research chapter

7/24/2019 research chapter

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

The first chapter of the research facilitates researchers by providing fundamental details

regarding the present study. The chapter introduces the topic and issues on which the study is

based. For this reason, this chapter is symbolized as an introductory chapter which delineate

the significant features which the researcher aspires to undertake while accomplishing the

following research. In the context of the present study the researcher aspires to investigate the

perceptions possessed by parents and communities regarding the importance of English

language in primary and middle schools within the vicinity of Faisalabad, akistan. This

particular study will serve as a base for investigation of school development in Faisalabad,

akistan because no prior study up till now has attempted to explore the school!based issues.

This particular research will be the first study that in"uires about the erception of arents

and #ommunities about the importance of English $anguage in rimary and %iddle schoolsof Faisalabad, akistan. In order to achieve the schema of the present study, this chapter

amalgamates the research ob&ectives, the scope of the study and other important details which

would enable the researcher to develop the fruitful study.

1.2 Context of the Study

$anguage is considered as one of the important instrument that plays a significant role in the

development of an individual. In the view of %c#aleb '()*+ pp. )-, the proficiency in terms

of language empowers an individual to establish effective communication. The clarity within

communication enables an individual to share the thoughts with other people residing withinthe certain vicinity. ccording to $eung, /avison and %ohan '()*0 pp. 012-, language is

correlated with the culture of the person, along with this language refers to the tool which

stimulates the process of communication that ultimately leads towards the sharing of the

ideas and thoughts. In the view of 3a"uedano!$opez, lexander, and 4ernandez '()*+ pp.

*05!*6(-, the importance of learning foreign languages in developing countries has increased

with the passage of time7 this is because of the transformation of the world into global

village. s mentioned by %c#aleb '()*+ pp. )-, English is one of such language which is

used as a universal language, which is spoken and understood across the globe. Therefore, it

is believed that learning of foreign language is stimulated with the help of class room support

which enables the students to learn a certain language in the context of its social relationship.

In the view of #hen, 4ua, 8hou, Tao, $ee, $y and %ain '()*0 pp. *65-, the emergence of

globalization has made the multilingual approach of an individual mandatory, which

ultimately leads an individual to become more competitive in the fiercely competitive

business world.

$earning the second language in class rooms allows an individual to communicate with the

fellow students and teachers, this intra!classroom interactions adds a substantial amount of

value in the development of confidence within the students 'Evans and #leghorn, ()*0 pp.

)*!*5-. This means that interactive sessions conducted within the class rooms enable anindividual to incorporate the aspect of proficiency and fluency within the learned language.


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ccording to %c#aleb '()*+ pp. )-, the management of the schools and colleges plays a

significant role in the success of such second language learning programs as it is their

responsibility to encourage students to the speak English language in the classrooms.

s mentioned by $eung, /avison and %ohan '()*0 pp. 012-, the environment in which an

individual resides also plays a significant role in making children learn a particular language7

this is because facilitative environment motivates an individual to speak second language

rather than the native language. In addition to this, the methods employed by the management

of the schools also plays an important role in making a child learn a particular language other

than native language. s mentioned by ennycook '()*0 pp. 01-, the establishment of

English medium culture across the schools enables the management of the primary and

middle schools to deploy healthy working environment. Therefore, it can be analyzed that

unplanned learning is better than planned learning. s the unplanned learning encompasses

the development of certain skills without any conscious awareness of the learner, this

unplanned learning facilitates the learner to ac"uire certain skill without making an extraeffort. s mentioned by 3a"uedano!$opez, lexander, and 4ernandez '()*+ pp. *05!*6(-,

the development of an individual greatly depends upon the ability possessed by a person

regarding grasping of the particular knowledge. 4owever, the interest level of the learner

works as a stimulator which inclines an individual towards certain domain or sub&ect.

s mentioned by Tollefson, and Tsui '()*0 pp. *65!(*0-, parents and societal beliefs also

influence the academic performance of a child. This motivation derived from parents adds a

substantial value in the development of confidence within the learner. The world is

transforming into the highly diversified region, therefore learning the second language has

turned out to be one of the necessities of the present day world. In the view of ennycook

'()*0 pp. 01-, parent engagement within child academics allows the children to learn more

effectively, as the creation of facilitative environment at homes provides an additional

opportunity for the students in a context of learning. s stated by Engestrom '()*0 pp. 2!

52-, the theory of learning represents the framework which emphasizes the process through

which certain knowledge is absorbed by an individual. The behaviourism theory focuses on

the learning carried forward by an individual through observable behaviour. In the view of

9imonson and 8vacek '()*0 pp. *(-, the behaviourism approach of learning primarily beliefs

that people learn more in a system in which certain response is exerted by an individual upon

some stimulus. s far as learning of the second language is concerned the unplanned learningencompasses the behaviouristic approach. :n the other hand, the cognitive perspective

represents that learning ac"uired by an individual refers to the mental process which entails

the involvement of individual perceptions, decision!making ability along with the "uality of

memory. This theory reflects that the entire process of communication and learning

encompasses the neurological process in which the efficiency of decoding the encoded

message enhances the "uality of learning. In the view of 3a"uedano!$opez, lexander, and

4ernandez '()*+ pp. *05!*6(- the societal learning model represents that maximum

knowledge is ac"uired by an individual when learning takes place in small groups. The social

constructivism approach portrays that an individual is able to grasp maximum knowledge

when taught in groups. Therefore, through the analysis of the above!mentioned discussion it


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is "uite evident that perception of the parents and the community are significant in making an

individual to learn the second language effectively. In addition to this, the learning models

also represent various schools of thoughts regarding the ac"uisition and utilization of

knowledge by an individual. In the context of the present study the utilization of the above!

mentioned learning models would enable the researcher to extract maximum the insightsregarding the perceptions of parents and the society upon the adoption of English language

within the primary and middle schools.

1.3 Aim of the Research

ccording to 4air ;r,


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The auxiliary research "uestions are?

*.


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C Chapter ': (ata Ana&ysis? The chapter of data analysis entails the procedures

adopted by the researcher to analyze the gathered data. This chapter enables the researcher to

compute results ac"uired through the collected data.

C Chapter ): Conc&usions and Recommendations:The final chapter of the research

includes the overall findings of the research. 4owever, this chapter also includes the

recommendations proposed by the researcher in according to the findings accumulated

through data analysis.

1.1* Chapter Summary

The analysis of the entire chapter reveals that this study aspires to articulate upon the impacts

of the perceptions of the parents and the society regarding the adoption of English language

within primary and middle schools of Faisalabad. Furthermore, this chapter highlights the

step by step approach the employed by the researcher in order to accomplish this study. In

addition to this, the chapter also includes research ob&ectives and "uestions which enables the

researcher to develop an organized study. 4owever, the outline of the entire dissertation is

also portrayed in this chapter which highlights the line of action utilized by the researcher for

the successful completion of the study. In addition to this, the chapter also includes the

background of the study which enables the researcher to provide brief theoretical foundations

regarding the chosen topic. ccording to the research outline mentioned above, literature

review chapter will be added after completing the introduction section of the dissertation. The

next chapter will explore the theoretical and academic relevance of research ob&ectives

developed earlier through assessing them under the light of past studies.

Chapter 2: "iterature Re#ie$

2.1 Introduction

The literature review is second chapter in the process of a particular dissertation or research

pro&ect. The literature review involves analysis and evaluation of findings related to past

research studies. Therefore, this study has taken into account the concepts and theories that

have included in past studies to understand the between variable of study. The concept of

parent involvement has been thoroughly discussed in this literature review. Furthermore,

there are different types of parental perceptions regarding English language education thathave been covered in this chapter. It has been examined during process of literature review


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that community makes a ma&or contribution in childrenDs efforts to learn English language.

dditionally, this literature review has highlighted the importance of English language in

primary and middle schools. %oreover, it has covered the significance to learn English

language. Finally the perceptions and views of parents and communities have been evaluated

to ac"uire English language skills by children.

2.1 +arenta& In#oement

s described by 4afiz, Tehsin, %alik, %uhammad and %uhammad '()*+ pp. ()5!((+-, the

involvement of parents varies on the basis of culture of a particular society. It has been said

that the parental involvement fall into different categories that has ma&or impact on

performance and development of their children. The expectations of parents from their

children influence performance of their children. The parental involvement involves a variety

of activities such as to support children in reading and writing. Furthermore, it includes

motivating and encouraging children to achieve their academic tasks without any dependency

on others. The parents monitor and supervise various activities of their children that includes

in!house and outhouse tasks. The parents teach their children to enhance their knowledge and

skills on a wide range of sub&ects.

s stated by ;eynes '()) pp. 6(!**)- the perception of parents regarding child education has

become an indispensible part in learning and development of child. It is examined in a

research study that positive relationship exists between the involvement of parents and

childrenDs educational success. The relationship is found to possess highly strong during the

years of secondary school. It is evaluated in another research that parental involvement and

childrenDs performance is inconsistent with each other. arents= perception is effective increating an environment for children at home as well as at school. The parental involvement

is highly associated to children achievement in terms of learning language. The involvement

of parents can be classified into different ma&or categories7 these are parent=s responsibilities

in home activities, parent=s responsibilities in academic tasks either direct or indirect.

s described by /riessen, 9mit, and 9leegers '())1 pp. 1)5!1+(-7 %elhuish, han, 9ylva,

9ammons, 9ira&3latchford and Taggart, '())6 pp. 51!**0-, the involvement of parents has a

ma&or role in the tasks of children in school. Therefore parents engage in the communication

with teachers to analyze performance of their children. Furthermore, they evaluate

attendance of regulatory of children in a school. The parents check academic reports of theirchildren and examine reason behind their good and bad performance. There are parents who

are worried about extracurricular activities of their children. ccording to the view of parents,

extracurricular activities play a ma&or role in the learning of their children. The parents have

become highly active related to the performance of their children due to the high competition

in schools.

2.2 ,heories of +arenta& In#oement

s described by Areen,


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schools. The parent involvement is divided into different categories that include parenting,

volunteering, communicating, 4ome learning, decision making, and community

collaboration.

2.2.1 +arentin!

s ascertained by 4ill and Tyson '())5 pp. 0)-, the concept of parenting suggests creating a

co!operation between parents and schools. It helps parents to gather information related to

their children in terms of their academic means. Furthermore, teachers also need to

understand and analyze the different aspects of children in terms of family life. The

administration and teachers has to ensure that parents get appropriate and accurate

information with respect to their children academic performance. 4ence it leads towards the

development of good behavior in children. It helps to enhance confidence of children in a

particular school. The co!operation between parents and schools increase awareness and

enables children to meet challenges. dditionally, the development in the perception of

parents facilitates in integrating innovative learning programs that later expands the

effectiveness of students= performance.

2.2.2 Communicatin!

ccording to Ariffin and 9teen '()*) pp. (*6!((2-, there are schools that have developed the

practice to arrange meetings and engage in extensive communication to parents with respect

to children educational development. The communication helps to resolve problems that

create hurdles in performance of children. The communication involves activities such as

parents!teachers meeting, school conferences etc. Therefore parents get to know the

weaknesses of children that need to be focused to improve. The communication channels

being used by the schools should be improved as the existing era is known to be of

advancements. %ost of the schools these days, focus on updating parents regarding child=s

progress through electronic channels.

2.2.3 -o&unteerin!

s stated by Epstein and 9anders '())2 pp. 6*!*()-, the relation with families can be strong

by providing options or chances to parents to participate as volunteer in the events and

activities of school. arents, who participate in school events becomes highly comfortable in

communication with children. The volunteer activities are more encouraged in primary

schools as compared to secondary schools. The volunteering has ma&or contribution in the

development of skills among children. arents are likely to appreciate efforts of children and

teachers in volunteering type. dditionally, teachers get able to identify children weakness

and provide attention to get over those hurdles. This monitoring practice contributes for the

child=s progress and performance. The teachers are able to explore the practices that will help

in reducing child=s weaknesses. It is essential for the schools to promote the volunteering

practice among children because it will benefit in increasing the students effectiveness and

performance which motivate them to excel in academics and education.

2.2.' ome "earnin!


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The parent=s involvements in the educational development of children highly occur at home.

The teachers need to identify about the learning of children that takes place at home strives to

capitalize upon it. The teachers are re"uired to enhance understanding of parents in terms of c

their children academic curriculum. Furthermore, teachers need to aware children with

respect to practices and systems that are followed in children. This type of parent=sinvolvement enables to reduce gap that exist between schools and families due to the

different cultures. Therefore, it is necessary that teachers provide detail to parents related to

learning process and activities in schools that help parents to positively contribute in

educational growth of their children. %oreover, the learning errands proposed for the students

should be reviewed at home as well since it helps in smoothing children=s concept regarding

the tasks. For this concern, parent=s perception re"uires to be increased as they are

responsible for their children=s learning interest and performance.

2.2.) (ecision %a/in!

s explained by /omina '())1 pp. ++!(05-, the parents take ma&or decision with respect to

the activities and education of children. The decisions are aim to enhance skills and

performance of their children. The benefits from this type of parental involvement are

increased awareness in families. Furthermore, it develops ownership and connection feelings

between parents and teachers. In addition, the perception of parents is also essential because

they are the decision makers of student=s educations. It is their responsibility to shape the

educational strategies for their children. The selection of an appropriate school helps in

reducing the parental stress regarding the decision making process of their child=s progress.

2.2.6 Community Co&&a0oration

ccording to Epstein '())1 pp. *1*!*)-, teachers and parents put efforts to organize

resources that are supportive in the education of children. The co!operation among parents,

teachers and society has a ma&or positive contribution in development and learning of

children. There are high learning opportunities for children by maintaining collaboration

among community, families and schools. The children increase their interaction with

communication that enhances their social skills.

2.3 ducation and Its Importance

s described by bdal, han, zhar, 9hahzad and mir '()*+ pp. 21-7 %emon '()) pp. 0!

11- education is considered as one of the activities to interact and socialize with society. It is

examined as one of the obligation of families in a particular society. Education contributes in

the "uality and growth of a specific economy and makes a positive contribution in the

achievement and career development of an individual person. It has been realized that success

of an economy is related to the level of education of society. The investment in education

sector of akistan is very adversely affects educational development of children. The

education is one of factors that are included in millennium development goals. The basic

level of education in akistan is very low that is not considered as good for a particular

society.


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s ascertained by halid and han '())2 pp. +)1!+((-7 azmi and uran '())1 pp. 5)!*)-,

there are various factors that affect the development and growth of children education in

provinces of akistan. The dropout or failure rate of children in the province of 3aluchistan is

high because parents are not educated. Furthermore, there are inade"uate facilities for

children in schools in the province of 3aluchistan. %oreover, there is no training that hasbeen provided to teachers in terms of providing education to children. The traditions, values

and customs of community creates hurdle in education of children and the income of their

children, therefore they cannot facilitate education. The developing countries such as

akistan, India, etc are re"uired to efficiently utilize resources that help to provide education

in primary and secondary schools. GBE9#: has emphasized the importance of education in

the development of children.

2.' Importance of n!&ish "an!ua!e

ccording to li, hmad, %anzoor and Baseer '()*0 pp. (*!++-, English language has

become necessary since the inception of English imperialism. The English language is

officially spoken in merica, ustralia, Indian sub!continent etc. The English language has

become a common platform of communication in the world. There are some countries that

do not adopt English language and are stick to their native language. The perception of

English language significance varies from country to country. The English language is

identified and spoken in every corner of the world that provides convenience to individuals

during travelling in different countries '#oleman, ()** pp. 5!(*7 Borton, ())2 pp. ((!++-.

The trade agreements, newspaper, &ournal articles are published in English language in

various countries.

ccording to 4ashwani '())6 pp. ()!(0-7 #ummins, 3ismilla, #how, #ohen, Aiampapa,

$eoni and 9astri '())1 pp. +6-7 Borton '())2 pp. ((!++-, the English language is commonly

used in different and industries over the world. The English language helps an individual to

stand and compete in a society. English has become the international language for

communication with individuals and business. The English language has enabled a person to

share and communicate their ideas and opinions with others in a society. The English has

become the compulsory sub&ect in higher education of akistan. Therefore, English language

in necessary is primary as well as secondary schools. It is identified in a research that

opinions of parents, teachers and communities are important with respect to the learning of

English language in primary and secondary schools.

2.) +arents +erception Re!ardin! n!&ish "earnin! of Chi&d

ccording to >owe, :zcaaliHkan and Aoldin!%eadow '())6 pp. *6(!*55-, the parents

accelerates the learning and development of English language of a child. If the parents are

well educated then it helps their children to learn and adopt English language easily. In

contrast to this, if parents have low educational background then they cannot support their

language in education and English language learning. The literate parents need to identify

level of learning of their children. Therefore, it helps them to incorporate the skills of English

language in their children. The parents with low educational level can hand over this

responsibility to teachers and mentors to help their children in learning of English language.


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The parents need to encourage their children to learn English language as it positively

contributes in educational development. The parents need to motivate their children with

respect to the learning of English language '#sizer and ormos, ())5 pp. 56!**5-.

Furthermore, parents need to aware with respect to the performance of their children. It help

parent to assess abilities of children with respect to the learning of a particular skill.

s stated by ugust, #arlo, /ressler and 9now '())1 pp. 1)!1-, parents have to spend

ample time with children to ade"uately guide them in learning English language. The parents

that provide positive feedback to children in learning lead towards building confidence in

them. The parents have to keep realistic expectation from their children to enhance their

language skills. The parents need to emphasize or appreciate the efforts of their children that

positively affect perception of children to learn English language. The parents need to put

efforts to enhance vocabulary of children and helps them to understand its uses in different

contexts. The development of good interpersonal relations between parents and children

positively helps to learn English language. The parents make proper planning that consist ofdifferent to enable a child to learn English language over time 'roctor, #arlo, ugust and

9now, ())1 pp. (02-. The opportunities need to be given to children by parents to learn

English language independently as well.

2.6 +erception of Communities in n!&ish "earnin! of Chi&d

s explained by ;anagara&ah '()) pp. 5(+!5+5-, the community is defined as boundaries

where child and individual grow up7 therefore it affects their learning process. The language

that is used in a particular community affects the process of English language learning of a

child. The communities consist of the relatives, friends, and other members of a society thathas consistent interaction with children. If English language in fre"uently used in particular

society then if affects development of a child. Every individual and child has a need to be

associated with other members7 therefore they adopt rules and practice that is followed in a

particular society. Therefore, if English language is commonly used by members of

community then it encourages children to learn a particular language. The community is

effective in enhancing motivational level of students. If community discourages children

efforts to learn English language then, they will not be able to get proficiency in it. The

community provides opportunities to children of real world to learn any language or skills.

The community helps to provide necessary tools to children to be easily to easily learn an

English language 'Aeva and aghoub8adeh, ())2 pp. +*!1-. The members of society

transfer their ac"uired information to children to build their skills in English language.

s described by Bystrand '())2 pp. +5(!0*(-, the "uality of learning English language is

dependent on the nature of interaction with society. The community helps children to make a

clear goal with regard to learning and development of English language. There are different

types of people who exist in a society and they play a different role in the learning of child.

There are some members that motivate and facilitate children to enhance their English

language learning skills. In contrast to this, there are individuals of community that

negatively affects the growth of a child to learn particular language skills. Therefore, it isconsidered as the responsibility of parents to enhance their relations with members that help


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children in their learning and growth '


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education is considered as important because it positively contributes in achievements of

children. The education is important because it helps to enhance confidence among

individuals. The education has become like basic necessity to survive and live in a society.

Furthermore, it is discussed in literature that English language has also become an

indispensible part of a particular individual or society. The significance of English languageis analyzed in a way that, it is used as a common language over the world. It is evaluated that

both parents and communities can encourage or discourage children to learn a particular

during the stages of primary and secondary schools. The third chapter will determine the

research methodology adopted for the completion of present study.

Chapter 3: Research %ethodo&o!y

3.1 Introduction


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The third chapter of the research encompasses the process and procedures utilized by the

researcher while accomplishing the particular study. This chapter undertakes the philosophy,

approach and strategy along with data analysis procedures employed by the researcher in

order to satisfy the predefined ob&ectives of the study. s the present study aspires to evaluate

the perceptions possessed by parents and the society regarding the adoption of Englishlanguage in primary and middle schools within the vicinity of Faisalabad the methodology of

the current research is mentioned as under

3.2 Research +hi&osophy

In context of the present study the researcher has utilized positivism as the research

paradigm. The reason behind using this philosophy for the study refers to the nature of the

study which reflects the study being "uantitative. In addition to this, the positivism enabled

the researcher to relay the analysis of the gathered "uantitative data on the basis of

mathematical findings. Therefore, the utilization of this philosophy empowers the researcher

to develop such fruitful study and satisfy the predefined ob&ectives of the study. 9aunders,

9aunders, $ewis and Thornhill '()** pp. 1- stated that selection of an appropriate research

philosophy represents the mindset of the researcher while analyzing the gathered data.

Thereby, using positivism philosophy permits the researcher to analyze the data without any

personal pre&udices and biasness

3.3 Research Approach

s the present study aspires to evaluate the perceptions of parents and society regarding the

adoption of English language in primary and middle schools, the researcher has chosen

inductive approach as research approach for the present study. The inductive research

approach facilitates the researcher to focus upon the areas of core importance in reference to

predefined research ob&ectives and "uestions. The theory formulated in this approach is based

upon the analysis and evaluations carried forward with the help of primary and secondary

data. 9aunders, 9aunders, $ewis and Thornhill '()** pp. 1- &ustified that the adoption of the

inductive research approach enables the researcher to test the gathered data after the

formulation of theory.

3.' Research (esi!n

In context of present study, the explanatory and descriptive research designs have been

adopted by the researcher, this is because both the research designs enabled the researcher to

investigate regarding the identified research problem in detail. Furthermore, the chosen

research design also facilitates the researcher by providing a multi dimensional picture

relating to the issue as it also undertakes the usage of secondary information. The study of

4air ;r,


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s far as the present research is concerned, survey strategy is used by the researcher in order

to gather the re"uired data. s the present study aspires to investigate the perceptions

possessed by parents and society regarding the adoption of English language in primary and

middle schools the survey strategy re"uires the circulation of the "uestionnaires amongst the

respondents of the study. In addition to this, the survey strategy also empowered theresearcher to analyze the gathered data with an ease, as this strategy "uantifies the responses

gathered from the respondents upon the established ranking scale. :n the other hand, the

adoption of other research strategies would have made the present study more complex and

time consuming. s expressed by 3ryman and 3ell '()*1 pp. 12- survey strategy refers to the

time effective approach deployed by the researcher in order to collect the data.

3.6 Sources of (ata Co&&ection

The source of data collection refers to all the resources through which the data has been

extracted by the researcher in order to satisfy the predefined goals and ob&ectives of the study.

In context of present research development of this research undertook the data from the

primary sources and well as from the secondary sources. The secondary sources of data

include all the information collected from the books, &ournal articles and certain online

sources. The secondary sources of data entail the refined information processed by the prior

researcher in the common domain. :n the other hand, the primary data utilized in this

research is accumulated with the help of the respondents of the study. The adoption of both

the data sources enabled the researcher to get the multi dimensional picture of the issue as the

secondary data reflects the point of view possessed by the prior researchers, whereas the

primary data portrays the perceptions of the respondents. ccording to 4air ;r,


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Faisalabad akistan. In addition to this, the sample constitutes of such individuals whose

children are studying in the chosen primary and middle schools. Those respondents involve

the parents and communities as they will give their perceptions regarding the current research

issue. The estimated sample is chosen with the help of non!probability sampling techni"ue

called convenience sampling as it has enabled the researcher to collect data with an easyapproach. Therefore, the names of the schools and the area from where the population and by

extension the sample is randomly derived as follows.

*. Aovernment Airls rimary 9chool in / Around

(. Aovernment 3oys rimary 9chool motorway colony

+. Aovernment 3oys Elementary 9chool, %illat Town

0. Aovernment Airls Elementary 9chool, Bishatabad

thica& Considerations

Ethical considerations refer to the essential part of the study. It is mandatory for the

researchers to consider all the ethical concerns while accomplishing the research. There are

three types of ethical considerations which include autonomy, anonymity and confidentiality

'9aunders, 9aunders, $ewis and Thornhill, ()** pp. 1-. eeping their importance in mind,

the researcher has assured that none of the ethical values are desecrated. Therefore the

secrecy of the private information of the respondents along with the freedom of speech refers

to the one of the concerns assured by the researcher.

3. (ata Ana&ysis

fter the collection of data, data analysis is carried forward by the researcher. In context of

present study, the researcher has utilized the statistical software called 999 in order to

evaluate the responses gathered from the respondents. The adoption of the statistical

instrument enabled the researcher to pursue sound analysis of the accumulated results. It has

involved the reliability statistics and graphical representation of the data with the help of

descriptive statistics. 4air ;r,


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carried forward with the help of 999. The upcoming section is named as data analysis

chapter in which collected information and data is analyzed and findings are interpreted. The

next chapter will explore the research results and findings.

research chapter

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