research article the effective electrolytic recovery of

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of Waste ManagementVolume 2013 Article ID 164780 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013164780

Research ArticleThe Effective Electrolytic Recovery of Dilute Copper fromIndustrial Wastewater

Teng-Chien Chen12 Ricky Priambodo1 Ruo-Lin Huang1 and Yao-Hui Huang12

1 Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan2 Sustainable Environment Research Center National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701 Taiwan

Correspondence should be addressed to Yao-Hui Huang yhhuangmailnckuedutw

Received 17 January 2013 Revised 19 March 2013 Accepted 19 March 2013

Academic Editor Francesco Veglio

Copyright copy 2013 Teng-Chien Chen et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Electroplating copper industry was discharged huge amount wastewater and cause serious environmental and health damagein Taiwan This research applied electrical copper recovery system to recover copper metal In this work electrotreatment of aindustrial copper wastewater ([Cu] = 30000mg Lminus1) was studied with titanium net coated with a thin layer of RuO

2

IrO2

(DSA)reactor The optimal result for simulated copper solution was 999 copper recovery efficiency in current density 0585Adm2 andno iron ion Due to high concentration of iron and chloride ions in real industrial wastewater the copper recovery efficiency wasdown to 60 Although the copper recovery efficiency was not high as simulated copper solution high environmental economicvalue was included in the technology The possibility of pretreating the wastewater with iron is the necessary step before theelectrical recovery copper system

1 Introduction

Heavy metals are elements having atomic weights between635 and 2006 gmol and a specific gravity greater than50 [1] With the rapid development of industries such asmetal plating facilities mining operations fertilizer indus-tries tanneries batteries paper industries and pesticidesheavymetalswastewaters are directly or indirectly dischargedinto the environment increasingly especially in developingcountries Unlike organic contaminants heavymetals are notbiodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organismsand many heavy metal ions are known to be toxic or carcino-genic Toxic heavy metals of particular concern in treatmentof industrial wastewaters include nickel mercury cadmiumlead and chromium

Electroplating copper industry discharged huge amountof wastewater into wastewater plant Copper does essentialwork in animal metabolism however the excessive ingestionof copper brings about serious toxicological concerns suchas vomiting cramps convulsions or even death [2 3] Dueto the of complexity production processes in electroplatingcopper manufacturing only acid washing water which con-tains abundant cupric ions was considered to be reclaimed

here Copper is a really rare and valuable metal The price ofcopper is getting higher recently and the production cost isincreasing and therefore it is really important to considerspent copper plating solution

In recent years there is an increasing interest in the devel-opment of effective electrochemical methods for the removalof metal ions from wastewaters [4 5] The metal ions areeffectively recovered from dilute solution using ion exchangetechnique but the high cost of resin limits its application[6 7] however the electrolytic process has the advantages ofmetal recovery without further sequential treatment

Electrode position has been usually applied for therecovery of metals from wastewater It is a ldquocleanrdquo technologywith no presence of the permanent residues for the separationof heavy metals [8] Oztekin and Yazicigil (2006) foundthat electrode position is an applicable method for therecovery of metals under appropriate conditions [9] Theyinvestigated the electrolytic recovery of metals from aqueoussolutions containing complexing chelating agents such asEDTA nitrilotriacetic acid and citrate in a two-chamber cellseparating with a commercial cation-exchange membraneThe results showed that least value of recovery of metal wasapproximately 40 and this value increased due to the type

2 Journal of Waste Management

of the experiments up to 90 for copper Chang et al (2009a)used electro deposition in conjunction with ultrasound toreclaim EDTA-copper wastewater [10] They found that thetechnique can effectively remove copper (956) and decom-pose EDTA (84CODremoval) fromwastewater Issabayevaet al (2006) [8] presented on the electro deposition of copperand lead ions onto palm shell AC electrodes Besides recov-ery of Cd and Ni by electro deposition was investigated [11]

In this study the optimal conditions including effect ofiron concentration effect of electric current for electrolyticrecovery of Cu+2 ions in simulated copper solution Theoptimal experiment condition was applied into the realwastewater form electroplating copper industry and also thecopper recovery efficiency is evaluated in this study

2 Method and Materials

21 Materials The 30000 ppm CuSO4

FeCl3

sdot6H2

O andFeCl2

sdot4H2

O solution was purchased from Merck CompanyIn order to study the influence of the high organic contami-nants on the recovery of copper from the raw effluent exper-iments have been carried out in the synthetic effluent withoutany organic contaminants containing 30000mgLminus1 of Cu inH2

SO4

The reproducibility was checked by performing allthe experiments to a minimum of at least three times

The real industrial wastewaters were supplied form JMchemical and GW industries

22 Methods The experimental setup contains 2 plate elec-trodes of 18 cm (L) times 17 cm (H) (0039312 dm2) DSA netas anode and 1 plate electrode of 18 cm (L) times 17 cm (H)(00468 dm2) stainless steel as cathode Experiments wereperformedwith 14 L copperwater solution into a 24 L acrylicelectrolytic reactor tank (20 cm (L) times 6 cm (W) times 20 cm (H))with 432 cm2 effective cathode surface area The reactor wasalso operated at a constant current mode Recycling pumpwas also used for the mixing of the solution The reactor wasshown in Figure 1

The electric power supply was purchased fromMaxGoodmechanical company (Taiwan) (Figure 2) The effluent vol-ume of 200mLwas taken for all the experiments Electrolyseswere carried out as such in the raw effluent at different currentdensity (0234 0468 0585 and 0702Adm2) The copperrecovery efficiency effects of no iron ferrous and ferric ionswere also evaluated in this study

In this study the optimal energy consumption is animportant issue It is important to spend less energy and gethigher copper recovery efficiency The specific energy con-sumption (EC) is calculated

23 Analysis Method All the reagents used for chemicalprecipitation were in industrial quality All the preparationsand experiments were done at the room temperature All thesamples were filtered with TOYO 045 120583m mixed celluloseester filters before analysis Concentrations of Cu and Fe weremeasured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer(GBC Sens A) after proper pretreatment according to theinstrument manufacturerrsquos recommendations

(a)

(b)

Figure 1 The electrical reactor for gold recovery (1) Double elec-trode cell (2) Recycling pump (3) Power supply

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 10 15 30 45 60 90 120 150 180 240 300 480Time (min)

Without ironFerrous ionFerric ion

CuC

u 0

Figure 2 The copper reduction rate with different types of iron

3 Result and Discussion

31 The Effect of Iron Concentration The behavior of ironduring electro-winning of copper from sulphate electrolytesis well known and its effect on the performance of the copperelectro-winning process has been reported by [12ndash15] whohave examined the interaction of iron [Fe+2 Fe+3] during

Journal of Waste Management 3

copper electro-winning from dilute solutions and Cooke etal (1990) [16] who have studied the mass transfer kinetics ofthe ferrous-ferric system in copper sulphate electrolyte Ironeffect is an important parameter in the electrical recoverycopper system It is well known that furious is a strong tran-sition metal catalyst which is applied in the electrical Fentonsystem [17] The ferric ion is a strong reduction catalyst it isreduced in the electrical chemical reactionThe predominantcathode reactions during copper electrowinning from acidsulphate electrolytes can be represented by

Cathode

Copper deposition Cu+2 + 2eminus 997888rarr Cu(1)

Fe (III) reduction Fe+3 + eminus 997888rarr Fe+2 (2)

Cu + 2Fe+3 997888rarr Cu+2 + 2Fe+2 Δ119864 = 0431V (3)

Hydrogen evolution 2H3

Ominus + 2eminus 997888rarr H2

+ 2H2

O (4)

Anode

2H2

O 997888rarr O2

+ 4H+ + 4eminus(5)

Fe+2 997888rarr Fe+3 + e (6)

In this research the three different electrical copperrecovery systems are evaluatedThe result of copper recoveryefficiency between three systems was shown in Figure 3

Figure 3 and Table 1 showed that the copper reductionefficiency at 480min reached 836 9956 and 999 forferric ferrous and without iron ions respectively

Reactions (1) and (2) will be mass transfer controlledduring copper electrowinning Hydrogen evolution will onlyoccur if the cathode current density is greater than the limit-ing value for copper deposition Fe+3 was conversed to Fe+2and also copper metal was also oxidized to Cu+2 The meaneffect of raising the Fe+3 concentration caused low copperreduction rate Moreover the adverse effect was occurred byincreasing the concentration of Fe+3 in the electrical recoverycopper system

According to previous research adding applicative con-centration of Fe+2 will increase the copper recovery efficiencyIn this research different concentrations were evaluated Theresult of ferrous recovery was shown in Figure 4 Figure 4showed that the copper removal efficiency at 300min was8608 and 5442 of 75 gL and 30 gL ferrous ion respec-tively Reactions (5) and (6) show Fe+2 to be oxidized to Fe+3in the anode In the cathode the Fe+3was reduced to Fe+2 andcoppermetal was oxidized to copper ionThe result indicatedthat the concentration of Fe+2 and Fe+3 affected the copperrecovery rate in the electrical recovery copper system

32 Effect of Current Density Current density is the amountof electrical current flowing in a unit of cross-sectional areaof that reactor Current density is important to the designof electrical and electronic systems The range of currentdensity was applied from 0234 to 0702Admminus2 to make athorough discussion In the simulation copper concentration

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

CuC

u 0

Fe+2 = 0gLFe+2 = 75 gLFe+2 = 30gL

Figure 3 The varied for concentration of Fe+2 in the electrical cop-per recovery system

Table 1 The copper reduction rate with different types of iron

Types of iron Reduction percent 2 h 4 h 8 h

Without iron 548 99 999With ferrous ion 395 628 9956With ferric ion 283 466 836

is 30000mgL Figure 5 shows the changes at different currentdensity at pH 25 plusmn 03 It is noticed that the rate ofcopper removal increased with the increased current densityTable 2 and Figure 5 indicated that the copper concentra-tions removal efficiencies were 2097 8608 9880 and9990 for 0234 0468 0585 and 0702Admminus2 at 360minrespectively Furthermore for a longer reaction time of480min the copper concentrations could be down to 2854and 1928mg Lminus1 for 0585 and 0702Admminus2 respectivelyThis observation is better than the results reported in theliterature [18]

Depending on the solution composition of the effluentdifferent reactions can occur at the electrodes In the presentstudy following reactions (1)ndash(6) would have taken placewithin the electrolytic cell Due to the optimal economicalreason the current density for 0585Adm2 was the bestcondition

33 The Optimal Experimental Condition From the benchexperiment the Fe+2 and Fe+3 affected the copper recoveryefficiency in the electrical recovery copper system No ironion effect was the best condition in this research In thecurrent density issue the optimal economical reason thecurrent density for 0585Adm2 was the best condition


Fe = 0 gLFe = 75 gL

(a)

Fe = 30 gL

(b)

Figure 4 The iron effect in the electrical copper recovery system

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

CuC

u 0

0468 A dmminus20585 A dmminus2


Figure 5The copper recovery efficiency for different current densi-ty

4 Real Industrial Wastewater

The concnetration of iron and copper ions in the wastewaterwere analysized by atomic absorption spectrophotometeranalysis (AA) The result was shown in Table 3 Table 3 indi-cated that high concentrations of iron and copper were pre-sented in this real industrial wastewater Form the manufac-ture process the rawmaterials for the electrical recovery cop-per system processes are cupric chloride and copper sulfate inthe JMchemical andGWindustry Indeed the optimal exper-imental conditions were applied into this real wastewater andthis research was evaluated the copper recovery efficiency

41 The Copper Recovery Efficiency Figure 6 illustrated thecopper recovery efficiency between simulated copper solu-tion and real industrial wastewaterThe high copper recovery

Table 2The effect of copper recovery efficiency for current density

Times (min) Current density(Adm2) Copper recover ratio ()

360

0234 20970468 86080585 98800702 9990

480

0234 24290468 99650585 9990702 9994

Table 3 The atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA) analysisfor theGoodWeld (GW) and JohgMaw (JM) industrial wastewaters

[Cu] (ppm) [Fe] (ppm)GW 36000 50000JM 36000 100000

efficiency occurred because there is no any iron effect Table 3indicated that thewastewater for the iron concentration in theJM chemical was two times higher than GoodWeld industryAs reactions (1)ndash(6) copper metal is oxidized to cupper ionwhen the high concentration of Fe+3 was added The resultwas consistent with Das and Krishna research [19]

The chloride ion was an important factor to affect copperrecovery efficiency The electro-derived chlorine chemistrywith a DC current could generate several oxidants (Cl

2

HOCl OClminus) in the presence of cupric chlorideThe dissolu-tion reactions of copper in chloride solution can be repre-sented as [3 5 20]

Leach Cu + Cl2(aq) 997888rarr Cu2+ + 2Clminus (7)

Cu + Cl3

minus

997888rarr Cu2+ + 3Clminus (8)

Cu2+ + Cu 997888rarr 2Cu+ (9)


0010203040506070809

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

JMLabGW

CuC

u 0

Figure 6The copper recovery efficiency between simulated coppersolution and the electroplating copper industry wastewater

As a result one mole of chlorine can oxidize twomoles ofcopper to cuprous state by obtaining two electrons Howeverwhen the dissolution rate of chlorine is faster than leachingrate of copper with cupric ions (9) cuprous ions are oxidizedwith chlorine as follows

Anode Cu+ 997888rarr Cu2+ + eminus (10)

Due to the chloride ion effect the low copper recoveryefficiency occurred

42 The Energy Consumption (EC) The specific energy con-sumption (EC) is calculated from the formula

EC =119860 (amp) times 119881 (volt) times 119905 (hr) times 1000(119862

0

minus 119862) (mgL) times 119881119903

(L) (11)

where 119864 sdot 119862 is KWhKg 119860 is operational ampere 119881 is oper-ational volts 119879 is operational time 119862 is initial concentration119881

119903

is operational volume (L)Table 4 and Figure 7 show the energy consumption for

copper deposition between real industrical wastewater andsimulated copper solution The low energy consumption wasaround 703KWhkg for simulated copper solution in the twohours operation time Due to complex chemical compoundsfor the real industrial wastewater such as iron high energyconsumption was around 3239 KWhkg The low copperrecovery efficiency form real industrial wastewaterwas gottenin the electrical recovery copper system

5 Conclusion

Thehigh copper recovery efficiency can operate for simulatedcopper solution at high current density (0585Admminus2) andobtain copper recovery efficiency (gt999) The optimumoperational time and current density were around two hoursand 0585Admminus2 from simulated copper solution In the real

Table 4 Evaluated the energy consumption between real industrialwastewater and simulated copper solution

EC 2 h(KWhkg)

4 h(KWhkg)

6 h(KWhkg)

8 h(KWhkg)

GW 3562 4007 5157 6621JM 3239 5834 9859 13793Lab 703 803 1002 1327

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)Lab

JMGW

(KW

hKg

)

Figure 7 Evaluated the electrolytic recovery system in the energyconsumption for copper recovery between the electroplating copperindustry wastewater and simulated copper solution

industrial wastewater high concentration of iron reduced thecopper recovery efficiency so the high energy consumption(EC) occurred

Although the copper recovery efficiency was not high assimulated copper solution high environmental economicalvalue was included in the technology In the future studyit is also considered that the new type reactor was capableof recovering substantial copper content from industrialwastewaterThe possibility of pretreating the wastewater withiron is the necessary step before the electrical recovery cop-per system

Conflict of Interests

The authors do not have a direct financial relationship withthe commercial identities mentioned in the paper that mightlead to a conflict of interests

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Ministry of Economic Affairs ofRepublic of China for financial support of this research underContract no 101-EC-17-A-10-S1-187


References

[1] N K Srivastava and C BMajumder ldquoNovel biofiltrationmeth-ods for the treatment of heavy metals from industrial wastewa-terrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 151 no 1 pp 1ndash8 2008

[2] C O Adewunmi W Becker O Kuehnast F Oluwole and GDorfler ldquoAccumulation of copper lead and cadmium in fresh-water snails in southwestern Nigeriardquo Science of the Total Envi-ronment vol 193 no 1 pp 69ndash73 1996

[3] A T Paulino F A S Minasse M R Guilherme A V Reis EC Muniz and J Nozaki ldquoNovel adsorbent based on silkwormchrysalides for removal of heavy metals from wastewatersrdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 301 no 2 pp 479ndash487 2006

[4] M Spitzer and R Bertazzoli ldquoSelective electrochemical recov-ery of gold and silver from cyanide aqueous effluents usingtitanium and vitreous carbon cathodesrdquo Hydrometallurgy vol74 no 3-4 pp 233ndash242 2004

[5] E Y Kim M S Kim J C Lee M K Jha K Yoo and J JeongldquoEffect of cuprous ions on Cu leaching in the recycling of wastePCBs using electro-generated chlorine in hydrochloric acidsolutionrdquoMinerals Engineering vol 21 no 1 pp 121ndash128 2008

[6] T J Kanzelmeyer and C D Adams ldquoRemoval of copperfrom a metal-complex dye by oxidative pretreatment and ionexchangerdquoWater Environment Research vol 68 no 2 pp 222ndash228 1996

[7] K Fernando T Tran S Laing and M J Kim ldquoThe use of ionexchange resins for the treatment of cyanidation tailings Part 1-Process development of selective base metal elutionrdquo MineralsEngineering vol 15 no 12 pp 1163ndash1171 2002

[8] G Issabayeva M K Aroua and N M Sulaiman ldquoElectrode-position of copper and lead on palm shell activated carbon ina flow-through electrolytic cellrdquo Desalination vol 194 no 1ndash3pp 192ndash201 2006

[9] Y Oztekin and Z Yazicigil ldquoRecovery of metals from com-plexed solutions by electrodepositionrdquo Desalination vol 190no 1ndash3 pp 79ndash88 2006

[10] J H Chang A V Ellis C T Yan and C H Tung ldquoThe electro-chemical phenomena and kinetics of EDTA-copper wastewaterreclamation by electrodeposition and ultrasoundrdquo Separationand Purification Technology vol 68 no 2 pp 216ndash221 2009

[11] C C Yang ldquoRecovery of heavy metals from spent Ni-Cd bat-teries by a potentiostatic electrodeposition techniquerdquo Journalof Power Sources vol 115 no 2 pp 352ndash359 2003

[12] J G G A Butts Copper The Science and Technology of theMetal its Alloys and Compounds vol 122 of ACS MonographReinhold New York NY USA 1960

[13] T N Anderson C N Wright and K J Richards ldquoImportantelectrochemical aspects of electrowinning copper fiom acidleach solutionsrdquo in International Symposium on Hydrometal-lurgy D J I Evans and R S Shoemaker Eds vol 127 p 154AIME 1973

[14] R Winand ldquoElectrocrystallization of copperrdquo Transactions ofThe Institution of Mining and Metallurgy C vol 84 pp 67ndash751975

[15] DW Dew and C V Phillips ldquoThe effect of Fe(II) and Fe(III) onthe efficiency of copper electrowinning from dilute acid Cu(II)sulphate solutions with the chemelec cell Part I Cathodic andanodic polarisation studiesrdquoHydrometallurgy vol 14 no 3 pp331ndash349 1985

[16] A Cooke J Chilton and D Fray ldquoMass-transfer kinetics of theferrous-ferric electrode process in copper sulphate elecrowin-ning electrolytesrdquo Transactions of The Institution of Mining andMetallurgy C vol 98 1990

[17] S Karthikeyan A Titus A Gnanamani A Mandal and GSekaran ldquoTreatment of textile wastewater by homogeneous andheterogeneous Fenton oxidation processesrdquo Desalination vol281 pp 438ndash445 2011

[18] G Chen ldquoElectrochemical technologies in wastewater treat-mentrdquo Separation and Purification Technology vol 38 no 1 pp11ndash41 2004

[19] S C Das and P G Krishna ldquoEffect of Fe(III) during copperelectrowinning at higher current densityrdquo International Journalof Mineral Processing vol 46 no 1-2 pp 91ndash105 1996

[20] D M Muir ldquoBasic principles of chloride hydrometallurgyrdquo inProceedings of the International Conference Chloride MetallurgyPractice and Theory of ChlorideMetal Interaction E Peek andG vanWeert Eds vol 2 pp 759ndash791 CIMMontreal Canada2002

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

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Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of



Waste ManagementJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Geological ResearchJournal of

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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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ClimatologyJournal of


of the experiments up to 90 for copper Chang et al (2009a)used electro deposition in conjunction with ultrasound toreclaim EDTA-copper wastewater [10] They found that thetechnique can effectively remove copper (956) and decom-pose EDTA (84CODremoval) fromwastewater Issabayevaet al (2006) [8] presented on the electro deposition of copperand lead ions onto palm shell AC electrodes Besides recov-ery of Cd and Ni by electro deposition was investigated [11]

In this study the optimal conditions including effect ofiron concentration effect of electric current for electrolyticrecovery of Cu+2 ions in simulated copper solution Theoptimal experiment condition was applied into the realwastewater form electroplating copper industry and also thecopper recovery efficiency is evaluated in this study

2 Method and Materials

21 Materials The 30000 ppm CuSO4

FeCl3

sdot6H2

O andFeCl2

sdot4H2

O solution was purchased from Merck CompanyIn order to study the influence of the high organic contami-nants on the recovery of copper from the raw effluent exper-iments have been carried out in the synthetic effluent withoutany organic contaminants containing 30000mgLminus1 of Cu inH2

SO4

The reproducibility was checked by performing allthe experiments to a minimum of at least three times

The real industrial wastewaters were supplied form JMchemical and GW industries

22 Methods The experimental setup contains 2 plate elec-trodes of 18 cm (L) times 17 cm (H) (0039312 dm2) DSA netas anode and 1 plate electrode of 18 cm (L) times 17 cm (H)(00468 dm2) stainless steel as cathode Experiments wereperformedwith 14 L copperwater solution into a 24 L acrylicelectrolytic reactor tank (20 cm (L) times 6 cm (W) times 20 cm (H))with 432 cm2 effective cathode surface area The reactor wasalso operated at a constant current mode Recycling pumpwas also used for the mixing of the solution The reactor wasshown in Figure 1

The electric power supply was purchased fromMaxGoodmechanical company (Taiwan) (Figure 2) The effluent vol-ume of 200mLwas taken for all the experiments Electrolyseswere carried out as such in the raw effluent at different currentdensity (0234 0468 0585 and 0702Adm2) The copperrecovery efficiency effects of no iron ferrous and ferric ionswere also evaluated in this study

In this study the optimal energy consumption is animportant issue It is important to spend less energy and gethigher copper recovery efficiency The specific energy con-sumption (EC) is calculated

23 Analysis Method All the reagents used for chemicalprecipitation were in industrial quality All the preparationsand experiments were done at the room temperature All thesamples were filtered with TOYO 045 120583m mixed celluloseester filters before analysis Concentrations of Cu and Fe weremeasured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer(GBC Sens A) after proper pretreatment according to theinstrument manufacturerrsquos recommendations

(a)

(b)

Figure 1 The electrical reactor for gold recovery (1) Double elec-trode cell (2) Recycling pump (3) Power supply

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 10 15 30 45 60 90 120 150 180 240 300 480Time (min)

Without ironFerrous ionFerric ion

CuC

u 0

Figure 2 The copper reduction rate with different types of iron

3 Result and Discussion

31 The Effect of Iron Concentration The behavior of ironduring electro-winning of copper from sulphate electrolytesis well known and its effect on the performance of the copperelectro-winning process has been reported by [12ndash15] whohave examined the interaction of iron [Fe+2 Fe+3] during



Cathode



Cu + 2Fe+3 997888rarr Cu+2 + 2Fe+2 Δ119864 = 0431V (3)



+ 2H2

O (4)

Anode

2H2

O 997888rarr O2

+ 4H+ + 4eminus(5)

Fe+2 997888rarr Fe+3 + e (6)






0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

CuC

u 0

Fe+2 = 0gLFe+2 = 75 gLFe+2 = 30gL









Fe = 0 gLFe = 75 gL

(a)

Fe = 30 gL

(b)


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

CuC

u 0









360

0234 20970468 86080585 98800702 9990

480

0234 24290468 99650585 9990702 9994


[Cu] (ppm) [Fe] (ppm)GW 36000 50000JM 36000 100000



2



Cu + Cl3

minus


Cu2+ + Cu 997888rarr 2Cu+ (9)


0010203040506070809

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

JMLabGW

CuC

u 0







0

minus 119862) (mgL) times 119881119903

(L) (11)


119903



5 Conclusion



EC 2 h(KWhkg)

4 h(KWhkg)

6 h(KWhkg)

8 h(KWhkg)

GW 3562 4007 5157 6621JM 3239 5834 9859 13793Lab 703 803 1002 1327

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)Lab

JMGW

(KW

hKg

)






Acknowledgments



References

























Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics
















Cathode



Cu + 2Fe+3 997888rarr Cu+2 + 2Fe+2 Δ119864 = 0431V (3)



+ 2H2

O (4)

Anode

2H2

O 997888rarr O2

+ 4H+ + 4eminus(5)

Fe+2 997888rarr Fe+3 + e (6)






0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

CuC

u 0

Fe+2 = 0gLFe+2 = 75 gLFe+2 = 30gL









Fe = 0 gLFe = 75 gL

(a)

Fe = 30 gL

(b)


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

CuC

u 0









360

0234 20970468 86080585 98800702 9990

480

0234 24290468 99650585 9990702 9994


[Cu] (ppm) [Fe] (ppm)GW 36000 50000JM 36000 100000



2



Cu + Cl3

minus


Cu2+ + Cu 997888rarr 2Cu+ (9)


0010203040506070809

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

JMLabGW

CuC

u 0







0

minus 119862) (mgL) times 119881119903

(L) (11)


119903



5 Conclusion



EC 2 h(KWhkg)

4 h(KWhkg)

6 h(KWhkg)

8 h(KWhkg)

GW 3562 4007 5157 6621JM 3239 5834 9859 13793Lab 703 803 1002 1327

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)Lab

JMGW

(KW

hKg

)






Acknowledgments



References

























Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















Fe = 0 gLFe = 75 gL

(a)

Fe = 30 gL

(b)


0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

CuC

u 0









360

0234 20970468 86080585 98800702 9990

480

0234 24290468 99650585 9990702 9994


[Cu] (ppm) [Fe] (ppm)GW 36000 50000JM 36000 100000



2



Cu + Cl3

minus


Cu2+ + Cu 997888rarr 2Cu+ (9)


0010203040506070809

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

JMLabGW

CuC

u 0







0

minus 119862) (mgL) times 119881119903

(L) (11)


119903



5 Conclusion



EC 2 h(KWhkg)

4 h(KWhkg)

6 h(KWhkg)

8 h(KWhkg)

GW 3562 4007 5157 6621JM 3239 5834 9859 13793Lab 703 803 1002 1327

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)Lab

JMGW

(KW

hKg

)






Acknowledgments



References

























Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















0010203040506070809

1

0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240 300 360 420 480Time (min)

JMLabGW

CuC

u 0







0

minus 119862) (mgL) times 119881119903

(L) (11)


119903



5 Conclusion



EC 2 h(KWhkg)

4 h(KWhkg)

6 h(KWhkg)

8 h(KWhkg)

GW 3562 4007 5157 6621JM 3239 5834 9859 13793Lab 703 803 1002 1327

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 2 4 6 8 10Time (h)Lab

JMGW

(KW

hKg

)






Acknowledgments



References

























Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics















References

























Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics


















Journal of












Volume 2014

Advances in









Geophysics














research article the effective electrolytic recovery of

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