research findings on fertigation by pfdcs across the … ms neelam patel.pdf · 6 eastern himalayan...

National Seminar on Fertigation, Sept. 15, 2017 at Vadodara

Research Findings on

Fertigation by PFDCs across the country

Dr. Neelam Patel,Principal Scientist & Principal Investigator,

PFDC, IARI, New Delhi

S. No. Agro-Climatic Regions PFDC Crops

1 Southern Plateau and Hills region Bangalore Bird of paradise, Cardamom Carnation, Cashew,

cauliflower, Coconut, Coffee, Cucumber, Fig, Geranium,

Gerbera, Onion.Potato, Rosemary, Sapota, Tomato

2 Central Plateau and Hills Region Bhopal Capsicum, Guava, Mango, Tomato

3 Eastern Plateau and Hills Region Bhubaneswar Mango

4 Western Himalayas Region Bikaner Brinjal, Cabbage, Cucumber, Garlic, Mosambi, Tomato

5 Southern Plateau and Hills Region Coimbatore Banana, Brinjal, Chilli, Coconut Okra, Tomato

6 Eastern Himalayan Region Guwahati Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower

7 Trans-Gangetic Plains region Hisar Kinnow, Potato

8 Southern Plateau & Hills Region Hyderabad

9 Eastern Himalayan Region Kharagpur Banana, Dutch Roses, Guava

10 Western Himalayan Region Leh Cabbage, Capsicum

11 Upper Gangetic Plains Region Lucknow Guava, Mango

12 Trans-Gangetic Plains region Ludhiana Brinjal, Chilli, Maize, Onion, Pea, Potato

13 Gujarat Plains & Hills Region Navsari Banana (Intercropping), Banana, Brinjal, Capsicum,

Leafy Vegetable (Amaranthus, Coriander, Fenugreek,

Spinach), Gladiolus, Onion, Papaya Sweet corn, Tomato

14 Trans-Gangetic Plains region New Delhi Baby corn, Bottle gourd, Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower,

Cotton, Garlic, Kharif Onion, Okra, Potato, Rabi Onion,

Tomato

15 Western Himalayan Region Pantnagar Capsicum, Chilli, Cucumber, Gladiolus, Lillium, Tomato

16 Western Plateau and Hills region Rahuri Banana, Capsicum, Carnation, Gerbera, Tomato

17 Eastern Plateau and Hills Region Raipur Capsicum, Cauliflower, Cowpea, Cucumber, Onion,

Paddy, Tomato

18 Middle Gangetic plains region Ranchi Cauliflower, Okra, Potato

19 Middle Gangetic Plains Region Samastipur Banana, Brinjal, Carnation, Litchi, Sapota, Tomato

21 Western Himalayan region Solan Apple, Apricot, Capsicum, Pea, Tomato

PFDCs in different agro climatic regions of India

Sources: Planning Commission of India, XI year plan, Main Report

S.

N.Regions

Rainfall

(mm)

Net Sown AreaNumber

of

districts

PFDCs

1 Western Himalayas 165- 2000 20.91 39Bikaner, Leh,

Pantnagar, Solan

2 Eastern Himalayas 1400- 12000 46.5 79Guwahati, Imphal ,

Kharagpur

3 Lower Gangetic Plains 1300-2100 43.64 15 -

4 Middle Gangetic Plains 1211-1470 74.52 60 Ranchi, Samastipur

5 Upper Gangetic Plains 721-979 101.49 40 Lucknow

6 Trans-Gangetic Plains 360-890 93.23 48Hisar, Ludhiana,

New Delhi

7 Eastern Plateau and Hills 1270-1430 80.14 57 Bhubaneswar, Raipur

8 Central Plateau and Hills 490-1300 164.84 57 Bhopal

9 Western Plateau and Hills 602-1040 200.5 41 Rahuri

10 Southern Plateau and Hills 576-1051 177.41 48

Bangalore,

Coimbatore,

Hyderabad

11 East Coast Plains & Hills 800-1904 82.1 43 --

12 West Coast Plains & Ghats 1457-5000 43 30 Tavanur

13 Gujarat Plains & Hills 340-1793 94.7 28 Navsari

14 Western Dry 256 74.35 9 -

15 The Islands 2836-3159 - 3 -

Thrust area & researchable issues for

technology development

Evaluation of micro irrigation system

Selection of nozzles and pipes

Drip hydraulics and drip design

Micro irrigation comparison with conventional

methods

Installation of micro irrigation in fruit crops

First decade : 1985 - 1995

Estimation of crop water requirement

Crop geometry to minimize the cost

Fertilizer application with micro irrigation

Evaluation of fertilizer applicators

Fertigation study in vegetables in orchards

Second decade : 1995 - 2005

Fertigation scheduling in open field and protected

cultivation

Use of alternate energy in micro irrigation

Softwares development for design of MI system

Computer programs for estimation of crop water

demand

MI in field crops and use of MI in cropping system

Automation in micro irrigation and fertigation

Subsurface drip system for cost reduction

Third decade : 2005 - 2015

Vertical farming

Hydroponics and soil less cultivation

MI in field and non-conventional crops

Sensor development and IT application in MI

Development of fertigation program

Fertigation scheduling in open field & protected

cultivation

Solar energy, rainwater harvesting and linkage with

MI

MI in canal command and rainfed areas

Fourth decade : 2015 - onwards

Fertigation technology for

horticultural crops

Crops : 42

Fruits Area (000ha) Production (1000 tons)

Banana 803 29725

Mango 2516 18431

Citrus 1078 11147

Papaya 133 5639

Guava 268 3668

Apple 313 2498

Pineapple 110 1737

Sapota 177 1744

Grapes 119 2585

Pomegranate 131 1346

Litchi 84 585

Others 1485 9872

Total 7216 88977

Vegetables

Potato 1973 41555

Tomato 882 18736

Onion 1204 19402

Brinjal 711 13558

Tapioca 228 8139

Cabbage 400 9039

Cauliflower 434 8573

Okra 533 6346

Peas 434 3869

Sweet Potato 106 1088

Others 2492 32574

Total 9396 162880

Aromatic 493 895

Almond/Walnut

Flowers Loose 255 1754

Flowers Cut 543

Plantation Crops 3675 16301

Mushroom 17

Honey 76

Spices 3163 5908

Grand Total 24198 277352

Area and production of horticultural crops

Nutrients Amount

required, kg/ha

Nutrients supplied by each process, kg/ha

Dispersion Convection Diffusion

Nitrogen 190 2 150 38

Phosphorous 40 1 2 37

Potassium 195 4 35 156

Total 425 7 187 231

Nitrogen – mass flow (convection) with P and K through diffusion

Solute transport in wetted soil volume –Convection –

dispersion eqn. (CDE)

Convection – solutes by mass flow of water

Diffusion – Movement from high solutes con. to lower

solutes con.

Dispersion – Different sizes and shapes of pores, pore

velocities. Solutes transported at different rates to different

locations. Leads to mixing of incoming solutes with

resident concentration is refereed as hydrodynamic

dispersion

Nutrients transport in soil

Apple

Parameters Apple Apricot

Dr. YSPUA&F, Solan, HP Dr. YSPUH&F, Solan, HP

Variety Red Spur New castle

Crop period Feb-july Feb-July

RDF, kg/ha 900:246:492 (N:P:K) 900:246:492 (N:P:K)

Frequency Weekly Weekly

Yield, t/ha 14 10

FUE, kg of produce per kg of fert. 5.91 6.1

Area :0.03 Mha ;

Production= 0.25 Million tons;

Productivity = 8 t/ha

RDF =700:350:700

ApricotArea : 0.06 Mha

Production= 0.02 M tons

Productivity = 0.33 t/ha

RDF=500:250:200 gm/tree

Baby corn

Parameters Baby corn Maize Sweet corn

IARI, New Delhi PAU, Ludhiana NAU, Navsari

Variety HM-4 Spring Sugar 75

Crop periodRound the year (3 crops in a year) Seasonal Rabi

RDF, kg/ha150:60:60 and ZnSO4- 25 kg 200:80:40 120:60:60

Frequency Twice in a week Weekly 15 days

Yield, t/ha 13.25 6 12.52

Maize Sweet corn

Bird of paradise

Parameters PFDC

UAS, Bangalore, Karnataka

Variety Dutch hybrid

Crop period Annual

RDF, kg/ha 108:72:36

Frequency Monthly

Yield, t/ha 50 flowers/year

Banana

ParametersPFDC

IIT, Kharagpur NAU, Navsari MPKV, Rahuri RAU, Samastipur

Variety Grand Naine Grand Naine Grand NaineGrand Naine and

Dwarf Cavendish

Crop period Annual Annual Annual Annual

RDF, kg/ha 160:48:240 300:90:200 200 40:240 250:200:150

Frequency Weekly 15 days Monthly 15 days

Yield, t/ha 64.49 96 93.54 91.15

State av. yield, t/ha 24.12 63.54 58.20 41.84

Increase in yield, % 167.37 51.09 60.72 117.85

FUE, kg of produce per kg of

fert.57.58 46.85 61.22 48

Area : 0.08 Mha

Production= 2.97 Million tons

Productivity =37 t/ha

RDF = 300:50:300 g/plant

21%

16%

18%12%

10%

6%6%

5% 2% 4%

Banana Production- Top 10 statesTamil Nadu

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Uttar Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Bihar

Kerala

West Bengal

Bottle gourd

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi

Variety Pusa Samridhi

Crop period August to October

RDF, kg/ha 150:40:200

Frequency Weekly once

Yield, t/ha 31.7

State av. yield, t/ha 20.7

Increase in yield, % 53.1

FUE, kg of produce per kg of fert. 81.28

Area :0.01 Mha;



RDF(kg/ha.) =100:50:60

38%

14%12%

11%

8%

7%5% 2%2% 1%

Bottle gourd production- top 10 states Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Chhattisgarh

Uttar Pradesh

Odisha

Punjab

Telangana*

Tripura

Jammu & Kashmir

Andhra Pradesh

Brinjal

Parameters PFDC

PAU, Ludhiana SKRAU, Bikaner RAU, Samastipur, NAU, Navsari

Variety Navkiran Swarn pratibha Surat Ravaiya

Crop period Nov. to May Nov. to May Nov. to May Nov. to April

RDF, kg/ha 62.50:62.5 :30 80:80:60 120:80:80 80:50:50

Frequency Fortnightly 10 days Weekly Monthly

Yield, t/ha 75 29.9 33.2 55

State av. yield, t/ha 21.2 4.2 21.6 18

Increase in yield, % 71 85.6 34.9 67.2

Area :0.07 Mha



RDF =120:75:45 kg/ha

24%

18%

12%10%

10%

9%

6%5%

3% 3%

Brinjal production- top 10 states West Bengal

Odisha

Gujarat

Bihar

Andhra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Chhattisgarh

Karnataka

Haryana

Broccoli

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi AAU, Guwahati, Assam

Variety Pyrate KTS-1

Crop period October - March November- April

RDF, kg/ha 120:60:60 80:60:60

Frequency Weekly Daily

Yield, t/ha 18 18.86

NUE, kg of produce per

kg of fert.75 94

RDF =80:100:100

Cabbage

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi SKRAU, Bikaner AAU, Guwahati

Variety Ramkrishna Pusa drum head Green Express

Crop period October - February October - Febraury October - Febraury

RDF, kg/ha 180:100:150 150:80:80 120:60:60

Frequency Weekly 10 days Daily

Yield, t/ha 75 22.3 53.8

State av. yield, t/ha 16.2 5.4 20.7

Increase in yield, % 363.2 314.5 159.7

NUE, kg of produce per kg of fert. 174 71 224

Area :0.04 Mha



RDF =180:50:50 Kg/ha

29%

15%

10%9%

9%

8%

7%6%

4% 3%

Cabbage production- top 10 states West Bengal

Odisha

Gujarat

Bihar

Andhra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Chhattisgarh

Karnataka

Haryana

Carnation

Parameters PFDC

RAU, Samastipur UAS, Bangalore MPKV, Rahuri

Variety PinguDona, Malaga, Charment and

Farida

Crop period 24-32 months 24-34 months 24-36 months

RDF, kg/ha 1400:800:1200 2000:800:600 2000:630:2700

Frequency 2 days fortnightly weekly

Yield, t/ha 2810000 1730000 3590000


kg of fert.826 508 673

RDF = 200:100:200

Cashew

Parameters PFDC

UAS, Bangalore SKRAU, Bikaner

Variety Ullal-I Mosambi

Crop period 24-32 months Perennial

RDF, kg/ha 400:100:100 288:200:240

Frequency 3 months 15 days

Yield, t/ha 1.7 16.24

State av. yield, t/ha 0.6 2.49

Increase in yield, % 161.9 53

NUE, kg of produce per kg of

fert. 28.080

Area : 0.10 Mha ;

Production=0.08 Million tons


RDF = 500:125:125 g/plant

Area : 0.03 Mha



RDF = 1500:350:550 g/plant

Sweet orange (Mosambi)

Cauliflower

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi AAU, Guwahati, IGKV, Raipur,

Variety Indam 9803 Snowball Madhuri

Crop period October to February 2012-2015

RDF, kg/ha 180:120:150 80:60:60 60:80:40

Frequency Weekly twice Daily Weekly

Yield, t/ha 60 34.8 30.03


Increase in yield, % 226 73 61

FUE, kg of produce per kg of fert. 133 174 166

Area : 0.04 Mha



RDF =150:80:120

Coconut

Parameters PFDC

TNAU, Coimbatore, UAS, Bangalore, KCAET, Tavanur

Crop period Perennial Perennial Perennial

RDF, kg/ha 369: 750: 667 500:320:1200 1000:500:2000

Frequency Monthly Monthly Monthly

Yield, t/ha 28 nuts/palm 120nuts/palm


Area :0.21 Mha


Productivity = 7 t/ha

RDF = 500:320:1200 g/plant

24%

32%

28%

9%

2% 1%1%1%1% 1%

Coconut production- top 10 states Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Andhra Pradesh

West Bengal

Odisha

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Bihar

Assam

Cowpea

Parameters PFDC

IGKV, Raipur

Variety Red Gold

Crop period Rabi

RDF, kg/ha 25:50:25

Frequency Weekly

Yield, t/ha 14.98



NUE, kg of produce per kg

of fert.

149.8

RDF = 25:70:70

Parameters PFDC

Dr. YSPUH&F

Variety Azad P-1

Crop period Oct-Feb

RDF, kg/ha 25:46:50

Frequency weekly

Yield, t/ha 14.5




of fert.119.83

Area : 0.04 Mha


Productivity =8.9 t/ha

RDF = 20:40:50

Pea

Coffee

Parameters PFDC

UAS, Bangalore

Variety Robusta

Crop period Perennial

RDF, kg/ha 240:240:240

Frequency 3 month

Yield, t/ha 1.24




Area : 0.43 Mha ;



RDF(kg/ha.) =80:60:80

72%

20%

5% 3% 0% 0%

Coffee production- top states Karnataka

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Odisha

Source: indiastat.com, 2015-16

Cotton

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi

Variety RCH-602 B11

Crop period June to December

RDF, kg/ha 300:100:250

Frequency Weekly

Yield, t/ha 2.47




Area : 11.69 Mha ;

Production= 36.19 Million bales;

Productivity = 3.1 bales/ha

RDF(kg/ha.) = 100:50:50

Source: .cicr.org.in, 2013-14

32%

22%19%

6%

5%5%

5% 4% 1%1%

Cotton production- top states Gujarat

Maharashtra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Haryana

Punjab

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Orissa

Tamil Nadu

Cucumber

Parameters PFDC

SKRAU,

Bikaner

UAS,

Bangalore,

GBPUAT,

Pantanagar

IGKV,

Raipur,

KCAET,

Tavanur

Variety Keyan NS 499 Don Ninja Hilton F1

RDF, kg/ha 120:80:100 60:50:80 50:25:25 100:50:50 175:125:300

Frequency 5 days weekly weekly weekly weekly

Yield, t/ha 154 175.65 105.2 38.83 200

Area : 0.004 Mha ;



Dutch Roses

Parameters PFDC

IIT, Kharagpur

Variety First Red and Gold Strike

Crop period December to January

RDF, kg/ha 36:72:30

Frequency Twice in week

Yield (No.) 3090000

NUE, kg of produce per kg of fert. 335

RDF = 75:125:100

Garlic

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi SKRAU, Bikaner,

Variety G 50 G-323

Crop period October to April Rabi

RDF, kg/ha 130:75:70 60:40:100

Frequency Weekly 10 days

Yield, t/ha 16.8 17.44


Area : 0.05 Mha



Gerbera

Parameters PFDC

MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra UAS, Bangalore, Karnataka

Variety SavannhGold spot, Ibiza, Rendavouz and

Rosabella

Crop period Perennial Perennial

RDF, kg/ha 2215:1107:2667 6240:4160:13000

Frequency weekly weekly

Yield, t/ha 2610000 2500000


of fert.435 106

Gladiolus

Parameters

PFDC

NAU, Navsari, GujaratGBPUAT, Pantnagar,

Uttarakhand

Variety Psittacinus Forta Rosa

Crop period 2008-10 12 months

RDF, kg/ha 200:100:100 400:100:100

Frequency weekly weekly

Yield, t/ha 4.7 3.2


kg of fert.11.75 5.33

RDF = 250:160:250

Guava

Parameters PFDC

CISH, Lucknow CIAE, Bhopal IIT, Kharagpur

Variety Allahabad safeda Allahabad safedaAllahabad

safeda


RDF, kg/ha 350:240:200 450:400:300 360:480:360

Frequency Monthly Quarterly 15 days

Yield, t/ha 14.63 11.09 35.66

FUE, kg of produce per kg

of fert.3.7 3.85 74

Area : 0.03 Mha ;



Mango

Parameters PFDC

OUAT, Bhubaneswar CIAE, Bhopal CISH, Lucknow

Variety Amrapalli and Mallika Dashehari


RDF, kg/ha 1000:500:1000 1000:1000:1500 1000:500:1000

Frequency 15 days 4 months Monthly

Yield, t/ha 9.6 3.04 5.9

FUE, kg of produce per kg of

fert.38.4 8.68 23.6

Area : 0.25 Mha



26%

17%

11%11%

8%

7%

7%5% 3% 5%

Mango Production- Top 10 states Uttar Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Telangana*

Bihar

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

West Bengal

Odisha

Okra

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi BAU, Ranchi

Variety Versa improved

Crop period February to May February to May

RDF, kg/ha 120:100:120 100:60:50

Frequency Weekly 15 days

Yield, t/ha 34.5 13

FUE, kg of produce per kg of fert. 101 62

Area : 0.05 Mha Production= 0.63 Million tons Productivity = 11.91 t/ha RDF = 100:50:50

16%

14%

14%12%

11%

8%

8%

7%6% 4%

Okra production- top 10 states West Bengal

Bihar

Maharashtra

Madhya Pradesh

Odisha

Gujarat

Haryana

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

Assam

Papaya

Parameters PFDC

NAU, Navsari

Variety Taiwan786


RDF, kg/ha 200:200:250

Frequency 15 days

Yield, t/ha 80

State av. Yield, t/ha 35

Increase in yield, % 56

Area : 0.01 Mha



RDF =250:250:500

29%

22%10%

9%

8%

6%5%4%

4% 3%Papaya production- top 10 states Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Madhya Pradesh

West Bengal

Chhattisgarh

Telangana*

Tamil Nadu

Assam

Potato

Parameters PFDC

IARI, New Delhi UAS, Bangalore, CCS, HAU,Hisar BAU, Ranchi PAU, Ludhiana

VarietyKufri Anand, Kufri Badsah, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Chipsona

Kufri Jyoti

Crop period October to February October-February October-February October-February

RDF, kg/ha214.5: 67.5: 434, CaO-50, MgO-90

125:125:150 125:50:100 150:60:90 305:82:83.5

Frequency weeklyFortnightly interval

Weekly 15 days 4 days

Yield, t/ha 42 25 31.9 24.5 44

State av. yield, t/ha 23.11 13.25 22.93 13.31 25.09

Increase in yield, % 81.73 88.67 39.11 84.07 75.36

FUE, kg of produce per kg of fert.

49 62 116 81.66 93

Area : 0.20 Mha ;



RDF =150:100:150

Rosemary

Parameters PFDC

UAS, Bangalore

RDF, kg/ha 80:32:32

Frequency monthly

Yield, t/ha 408

NUE, kg of produce

per kg of fert.2.83

Parameters PFDC

UAS, Bangalore

Variety Poona


RDF, kg/ha 300:200:200

Frequency monthly

Yield, t/ha 10


of fert.35

Fig

Sapota

Parameters PFDC

UAS, Bangalore RAU, Samastipur

Variety Kalipatti Baramasi

RDF, kg/ha 320:130:360 270:180:210

Frequency Monthly Monthly

Yield, t/ha 15 12.1 kg/plant

State av. yield, t/ha 11.73 -

Increase in yield, % 27.8 -

Area : 0.02 Mha ;



RDF =750:640:1200 (gm/plant)

21%

27%

17%

15%

14%

3%1%

1%

1%0%

Sapota production- top 10 statesKarnataka

Maharashtra

Gujarat

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

West Bengal

Odisha

Telangana*

Haryana

Andaman & Nicobar

Tomato

Parameters PFDC

Delhi Bikaner Raipur RAU Solan Rahuri

VarietyHimshikar,

Indam-2103Avinash Shaktiman Avinash Heemshona

Rajshree F1

hybrid

RDF, kg/ha 120:60:50 180:120:80 120:80:100 120:80:80 326: 475: 90 225:250:250

Frequency Weekly 10 days 7 days Alternate

dayAlternate days

Yield, t/ha 72 57.5 35.76 33.21 51 75

State av. yield, t/ha 27 47.65 16.42 19.2 41.5 24

Increase in yield, % 166 20.67 13.2 9 22.8 212

FUE, kg of produce

per kg of fert.313 151.31 119 118 57 103

Area :0.09 Mha ;



RDF(kg/ha.) = 120:60:50

12%

21%

13%10%9%

8%

8%

7%7% 5%

Tomato production- Top 10 statesMadhya PradeshAndhra PradeshKarnatakaTelanganaOdishaGujaratMaharashtraWest BengalBihar

Road map

New compounds and fertilizers need to be tested for theirsolubility and compatibility.

Water use efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency always gohand in hand, therefore, simple package of practices neededsuitable for agro climatic regions .

DSS /software will be helpful in technology dissemination.

Recommendations on fertigation for fruits and nonhorticultural crops needs to be generated.

Thanks for kind attention

Acknowledgement

Principal Investigators, PFDCHorticulture Commissioner, GoI and MS, NCPAH Executive Director and Mr. Naresh Modi (PD) and Mr. Rohit Lal (PD)Project staff of PFDC, IARI

research findings on fertigation by pfdcs across the … ms neelam patel.pdf · 6 eastern himalayan...

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