research article green synthesis of gold nanoparticles ... · green synthesis of gold nanoparticles...

Research ArticleGreen Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using AqueousExtract of Garcinia mangostana Fruit Peels

Kar Xin Lee Kamyar Shameli Mikio Miyake Noriyuki KuwanoNurul Bahiyah Bt Ahmad Khairudin Shaza Eva Bt Mohamad and Yen Pin Yew

Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Jalan Sultan Yahya Ahmad Petra54100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Kamyar Shameli kamyarshameligmailcom

Received 17 March 2016 Revised 11 July 2016 Accepted 18 July 2016

Academic Editor Ilaria Fratoddi

Copyright copy 2016 Kar Xin Lee et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) is performed by the reduction of aqueous goldmetal ions in contact with the aqueouspeel extract of plant Garcinia mangostana (G mangostana) An absorption peak of the gold nanoparticles is observed at the rangeof 540ndash550 nm using UV-visible spectroscopy All the diffraction peaks at 2120579 = 3848∘ 4485∘ 6605∘ and 7800∘ that index to (111)(200) (220) and (311) planes confirm the successful synthesis of Au-NPsMostly spherical shape particles with size range of 3296 plusmn525 nm aremeasured using transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) From the FTIR results the peaks obtained are closely relatedto phenols flavonoids benzophenones and anthocyanins which suggest that they may act as the reducing agent This method isenvironmentally safe without the usage of synthetic materials which is highly potential in biomedical applications

1 Introduction

Nanotechnology is technology that deals with nanoscalematerials range from 1 to 100 nm and their applications [1]Among different type of nanomaterials noblemetal nanopar-ticles gained considerable attention due to their special cat-alytic electronic and optical properties [2] Gold nanopar-ticles (Au-NPs) have been widely investigated due to theiruniqueness especially in biomedication [3]Themultiple sur-face functionality of Au-NPs ease nanobiological attachmentof Au-NPs with drug [4] oligonucleotides [5] antibodies [6]and protein [7] The optical property of Au-NPs also enablesthem to play a role in bioimaging by acting as marking agent[8]

Despite the popularity and development of synthesizingnanoparticles using chemical and physical methods the needto establish environmental friendly methods that do notinvolve the usage of toxic chemicals is crucial especially inmedical purpose [9] Synthesis method that uses naturalproducts as reducing agents need more focus to reducethe hazards on environment and human Greener substratessuch as enzyme [10] fungus [11] and algae [12 13] werereported successfully in the production of Au-NPs However

as compared to the difficulties faced in microbe assistedsynthesis [14] plant mediated synthesis is developing dueto the ease to handle and to control the size and shape ofnanoparticles Plant-based synthesis is relatively fast safeand light and works under room condition without the needsof high physical requirements [15] Every part of the plantis proved to be useful especially the leaves [16ndash19] but fewreports are targeted on the fruit peels [20]

Garcinia mangostana (G mangostana) which is com-monly known as mangosteen belong to the family of Gut-tiferae It can grow up to 6ndash25m in height and is mainlycultivated in Southeast Asian countries such as IndonesiaMalaysia Thailand Philippines and Sri Lanka Traditionallymangosteen has been used as medicine to treat abdominalpain dysentery diarrhoea infectedwound and chronic ulcer[21] Secondarymetabolites such as phenolic acid flavonoidsalkaloids and terpenoids that are contained in plant crudeextract are involved in the reduction of nanoparticles [15]G mangostana here contains high level of phenolic com-pound namely xanthone especially in its pericarp (peels)[22] There are more than 30 xanthones isolated from Gmangostana where the major constituents are 120572-mangostinand 120574-mangostin [23] This phenolic compound possesses

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of NanomaterialsVolume 2016 Article ID 8489094 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520168489094

2 Journal of Nanomaterials

(a) (b) (c)

G mangostanafruit peel

Distilled water(60∘C)

Tetrachloroaurate

room temperature

Stirring for 30mins

Figure 1 Photos of the colour changes after the addition of tetrachloroaurate where (a) is the mangosteen peels (b) pure mangosteen extractand (c) Au-NPs solution after the reaction with dilution

antioxidant antitumour antiallergic and antiviral propertieswhere there are researches that shows that 120572-mangostin and120574-mangostin are high potential antioxidants [24] which arebelieved to take part in the synthesis reaction of Au-NPs[25] Also different kind of flavonoids benzophenones andanthocyanins present in the plant may be involved closely inthe reduction of nanoparticles [26]

To the best of our knowledge there is no work reportedon adopting G mangostana in the synthesis of Au-NPs orany other metal nanoparticles Here we demonstrate thebiosynthesis and characterization of Au-NPs by using tetra-chloroaurate and aqueous extract ofGmangostana fruit peel

2 Methods

21 Chemicals G mangostana fruits were collected fromTerengganu Malaysia Analytical grade tetrachloroauratesalt (HAuCl

4 9998) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

USA and used as gold precursor All reagents used were ofanalytical grade All aqueous solutions were prepared usingdistilled water All glassware used was cleaned and washedwith distilled water and dried before used

22 Preparation of Aqueous G mangostana Fruit Peel ExtractThe peels were washed thoroughly with tap water to removedirt and washed again with distilled water before being driedin oven (Esco IsothermForcedConvection LaboratoryOven)at 40∘C All the peels were ground into fine powder using anelectric blender (Panasonic) and stored at room temperaturefor further use The extract was prepared by taking 050 g ofthe fine powder with 20mL distilled water and boiled at 60∘Cfor 30minsThe crude extract was filteredwith Filtres Fioroni601 filter paper

23 Synthesis of Au-NPs In a conical flask 20mL of the peelextract was reacted with 10mM of tetrachloroaurate at roomtemperature under static conditionsThe colour change of thereaction was observed and the time taken for the changes wasnoted The solution colour changes immediately from pale

brownish to purple colour indicating the formation of [AuGmangostana] The Au-NPs nanoparticles emulsion obtainedwas kept at 4∘C

24 Characterization of Au-NPs The reduction of Au-NPswas confirmed by using UV-vis spectroscopy at regularintervals in the range of 300 to 1000 nm (Shimadzu UV-1800UV-VIS Spectrometer)The nanoparticles emulsionwas ovendried at 40∘C for one dayThe dried sample was collected andexamined for the structure and composition using powderX-ray diffraction spectroscopy The data was recorded usingPANalyticXPert Pro (120582 = 015406 nm) at 45 kV and 20mAThe dried sample was scanned in the range of 2120579 = 10ndash80∘with 2∘min Transmission electron microscopy (TECNAIG2 F20) was used to investigate the size and morphology ofthe Au-NPs using SC1000 Orius CCD camera The stabilityof Au-NPs was measured using Particulate Systems Nano-Plus ZetaNano Particle Analyser Japan The bioreductioncompounds that are responsible for the reaction were deter-mined using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy Thespectrum was obtained by Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700system with 16 scans per sample at the range of 550ndash4000 cmminus1

3 Results and Discussion

G mangostana peel extract (050 g 20mL) acts as both thereducing and stabilizing agent and HAuCl

4(10mM) acts as

the gold precursor The reduction of HAuCl4was indicated

by the colour changes of G mangostana extract as shown inFigure 1 The reaction was rapid as the pale brownish colourof the G mangostana peels extract turns into purple colourwithin 3min indicating formation of Au-NPs [27]

The possible chemical equations for synthesizing the Au-NPs are

HAuCl4(119886119902) + 119866119898119886119899119892119900119904119905119886119899119886

Stirring at Room Temp997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888rarr [Au119866119898119886119899119892119900119904119905119886119899119886]

(1)

Journal of Nanomaterials 3

0

02

04

06

08

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Abso

rban

ce (a

bs)

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

(b)

Au-NPs546nm

Figure 2UV-vis absorbance bands for (a) pureGmangostana peelsextract and (b) Au-NPs forms using G mangostana peels extract

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Inte

nsity

(au

) (111)

(200)(220) (311)

7800∘

6605∘

4484∘

3847∘

2088∘

JCPDS file no = 00-004-0784

2 theta (2120579)

Figure 3 XRD spectra for Au-NPs forms usingGmangostana peelsextract and the intensity peak of the reference peak

After dispersion of HAuCl4in the G mangostana aqueous

solution matrix the extract was reacted with the functionalgroups of G mangostana components to form [AuG man-gostana] [28]

31 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Study Thepresence of Au-NPs isconfirmed by UV-vis spectra in Figure 2 The results showedthat there is no obvious peak for G mangostana peel extractHowever after the addition of tetrachloroaurate a sharppeak appears at the range of 540ndash550 nm [29] It is furtherconfirmed by other characterizations that this peak indicatesthe formation of monodispersed spherical shape Au-NPsThe reaction takes placewithin 3minuteswith obvious colourchange

32 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Powder X-ray diffractionpattern in Figure 3 shows that the Au-NPs synthesized is incrystalline structure The spectrum gives an intense peak at2120579 = 3847∘ 4484∘ 6605∘ and 7800∘ which correspond to

the (111) (200) (220) and (311) plane proving the structureof Au-NPs to be face center cubic (fcc) The crystallinityof Au-NPs is pure by comparing its XRD pattern with thedatabase JCPDS file number 00-004-0784 [30] Howeverthere is shifting of the peaks with database where crystalstructure of pure metallic Au-NPs is present [9] The particlesize of Au-NPs can be estimated using the Debye-Scherrerequation

119889 =119896120582

(120573 sdot cos 120579) (2)

where 119889 is the average crystallite size 119896 is the Scherrerconstant (09) 120582 is the X-ray wavelength (0154 nm) 120573 is theline broadening in radians and 120579 is the Bragg angle [31] Byusing the Scherrer equation 16 nm is calculated to be theaverage crystallite size of the Au-NPs

33 Transmission Electron Microscopy and Field EmissionScanning Electron Microscopy Study The size and the mor-phology of the Au-NPs synthesized was investigated usingthe TEM which is represented by Figure 4 The Au-NPs iswell dispersed with G mangostana matrix surrounding itindicating that G mangostana matrix acts as the cappingagent to separate the Au-NPs from aggregation The averagesize of the Au-NPs synthesized is 3296 plusmn 525 nmwithmostlyspherical and some hexagonal and triangular shape Thedispersity of Au-NPs is further supported by the FESEMwhere no aggregation occurs and also the nanoparticlesproduced are encapsulated by the matrix of G mangostana

34 Zeta Potential Study The stability of Au-NPs was per-formed using zeta potential A zeta value ofplusmn30mV is neededfor a suspension to be physically stable while plusmn20mV isnecessary for a combined electrostatic and steric condition[32] The zeta potential results for pure G mangostana peelextract areminus1468mV whereas the reading of Au-NPs formedusing the extract reduced to minus2082mV (Figure 5) Thus Au-NPs formed show an acceptable stability with reading not lessthan the required stable expression

35 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Study FTIRspectroscopy was carried out to determine the potentialfunctional groups that are responsible for the reduction ofAu-NPs Figure 6 shows the spectra obtained from pure Gmangostana peel extract andAu-NPs synthesized using theGmangostana peels extract The major stretching appearing at3000ndash3500 cmminus1 indicates the presence of O-H stretch whichsignifies the presence of phenols flavonoids benzophenonesand anthocyanins [2] A little shifting occurs here suggestingthat the carbonyl group in the peel extract capped andstabilized the Au-NPs [33] Aside the O-H stretching at theregion of 2919 cmminus1 and 2914 cmminus1 the presence of C-H bondin xanthone [34] and other compounds in the peel extractis significant Bands of C-H bond from G mangostana peelextract split into two 2914 cmminus1 and 2845 cmminus1 suggest thatafter the formation of Au-NPs the transmittance changed[35] while at the region of 1700 cmminus1 it shows the presence


Particle size diameter (nm)

Freq

uenc

y

Mangosteenextract

Au-NPsMangosteenextract

20

15

10

5

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Std dev = 525 nmMean = 3296 nm

Au-NPs

N = 52

Figure 4 TEM and FESEM image of the Au-NPs forms using G mangostana peel extract at magnification of 265kx and the histogram ofthe distribution of the particles size of Au-NPs

Frequency (Hz)

minus2082

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity

minus150 minus100 minus50 0 50 100 150 200 250

20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(a)

minus1468

Frequency (Hz)

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity


20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(b)

Figure 5 Zeta potential image of (a) pure G mangostana peel extract and (b) Au-NPs form by using G mangostana peel extract

of C=O stretching [36] At the region of 1600ndash1500 cmminus1C-C in ring aromatic bond also suggests the presence ofaromatics structure exists in the G mangostana extract TheC-C aromatics stretch is observed for both spectra at theregion of 1500ndash1400 cmminus1 which is relevant to the aromatic

backbone that can be found mainly in the pericarp of Gmangostana Finally C-O-C stretch can be found in the rangeof 1300ndash1000 cmminus1 where shifting occurs from 1279 cmminus1 to1234 cmminus1 after capping with Au-NPs [37] All the aboveresults are matching with xanthone [38] flavonoids [26]


5001000150020002500300035004000Tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

3274

1605

1438

1279

1045

3278

1726

2914

2919

1723

1517

1517

1438

1045

1234

(a)

(b)

1606

Wavelength (cmminus1)

Figure 6 FT-IR graphs of (a) pure G mangostana peel extract and (b) Au-NPs form by using G mangostana peel extract

O

O

OH H or R R or H HO

RO

OH

O

OHHO

OH

OH

CO

OO OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

O

OH

O

OH

O

O

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO

O

O

OHHO

OHHO

O

OOH

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO

Xanthones Flavonoids

Benzophenones

Anthocyanins

(Basic structure)

HO

OHOH

H

HOH

OH

Epicatechin

Garcimangosone D KolanoneMaclurin

Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside Chrysanthemin

R998400

R998400998400

O+

O+

CH2OH

Figure 7 Compounds that Garcinia mangostana pericarp contains based on literature


and other compounds that derived from the pericarp of Gmangostana as shown in Figure 7 suggesting that they areinvolved closely in the reduction and stabilization of HAuCl

4

to Au-NPs where the presence of oxygen atoms helped inabsorption of compounds on Au-NPs [24 39 40]

4 Conclusion

This study gives an environmental favourable approach of thesynthesis of Au-NPs using G mangostana peel extract Theextract demonstrates that the properties of both reducing andstabilizing agent owe to the presence of different compoundsin the pericarp of G mangostana The usage of peels fromthe plant takes full advantage of unwanted waste materialwhich is economically friendly efficient and safe No studyis established before with the usage of G mangostana for theproduction of Au-NPsThe synthesized Au-NPs are potentialto be applied in biomedical and other applications wherenontoxicity is crucial

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interestsregarding the publication paper

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the grant funded by theMinistry of Education (Reference Grant no PY201505547under FRGS grant) Also the authors would like to expresstheir gratitude to the Research Management Centre (RMC)of UTM for providing a conducive environment to carry outthis research

References

[1] M Zargar A A Hamid F A Bakar et al ldquoGreen synthesis andantibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles using Vitex negundoLrdquoMolecules vol 16 no 8 pp 6667ndash6676 2011

[2] K J Rao and S Paria ldquoAegle marmelos leaf extract and plantsurfactants mediated green synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparti-cles by optimizing process parameters using taguchi methodrdquoACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering vol 3 no 3 pp483ndash491 2015

[3] G F Paciotti L Myer D Weinreich et al ldquoColloidal gold anovel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug deliveryrdquoDrug Delivery vol 11 no 3 pp 169ndash183 2004

[4] M B Mohamed N T Adbel-Ghani O M El-Borady andM A El-Sayed ldquo5-Fluorouracil induces plasmonic coupling ingold nanospheres new generation of chemotherapeutic agentsrdquoJournal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology vol 3 no 7 pp1ndash7 2012

[5] D A Giljohann D S Seferos P C Patel J E Millstone N LRosi and C A Mirkin ldquoOligonucleotide loading determinescellular uptake of DNA-modified gold nanoparticlesrdquo NanoLetters vol 7 no 12 pp 3818ndash3821 2007

[6] M Ahmed D W Pan and M E Davis ldquoLack of in vivo anti-body dependent cellular cytotoxicity with antibody containinggold nanoparticlesrdquo Bioconjugate Chemistry vol 26 no 5 pp812ndash816 2015

[7] X Geng and T Z Grove ldquoRepeat protein mediated synthesis ofgold nanoparticles effect of protein shape on themorphologicaland optical propertiesrdquo RSC Advances vol 5 no 3 pp 2062ndash2069 2015

[8] K-T Yong M T Swihart H Ding and P N Prasad ldquoPrepara-tion of gold nanoparticles and their applications in anisotropicnanoparticle synthesis and bioimagingrdquo Plasmonics vol 4 no2 pp 79ndash93 2009

[9] P Kuppusamy M M Yusoff S J A Ichwan N R Parine GP Maniam and N Govindan ldquoCommelina nudiflora L edibleweed as a novel source for gold nanoparticles synthesis andstudies on different physical-chemical and biological proper-tiesrdquo Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 27 pp59ndash67 2015

[10] K B Narayanan and N Sakthivel ldquoFacile green synthesis ofgold nanostructures by NADPH-dependent enzyme from theextract of Sclerotium rolfsiirdquo Colloids and Surfaces A Physico-chemical and Engineering Aspects vol 380 no 1-3 pp 156ndash1612011

[11] N N Dhanasekar G R Rahul K B Narayanan G Ramanand N Sakthivel ldquoGreen chemistry approach for the synthesisof gold nanoparticles using the fungus Alternaria sprdquo Journalof Microbiology and Biotechnology vol 25 no 7 pp 1129ndash11352015

[12] B E Naveena and S Prakash ldquoBiological synthesis of goldnanoparticles using marine algae Gracilaria corticata and itsapplication as a potent antimicrobial and antioxidant agentrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 6no 2 pp 179ndash182 2013

[13] H Khanehzaei M B Ahmad K Shameli Z Ajdari MA Ghani and K Kalantari ldquoEffect of seaweed Kappaphycusalvarezii in the synthesis of CuCu

2

O core-shell nanoparticlesprepared by chemical reductionmethodrdquo Research on ChemicalIntermediates vol 41 no 10 pp 7363ndash7376 2015

[14] X Zhang S Yan R D Tyagi and R Y Surampalli ldquoSynthesisof nanoparticles by microorganisms and their application inenhancing microbiological reaction ratesrdquo Chemosphere vol82 no 4 pp 489ndash494 2011

[15] I-M Chung I Park K Seung-Hyun M Thiruvengadam andG Rajakumar ldquoPlant-mediated synthesis of silver nanopar-ticles their characteristic properties and therapeutic applica-tionsrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 11 no 1 pp 1ndash14 2016

[16] D Philip ldquoRapid green synthesis of spherical gold nanoparticlesusingMangifera indica leafrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molec-ular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy vol 77 no 4 pp 807ndash8102010

[17] S S Dash B G Bag and P Hota ldquoLantana camara Linnleaf extract mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles andstudy of its catalytic activityrdquo Applied Nanoscience vol 5 no 3pp 343ndash350 2015

[18] V G Kumar S D Gokavarapu A Rajeswari et al ldquoFacile greensynthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of antidiabeticpotent Cassia auriculatardquo Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfacesvol 87 no 1 pp 159ndash163 2011

[19] B Sadeghi M Mohammadzadeh and B Babakhani ldquoGreensynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Stevia rebaudiana leafextracts characterization and their stabilityrdquo Journal of Pho-tochemistry and Photobiology B Biology vol 148 pp 101ndash1062015

[20] N Yang L Weihong and L Hao ldquoBiosynthesis of Au nanopar-ticles using agricultural wastemango peel extract and its in vitro


cytotoxic effect on two normal cellsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 134pp 67ndash70 2014

[21] P Moongkarndi N Kosem S Kaslungka O Luanratana NPongpan and N Neungton ldquoAntiproliferation antioxidationand induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangos-teen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell linerdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 90 no 1 pp 161ndash166 2004

[22] H-A Jung B-N Su W J Keller R G Mehta and AD Kinghorn ldquoAntioxidant xanthones from the pericarp ofGarcinia mangostana (Mangosteen)rdquo Journal of Agriculturaland Food Chemistry vol 54 no 6 pp 2077ndash2082 2006

[23] DObolskiy I Pischel N Siriwatanametanon andMHeinrichldquoGarciniamangostana L a phytochemical and pharmacologicalreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 23 no 8 pp 1047ndash10652009

[24] N M Thong D T Quang N H T Bui D Q Dao and P CNam ldquoAntioxidant properties of xanthones extracted from thepericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) a theoreticalstudyrdquo Chemical Physics Letters vol 625 pp 30ndash35 2015

[25] J Pedraza-Chaverri N Cardenas-Rodrıguez M Orozco-Ibarra and J M Perez-Rojas ldquoMedicinal properties of man-gosteen (Garcinia mangostana)rdquo Food and Chemical Toxicologyvol 46 no 10 pp 3227ndash3239 2008

[26] K Anand R M Gengan A Phulukdaree and A ChuturgoonldquoAgroforestry wasteMoringa oleifera petalsmediated green syn-thesis of gold nanoparticles and their anti-cancer and catalyticactivityrdquo Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 21pp 1105ndash1111 2015

[27] R Vijayakumar V Devi K Adavallan and D Saranya ldquoGreensynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles usingextract of anti-tumor potent Crocus sativusrdquo Physica E Low-Dimensional Systems andNanostructures vol 44 no 3 pp 665ndash671 2011

[28] P Kumar P Singh K Kumari S Mozumdar and R ChandraldquoA green approach for the synthesis of gold nanotriangles usingaqueous leaf extract of Callistemon viminalisrdquoMaterials Lettersvol 65 no 4 pp 595ndash597 2011

[29] C Coman L F Leopold O D Rugina et al ldquoGreen synthesisof gold nanoparticles by Allium sativum extract and theirassessment as SERS substraterdquo Journal of Nanoparticle Researchvol 16 no 1 article 2158 2014

[30] J Anuradha T Abbasi and S A Abbasi ldquoAn eco-friendlymethod of synthesizing gold nanoparticles using an otherwiseworthless weed pistia (Pistia stratiotes L)rdquo Journal of AdvancedResearch vol 6 no 5 pp 711ndash720 2015

[31] M Mahdavi F Namvar M B Ahmad and R MohamadldquoGreen biosynthesis and characterization of magnetic ironoxide (Fe

3

O4

) nanoparticles using seaweed (Sargassum muti-cum) aqueous extractrdquoMolecules vol 18 no 5 pp 5954ndash59642013

[32] M Faried K Shameli M Miyake et al ldquoSynthesis of silvernanoparticles via green method using ultrasound irradiation inseaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii mediardquo Research on ChemicalIntermediates 2016

[33] P P Gan S H Ng Y Huang and S F Y Li ldquoGreen synthesis ofgold nanoparticles using palm oil mill effluent (POME) a low-cost and eco-friendly viable approachrdquo Bioresource Technologyvol 113 pp 132ndash135 2012

[34] K Shameli M B Ahmad P Shabanzadeh et al ldquoEffectof Curcuma longa tuber powder extract on size of silvernanoparticles prepared by greenmethodrdquoResearch onChemicalIntermediates vol 40 no 3 pp 1313ndash1325 2014

[35] R K Das N Gogoi and U Bora ldquoGreen synthesis of goldnanoparticles using Nyctanthes arbortristis flower extractrdquo Bio-process and Biosystems Engineering vol 34 no 5 pp 615ndash6192011

[36] N K R Bogireddy K K H Anand and B K Mandal ldquoGoldnanoparticlesmdashsynthesis by Sterculia acuminata extract and itscatalytic efficiency in alleviating different organic dyesrdquo Journalof Molecular Liquids vol 211 pp 868ndash875 2015

[37] G Sathiyanarayanan V Vignesh G Saibaba et al ldquoSynthesisof carbohydrate polymer encrusted gold nanoparticles usingbacterial exopolysaccharide a novel and greener approachrdquoRSC Advances vol 4 no 43 pp 22817ndash22827 2014

[38] Nilar and L J Harrison ldquoXanthones from the heartwood ofGarcinia mangostanardquo Phytochemistry vol 60 no 5 pp 541ndash548 2002

[39] S Suksamrarn O Komutiban P Ratananukul N ChimnoiN Lartpornmatulee and A Suksamrarn ldquoCytotoxic prenylatedxanthones from the young fruit of Garcinia mangostanardquoChemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 54 no 3 pp 301ndash305 2006

[40] C Singh V Sharma P K Naik V Khandelwal and HSingh ldquoA green biogenic approach for synthesis of gold andsilver nanoparticles using zingiber officinalerdquo Digest Journal ofNanomaterials and Biostructures vol 6 no 2 pp 535ndash542 2011

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


(a) (b) (c)

G mangostanafruit peel

Distilled water(60∘C)

Tetrachloroaurate

room temperature

Stirring for 30mins

Figure 1 Photos of the colour changes after the addition of tetrachloroaurate where (a) is the mangosteen peels (b) pure mangosteen extractand (c) Au-NPs solution after the reaction with dilution

antioxidant antitumour antiallergic and antiviral propertieswhere there are researches that shows that 120572-mangostin and120574-mangostin are high potential antioxidants [24] which arebelieved to take part in the synthesis reaction of Au-NPs[25] Also different kind of flavonoids benzophenones andanthocyanins present in the plant may be involved closely inthe reduction of nanoparticles [26]

To the best of our knowledge there is no work reportedon adopting G mangostana in the synthesis of Au-NPs orany other metal nanoparticles Here we demonstrate thebiosynthesis and characterization of Au-NPs by using tetra-chloroaurate and aqueous extract ofGmangostana fruit peel

2 Methods

21 Chemicals G mangostana fruits were collected fromTerengganu Malaysia Analytical grade tetrachloroauratesalt (HAuCl

4 9998) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

USA and used as gold precursor All reagents used were ofanalytical grade All aqueous solutions were prepared usingdistilled water All glassware used was cleaned and washedwith distilled water and dried before used

22 Preparation of Aqueous G mangostana Fruit Peel ExtractThe peels were washed thoroughly with tap water to removedirt and washed again with distilled water before being driedin oven (Esco IsothermForcedConvection LaboratoryOven)at 40∘C All the peels were ground into fine powder using anelectric blender (Panasonic) and stored at room temperaturefor further use The extract was prepared by taking 050 g ofthe fine powder with 20mL distilled water and boiled at 60∘Cfor 30minsThe crude extract was filteredwith Filtres Fioroni601 filter paper

23 Synthesis of Au-NPs In a conical flask 20mL of the peelextract was reacted with 10mM of tetrachloroaurate at roomtemperature under static conditionsThe colour change of thereaction was observed and the time taken for the changes wasnoted The solution colour changes immediately from pale

brownish to purple colour indicating the formation of [AuGmangostana] The Au-NPs nanoparticles emulsion obtainedwas kept at 4∘C

24 Characterization of Au-NPs The reduction of Au-NPswas confirmed by using UV-vis spectroscopy at regularintervals in the range of 300 to 1000 nm (Shimadzu UV-1800UV-VIS Spectrometer)The nanoparticles emulsionwas ovendried at 40∘C for one dayThe dried sample was collected andexamined for the structure and composition using powderX-ray diffraction spectroscopy The data was recorded usingPANalyticXPert Pro (120582 = 015406 nm) at 45 kV and 20mAThe dried sample was scanned in the range of 2120579 = 10ndash80∘with 2∘min Transmission electron microscopy (TECNAIG2 F20) was used to investigate the size and morphology ofthe Au-NPs using SC1000 Orius CCD camera The stabilityof Au-NPs was measured using Particulate Systems Nano-Plus ZetaNano Particle Analyser Japan The bioreductioncompounds that are responsible for the reaction were deter-mined using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy Thespectrum was obtained by Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700system with 16 scans per sample at the range of 550ndash4000 cmminus1

3 Results and Discussion

G mangostana peel extract (050 g 20mL) acts as both thereducing and stabilizing agent and HAuCl

4(10mM) acts as

the gold precursor The reduction of HAuCl4was indicated

by the colour changes of G mangostana extract as shown inFigure 1 The reaction was rapid as the pale brownish colourof the G mangostana peels extract turns into purple colourwithin 3min indicating formation of Au-NPs [27]

The possible chemical equations for synthesizing the Au-NPs are

HAuCl4(119886119902) + 119866119898119886119899119892119900119904119905119886119899119886

Stirring at Room Temp997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888997888rarr [Au119866119898119886119899119892119900119904119905119886119899119886]

(1)


0

02

04

06

08

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Abso

rban

ce (a

bs)

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

(b)

Au-NPs546nm


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Inte

nsity

(au

) (111)

(200)(220) (311)

7800∘

6605∘

4484∘

3847∘

2088∘


2 theta (2120579)







119889 =119896120582

(120573 sdot cos 120579) (2)







Freq

uenc

y

Mangosteenextract


20

15

10

5

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Au-NPs

N = 52


Frequency (Hz)

minus2082

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity


20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(a)

minus1468

Frequency (Hz)

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity


20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(b)





5001000150020002500300035004000Tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

3274

1605

1438

1279

1045

3278

1726

2914

2919

1723

1517

1517

1438

1045

1234

(a)

(b)

1606



O

O

OH H or R R or H HO

RO

OH

O

OHHO

OH

OH

CO

OO OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

O

OH

O

OH

O

O

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO

O

O

OHHO

OHHO

O

OOH

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO


Benzophenones

Anthocyanins

(Basic structure)

HO

OHOH

H

HOH

OH

Epicatechin



R998400

R998400998400

O+

O+

CH2OH




4


4 Conclusion


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References














2






















3

O4


















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0

02

04

06

08

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Abso

rban

ce (a

bs)

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

(b)

Au-NPs546nm


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Inte

nsity

(au

) (111)

(200)(220) (311)

7800∘

6605∘

4484∘

3847∘

2088∘


2 theta (2120579)







119889 =119896120582

(120573 sdot cos 120579) (2)







Freq

uenc

y

Mangosteenextract


20

15

10

5

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Au-NPs

N = 52


Frequency (Hz)

minus2082

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity


20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(a)

minus1468

Frequency (Hz)

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity


20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(b)





5001000150020002500300035004000Tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

3274

1605

1438

1279

1045

3278

1726

2914

2919

1723

1517

1517

1438

1045

1234

(a)

(b)

1606



O

O

OH H or R R or H HO

RO

OH

O

OHHO

OH

OH

CO

OO OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

O

OH

O

OH

O

O

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO

O

O

OHHO

OHHO

O

OOH

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO


Benzophenones

Anthocyanins

(Basic structure)

HO

OHOH

H

HOH

OH

Epicatechin



R998400

R998400998400

O+

O+

CH2OH




4


4 Conclusion


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References














2






















3

O4


















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials





Freq

uenc

y

Mangosteenextract


20

15

10

5

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60


Au-NPs

N = 52


Frequency (Hz)

minus2082

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity


20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(a)

minus1468

Frequency (Hz)

Zeta potential (mV)

Inte

nsity


20

10

0

2000 00 minus2000 minus4000

1

(b)





5001000150020002500300035004000Tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

3274

1605

1438

1279

1045

3278

1726

2914

2919

1723

1517

1517

1438

1045

1234

(a)

(b)

1606



O

O

OH H or R R or H HO

RO

OH

O

OHHO

OH

OH

CO

OO OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

O

OH

O

OH

O

O

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO

O

O

OHHO

OHHO

O

OOH

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO


Benzophenones

Anthocyanins

(Basic structure)

HO

OHOH

H

HOH

OH

Epicatechin



R998400

R998400998400

O+

O+

CH2OH




4


4 Conclusion


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References














2






















3

O4


















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




5001000150020002500300035004000Tr

ansm

ittan

ce (

)

3274

1605

1438

1279

1045

3278

1726

2914

2919

1723

1517

1517

1438

1045

1234

(a)

(b)

1606



O

O

OH H or R R or H HO

RO

OH

O

OHHO

OH

OH

CO

OO OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

O

OH

O

OH

O

O

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO

O

O

OHHO

OHHO

O

OOH

OHOH

HO

HO

OH

OH

HO


Benzophenones

Anthocyanins

(Basic structure)

HO

OHOH

H

HOH

OH

Epicatechin



R998400

R998400998400

O+

O+

CH2OH




4


4 Conclusion


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References














2






















3

O4


















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials





4


4 Conclusion


Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References














2






















3

O4


















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials
















3

O4


















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



research article green synthesis of gold nanoparticles ... · green synthesis of gold nanoparticles...

Documents