellent

semaphorin III. Cell 1997;90: 739–51.

115. Kolodkin AL, Levengood DV, Rowe EG, Tai YT, Giger RJ, Ginty DD. Neuropilin is a

semaphorin III receptor. Cell 1997;90:753–62.

116. Soker S, Fidder H, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M. Characterization of novel vascular

endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors on tumor cells that bind VEGF165 via its

exon 7-encoded domain. J Biol Chem 1996;271:5761–7.

117. Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M. Neuropilin-1 is expressed

by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial

growth factor. Cell 1998;92:735–45.

118. Miao HQ, Lee P, Lin H, Soker S, Klagsbrun M. Neuropilin-1 expression by tumor cells

promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression. FASEB J 2000;14:2532–9.

119. Makinen T, Olofsson B, Karpanen T et al. Differential binding of vascular endothelial

growth factor B splice and proteolytic isoforms to neuropilin-1. J Biol Chem 1999

;274:21217-22.

120. Migdal M, Huppertz B, Tessler S et al. Neuropilin-1 is a placenta growth factor-2

receptor. J Biol Chem 1998;273:22272-8.

121. Savory LJ, Stacker SA, Fleming SB, Niven BE, Mercer AA. Viral vascular endothelial

growth factor plays a critical role in orf virus infection. J Virol 2000;74:10699-706.

122. Fuh G, Garcia KC, de Vos AM. The interaction of neuropilin-1 with vascular

endothelial growth factor and its receptor flt-1. J Biol Chem 2000;275:26690-5.

123. Whitaker GB, Limberg BJ, Rosenbaum JS. Vascular endothelial growth factor

receptor-2 and neuropilin-1 form a receptor complex that is responsible for the

differential signaling potency of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121). J Biol Chem

2001;276:25520-31.

124. Soker S, Miao HQ, Nomi M, Takashima S, Klagsbrun M. VEGF165 mediates

formation of complexes containing VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1 that enhance

VEGF165-receptor binding. J Cell Biochem 2002;85:357-68.

106

125. Wang L, Zeng H, Wang P, Soker S, Mukhopadhyay D. Neuropilin-1-mediated

vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent endothelial

cell migration. J Biol Chem 2003 ;278:48848-60.

126. Kitsukawa T, Shimizu M, Sanbo M et al. Neuropilin-semaphorin III/D-mediated

chemorepulsive signals play a crucial role in peripheral nerve projection in mice.

Neuron 1997;19:995-1005.

127. Kawasaki T, Kitsukawa T, Bekku Y et al. A requirement for neuropilin-1 in

embryonic vessel formation. Development 1999;126:4895-902.

128. Yamada Y, Takakura N, Yasue H, Ogawa H, Fujisawa H, Suda T. Exogenous

clustered neuropilin 1 enhances vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Blood 2001

;97:1671-8.

129. Kitsukawa T, Shimono A, Kawakami A, Kondoh H, Fujisawa H. Overexpression of a

membrane protein, neuropilin, in chimeric mice causes anomalies in the cardiovascular

system, nervous system and limbs. Development 1995;121:4309-18.

130. Gagnon ML, Bielenberg DR, Gechtman Z et al. Identification of a natural soluble

neuropilin-1 that binds vascular endothelial growth factor: In vivo expression and

antitumor activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:2573-8.

131. Mercurio AM, Bachelder RE, Bates RC, Chung J. Autocrine signaling in carcinoma,

VEGF and the alpha6beta 4 integrin. Semin Cancer Biol 2004; 14: 115-22 .

132. Pan Q, Chanthery Y, Liang WC et al. Blocking neuropilin-1 function has an additive

effect with anti-VEGF to inhibit tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2007;11:53-67.

133. Stephenson JM, Banerjee S, Saxena NK, Cherian R, Banerjee SK. Neuropilin-1 is

differentially expressed in myoepithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in

preneoplastic and neoplastic human breast: a possible marker for the progression of

breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2002;101:409-14.

134. Shijubo N, Uede T, Kon S, Nagata M, Abe S. Vascular endothelial growth factor and

osteopontin in tumor biology. Crit Rev Oncog 2000;11:135–46.

135. Shijubo N, Uede T, Kon S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and osteopontin in

stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160: 1269–73.

136. Takahashi F, Akutagawa S, Fukumoto H, et al. Osteopontin induces angiogenesis of

murine neuroblastoma cells in mice. Int J Cancer 2002;98:707–12.

137. Leali D, Dell'Era P, Stabile H et al. Osteopontin (Eta-1) and fibroblast growth factor-2

cross-talk in angiogenesis. J Immunol 2003;171:1085-93.

107

138. Zhang P, Ostrander JH, Faivre EJ, Olsen A, Fitzsimmons D, Lange CA. Regulated

association of protein kinase B/Akt with breast tumor kinase. J Biol Chem

2005;280:1982-91.

139. Llor X, Serfas MS, Bie W, et al. BRK/Sik expression in the gastrointestinal tract and in

colon tumors. Clin Cancer Res 1999 ;5:1767-77.

140. Schmandt RE, Bennett M, Clifford S et al. Gershenson DM. The BRK tyrosine kinase

is expressed in high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Biol Ther

2006;5:1136-41.

141. Derry JJ, Prins GS, Ray V, Tyner AL. Altered localization and activity of the

intracellular tyrosine kinase BRK/Sik in prostate tumor cells. Oncogene 2003

;22:4212-20.

142. Mitchell PJ, Barker KT, Martindale JE et al. Cloning and characterisation of cDNAs

encoding a novel non-receptor tyrosine kinase, brk, expressed in human breast

tumours. Oncogene 1994;9:2383-90.

143. Kamalati T, Jolin HE, Mitchell PJ et al. Brk, a breast tumor-derived non-receptor

protein-tyrosine kinase, sensitizes mammary epithelial cells to epidermal growth factor.

J Biol Chem 1996; 271:30956-63.

144. Serfas MS, Tyner AL. Brk, Srm, Frk, and Src42A form a distinct family of

intracellular Src-like tyrosine kinases. Oncol Res 2003;13:409-19.

145. Derry JJ, Prins GS, Ray V, Tyner AL. Altered localization and activity of the

intracellular tyrosine kinase BRK/Sik in prostate tumor cells. Oncogene 2003;22:4212-

20.

146. Hong E, Shin J, Kim HI, Lee ST, Lee W. Solution structure and backbone dynamics of

the non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase-6 Src homology 2 domain. J Biol Chem

2004;279:29700-8.

147. Haegebarth A, Bie W, Yang R et al. Protein tyrosine kinase 6 negatively regulates

growth and promotes enterocyte differentiation in the small intestine. Mol Cell Biol.

2006;26:4949-57.

148. Vasioukhin V, Tyner AL. A role for the epithelial-cell-specific tyrosine kinase Sik

during keratinocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:14477-82.

149. Chen HY, Shen CH, Tsai YT, Lin FC, Huang YP, Chen RH. Brk activates rac1 and

promotes cell migration and invasion by phosphorylating paxillin. Mol Cell Biol 2004;

24:10558–72.

108

150. Harvey AJ, Crompton MR. Use of RNA interference to validate Brk as a novel

therapeutic target in breast cancer: Brk promotes breast carcinoma cell proliferation.

Oncogene 2003;22:5006–10.

151. Nehring RB, Horikawa HP, El Far O et al. The metabotropic GABAB receptor

directly interacts with the activating transcription factor 4. J Biol Chem

2000;275:35185-91.

152. Hai TW, Liu F, Coukos WJ, Green MR. Transcription factor ATF cDNA clones: an

extensive family of leucine zipper proteins able to selectively form DNA-binding

heterodimers. Genes Dev 1989;3:2083-90.

153. Karpinski BA, Morle GD, Huggenvik J, Uhler MD, Leiden JM. Molecular cloning of

human CREB-2: an ATF/CREB transcription factor that can negatively regulate

transcription from the cAMP response element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992

;89:4820-4.

154. Harding HP, Zhang Y, Zeng H et al. An integrated stress response regulates amino

acid metabolism and resistance to oxidative stress. Mol Cell 2003;11:619-33.

155. Lu PD, Harding HP, Ron D. Translation reinitiation at alternative open reading frames

regulates gene expression in an integrated stress response. J Cell Biol 2004;167:27-33.

156. Vattem KM, Wek RC. Reinitiation involving upstream ORFs regulates ATF4 mRNA

translation in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:11269-74.

157. Rutkowski DT, Kaufman RJ. All roads lead to ATF4. Dev Cell 2003;4:442-4.

158. Tanaka T, Tsujimura T, Takeda K et al. Targeted disruption of ATF4 discloses its

essential role in the formation of eye lens fibres. Genes Cells 1998;3:801-10.

159. Masuoka HC, Townes TM. Targeted disruption of the activating transcription factor 4

gene results in severe fetal anemia in mice. Blood 2002;99:736-45.

160. Yang X, Matsuda K, Bialek P et al. ATF4 is a substrate of RSK2 and an essential

regulator of osteoblast biology; implication for Coffin-Lowry Syndrome. Cell

2004;117:387-98.

161. Elefteriou F, Ahn JD, Takeda S et al. Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the

sympathetic nervous system and CART. Nature. 2005;434:514-20.

162. Liang G, Hai T. Characterization of human activating transcription factor 4, a

transcriptional activator that interacts with multiple domains of cAMP-responsive

element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1997;272:24088-95.

163. Vallejo M, Ron D, Miller CP, Habener JF. C/ATF, a member of the activating

transcription factor family of DNA-binding proteins, dimerizes with CAAT/enhancer-

109

binding proteins and directs their binding to cAMP response elements. Proc Natl Acad

Sci U S A 1993;90:4679-83.

164. Vinson CR, Hai T, Boyd SM. Dimerization specificity of the leucine zipper-containing

bZIP motif on DNA binding: prediction and rational design. Genes Dev 1993 ;7:1047-

58.

165. Gachon F, Gaudray G, Thébault S et al. The cAMP response element binding protein-2

(CREB-2) can interact with the C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP). FEBS Lett.

2001;502(:57-62.

166. Gachon F, Devaux C, Mesnard JM. Activation of HTLV-I transcription in the

presence of Tax is independent of the acetylation of CREB-2 (ATF-4). Virology

2002;299:271-8.

167. Roybal CN, Yang S, Sun CW, et al. Homocysteine increases the expression of vascular

endothelial growth factor by a mechanism involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and

transcription factor ATF4. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:14844–52.

168. Roybal CN, Hunsaker LA, Barbash O, Vander Jagt DL, Abcouwer SF. The oxidative

stressor arsenite activates vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA transcription by an

ATF4-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20331–9.

169. Karin M. Nuclear factor-kappaB in cancer development and progression. Nature 2006

;441:431-6.

170. Zandi E, Karin M. Bridging the gap: composition, regulation, and physiological

function of the IkappaB kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 4547-51.

171. Karin M. NF-kappaB and cancer: mechanisms and targets. Mol Carcinog. 2006

;45:355-61.

172. Baeuerle PA, Baltimore D. NF-kappa B: ten years after. Cell 1996 ;87:13-20.

173. Pacifico F, Leonardi A. NF-kappaB in solid tumors. Biochem Pharmacol 2006

;72:1142-52.

174. Ueda Y, Richmond A. NF-kappaB activation in melanoma. Pigment Cell Res.

2006;19:112-24.

175. Biswas DK, Dai SC, Cruz A, Weiser B, Graner E, Pardee AB. The nuclear factor

kappa B (NF-kappa B): a potential therapeutic target for estrogen receptor negative

breast cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 ;98:10386-91.

176. Huang S, Pettaway CA, Uehara H, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ. Blockade of NF-kappaB

activity in human prostate cancer cells is associated with suppression of angiogenesis,

invasion, and metastasis. Oncogene 2001;20:4188-97.

110

177. Ferris RL, Grandis JR. NF-kappaB gene signatures and p53 mutations in head and

neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:5663-4.

178. Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappaB activation mediates cellular

transformation, proliferation, invasion angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer. Cancer

Treat Res 2004;119:139-73.

179. Nam NH. Naturally occurring NF-kappaB inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem

2006;6:945-51.

180. Sliva D, Rizzo MT, English D. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and NF-kappaB regulate

motility of invasive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by the secretion of

urokinase-type plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 2002;277:3150-7.

181. Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappaB: the enemy within. Cancer Cell 2004; 6: 203-

208.

182. Ameyar-Zazoua M, Guasconi V, Ait-Si-Ali S. siRNA as a route to new cancer

therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005;5:221-4.

183. Masiero M, Nardo G, Indraccolo S, Favaro E. RNA interference: implications for

cancer treatment. Mol Aspects Med 2007;28:143-66.

184. Putral LN, Gu W, McMillan NA. RNA interference for the treatment of cancer. Drug

News Perspect 2006 ;19:317-24.

185. Hadj-Slimane R, Lepelletier Y, Lopez N, Garbay C, Raynaud F. Short interfering RNA

(siRNA), a novel therapeutic tool acting on angiogenesis. Biochimie 2007;89:1234-44.

186. Leung RK, Whittaker PA.RNA interference: from gene silencing to gene-specific

therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2005;107:222-39.

187. Filleur S, Courtin A, Ait-Si-Ali S et al SiRNA-mediated inhibition of vascular

endothelial growth factor severely limitstumor resistance to antiangiogenic

thrombospondin-1 and slows tumor vascularization and growth. Cancer Res 2003; 63;

3919-22.

188. Kang CS, Zhang ZY, Jia ZF et al. Suppression of EGFR expression by antisense or

small interference RNA inhibits U251 glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer

Gene Ther 2006;13:530-8.

189. Ait-Si-Ali S, Guasconi V, Harel-Bellan A. RNA interference and its possible use in

cancer therapy. Bull Cancer 2004;91:15-8.

190. Teramoto H, Castellone MD, Malek RL et al. Autocrine activation of an osteopontin-

CD44-Rac pathway enhances invasion and transformation by H-RasV12. Oncogene.

2005;24:489-501.

111

191. Kolb A, Kleeff J, Guweidhi A et al. Osteopontin influences the invasiveness of

pancreatic cancer cells and is increased in neoplastic and inflammatory conditions.

Cancer Biol Ther 2005;4:740-6.

192. Ito T, Hashimoto Y, Tanaka E et al. An inducible short-hairpin RNA vector against

osteopontin reduces metastatic potential of human esophageal squamous cell

carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:1308-16.

193. Wai PY, Mi Z, Guo H et al. Osteopontin silencing by small interfering RNA

suppresses in vitro and in vivo CT26 murine colon adenocarcinoma metastasis.

Carcinogenesis 2005;26:741-51.

194. Shevde LA, Samant RS, Paik JC et al. Osteopontin knockdown suppresses

tumorigenicity of human metastatic breast carcinoma, MDA-MB-435. Clin Exp

Metastasis 2006;23:123-33.

195. Cogliano VJ, Grosse Y, Baan RA et al. Meeting report: summary of IARC

monographs on formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol. Environ

Health Perspect 2005;113:1205-8.

196. Banbura M, Ackland-Berglund C, Lee SH, Hamernik D, Jones C. Analysis of

transcriptional activation of a cyclic AMP response element by 2,6,10,14-

tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) in JB6 mouse epidermal cells. Mol Carcinog

1994;11:204-14.

197. Anderson PN, Potter M. Induction of plasma cell tumours in BALB-c mice with

2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane). Nature 1969;222:994-5.

198. Armstrong MY, Ebenstein P, Konigsberg WH, Richards FF. Endogenous RNA

tumor viruses are activated during chemical induction of murine plasmacytomas. Proc

Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978;75:4549-52.

199. Janz S, Gawrisch K, Lester DS. Translocation and activation of protein kinase C by

the plasma cell tumor-promoting alkane pristane. Cancer Res 1995;55:518-24.

200. Garrett LR, Pascual DW, Clem LW, Cuchens MA. Conformational changes in the

DNA of hybridoma cells from pristane treated mice. Chem Biol Interact 1987;61:249-

63.

201. Horton AW, Bolewicz LC, Barstad AW, Butts CK. Comparison of the promoting

activity of pristane and n-alkanes in skin carcinogenesis with their physical effects on

micellar models of biological membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981;648:107-12.

112

202. Udayachander M, Meenakshi A, Krishnan RH, Padma S, Velvizhi R.

Immunoscintigraphy of MCF7 rat mammary tumour xenograft using monoclonal

antibody. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1994;31:31-5

203. Taylor C, Mai S. c-Myc-associated genomic instability of the dihydrofolate reductase

locus in vivo. Cancer Detect Prev 1998;22:350-6.

204. Ohno S. Chromosome translocations and the activation of C-myc oncogene in mouse

plasmacytomas. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1984;11:587-96.

205. Akaogi J, Yamada H, Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC, Reeves WH, Satoh M. Prostaglandin

E2 receptors EP2 and EP4 are up-regulated in peritoneal macrophages and joints of

pristane-treated mice and modulate TNF-alpha and IL-6 production. J Leukoc Biol

2004;76:227-36.

206. Liao YP, Schaue D, McBride WH. Modification of the tumor microenvironment to

enhance immunity. Front Biosci 2007; 12:3576-600.

207. Fidler IJ. The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the 'seed and soil' hypothesis

revisited. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:453-8.

208. Folkman J. The role of angiogenesis in tumor growth. Semin Cancer Biol 1992;3:65-

71.

209. Hazama A, Fan HT, Abdullaev I et al. Swelling-activated, cystic fibrosis

transmembrane conductance regulator-augmented ATP release and Cl- conductances in

murine C127 cells. J Physiol 2000; 523: 1-11.

210. Sclimenti CR, Baba EJ, Calos MP. An extrachromosomal tetracycline-regulatable

system for mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2000;28:e80.

211. Lee KA, Bindereif A, Green MR. A small-scale procedure for preparation of nuclear

extracts that support efficient transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. Gene Anal Tech

1988;5:22-31.

212. Leopold JA, Walker J, Scribner AW, et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

modulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis. J Biol Chem

2003;278:32100–6.

213. Rifkin DB, Moscatelli D. Recent developments in the cell biology of basic fibroblast

growth factor. J Cell Biol 1989;109:1–6.

214. Nicosia RF, Nicosia SV, Smith M. Vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived

growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 promote rat aortic angiogenesis in vitro

. Am J Pathol 1994;145:1023–9.

113

215. Gleave ME, Hsieh JT, Wu HC, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated

autocrine and paracrine stimulation of human transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res

1993;53:5300–7.

216. Banerjee SN, Sengupta K, Banerjee S, Saxena NK, Banerjee SK. 2-Methoxyestradiol

exhibits a biphasic effect on VEGF-A in tumor cells and upregulation is mediated

through ER-a, a possible signaling pathway associated with the impact of 2-ME2 on

proliferative cells. Neoplasia 2003;5:417–26.

217. Mukhopadhyay D, Tsiokas L, Zhou XM, Foster D, Brugge JS, Sukhatme VP. Hypoxic

induction of human vascular endothelial growth factor expression through c-Src

activation. Nature 1995;375:577-81.

218. Fukumura D, Xavier R, Sugiura T et al. Tumor induction of VEGF promoter activity

in stromal cells. Cell. 1998;94:715-25.

219. Bachelder RE, Lipscomb EA, Lin X, et al. Competing autocrine pathways involving

alternative neuropilin-1 ligands regulate chemotaxis of carcinoma cells. Cancer Res

2003;63:5230–3.

220. Bellahcene A, Castronovo V, Ogbureke KU, Fisher LW, Fedarko NS. Small integrin-

binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs): multifunctional proteins in cancer.

Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:212-26.

221. Giavazzi R, Nicoletti MI. Small molecules in antiangiogenic therapy. Curr Opin Invest

Drugs 2002;3: 482–91.

222. Kerbel RS, Viloria-Petit A, Klement G, Rak J. ‘Accidental’ anti-angiogenic drugs.

anti-oncogene directed signal transduction inhibitors and conventional

chemotherapeutic agents as examples. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1248–57.

223. Aigner A. Applications of RNA interference: current state and prospects for siRNA-

based strategies in vivo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007;76:9-21.

224. De Wever O, Mareel M. Role of tissue stroma in cancer cell invasion. J Pathol.

2003;200:429-47.

225. Chatterjee SK, Zetter BR. Cancer biomarkers: knowing the present and predicting the

future. Future Oncol 2005;1:37-50.

226. Sotiriou C, Wirapati P, Loi S et al. Gene expression profiling in breast cancer:

understanding the molecular basis of histologic grade to improve prognosis. J Natl

Cancer Inst 2006;98:262-72.

227. Perkins ND. NF-kappaB: tumor promoter or suppressor? Trends Cell Biol 2004;14:64-

9.

114

228. Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappaB: a friend or a foe in cancer?

Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:1071-80.

229. Hou MF, Lin SB, Yuan SS et al. The clinical significance between activation of

nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor and overexpression of HER-2/neu

oncoprotein in Taiwanese patients with breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2003;334:137-

44.

230. Wu Y, Denhardt DT, Rittling SR. Osteopontin is required for full expression of the

transformed phenotype by the ras oncogene. Br J Cancer 2000;83:156-63.

231. Dolle L, Depypere HT, Bracke ME. Anti-invasive/anti-metastasis strategies: new

roads, new tools and new hopes. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2006; 6:729-51.

232. Moore S, Cobleigh MA. Targeting metastatic and advanced breast cancer. Semin

Oncol Nurs 2007; 23:37-45.

233. Folkman J. Angiogenesis: an organizing principle for drug discovery? Nat Rev Drug

Discov. 2007; 6:273-86.

234. Cogliano VJ, Grosse Y, Baan RA et al. Meeting report: summary of IARC

monographs on formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol, and 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol. Environ

Health Perspect 2005;113:1205-8.

235. Natasha T, Kuhn M, Kelly O, Rittling SR. Override of the osteoclast defect in

osteopontin-deficient mice by metastatic tumor growth in the bone. Am J Pathol 2006;

168: 551-61.

236. Hsieh YH, Juliana MM, Hicks PH et al. Papilloma development is delayed in

osteopontin-null mice: implicating an antiapoptosis role for osteopontin. Cancer Res

2006; 66:7119-27.