research article impacts of pond change on the regional ...advances in meteorology china taiwan 28 0...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in MeteorologyVolume 2013 Article ID 243456 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013243456

Research ArticleImpacts of Pond Change on the Regional Sustainability of WaterResources in Taoyuan Taiwan

Yuei-An Liou Tai-Sheng Wang and Hai-Po Chan

Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research (CSRSR) National Central University Chung-Li 32001 Taiwan

Correspondence should be addressed to Yuei-An Liou yueiancsrsrncuedutw

Received 27 October 2013 Accepted 27 November 2013

Academic Editor Chung-Ru Ho

Copyright copy 2013 Yuei-An Liou et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Taoyuan tableland faces the increasing water demand associated with the expansion of industrialization and urbanization Thecounty currently relies on the Shihmen Reservoir as the single water supply system It will be of great concern in the shortage ofwater resourcesThis study aims to explore the impact of changes in farmponds on the regional agricultural environment inTaoyuanCounty withmultiyear (1993 2003 and 2010) SPOT satellite imagery Results show that farm ponds have decreased by 1055 millionm2 from 1993 to 2010 and the existing farm ponds were 1880 million m2 in 2010 equivalent to the irrigation water of 2110sim3165million m3 (tons) and 3761sim5641 million m3 (tons) respectively The existing farm ponds are able to provide the water supplyfor 188sim282 thousand hectares of agricultural land accounting for 670sim1050 of total agricultural area of Taoyuan CountyCorresponding to the governmentrsquos promotion policy (2012) on activating fallow land if we redeploy the existing farm ponds foractivating fallow fields it will lessen the water supply burden of Shimen Reservoir Thus farm ponds remain the significant waterfacilities For the sustainable agriculture farm ponds shall be classified and cherished as a public asset for the future development

1 Introduction

In the past agricultural society people were plagued withinsufficient water supply for field irrigation in Taoyuantableland Farmers usually dig farm ponds for the irrigationpurpose by taking the advantages of the impermeable charac-teristics of red and yellow soil At the peak period there werenearly eight thousand ponds in Taoyuan County broughtthe reputation such as ldquoone-thousand-pond townrdquo and ldquoone-thousand-lake Countyrdquo [1] However since the 1920s afterthe constructing of Shimen Reservoir Taoyuan Canal andShimen Canal and other irrigation facilities the ponds havegradually vanished Coupled with the rapid expansion ofindustrialization and urbanization progress the landscapedevelopment has been changed which also brought theindirect impacts to the ponds According to the statistics in2008 the number of ponds was about 3345 but only around2800 left by the year of 2009 [2]

Since the year of 1983 Taiwan government implementedthe six-year plan on rice production and paddy field transferto address the financial issue of poor rice sales However itis not until 1995 the rice supply and demand has reached

balance [3] The land fallowing policy caused the agriculturalland fallow area rapid increase thus resulted in the rice fieldarea decline of 4078 from 1983 to 2006 [4] According tothe statistics 2011 the fallow land area in Taoyuan Countysummed up to 2686 thousand hectares [5] demonstratingthe main reason of ponds disappearance

Taiwan initiated the land fallow policy for nearly 28 yearssince the accession to the World Trade Organization Asmuch as 200 thousand hectares agricultural land has fallow inthe whole island and these fallow lands not only breedweedspests and rodents but also spend the government annualbudget for maintenance In recent years global climatechange has caused the volatile food supply internationallyThe government plans to promote the activation of fallowland in the hope to boost the food self-sufficiency rate [6]

The existing farm ponds in Taoyuan County can beredeployed as the irrigation facilities and improve irrigationwater recycling rate for the regional agriculture develop-ment Therefore this study combined multiyear (1993 2003and 2010) SPOT satellite imagery and statistical analysisto investigate the land-use and land-cover (LULC) changesimpact on the regional agriculture environment Analysis

2 Advances in Meteorology

assessments on the usage possibility of existing ponds forregional irrigation and farmland water conservancy facilitiesare also provided

2 Remote Sensing and Water Reuse

21 Remote Sensing and Land Change Remote sensing tech-nology has been developed since the 1960s With the advanceof modern physics spatial technology electrical technologycomputer technology information technology environmenttechnology and so on it becomes an up-to-date and feasibleintegral detection method [7ndash9] Satellite remote sensing is areliable full-length real-time and periodical data acquisitiontechnology The application of these techniques on the large-scale LULC change provides not only the basic spatial infor-mation but also the assistance for the better decision makingon the environmental resources control aspect [10] Remotesensing has been widely used in agriculture forestry geologygeography geomorphology oceanography hydrology mete-orology LULC change landscape change monitoring earthresource exploration military reconnaissance and othervarious areas [7]

Remote sensing technology provides key tools for theearth and environment observations Satellite remote senseddata for land cover land use and its changes play a key roleformany diverse applications Natural resourcemanagementplanning and monitoring programs rely on accurate data ofthe land cover in the target region In addition compared toother monitoringmethods the extensive analysis of remotelysensed data has proven to be more cost effective for largeregions

LULC change can be regarded as a social process tomeet humanrsquos needs and thus its development is stronglydependent on environmental and social factors Thereforeunderstanding and effectively controlling the process ofLULC change are the hot issue for the regional sustainabledevelopment such as environmental protection and naturalresources exploitation LULC data in different periods can beused to investigate the LULC change in urban areas by thestatistical analysis and thus display the LULC change in eachperiod [11]

22 Water Reuse For the agricultural irrigation needs inearly days farm ponds were excavated as the main waterfacilities because of terrain and environment features inTaoyuan tableland However since the construction of Shi-men Reservoir Taoyuan Canal and Shimen Canal theoriginal functions of farm ponds have been replaced Theproposed fallow grants policy in the past decades also likelycaused farm ponds to vanish gradually (decreased from 8000at the peak period to 2800 in the year of 2010)

Water reuse offers a climate independent water sourcethat is dependable locally controlled and generally beneficialto the environment Water reuse also allows communities tobecome less dependent on groundwater and surface watersources and can decrease the diversion ofwater from sensitiveecosystems

Dyer [12] had raised awareness on water crisis issuespointing out that although the earthrsquos arable land areaincreased by only 10 in the past irrigation water hasincreased threefold indicating the increasing water demandin the world More water and energy are required to meetthe food production as well as industrial services andother livelihood and development needs According to thereport from United Nations in 2013 due to the globalpopulation growth and climate change water use aroundthe globe becomes increasingly competitive One-third of thepopulation in the world is under themiddle and high levels ofwater scarcity By 2030 nearly half the worldrsquos population willface the issue of water shortages Water demand is expectedto increase by 40 coupled with the rise of emerging marketeconomies and water demand will grow geometrically Thefuture evolution trend of water use is more people worldwidewith less water It is estimated that by 2050 45 of the worldpopulation and the country will be affected by the chronicshortage of water resources indicating that the issue becomesincreasingly serious

Water conservation and recycling issues have raised aworldwide attention The event such as the World Water Dayon March 22 2013 proposed a ldquoRecycle a Bucket of Water aDayrdquo slogan to advocate for the sustainable management offreshwater resources in the planet Therefore in addition tothewastewater recycling plan inTaoyuanCounty the existingpond facilities can be redeployed as the small-size artificialreservoir to uplift the usage of water resources

3 Study Areas and Methods

31 Study Area Taoyuan County locates in the tablelandnorthwest of Taiwan a total of 13 townships including XinwuTownship Guanyin Township Dayuan Township LuzhuTownship Gueishan Township Taoyuan Township BadeTownship Chungli Township Yangmei Township PingzhenTownship Longtan Township Daxi Township and FusingTownship as shown in Figure 1 Most lands in Taoyuan arebarren soil because of its terrain features This study focuseson LULC changes of the pond (water body) and farmland(vegetation) areas In order to exclude the influence of waterbodies such as rivers and reservoirs in this area imageprocessing technology was applied to trim the area alongthe boundaries of hills and rivers of Taoyuan County Thepreprocessed study area image is shown in Figure 2

32 Image Processing The goal of image processing is to cre-ate an enhanced image that ismore useful or to perform someof the interpretation and recognition tasks We took variousperiods of SPOT satellite imagery including the 1993 (SPOT-2) 2003 (SPOT-5) and 2010 (SPOT-5) with the spatial reso-lution of 125m 10m and 10m respectively However as theradiation image satellite images were distorted or deformedwith geometric errors because of atmospheric scattering sunangle difference vehicles form surface curvature of the flighttrajectory parameters other factors and etcetera To correctthe above errors and acquire the true data we applied thefollowing three steps (i) image preprocessing (ii) imageclassification and (iii) image accuracy assessment

Advances in Meteorology 3

China

Taiwan

28∘09984000998400 998400N

27∘09984000998400 998400N

26∘09984000998400 998400N

25∘09984000998400 998400N

24∘09984000998400 998400N

23∘09984000998400 998400N

22∘09984000998400 998400N

28∘09984000998400 998400N

27∘09984000998400 998400N

26∘09984000998400 998400N

25∘09984000998400 998400N

24∘09984000998400 998400N

23∘09984000998400 998400N

22∘09984000998400 998400N

116∘09984000998400 998400E 117

∘09984000998400 998400E 118

∘09984000998400 998400E 119

∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 121

∘09984000998400 998400E 122

∘09984000998400 998400E

116∘09984000998400 998400E 117

∘09984000998400 998400E 118

∘09984000998400 998400E 119

∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 121

∘09984000998400 998400E 122

∘09984000998400 998400E

110∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E

110∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 130

∘09984000998400 998400E

30∘09984000998400 998400N

40∘09984000998400 998400N

30∘09984000998400 998400N

20∘09984000998400 998400N

10∘09984000998400 998400N

40∘09984000998400 998400N

Figure 1 Geographic location of Taoyuan County Taiwan

FusingTownship

DasiTownship

LungtanTownship

PingchengCity

YangmeiTownship

BateCity

GueishanTownship

TaoyuanCity

LuchuTownship

DayuanTownship

GuanyinTownship

HsinwuTownship

ChungliCity

Figure 2 Preprocessed study area (excluding highlands (forest) and reservoir (water body))

33 Image Classification The basic principle of image clas-sification lies in the fact that similar objects have similarspectral properties The electromagnetic radiation reflectedby objects of the same nature is similar overall and theseobjects will thus have similar spectral signatures Since thespectral signatures of the objects observed by satellites areconverted into different colors in digital images objects of

the same kind will appear in closely related colors Besidesthe colors in a digital image are merely a conventionaltransposition of numerical values it is also possible to classifythe pixels by their numerical values

Satellite image classification methods are broadly dividedinto supervised andunsupervised classifications Both use thesimilaritymeasure but the former classifies images according


(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3 Color indexed LULC classification map from the SPOTseries of satellites (blue water body green vegetation purple non-vegetation) (a) 1993 SPOT-2 (b) 2003 SPOT-5 (c) 2010 SPOT-5

Table 1 The accuracy assessment of images classification

Accuracy assessment Year1993 2003 2010

Overall accuracy 9326 9288 9438Kappa index 084 088 090

to the similarity with a set of pregiven images (ldquoreferencesrdquo orldquotemplatesrdquo) and the latter classifies the images according tothe innate grouping or clustering within the images

In detail each pixel on the image is classified accordingto the recorded surface spectral reflectivity (DN value) Usingthe specific statistical and analysis process each pixel in the

Table 2 The statistics of LULC changes in 1993 2003 and 2010

Feature type 1993 (m2) 2003 (m2) 2010 (m2)Water body 29 352 656 18 945 800 18 804 200Vegetation 444 161 250 310 832 500 281 818 300Nonvegetation 156 671 563 300 244 100 329 399 900Total 630 185 469 630 022 400 630 022 400

image was thus given a specific value which represents theparticular category of land cover [13]

34 Accuracy Assessment The accuracy of a classificationis assessed by comparing the classification with referencedata that is believed to accurately reflect the true land coverSources of reference data include among others groundtruth data higher resolution satellite images and mapsderived from aerial photo interpretationHence the accuracyassessment reflects the difference between the classificationand the reference data

In this study the accuracy of the image classificationis estimated by the error matrix Error matrix is used tocompare the classified image and ground truth data forthe accuracy assessment (the producerrsquos accuracy and userrsquosaccuracy)

4 Results and Discussion

41 Image Analysis By taking advantage of multiyear SPOTsatellite imagery (1993 2003 and 2010) we have classifiedthe data into three categories (Figure 3) (i) water bodyarea (ponds) (ii) vegetation area (farmland) and (iii) non-vegetation area (buildings and bare land) in accordance withthe unsupervised classification (Iterative Self-OrganizingData Analysis Techniques ISODATA Classification)

To assess the accuracy of classification we also randomlyselected 267 points in the study area and artificially assignedthe land cover category as ground truth data The derivederror matrix and Kappa index (Table 1) are greater than 90and 08 and thus display that the image classification result isof high reliability

42 Statistical Analysis Land cover changes among 19932003 and 2010 as shown in Table 2 Results show that non-vegetation area has increased 110 (17273 million m2) thewater body has reduced 3594 (1055 million m2) andthe vegetation area has lost 3655 (16234 million m2)in Taoyuan County between the year of 1993 and 2010individually Furthermorewe find that 62of nonvegetation(buildings and bare land) area came from the water body(ponds) area and 938 from the vegetation (farmland) areaduring the past 18 years

43 Ponds Change Thewater storage in farm ponds providesthe water resources for farmland irrigation the disappear-ance of farm ponds thus impacts the regional agricultureenvironment in Taoyuan County If we ignore the influenceof hydrological factors such as infiltration and runoff the


vanishing ponds water storage is 2110ndash3165 million tons forthe average depth of 2sim3 meters of farm ponds [5] Againif we make assessment based on the requirement of 002million tons of irrigation water for one hectare of farmlandeach time [14] the vanishing ponds water could supply forapproximately 106sim158 thousand hectare farmland How-ever the total area of existing farm ponds was approximately1880 million m2 in 2010 equivalent to the irrigation water of3761sim5641 million tonsThismeans that if we take advantageof the existing farm ponds for activating fallow fields itwill subsequently reduce the water supply burden of ShimenReservoir Therefore the ponds remain the significant waterfacilities in this region

44 Fallow Land Activation In recent years Taiwan gov-ernment promotes policy of food self-sufficiency and atsame time reduces fallow subsidies to activate the fallowland Nevertheless the prerequisite is to tackle the issue ofincreasing demand of water use If the county governmentcontinues to rely on the Shihmen Reservoir as the unitarywater supply system for civilians industries and farm irri-gations it will be a great concern for regional agriculturaldevelopment in the water shortage According to statisticsin 2011 the existing fallow land is around 2686 thousandhectares in Taoyuan County [5] Once collaborating withthe government activation policy on fallow land the existingfarm ponds are able to provide 67sim105 water use forirrigation Moreover if the ponds can be deepened aroundone meter above the average depth the maximum waterstorage of ponds will increase to approximately 7522 milliontons which accounts for nearly half (4894) of the irrigationwater demand This deployment obviously improves theregional water reuse rate Hence if the county governmenttakes advantage of existing ponds to water fallow farmlandit will not only relieve the burden of the reservoir but alsosave the ponds from disappearance and thus help stabilizethe Taoyuan regional agriculture development and uplift foodself-sufficiency rate

5 Conclusions

Satellite remote sensing is a reliable full-length real-timeand periodical data acquisition technology The applicationof these techniques on the large-scale LULC change notonly provides the basic spatial information but also theassistance for the better decision making on the environ-mental resources control aspect Research results on thechanges of LULC over the past 18 years (from 1993 to 2010)in Taoyuan show that the increasing rate of nonvegetation(buildings and bare land) area is 110 the decreasing rateof water body (ponds) area is 3594 and the decreasingrate of vegetation area is 3655 respectively Also imagechange detection analysis implies that the nonvegetation(buildings and bare land) areas are primarily converted fromthe vegetation (farmland) areas Therefore we are able tocatch thewhole picture of LULC changes in the study area andcomprehend its potential impacts on the regional sustainabledevelopment and also to provide the proactive fact-grounded

policy recommendations for the government agencies Thefuture work will be the focus of higher resolution satel-lite images applying to distinguish LULC change and thecorresponding impact on the social economic and naturalenvironment such as the urban desertification issue Suchwork is especially required because many issues concerningthe expected environmental changes and societal impactsassociated with the recently approved Tauyuan AerotropolisProject in 2013 remain unknown It is planned that theinitial investment and the developed area of the TauyuanAerotropolis Project are 495 billion NTD (sim165 billion USD)and 6770 acres respectively

Acknowledgments

The authors are extremely grateful to the CSRSR (Centerfor Space and Remote Sensing Research National CentralUniversity) satellite receiving station for providing the imagefrom SPOT-2 and SPOT-5 This work was supported by theNational Science Council (NSC) under the Grants NSC 101ndash2221-E-008-019 and NSC 101ndash2111-M-008-018

References

[1] H T Chen ldquoFrom ponds to irrigations the evolution of the wa-ter resources in Taoyuan PlateaurdquoDongHwa Journal of Human-ities no 5 pp 183ndash208 2003

[2] S J Chyi andH JWu ldquoTaoyuan tableland Encyclopedia of Tai-wan 2009rdquo httptaiwanpediaculturetwwebindex

[3] Y C Teng ldquoReview and prospect of Taiwanrsquos ricerdquo in ResearchReport Introduction to Kaohsiung District Agricultural Researchand Extension Station vol 14 no 3 pp 1ndash23 2003

[4] R G Jiang ldquoManagement and use of fallow paddyrdquo in Introduc-tion to Taitung District Agricultural Research and ExtensionStation 2008

[5] Spatial Planning ofAgricultural Land ldquoThe correction results ofspatial planning of agricultural land resources in TaoyuanCounty in 2011rdquo

[6] The Official Website of Council of Agriculture httpengcoagovtw

[7] Y A Liou S K Kar and L Y Chang ldquoUse of high-resolution fo-rmosat-2 satellite images for post-earthquake disaster assess-ment a study following the 12may 2008Wenchuan earthquakerdquoInternational Journal of Remote Sensing vol 31 no 13 pp 3355ndash3368 2010

[8] Y A Liou H C Sha T M Chen et al ldquoAssessment of disasterlosses in rice field and yield after tsunami induced by the 2011Great East Japan earthquakerdquo Journal of Marine Science andTechnology vol 20 no 6 pp 618ndash623 2012

[9] T Y Chang Y A Liou C Y Lin S C Liu andY CWang ldquoEva-luation of surface heat fluxes in Chiayi Plain of Taiwan by rem-otely sensed datardquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol31 no 14 pp 3885ndash3898 2010

[10] T S Wang Application of various-scale satellite images to inlandwater quality monitoring in Taiwan [PhD thesis] Departmentof Civil Engineering and Engineering Informatics 2010

[11] T-Y Chou F-J Chien and T-C Lei ldquoQuantitative analysis stu-dy for landuse changes detection of urban areardquo Journal of Taiw-an Land Research vol 6 no 1 pp 105ndash130 2003

[12] G Dyer Climate Wars Random House of Canada 2010


[13] Z H Tan ldquoInvestigation of the paddy heat sink effect and eco-nomic evaluation in Taiwanrdquo Operation of Irrigation Associa-tions pp 25ndash49 2009

[14] TheOfficialWebsite of TaoyuanCountyGovernment ldquothe corr-ection results of spatial planning of agricultural land resourcesinTaoyuanCounty in 2008rdquo httpwwwtycggovtwfilesIMCaB0006996pdf

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Mining


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Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


assessments on the usage possibility of existing ponds forregional irrigation and farmland water conservancy facilitiesare also provided

2 Remote Sensing and Water Reuse

21 Remote Sensing and Land Change Remote sensing tech-nology has been developed since the 1960s With the advanceof modern physics spatial technology electrical technologycomputer technology information technology environmenttechnology and so on it becomes an up-to-date and feasibleintegral detection method [7ndash9] Satellite remote sensing is areliable full-length real-time and periodical data acquisitiontechnology The application of these techniques on the large-scale LULC change provides not only the basic spatial infor-mation but also the assistance for the better decision makingon the environmental resources control aspect [10] Remotesensing has been widely used in agriculture forestry geologygeography geomorphology oceanography hydrology mete-orology LULC change landscape change monitoring earthresource exploration military reconnaissance and othervarious areas [7]

Remote sensing technology provides key tools for theearth and environment observations Satellite remote senseddata for land cover land use and its changes play a key roleformany diverse applications Natural resourcemanagementplanning and monitoring programs rely on accurate data ofthe land cover in the target region In addition compared toother monitoringmethods the extensive analysis of remotelysensed data has proven to be more cost effective for largeregions

LULC change can be regarded as a social process tomeet humanrsquos needs and thus its development is stronglydependent on environmental and social factors Thereforeunderstanding and effectively controlling the process ofLULC change are the hot issue for the regional sustainabledevelopment such as environmental protection and naturalresources exploitation LULC data in different periods can beused to investigate the LULC change in urban areas by thestatistical analysis and thus display the LULC change in eachperiod [11]

22 Water Reuse For the agricultural irrigation needs inearly days farm ponds were excavated as the main waterfacilities because of terrain and environment features inTaoyuan tableland However since the construction of Shi-men Reservoir Taoyuan Canal and Shimen Canal theoriginal functions of farm ponds have been replaced Theproposed fallow grants policy in the past decades also likelycaused farm ponds to vanish gradually (decreased from 8000at the peak period to 2800 in the year of 2010)

Water reuse offers a climate independent water sourcethat is dependable locally controlled and generally beneficialto the environment Water reuse also allows communities tobecome less dependent on groundwater and surface watersources and can decrease the diversion ofwater from sensitiveecosystems

Dyer [12] had raised awareness on water crisis issuespointing out that although the earthrsquos arable land areaincreased by only 10 in the past irrigation water hasincreased threefold indicating the increasing water demandin the world More water and energy are required to meetthe food production as well as industrial services andother livelihood and development needs According to thereport from United Nations in 2013 due to the globalpopulation growth and climate change water use aroundthe globe becomes increasingly competitive One-third of thepopulation in the world is under themiddle and high levels ofwater scarcity By 2030 nearly half the worldrsquos population willface the issue of water shortages Water demand is expectedto increase by 40 coupled with the rise of emerging marketeconomies and water demand will grow geometrically Thefuture evolution trend of water use is more people worldwidewith less water It is estimated that by 2050 45 of the worldpopulation and the country will be affected by the chronicshortage of water resources indicating that the issue becomesincreasingly serious

Water conservation and recycling issues have raised aworldwide attention The event such as the World Water Dayon March 22 2013 proposed a ldquoRecycle a Bucket of Water aDayrdquo slogan to advocate for the sustainable management offreshwater resources in the planet Therefore in addition tothewastewater recycling plan inTaoyuanCounty the existingpond facilities can be redeployed as the small-size artificialreservoir to uplift the usage of water resources

3 Study Areas and Methods

31 Study Area Taoyuan County locates in the tablelandnorthwest of Taiwan a total of 13 townships including XinwuTownship Guanyin Township Dayuan Township LuzhuTownship Gueishan Township Taoyuan Township BadeTownship Chungli Township Yangmei Township PingzhenTownship Longtan Township Daxi Township and FusingTownship as shown in Figure 1 Most lands in Taoyuan arebarren soil because of its terrain features This study focuseson LULC changes of the pond (water body) and farmland(vegetation) areas In order to exclude the influence of waterbodies such as rivers and reservoirs in this area imageprocessing technology was applied to trim the area alongthe boundaries of hills and rivers of Taoyuan County Thepreprocessed study area image is shown in Figure 2

32 Image Processing The goal of image processing is to cre-ate an enhanced image that ismore useful or to perform someof the interpretation and recognition tasks We took variousperiods of SPOT satellite imagery including the 1993 (SPOT-2) 2003 (SPOT-5) and 2010 (SPOT-5) with the spatial reso-lution of 125m 10m and 10m respectively However as theradiation image satellite images were distorted or deformedwith geometric errors because of atmospheric scattering sunangle difference vehicles form surface curvature of the flighttrajectory parameters other factors and etcetera To correctthe above errors and acquire the true data we applied thefollowing three steps (i) image preprocessing (ii) imageclassification and (iii) image accuracy assessment


China

Taiwan

28∘09984000998400 998400N

27∘09984000998400 998400N

26∘09984000998400 998400N

25∘09984000998400 998400N

24∘09984000998400 998400N

23∘09984000998400 998400N

22∘09984000998400 998400N

28∘09984000998400 998400N

27∘09984000998400 998400N

26∘09984000998400 998400N

25∘09984000998400 998400N

24∘09984000998400 998400N

23∘09984000998400 998400N

22∘09984000998400 998400N

116∘09984000998400 998400E 117

∘09984000998400 998400E 118

∘09984000998400 998400E 119

∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 121

∘09984000998400 998400E 122

∘09984000998400 998400E

116∘09984000998400 998400E 117

∘09984000998400 998400E 118

∘09984000998400 998400E 119

∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 121

∘09984000998400 998400E 122

∘09984000998400 998400E

110∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E

110∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 130

∘09984000998400 998400E

30∘09984000998400 998400N

40∘09984000998400 998400N

30∘09984000998400 998400N

20∘09984000998400 998400N

10∘09984000998400 998400N

40∘09984000998400 998400N


FusingTownship

DasiTownship

LungtanTownship

PingchengCity

YangmeiTownship

BateCity

GueishanTownship

TaoyuanCity

LuchuTownship

DayuanTownship

GuanyinTownship

HsinwuTownship

ChungliCity






(a)

(b)

(c)




















5 Conclusions



Acknowledgments


References

























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


China

Taiwan

28∘09984000998400 998400N

27∘09984000998400 998400N

26∘09984000998400 998400N

25∘09984000998400 998400N

24∘09984000998400 998400N

23∘09984000998400 998400N

22∘09984000998400 998400N

28∘09984000998400 998400N

27∘09984000998400 998400N

26∘09984000998400 998400N

25∘09984000998400 998400N

24∘09984000998400 998400N

23∘09984000998400 998400N

22∘09984000998400 998400N

116∘09984000998400 998400E 117

∘09984000998400 998400E 118

∘09984000998400 998400E 119

∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 121

∘09984000998400 998400E 122

∘09984000998400 998400E

116∘09984000998400 998400E 117

∘09984000998400 998400E 118

∘09984000998400 998400E 119

∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 121

∘09984000998400 998400E 122

∘09984000998400 998400E

110∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E

110∘09984000998400 998400E 120

∘09984000998400 998400E 130

∘09984000998400 998400E

30∘09984000998400 998400N

40∘09984000998400 998400N

30∘09984000998400 998400N

20∘09984000998400 998400N

10∘09984000998400 998400N

40∘09984000998400 998400N


FusingTownship

DasiTownship

LungtanTownship

PingchengCity

YangmeiTownship

BateCity

GueishanTownship

TaoyuanCity

LuchuTownship

DayuanTownship

GuanyinTownship

HsinwuTownship

ChungliCity






(a)

(b)

(c)




















5 Conclusions



Acknowledgments


References

























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


(a)

(b)

(c)




















5 Conclusions



Acknowledgments


References

























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in




5 Conclusions



Acknowledgments


References

























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in













Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

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