research homework - water resources

8/9/2019 Research Homework - Water Resources

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A NGELES UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Angeles City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

C V E 5 2 3 : W A T E R R E S O U R C E S

RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT 1

LAYUG, MANUEL ALDANA

SUBMITTED BY

DR. LEOPOLDO L. CURA

SUBMITTED TO

NOVEMBER 18, 2014

DATE SUBMITTED

TABLE OF CONTENTS


2/29

1. C!"#$ % W&"'# 03

03

2. U('( % W&"'# 08

3. )*&$+" % W&"'#: A!&$(+( &!- M&!&'/'!" 0

4. P+$++!' W&"'# R'(*#'( 18

5. W&"'#('- M&!&'/'!" &!- E!+!''#+! I!"'#'!"+!( 21

A. R$' % H-#$ &!- H-#&*$+( +! W&"'# R'(*#'( E!+!''#+! 22

B. E!+!''#+! H-#$ A('"( +! H-#&*$+( I/#"&!" H-#&*$+ S"#*"*#'( 25

. R'%'#'!'( 28

2


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CONTROL OF WATER

W&"'# +( !' % *# /(" +/#"&!" !&"*#&$ #'(*#'(. W+"*" +", "'#' 6*$- 7' ! $+%' ! '".

T' (*$ % 6&"'# &&+$&7$' %# *# *(' +( $+/+"'- 7 !&"*#'. A$"* "'#' +( $'!" % 6&"'#

! '", +" +( !" &$6&( +! "' #+" $&', &" "' #+" "+/' &!- % "' #+" *&$+". A--+! " "'

#7$'/ +( "' +!#'&(+! '+-'!' "&" '/+&$ 6&("'( +/#'#$ -+(-'- '("'#-& '

(6+! * +! *# 6&"'# (*$+'( "-&. H-#$ &( '$'- &( & (+'!' +! #'(!(' " "'

!''- " *!-'#("&!- "' /$'9 6&"'# (("'/( % "' E" &!- '$ ($' 6&"'# #7$'/(.

H-#$+("( $& & +"&$ #$' +! %+!-+! ($*"+!( " 6&"'# #7$'/(, &!- +!"'#'("+! &!-

&$$'!+! ''#( ' &&+$&7$' " "(' 6 (' " ("*- -#$.

What is Hydrology?

H-#$ +( "' (+'!' "&" '!/&(('( "' *##'!', -+("#+7*"+!, /'/'!" &!-

#'#"+'( % "' 6&"'#( % "' '" &!- "'+# #'$&"+!(+ 6+" "' '!+#!/'!" 6+"+! '&

&(' % "' -#$+ $'. T' 6&"'# $', # -#$+ $', +( & !"+!**( #'(( 7

6+ 6&"'# +( *#+%+'- 7 '&#&"+! &!- "#&!(#"'- %#/ "' '"( (*#%&' ;+!$*-+! "'

'&!(< " "' &"/('#' &!- 7&= " "' $&!- &!- '&!(. A$$ % "' (+&$, '/+&$ &!-

7+$+&$ #'(('( +!$+! 6&"'# &( +" "#&'$( +"( +*( &"( +! "' &"/('#', '# &!-

7'!'&" "' '"( (*#%&' &!- "#* #6+! $&!"(, ' % +!"'#'(" " "(' 6 ("*- "'

-#$+ $'. T'#' ' /&! &"6&( "' 6&"'# /& "&=' +! +"( !"+!**( $' % %&$$+!

&( #&+!%&$$ # (!6%&$$ &!- #'"*#!+! " "' &"/('#'. I" /& 7' &"*#'- %# /+$$+!( % '(

+! $ +' &(. I" /& %$6 " #+'#( &!- %+!&$$ " "' ('&. I" /& (&= +!" "' (+$ " 7'

'&#&"'- -+#'"$ %#/ "' (+$ (*#%&' &( +" -#+'( # 7' "#&!(+#'- 7 #6+! $&!"(. I" /&

'#$&"' "#* "' (+$ " #*!- 6&"'# #'('#+#( ;&*+%'#(< " 7' ("#'- # +" /& %$6 "

6'$$( # (#+!( # 7&= " ("#'&/( 7 (''&'. T' $' %# 6&"'# /& 7' (#", # +" /& "&='

/+$$+!( % '(. P'$' "& "' 6&"'# $' %# "'+# 6! *('(. W&"'# +( -+'#"'- "'/#+$

%#/ !' " % "' $' 7 */+! +" %#/ "' #*!- # -#&6+! +" %#/ & #+'# # $&='. I" +(

*('- %# & +'" % &"++"+'( (* &( *('$-(, 7*(+!'(('( &!- +!-*("#+'(> %# +##+&"+! %

%/( &!- =$&!-(> &!- %# #-*"+! % '$'"#+ 6'#. A%"'# *(', 6&"'# +( #'"*#!'- " &!"'#

3


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" % "' $': '#&( -+('- -6!("#'&/ # &$$6'- " (&= +!" "' #*!-. U('- 6&"'#

!#/&$$ +( $6'# +! *&$+", ''! &%"'# "#'&"/'!", 6+ %"'! ('( & #7$'/ %# -6!("#'&/

*('#(. T' -#$+(" ("*-+'( "' %*!-&/'!"&$ "#&!(#" #'(('( " 7' &7$' " -'(#+7' "'

*&!"+" &!- *&$+" % 6&"'# &( +" /'( "#* "' $' ;'&#&"+!, #'++"&"+!, ("#'&/

%$6, +!%+$"#&"+!, #*!- 6&"'# %$6, &!- "'# /!'!"(


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Surface Water

M(" +"+'( /''" "'+# !''-( %# 6&"'# 7 6+"-#&6+! +" %#/ "' !''(" #+'#, $&=' # #'('#+#.

H-#$+("( '$ +"+'( 7 $$'"+! &!- &!&$@+! "' -&"& !''-'- " #'-+" 6 /* 6&"'#

+( &&+$&7$' %#/ $&$ (*$+'( &!- 6'"'# +" 6+$$ 7' (*%%++'!" " /''" "' +"( #?'"'-

%*"*#' !''-(. T - "+(, -#$+("( ("*- #'#-( % #&+!%&$$, (!6&= -'"( &!- #+'# %$6(

"&" ' $$'"'- &!- /+$'- 7 -#$+("( +! +*( '#!/'!" &'!+'(. T' +!'!"#

"' '9"'!" #+'# %$6 &$#'&- +( 7'+! *('- 7 "'#(.

M&!&+! #'('#+#( &! 7' *+"' /$'9, 7'&*(' "' '!'#&$$ ('#' /&! *#('(.

R'('#+#( +!#'&(' "' #'$+&7+$+" % $&$ 6&"'# (*$+'(. H-#$+("( *(' "#&+ /&(

&!- &'#+&$ "#&( " -'"'#/+!' 6'#' "' #'('#+# (#'$+!'( 6+$$ 7' &!- " &$*$&"'

#'('#+# -'"( &!- ("#&' &&+". T+( 6#= '!(*#'( "&", ''! &" /&9+/*/ &&+", !

+6&(, #&+$#&-( # /'( 6*$- 7' %$-'-.

D'+-+! 6 /* 6&"'# " #'$'&(' &!- 6 /* " ("#' -''!-( *! "' "+/' % ', %$6

#'-+"+!( %# "' !'9" (''#&$ /!"(, &!- "' !''-( % +##+&"#( &!- +"+'( &( 6'$$ &(

-6!("#'&/ 6&"'#*('#( "&" #'$ ! "' #'('#+#. I% "' #'('#+# &$( +( *('- %# #'#'&"+! #

%# '!'#&"+! % -#'$'"#+ 6'#, "(' #'*+#'/'!"( /*(" 7' !(+-'#'-. D'+(+!( /*(" 7'

#-+!&"'- 6+" "'# #'('#+# /&!&'#( &$! "' #+'#. H-#$+("( $$'" "' !''((

+!%#/&"+!, '!"'# +" +!" & /*"'#, &!- #*! /*"'# /-'$( " #'-+" "' #'(*$"( *!-'#

+*( '#&"+! ("#&"'+'(. O! "' 7&(+( % "'(' ("*-+'(, #'('#+# /&!&'#( &! /&=' "' 7'("

-'+(+! %# "(' +!$'-.

T' &&+$&7+$+" % (*#%&' 6&"'# %# (6+//+!, -#+!=+!, +!-*("#+&$ # "'# *('( (/'"+/'( +(

#'("#+"'- 7'&*(' % $$*"+!. P$$*"+! &! 7' /'#'$ &! *!(+"$ &!- +!!'!+'!" !*+(&!',

# +" &! 7' &! +!+(+7$', 7*" -'&-$, "#'&" " "' '&$" % '$', $&!"( &!- &!+/&$(.

H-#$+("( &((+(" *7$+ '&$" %%++&$( +! /!+"#+! *7$+ 6&"'# (*$+'( " '!(*#' "&"

'&$" ("&!--( ' /'". W'! $$*"+! +( -+('#'-, '!+#!/'!"&$ '!+!''#( 6#= 6+"

-#$+("( +! -'+(+! "' !''(( (&/$+! ##&/. W&"'# *&$+" +! '("*+'(, ("#'&/(,

#+'#( &!- $&='( /*(" 7' /!+"#'-, &!- "' '&$" % %+(, $&!"( &!- 6+$-$+%' &$! "'+#

5


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("#'"'( (*#''-. R'$&"'- 6#= !'#!( &+- #&+! &!- +"( '%%'"( ! &*&"+ $+%', &!- "'

7'&+# % "9+ /'"&$( &!- #&!+ '/+&$( +! &*&"+ '!+#!/'!"(. H-#$+ &!- 6&"'#

*&$+" /&"'/&"+&$ /-'$( ' -''$'- &!- *('- 7 -#$+("( %# $&!!+! &!-

/&!&'/'!" &!- #'-+"+! 6&"'# *&$+" '%%'"( % &!'- !-+"+!(. S+/$' &!&$('( (*

&( H, "*#7+-+", &!- 9'! !"'!" /& 7' -!' 7 -#$+("( +! "' %+'$-. O"'# '/+&$

&!&$('( #'*+#' /#' (+("+&"'- $&7#&"# '*+/'!". I! "' &(", /*!++&$ &!- +!-*("#+&$

('6&' 6&( & /&?# (*#' % $$*"+! %# ("#'&/( &!- $&='(. S* 6&("'( %"'! #''+'- !$

/+!+/&$ "#'&"/'!", # #&6 6&("'( 6'#' -*/'- +!" #+'#(. T-&, 6' ' /#' &6' % "'

!('*'!'( % (* &"+!(, &!- 7+$$+!( % -$$( /*(" 7' +!'("'- +! $$*"+!!"#$

'*+/'!" " #"'" "' 6&"'#( % "' '". O"'# (*#'( % $$*"+! ' /#' -+%%+*$" "

+-'!"+% &!- !"#$. T'(' +!$*-' #&- -'++! (&$"(, ("#/ #*!%% %#/ *#7&! '&( &!-

%/$&!-, &!- '#(+! %#/ !("#*"+! (+"'(.

Groundwater

G#*!-6&"'#, */'- %#/ 7'!'&" "' '"( (*#%&', +( %"'! '&'#, /#' !'!+'!" &!-

$'(( *$!'#&7$' " $$*"+! "&! (*#%&' 6&"'#. T'#'%#', +" +( //!$ *('- %# *7$+ 6&"'#

(*$+'(. G#*!-6&"'# #+-'( "' $'(" (*#' % *(&7$' 6&"'# ("#&' +! "' U!+"'- S"&"'(.

U!-'##*!- #'('#+#( !"&+! % /#' 6&"'# "&! "' &&+" % &$$ (*#%&' #'('#+#( &!-

$&='(, +!$*-+! "' G#'&" L&='(. I! (/' '&(, #*!- 6&"'# /& 7' "' !$ "+!. S/'

/*!++&$+"+'( (*#+' ($'$ ! #*!-6&"'#.

H-#$+("( '("+/&"' "' $*/' % 6&"'# ("#'- *!-'##*!- 7 /'&(*#+! 6&"'# $''$( +! $&$

6'$$( &!- 7 '9&/+!+! '$+ #'#-( %#/ 6'$$-#+$$+! " -'"'#/+!' "' '9"'!", -'" &!-

"+=!'(( % 6&"'#7'+! ('-+/'!"( &!- #=(. B'%#' &! +!'("/'!" +( /&-' +! %*$$(+@'- 6'$$(,

-#$+("( /& (*'#+(' "' -#+$$+! % "'(" 6'$$(. T' !"' "' -'"( &" 6+ 6&"'# +(

'!*!"'#'- &!- $$'" (&/$'( % (+$(, #= &!- 6&"'# %# $&7#&"# &!&$('(. T' /& #*! &

+'" % '(+&$ "'("( ! "' /$'"'- $', =''+! &!- &*#&"' $ % "'+# 7('#&"+!(

&!- "'(" #'(*$"(. H-#$+("( -'"'#/+!' "' /(" '%%++'!" */+! #&"' 7 /!+"#+! "' '9"'!"

"&" 6&"'# $''$( -# +! "' */'- 6'$$ &!- +! +"( !''(" !'+7#(. P*/+! "' 6'$$ " %&("

*$- &*(' +" " -# # *$- +!"'#%'#' 6+" !'+7#+! 6'$$(. A$! "' &(", '#*/+!

6


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&! &*(' (&$"6&"'# +!"#*(+!. B $""+! &!- &!&$@+! "'(' -&"&, -#$+("( &! '("+/&"' "'

/&9+/*/ &!- "+/*/ +'$-( % "' 6'$$.

P$$*"'- #*!- 6&"'# +( $'(( +(+7$', 7*" /#' +!(+-+*( &!- -+%%+*$" " $'&! *, "&! $$*"+!

+! #+'#( &!- $&='(. G#*!- 6&"'# $$*"+! /(" %"'! #'(*$"( %#/ +/#'# -+((&$ % 6&("'(

! $&!-. M&?# (*#'( +!$*-' +!-*("#+&$ &!- *('$- '/+&$( &!- &' $&!-%+$$(,

+!-*("#+&$ 6&("' $&!(, "&+$+!( &!- #'(( 6&("'6&"'# %#/ /+!'(, +$ %+'$- 7#+!' +"(, $'&=+!

*!-'##*!- +$ ("#&' "&!=( &!- +'$+!'(, ('6&' ($*-' &!- ('"+ (("'/(. H-#$+("(

#+-' *+-&!' +! "' $&"+! % /!+"#+! 6'$$( *!- 6&("' -+((&$ (+"'( &!- (&/$'

"'/ &" #'*$ +!"'#&$( " -'"'#/+!' +% *!-'(+#&7$' $'&&"'!"&/+!&"'- 6&"'# !"&+!+!

"9+ # &@-*( '/+&$(+( #'&+! "' #*!- 6&"'#. I! $$*"'- '&(, -#$+("( /&

$$'" (+$ &!- 6&"'# (&/$'( " +-'!"+% "' "' &!- '9"'!" % !"&/+!&"+!. T' '/+&$

-&"& "'! ' $""'- ! & /& " (6 "' (+@' &!- -+#'"+! % 6&("' /'/'!". I! /$'9

(+"*&"+!(, /*"'# /-'$+! % 6&"'# %$6 &!- 6&("' /+#&"+! #+-'( *+-&!' %# & $'&!

* ##&/. I! '9"#'/' &('(, #'/'-+&$ &"+!( /& #'*+#' '9&&"+! % "' $$*"'- (+$.

T-&, /(" '$' &!- +!-*("#+'( #'&$+@' "&" "' &/*!" % /!' +!'("'- +! #''!"+! +( %

$'(( "&! "&" % $'&!*. H-#$+("( %"'! ' !(*$"'- %# ('$'"+! % #'# (+"'( %# !'6

6&("' -+((&$ %&+$+"+'(. T' -&!'# % $$*"+! +( /+!+/+@'- 7 $&"+! 6'$$( +! '&( % -''

#*!- 6&"'# &!- +/'#/'&7$' (+$(. O"'# #&"+'( +!$*-' $+!+! "' 7""/ % & $&!-%+$$ 6+"

6&"'#"+" /&"'#+&$(, $$'"+! &! $'&&"' 6+" -#&+!(, &!- =''+! "' $&!-%+$$ (*#%&' '#'-

&( /* &( ((+7$'. C'%*$ /!+"#+! +( &$6&( !''((.

PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES

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W&"'# +( &! '(('!"+&$ '$'/'!" " *# ''#-& '9+("'!'. I"( #$' +( +"&$ +! "' (*("'!&!' % &$$

$+%' %#/(, &( 6'$$ &( +! &#+*$"*#&$, +!-*("#+&$, *('$-(, #'#'&"+!&$ &!- '!+#!/'!"&$

&"++"+'(. A( *$&"+! !"+!*'( " #+(', ( -'( "' -'/&!- %# %#'( 6&"'# ". W&"'# +( &

/&?# %&"# (&+! "' !&"*#&$ '!+#!/'!". I" &( & $!"'#/ +!%$*'!' ! "' ''"&"+!,

%&*!&, &!- (&' % "' $&!-(&' &!- ! +*( '(("'/(.

• 1,830 ( =+$/'"'#( % P+$++!' #+'#( &!- $&='( '# 1 % "' *!"#( ""&$ $&!-

'&

• 50,000 ( =+$/'"'#( % #*!-6&"'# #'('#+# +( #''- 7 #&+! &!- (''&' %#/

#+'# &!- $&='(

• 421 #+!+&$ #+'# 7&(+!(, % 6+ 20 ' !(+-'#'- /&?# #+'# 7&(+!(

• 53,43 /+$$+! *7+ /'"'#( '("+/&"'- &!!*&$ -+(' % C&&&! #+'#, "' $!'(" &!-

$'(" #+'# +! "' P+$++!'(, 6+" & #*!- 6&"'# #'('#' % 4,85 /+$$+! *7+

/'"'#(

• $&='( /("$ *"+$+@'- %# %+( #-*"+!

• 8 % +'-6&"'# (*$ (("'/( "&" *(' #*!-6&"'# &( & (*#'

• 14 7+$$+! *./ '("+/&"'- &/*!" % "' *!"#( 6&"'# (*$

• .1 /+$$+! $+"'#( '# ('!- ;$(< ""&$ &$$&"+! % 6&"'# %# -+%%'#'!" *('(

• 1.0 /+$$+! $( (*#%&' 6&"'# &$$&"'- %# 6'# '!'#&"+! +! #'+! 2, "' $'(" +!

"' '!"+#' *!"#

• 12, 8 $( #*!-6&"'# &$$&"'- %# /*!++&$ *(' +! #'+! 4, "' $'(" +! "' '!"+#'

*!"#

• 20 /+$$+! * /'"'#( #?'"'- 6&"'# !(*/"+! +! /'"# /&!+$& 7 2010

• 5 !&"*#&$ $&='( &!- /#' "&! 100,000 & % %#'(6&"'# (6&/(

•

T'#' ' %*# /&?# #*!-6&"'# #'('#+#( ;C&&&!, 10,000 =/

2

> '!"#&$ L*@!, ,000=/2> A*(&!, 8,500 =/2> C"&7&", ,000 =/2< 6+, 6'! /7+!'- 6+" (/&$$'#

#'('#+#( &$#'&- +-'!"+%+'-, 6*$- &#'&"' " &! '& % &7*" 50,000 =/2

• A (*#' % (*#%&' 6&"'# ("#&' "'!"+&$ &( +-'!"+%+'- (+"'( %# 438 /&?# -&/( &!-

423 (/&$$'# -&/(

8


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• A( '("+/&"'- 14,000 // ""&$ 6&"'# #'(*#' "'!"+&$

• 438 /&?# -&/( &!- 423 (/&$$'# -&/( ;""&$ % 81 +/*!-+! -&/( &!- #'('#+# (+"'(<

+-'!"+%+'- (+"'( % 6&"'# (*#%&' 6&"'# ("#&' "'!"+&$

QUALITY OF WATER: ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT

W&"'# *&$+" #'%'#( " "' '/+&$, (+&$, 7+$+&$, &!- #&-+$+&$ &"'#+("+(

% 6&"'#. I" +( & /'&(*#' % "' !-+"+! % 6&"'# #'$&"+' " "' #'*+#'/'!"( % !' # /#'

7+"+ ('+'( &!- # " &! */&! !''- # *#('. I" +( /(" %#'*'!"$ *('- 7 #'%'#'!' " &

('" % ("&!--( &&+!(" 6+ /$+&!' &! 7' &(('(('-. T' /(" //! ("&!--( *('- "

&(('(( 6&"'# *&$+" #'$&"' " '&$" % '(("'/(, (&%'" % */&! !"&" &!- -#+!=+! 6&"'# .

Standards

I! "' ('""+! % ("&!--(, &'!+'( /&=' $+"+&$ &!- "'!+&$(+'!"+%+ -'+(+!( &7*" 6

"' 6&"'# 6+$$ 7' *('-. I! "' &(' % !&"*#&$ 6&"'# 7-+'(, "' &$( /&=' (/' #'&(!&7$'

'("+/&"' % #+("+!' !-+"+!(. D+%%'#'!" *('( #&+(' -+%%'#'!" !'#!( &!- "'#'%#' -+%%'#'!"("&!--( ' !(+-'#'-. N&"*#&$ 6&"'# 7-+'( 6+$$ +! #'(!(' " '!+#!/'!"&$

!-+"+!(. E!+#!/'!"&$ (+'!"+("( 6#= " *!-'#("&!- 6 "'(' (("'/( %*!"+!, 6+ +!

"*#! '$( " +-'!"+% "' (*#'( &!- %&"'( % !"&/+!&!"(. E!+#!/'!"&$ &!- $+/&='#(

6#= " -'%+!' $'+($&"+! 6+" "' +!"'!"+! "&" 6&"'# +( /&+!"&+!'- &" &! &##+&"' *&$+" %#

+"( +-'!"+%+'- *('.

T' &(" /&?#+" % (*#%&' 6&"'# ! "' $&!'" +( !'+"'# "&7$' !# "9+. T+( #'/&+!( "#*'

6'! ('&6&"'# +! "' '&!( ;6+ +( " (&$" " -#+!=< +( !" *!"'-. A!"'# '!'#&$

'#'"+! % 6&"'# *&$+" +( "&" % & (+/$' #'#" "&" "'$$( 6'"'# 6&"'# +( $$*"'- # !".

I! %&", 6&"'# *&$+" +( & /$'9 (*7?'", +! " 7'&*(' 6&"'# +( & /$'9 /'-+*/

+!"#+!(+&$$ "+'- " "' '$ % "' E". I!-*("#+&$ &!- //'#+&$ &"++"+'(

9


10/29

;'.. /&!*%&"*#+!, /+!+!, !("#*"+!, "#&!(#"< ' & /&?# &*(' % 6&"'# $$*"+! &(

' #*!%% %#/ &#+*$"*#&$ '&(, *#7&! #*!%% &!- -+(' % "#'&"'- &!- *!"#'&"'- ('6&'.

Categories

T' &/'"'#( %# 6&"'# *&$+" ' -'"'#/+!'- 7 "' +!"'!-'- *('. W#= +! "' '& % 6&"'#

*&$+" "'!-( " 7' %*('- ! 6&"'# "&" +( "#'&"'- %# */&! !(*/"+!, +!-*("#+&$ *(', # +!

"' '!+#!/'!".

Human Consumption

C!"&/+!&!"( "&" /& 7' +! *!"#'&"'- 6&"'# +!$*-' /+##&!+(/( (* &( +#*('(, #"@&

&!- 7&"'#+&> +!#&!+ !"&/+!&!"( (* &( (&$"( &!- /'"&$(> '/+&$ !"&/+!&!"( %#/

+!-*("#+&$ #'(('( &!- '"#$'*/ *('> '("++-'( &!- '#7++-'(> &!- #&-+&"+' !"&/+!&!"(.

W&"'# *&$+" -''!-( ! "' $&$ '$ &!- '(("'/, &( 6'$$ &( */&! *('( (* &(

('6&' -+('#(+!, +!-*("#+&$ $$*"+!, "' *(' % 6&"'# 7-+'( &( & '&" (+!=, &!- '#*('

;6+ /& $6'# "' $''$ % "' 6&"'#


11/29

+( -+("#+7*"'- " /'(, 7*(+!'(('(, ($( &!- "'# *('#(. W&"'# -#&6! -+#'"$ %#/ & ("#'&/,

$&=', # &*+%'# &!- "&" &( ! "#'&"/'!" 6+$$ 7' % *!'#"&+! *&$+".

Industrial and domestic use

D+(($'- /+!'#&$( /& &%%'" (*+"&7+$+" % 6&"'# %# & #&!' % +!-*("#+&$ &!- -/'("+

*#('(. T' /(" %&/+$+ % "'(' +( #7&7$ "' #'('!' % +!( % &$+*/ &!-

/&!'(+*/ 6+ +!"'#%'#' 6+" "' $'&!+! &"+! % (&, &!- &! %#/ - (*$&"' &!-

(%" !&"' -'(+"( +! 6&"'# '&"'#( # 7+$'#(. H- 6&"'# /& 7' (%"'!'- " #'/' "'('

+!(. T' (%"'!+! #'(( %"'! (*7("+"*"'( (-+*/ &"+!(. H- 6&"'# /& 7' #'%'#&7$' "

(%" 6&"'# %# */&! !(*/"+!, (+!' '&$" #7$'/( &' 7''! &((+&"'- 6+" '9'((

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11


12/29

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13/29

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&/*!" % "' '/+&$ % +!"'#'(" &" "' "+/' % $$'"+!. T' 7$&!= &!- (+='- (&/$'( '

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14


15/29

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Drin#ing water indicators

15


16/29

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17/29

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17

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant


18/29

• E'/'#"'#&

• P$'"'#&

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M$$*(&

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• Escherichia coli ;E. $+<

• C$+%#/ 7&"'#+&

USES OF WATER

Water is one of the most vital natural resources for all life on Earth. The availability and quality

of water always have played an important part in determining not only where people can live,

but also their quality of life. Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water on Earth,

water has not always been available when and where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable

quality for all uses. Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries

to its availability and suitability for use.

18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeropterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliform_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeropterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliform_bacteria


19/29

F+*#' 1. O%%("#'&/ *('( ;-'+"'- ! "' $'%"< ' "(' +! 6+ 6&"'# +( #'/'- %#/ +"(

(*#', '+"'# 7 */+! # -+'#(+!. I!("#'&/ *('( ;-'+"'- ! "' #+"< ' "(' +! 6+

6&"'# #'/&+!( +! $&', &!- "+&$$ #'%'#( " ("#'&/ ;#&"'# "&! #*!-6&"'#


20/29

Commercial 6&"'# *(' +!$*-'( %#'( 6&"'# %# /"'$(, "'$(, #'("&*#&!"(, %%+' 7*+$-+!(, "'#

//'#+&$ %&+$+"+'(, &!- ++$+&! &!- /+$+" +!("+"*"+!(. D/'("+ 6&"'# *(' +( #7&7$ "'

/(" +/#"&!" -&+$ *(' % 6&"'# %# /(" '$'.

Domestic *(' +!$*-'( 6&"'# "&" +( *('- +! "' /' ''# -&, +!$*-+! 6&"'# %# !#/&$

*('$- *#('(, (* &( -#+!=+!, %- #'&"+!, 7&"+!, 6&(+! $"'( &!- -+('(,

%$*(+! "+$'"(, &!- 6&"'#+! $&6!( &!- -'!(.

Industrial 6&"'# *(' +( & &$*&7$' #'(*#' " "' !&"+!( +!-*("#+'( %# (* *#('( &(

#'((+!, $'&!+!, "#&!(#"&"+!, -+$*"+!, &!- $+! +! /&!*%&"*#+! %&+$+"+'(. M&?#

6&"'#*(+! +!-*("#+'( +!$*-' ("''$, '/+&$, &'#, &!- '"#$'*/ #'%+!+!. I!-*("#+'( %"'!

#'*(' "' (&/' 6&"'# '# &!- '# %# /#' "&! !' *#('.

Irrigation 6&"'# *(' +( 6&"'# "+%++&$$ &$+'- " %/, #-, &("*#',

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'/+&$ &$+&"+!, # $+!, '("+!, &!- %# "' $'&+! % (&$"( %#/ "' # #"

@!'. N!&#+*$"*#&$ &"++"+'( +!$*-' ('$%(*$+'- 6&"'# " +##+&"' *7$+ &!- #+&"' $%

*#('(, =(,

$ivestoc# 6&"'# *(' +!$*-'( 6&"'# %# ("= &!+/&$(, %''- $"(, -&+#+'(, %+( %/(, &!- "'#

!!%/ !''-(. W&"'# +( !''-'- %# "' #-*"+! % #'- /'&", *$"#, '(, /+$=, &!- 6$,&!- %# #('(, #&77+"(, &!- '"(. L+'("= 6&"'# *(' !$ +!$*-'( %#'( 6&"'#.

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&( &$ &!- #'(> $+*+-(, (* &( #*-' '"#$'*/> &!- &('(, (* &( !&"*#&$ &(. T' &"'#

+!$*-'( *#+!, /+$$+! ;(* &( #*(+!, (#''!+!, 6&(+!, &!- %$"&"+!


21/29

hermoelectric &ower 6&"'# *(' +( "' &/*!" % 6&"'# *('- +! "' #-*"+! % '$'"#+ 6'#

'!'#&"'- 6+" '&". T' (*#' % "' '&" /& 7' %#/ %((+$ %*'$(, !*$' %+((+!, #

'"'#/&$. F((+$ %*'$ 6'# $&!"( "+&$$ #'*(' 6&"'#. T' '!'#&"' '$'"#++" 7 "*#!+!

& "*#7+!' *(+! ("'&/ 6'#. A%"'# "' ("'&/ +( *('- " "*#! "' "*#7+!'(, +" +( !-'!('- 7&= "

6&"'# 7 $+! +". T' !-'!('- 6&"'# +( "'! #*"'- 7&= " "' 7+$'#, 6'#' "' $'

7'+!( &&+!.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS

What is a watershed?

A 6&"'#('- +( (+/$ "' '#&+ '& "#* 6+ 6&"'# %$6( &#(( "' $&!- &!- -#&+!(

+!" & //! 7- % 6&"'#, 6'"'# & ("#'&/, #+'#, $&=', # '&!. T' 6&"'#('- 7*!-

6+$$ /#' # $'(( %$$6 "' +'(" #+-'$+!' *!- "' ("#'&/ &!!'$( &!- /''" &" "' 7""/

# $6'(" +!" % "' $&!- 6'#' 6&"'# %$6( *" % "' 6&"'#('-, "' /*" % "' 6&"'#6&.

M* % "' 6&"'# /'( %#/ #&+!%&$$ &!- ("#/ 6&"'# #*!%%. T' *&$+" &!- *&!"+" % ("#/

6&"'# +( &%%'"'- 7 &$$ "' &$"'#&"+!( " "' $&!-/+!+!, &#+*$"*#', #&-6&(, *#7&!

21


22/29

-''$/'!", &!- "' &"++"+'( % '$' 6+"+! & 6&"'#('-. W&"'#('-( ' *(*&$$ ('&"'-

%#/ "'# 6&"'#('-( 7 !&"*#&$$ '$'&"'- '&(.

Why are watersheds important?

W&"'#('-( ' +/#"&!" 7'&*(' "' (*#%&' 6&"'# %'&"*#'( &!- ("#/ 6&"'# #*!%% 6+"+! &

6&"'#('- *$"+/&"'$ -#&+! " "'# 7-+'( % 6&"'#. I" +( '(('!"+&$ " !(+-'# "'(' -6!("#'&/

+/&"( 6'! -''$+! &!- +/$'/'!"+! 6&"'# *&$+" #"'"+! &!- #'("#&"+! &"+!(.

E'#"+! *("#'&/ '!-( * -6!("#'&/. W' !''- " #'/'/7'# "&" 6' &$$ $+' -6!("#'&/

&!- "&" *# ''#-& &"++"+'( &! &%%'" -6!("#'&/ 6&"'#(.

Watershed %anagement

M&!&'/'!" % "' '!+#!/'!" &( 7''! #+/+$ %*('- ! ('+%+ +((*'( (* &( &+#, $&!-,

&!- 6&"'#. M(" '%%#"( &' #'(*$"'- +! -'#'&(+! $$*"&!" '/+((+!( " &+# &!- 6&"'#,

+/#'- $&!-%+$$(, #'/'-+&"+! % 6&("' (+"'( &!- !"&/+!&"'- #*!-6&"'#, #"'"+! % #'

&!- '!-&!'#'- ('+'(, -'(+! % 7'(" /&!&'/'!" #&"+'( " !"#$ 6&"'# &!- !"&/+!&!"

#*!%%, &!- /* /#'.

W&" +( ("+$$ & !"+!*+! #7$'/ %# *# 6&"'#( ' !!+!" (*#' $$*"+! &!- &7+"&"

-'#&-&"+!J T'(' ' "' #7$'/( "&" ' #'(!(+7$' %# /(" % "' 6&"'# *&$+" *('

+/&+#/'!"( "#**". T'(' ' "+&$$ /$'9 #7$'/( "&" ' -+%%+*$" " /&!&'.

B" !!+!" $$*"+! &!- &7+"&" -'#&-&"+! '!'#&$$ #(( ##&/ *#+'6(. T '("&7$+(

& /'"- " "&=$' "'(' #'/&+!+! #7$'/( /&!&'/'!"( /*(" /' "'"'# " 7'""'#

*!-'#("&!- "' +!"'#&"+!( 7'"6''! "' '!+#!/'!"&$ /!'!"( &!- "' &"+!( "&" &! 7'

"&='! 7 &$$ "6-( "' &$ % '(("'/ +!"'#+".

A. Role of Hy!olo"y #$ Hy!#%l&'( &$ W#)e! Re(o%!'e( E$"&$ee!&$"

22


23/29

Hydrology ( Hydraulics

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