research article geographic concerns on flood climate and...

Research ArticleGeographic Concerns on Flood Climate and Flood Hydrology inMonsoon-Dominated Damodar River Basin Eastern India

Sandipan Ghosh and Biswaranjan Mistri

Department of Geography The University of Burdwan Barddhaman West Bengal 713104 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Sandipan Ghosh sandipanghosh19gmailcom

Received 12 August 2014 Revised 30 November 2014 Accepted 3 December 2014

Academic Editor Achim A Beylich

Copyright copy 2015 S Ghosh and B Mistri This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

In the Lower Gangetic Plain of West Bengal the furious monsoon flood of Damodar River is a recurrent hydrometeorologicalphenomenon which is now intensified by the human activities At present the flood regulation system of Damodar ValleyCorporation (DVC) is not capable of managing gigantic inflow water (which appeared as surface runoff and channel flow) comingfrom the wide fan-shaped upper catchment of Damodar River As a result the lower basin of Damodar (covering BarddhamanHooghly and Howrah districts of West Bengal) annually experiences low to high magnitude of floods and overflow conditionbecause the existing canal system streams palaeochannels and Damodar River itself have lost their former carrying capacity toaccommodate all excess water within its active domain due to over siltation and drainage congestion So when the DVC damsare not able to regulate flood flow then extreme rainfall of prolonged duration over the basin turns the normal situation intodevastating flood like the years of 1978 and 2000 in West Bengal Identifying the existing problems of lower Damodar River thispaper principally tries to assess the potentiality of flood climate and to estimate the contributing rainfall-runoff peak discharge andexisting carrying capacity of river in relation to increasing flood risk of lower basin using the quantitative hydrologic expressions

1 Introduction

The flowing water finds the lowest parts of the earthrsquos surfaceforming small rivulets that merge into larger ones andeventually find their way into a river When a river carriesmuch more water than usual it is said to be ldquoin spaterdquo aterm of uncertain origin but which may be derived fromthe Dutch verb spuiten meaning ldquoto floodrdquo [1] A floodis an unusual high stage of a river due to runoff fromrainfall andor melting of snow in quantities too great to beconfined in the normal water surface elevation of the river orstream as the result of unusual meteorological combination[2] ldquoFloodrdquo means that the flow in the river is in such anexcess as to raise the level of the river at places so that itoverflows the banks and rises to a level higher than theadjacent countrysides thus inundating the areas adjacent tothe channel [3 4] The river fails at that time to transmitthe excess flow keeping it within the confines of its bankheights A flood thus comprises two main phases namelyldquothe land phaserdquo where rain rejected by soil becomes runoff

and generates flood and ldquothe channel phaserdquo which followsthe land phase closely and starts when surface runoff entersthe stream channels Ordinarily when speaking of floods wemean that the channel phase is the most spectacular and onthe whole the most destructive [4] The term ldquoflood climaterdquois probably introduced by Hayden (1988) who has developeda global classification of flood-producing climates based onthe mean seasonal state of the atmosphere [5] Hirschboeck(1988) introduces the discipline of ldquoflood hydroclimatologyrdquowhich gives focus of hydrometeorological-scale atmosphereactivity while at the same time seeking to place this activitywithin a broader spatial and temporal climatic perspective offlood [6] Tropical climates including monsoon climate havehigh potentiality of floods because here the atmosphere (ieprimary reservoir of flood water) is primarily characterizedby barotropy typical of tropical low latitudes precipitation isreleased by synoptic convective activity (eg tropical thunderstorms) local convective activity (thunderstorms) and risingcircumequatorial air at the Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) Flood hydrology deals with functionality of time-

Hindawi Publishing CorporationGeography JournalVolume 2015 Article ID 486740 16 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015486740

2 Geography Journal

and space-dependent processes of waters and is focusedon hydraulic and engineering dimensions of floods Floodhydrology includes hydrometeorological aspects of floodflood dynamics of channel flood routing and identificationof flood stage flood frequency analysis (ie design flood)flood risk estimation and flood management [2 7]

Nature has been kind to India in bestowing a seasonlike monsoon (JunendashOctober) during which almost 75 to 80percent of annual rainfall is received Naturally when almostthe entire yearrsquos rainfall occurs in a period of few monthsfloods are bound to occur in its river [8] Floods in relation toclimate change and meteorological variability in recent pastin India have already been analyzed and discussed by manyresearchers [8ndash17] Large synoptic systems ranging in forcefrom tropical lows to cyclones are themain cause of unusuallylarge floods on the Indian rivers [18] It is now found thatthe rainfall spreading over a short time may cause flood butthe same spread over a longer span may result in a droughtThere is considerable temporal variation in the monsoonrainfall related climatic variability in India For example1917 and 1961 were excess monsoon years (gt1000m or +18percent) and 2002 1987 1972 1918 1899 and 1877 were majordeficient monsoon years (lt700mm or minus18 percent) [16]Also twentieth century development in tropical meteorologyreveals that poor monsoon is found to be associated withwarm El nino events The global warming and short-termclimate change of Indian subcontinent simultaneously andforcefully influence the monsoon system affecting spatialtrend of rainfall and occurrences of extreme floods Onthe basis of marine sediment cores and isotope dating inIndia the monsoon intensity shows a steady increase fromsim1700 AD to present [16] Some recent studies [17 19]have shown contrasting results of a decreasing trend in thefrequency of tropical cyclones and monsoon depressions andsignificant rising trends in the frequency and magnitude ofextreme rainfall events over India between 1951 and 2010Wetextremes are projected to become more severe in many areasof India where mean precipitation is expected to increaseand dry extremes are projected to become more intense inareas where mean precipitation is projected to decrease [17]Now it has been found that the rainfall in 6-hour and 3-hour duration can be about 75 and 60 percent of the 24 hourrainfall in the Himalayan foothills and central plateaus andit is intense rainfall which gives rise to flash floods in therivers [11] The phenomena of Mumbai flood in July 2005Uttarakhand flood disaster in June 2013 and most recentlyflood of Jammu and Kashmir in September 2014 is compelledto think about predicting flood dynamics changing climaticpattern and improvement of flood forecasting The floodgenerating rainstorms are usually of 3-day duration and areconfined in the whole Ganga Basin where the Damodar RiverBasin is a subcatchment of it [12] Entire Damodar RiverBasin is situated in the high-moderate flash flood zone (80 to120mm 3 hour rainfall) So observing the flood potentialityof this basin it is selected as a research area to assessthe temporal trend of flood climate and flood hydrologyIn this regard when we consider the floodplains of WestBengal the flood is regarded as extreme hydrometeorologicalannual phenomenon of monsoon season when the excessive

surface runoff and over flow of alluvial rivers submerge thesurrounding low lying areas of Barddhaman Hooghly andHowrah districts At that time the surface drainage systemsof lower Damodar Basin failed to cope up with it That is themain concern of inhabitants of southern West Bengal

The flood history of Damodar River is verymuch popularto West Bengal as well as India because this River isidentified as ldquoSorrow of Bengalrdquo due to havoc destructionin annual floods particularly in the lower reach [20] Ifwe consider floods as extreme hydrological phenomenonand as quasidynamic equilibrium fluvial process then itis not surprising to us that to attain the present formof lower Damodar Floodplain the flood aggradation anddegradation are considered as the prime processes But inreality settlements beside a river like Damodar River can bea mixed blessing for once in a while the river may overflowits banks and generate a heavy toll of property losses incomelosses and sometimes losses of life as well In some casesman has learned to live with such periodic inundations ofthe fertile floodplain [21]The causes of floods can be naturalbut human interference intensifies many floodsThe decisionto live in a floodplain for a variety of perceived benefitsis one that is fraught with difficulties The increase in flooddamage is related to the increasing number of people livingin floodplain regions [22] Remembering and analyzing thepast flood events of lower Damodar River the very commonbut unsolved problem of Damodar River Basin is to managethe huge inflow water of runoff from upper catchmentthrough the existing engineering structures of DamodarValley Corporation (DVC) flood regulation system It is aground reality that incapable flood storage system low canalconsumption declining carrying capacity of river decayedpalaeochannels mounting unscientific embankments and soforth are found to be the chief causes of recent floods andthese are not capable of coping upwith huge volumeof runoffThe essential part of this study is the precise estimation andforecasting of runoff in relation to flood climate and flood riskof lower Damodar River On the basis of hydrogeomorphicperspective of flood we have considered the following fiveprime objectives of study

(1) understanding the geohydrological set-up of Damo-dar River Basin

(2) analyzing the influence of monsoon rainfall on floodrisk

(3) estimating potential runoff to understand the magni-tude of flood discharge

(4) quantifying the potential carrying capacity of Damo-dar River and current threshold level of bankfulldischarge

(5) identifying the dominant key factors of flood risk inthe lower part of Damodar River Basin

2 Previous Works on Damodar Floods

Floods a popular theme of research as far as the monsoon-dominated rivers (namely Narmada Tapti Kosi GangaKaveri Godabari Krishna Brahmaputra Luni Pennar Ajay

Geography Journal 3

and Damodar) of India are concerned are investigated withthe perspectives of flood hydrology flood geomorphologypalaeohydrology and hydrometeorology Large floods ofIndian rivers basins and their temporal variations have beenstudied by many researchers [8 12 13 15 23ndash32] In WestBengal the lower segment of Damodar River is taken asmain spatial unit of study by many researchers and scholarsof different disciplines to analyze the flood ferocity andpropensity The flood history of Damodar during the period1817ndash1917 can be traced from the Glass [33] report submittedto the then Bengal government as observed at Raniganj WestBengal [21 33 34] The pre-dam and post-dam temporalcharacter of floods and results of dam construction are wellanalyzed by many workers [33 35ndash42] The causes factorsextent and trend of floods and phases of changing coursesof Damodar River are studied investigated and assessedminutely by few Indian geographers and geologists [21 3443 44]

3 Methodology

Uncertainty of physical event is very much allied with highmonsoon rainfall runoff generation and flash floods [46]but if we estimate the current status of flood flow or bankfulldischarge orwater accommodation capacity of channel reachthen an idea of emergent flood risk can be found with somequantitative judgmentsThe long continuous up-to-date andreliable rainfall data hydrological records and geomorphicdata are an indispensable part in the study of changingflood climate fluvial dynamics and flood risk assessmentFollowing fluvial hydrologic approach the drainage basin isselected as the main spatial unit of study Total workflowof methodology is confined within selection of researchproblem study area choice data collection data processingthroughGeographic Information System (GIS) and statisticalsoftware data analysis through quantitative judgments andthematic maps and finally data interpretation includingsignificance of this study

31 Data Collection The study about floods always incorpo-rates an interdisciplinary approach of earth science whichincludes the method and techniques of hydrology hydro-climatology and fluvial geomorphology We have collectedsecondary data and informationmostly fromDamodar Plan-ning Atlas [45] book entitled ldquoLower Damodar River IndiaUnderstanding the Human Role in Changing Fluvial Environ-mentrdquo [21] websites of Irrigation andWaterways Departmentof West Bengal West Bengal State Marketing Board IndianMeteorological Department of India Geological Survey ofIndia Google Earth and different research articles relating toDamodar RiverWe have also employed themaps of NationalAtlas Thematic Mapping Organization (NATMO) Surveyof India (SOI) toposheets (73M7 M11 M12 M15 M16N13 and 79 A4) and Geological Survey of India (GSI)To get elevation data we have collected ASTER (AdvancedSpaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)data (2013) from the website of United State GeologicalSurvey

32 Data Analysis MapInfo Professional 90 and ESRIArcGis 92 GIS software are used to represent spatial datainto organized format and thematic maps The delimitationand subsetting of study area (ie Damodar River Basin) iscompleted with the help of Leica Erdas 91 imagine softwareusing the topographical sheets (projected in UTM WGS84 projection) After collecting secondary data we haveemployed few statistical analyses namely mean standarddeviation skewness correlation regression probability dis-tribution and 119905- and chi square test for the hydrologicalinterpretation of stream flow data in Microsoft Excel 2007and SPSS 140 Finally gathering the results we have madesignificance of adopted methods interpretation of outcomesand conclusion to chalk out the major findings of thisanalysis

33 Quantitative Hydrologic Techniques To derive significantinformation and to assess the trend of Damodar floods fewquantitative techniques of fluvial hydrology are used hereThe employed quantitative expressions are summarized asfollows

331 Runoff Volume Estimation To measure the annualrunoff volume of Damodar River at Rhondia (West Bengal)Dhir et al (1958) had developed an empirical equation [48]Consider

Annual Runoff Volume (in million m3)

= 13400 Annual Precipitation (in cm) minus 575 105(1)

332 Runoff-Rainfall Relation Employing linear regressionand 119905-test we have established a significant rainfall-runoffequation to predict the trend of runoff on the basis of actualrainfall and runoff data (1934ndash1950) at RhondiaThe equationis expressed as follows

Runoff (119884) = 0819Rainfall (119883) minus 53021 (2)

333 Potential Runoff Estimation Converting annual peakdischarge (m3 sminus1) of Damodar to one-m3 sminus1 day in m3 (iemaximum volume of water flow passing through the mea-suring station) and dividing it by drainage area (km2) aboveRhondia we have obtained potential contributing runoff(mm) after satisfying the storage of dams The expression isas follows [7]

Potential Contributing Runoff

=

(86400 Peak Discharge) 104

Drainage Area 106

(3)

334 Gumbel Flood Frequency Flood frequency analysis is awidely used technique to derive flood discharge with certainreturn period According to Gumbel probability distribution(GPD) the exceedance probability (119875) is given by [7 49]

119875 = 1 minus 119890minus119890minus119910 (4)

4 Geography Journal

where 119910 is called reduced variates given by

119910 = [(119883 minus 119883mean) +045120590

07797120590

] (5)

where 119883mean is the mean of sample 119883 is the observed dataand 120590 is standard deviation of sample

If 119883119879denotes the magnitude of the flood with return

period of 119879 years [119879 = 1(1 minus 119890minus119890minus119910)]

119883119879= 119883mean + 119870119879 sdot 120590 (6)

where 119870119879is the frequency factor (119910

119879minus 119910mean120590119899) 119910119879 is the

reduced variate 119910mean is the mean of reduced variate and 120590119899

is standard deviation of reduced variates (calculating thesefrom table value ofGumbel distribution) In this case we haveused annual peak flow data of Damodar River (measured atAndersonWeir Rhondia)mdash(1) pre-dam phase (1933ndash57) and(2) post-dam phase (1958ndash2007)

335 Carrying Capacity and Threshold Discharge To esti-mate potential carrying capacity (m3) of a particular reachand threshold level of flood discharge (m3s) we have cal-culated mean cross-sectional area (m2) and mean maximumlength of the reach (m) of three selected channel sections ofDamodar namely (1) Rhondia to Jujuti reach (2) Jujuti toChanchai reach and (3) Chanchai to Paikpara reach usingASTER data andGlobalMapper 130 softwareThe developedequations are as follows [7]

Carrying Capacity of Reach

= Mean Cross minus Sectional Area

lowastMean Maximum Length of Reach

Threshold Discharge or Bankfull Discharge

=

Carrying Capacity of Reach86400

(7)

4 Geographical Outline of Study Area

The Damodar River or the Deonad Nadi as it is knownin its upstream sector is a subsystem of the Ganges Riversystem of India The local meaning of the word Damodaris fire in ldquowombrdquo or Udar which is ldquofull of firerdquo Thisimplies that the Damodar flows through a coal-rich area ofGondwana Formation The river rises in the ChotanagpurPlateau approximately at 23∘371015840N and 84∘411015840E [21] The maintributaries are the Barakar Tilaiya and Konar Below theconfluence of the Barakar and Damodar there are a fewinsignificant tributaries such as the Nunia and Sali Oncethe main distributaries were the Khari Banka Behula andGangur but now they look more like independent riversNear Palla the River takes a sharp southerly bend BelowJamalpur the river bifurcates into the Kanki-Mundeswariand the Amta Channel-Damodar and joins the HooghlyRiver (also spelled Hugli) at Falta some 483 km south ofKolkata [21] The Damodar River Basin is a subbasin andpart of the Ganges River spreading over an area of about

23370 km2 in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal Thesample study area (Figure 1) includes the lower reach ofDamodar River in between Rhondia (Galsi I Block) and Paik-para (Jamalpur Block) Its latitudinal extension ranges from23∘001015840 to 23∘2210158401010158401015840N and longitudinal extension ranges from87∘2810158402310158401015840 to 88∘0110158400010158401015840E At Anderson Weir (near RhondiaVillage) the estimated basin area coverage of Damodar Riveris 19920 km2The total stretch of Damodar between Rhondiaand Paikpara is approximately 82 km This reach crossesSonamukhi and Patrasayer blocks (Bankura) Kanksa Galsi IGalsi II Barddhaman I Khandaghosh Rayna Memari I andJamalpur blocks (Barddhaman) The slope category for 5ndash30metres of relief of lower Damodar Valley is flat lands of 0∘ndash0∘301015840 having 774 of Basin area and slope category for upper30ndash60 metres of relief is gentle sloping plain of 0∘301015840ndash1∘001015840having 357 of Basin area [50] Sixteen large magnitudesfloods occurred in its basin during 1823ndash1943 though afterconstructions of dams and reservoirs the ferocity of flood hasbeen reduced but the number of floods has been increased[44] The floods of 1823 1840 1913 1935 1941 1958 1959 and1978 had peaks of more than 16992m3 sminus1 A peak flow ofabout 18678m3 sminus1 has been recorded three times August1913 and 1935 and October 1941 [21] To mitigate flood theDamodar Valley Corporation (DVC) came into existenceon July 7 1948 by an act of the constituent assembly [42]In the first phase only four dams namely Tilaiya (1953)Konar (1955) Maithon (1957) and Panchet (1959) wereconstructed by DVC Then one more reservoir Tenughat(1978) on the upper Damodar River (under the control ofJharkahnd Government) and one barrage Durgapur Barrage(1955) on the middle Damodar River (under the control ofWest Bengal Government) are constructed sequentially [42]

5 Results and Discussion

51 Influence of Monsoonal Rainfall on Flood Propensity ofDamodar River The flow of any stream is determined bytwo entirely different sets of factors the one depending uponthe climate with special reference to the precipitation andthe other depending upon the physical characteristics of thedrainage basin Rivers do not however remain at a high stagethroughout the monsoon season It is only after a spell ofheavy rains which may last for a period of several days thatlarge volume of runoff is generated in the catchments andthe rivers experience floods annually [12] Analysis of one-day extreme rainfall series shows that the intensity of extremerainfall has increased over Orissa andWest BengalThe floodrisk was more in the decades of 1981ndash1990 1971ndash1980 and1991ndash2000 [17] The degree of flood risk has increased duringthe last two decades mostly over the eastern coast and WestBengal [17]

Monsoon depressions are the important synoptic sys-tems that cause floods in the Peninsular Rivers during thesouthwest monsoon season (JunendashOctober) On average sixdepressions aremostly formed in the vicinity of Bay of Bengalduring the three months of July to September [51] Thesedisturbances generally move west-north-westwards along

Geography Journal 5

Tilaiya

Konar

Bokaro

TenughatPalamau TPSBermo

Belpahari

MaithonPanchet

Santaldih

Dishergarh

Asansol

DurgapurRhondia

MejiaKashipur

Idilpur BarddhamanPalla

Chanchai

Jamalpur

Paikparawith main focus

Kolkata0 30 60(km)

Kanki-Mundeswari

Amta-Damodar

Damodar River Basin

India

Ganga River

Kolaghat

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

24∘30

998400N24∘30

998400N

23∘30

998400N 23∘30

998400N

22∘30

998400N 22∘30

998400N

Damodar River

Barakar RiverBhagirathi

Hooghly River

Damodar River Basin

Jharkhand

West Bengal

ReservoirBasin boundaryState boundary

RiverDistrict boundary

Study area

(a)

Important locationReservoirsBasin boundaryRiver

Damodar River BasinTilaiya

MaithonAsansol

Durgapur

Barddhaman

Paikpara

Kolkata

Bokaro

PalamauTPS

0 80 160(km)

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

24∘N

23∘N

24∘N

23∘N

0ndash50

50ndash150

150ndash300

300ndash450

450ndash600

600ndash750

750ndash900

900ndash1050

gt1050

ASTER DEM elevation (m)

(b)

Figure 1 (a) Spatial extent of Damodar River Basin and (b) ASTER elevation map of the basin

6 Geography Journal

the Lower Gangetic Plain to Chotanagpur Plateau after theirformation at the head of the Bay of Bengal [37 51]The tracksof depressions are following the lower segment to uppercatchment of Damodar River Basin It is well know that heavyrainfall occurs in the southwestern sector of the monsoondepression due to strong convergence in that sector [51] Ithas been found that the high flash-floodmagnitudes of 1950ndash57 and 1958ndash69 are associated with 118 and 217 numbers ofcyclones (which includes cyclonic disturbances wind speed17 knots or more cyclones 34 knots of more and severecyclones 48 knots ormore) of Bay of Bengal respectively butlow floodmagnitude of 1988ndash95 is related to only 95 numbersof cyclones [21]

Lower segment of the basin is affected by the floods dueto upstream heavy rainfall and huge runoff volume generatedin the upper catchment (ie western part of Maithon andPanchet dams) which consists of two drainage systems(a) Damodar drainage system and (b) Barakar drainagesystem It is estimated that Damodar catchment receivesmonsoon rainfall (JunendashOctober) of 85557ndash104355mm andBarakar catchment receives monsoon rainfall of 84054ndash107981mm annually [52] At present significant interannualand intraseasonal variabilities in the observed monsoonrainfall are displayed over this so-called sub-humid regionresulting in recurrent droughts and floods [53] It is projectedthat 10ndash15 percent of rainfall will increase in area of averagemonsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent but the dateof onset of summer monsoon over central India couldbecome more variable in future More intense rainfall spellsare also projected in a warmer atmosphere increasing theprobability of extreme rainfall events and flash-floods in thesun-mountainous or plateau scarp region [11 53]

The main hydroclimatic factors which influence runoffand flood of Damodar can be categorized as follows [54] (1)type of rainfall (2) rainfall intensity (3) duration of rainfallon basin (intense short period or prolong duration) (4)direction of storm depression and cyclone movement and(5) antecedent rainfall and soil moisture Heavy incessantand prolonged rainfall for long period is the basic cause offloods because enormous amount of water gets collected onthe surface flowing as runoff Higher magnitude of rainfallcoupled with a larger catchment area like Damodar Basin(23370 km2) leads to a greater volume of runoff We haveemphasized on the following influences ofmonsoonal rainfalland catchment characteristics onflood risk of lowerDamodarBasin

(1) More or less same monsoonal rainfall pattern isobserved both in the districts of upper catchmentand lower catchment (Table 1) Within the DamodarCommand Area of DVC the upper and middleparts of Basin receive 1209mm rainfall annually andlower parts of Basin receive 1329mm [42] There-fore large fan-shaped contributing area of Damodarannually receives huge rainfall and due to low infil-tration capacity and high runoff coefficient of rocky-deforested upper catchment 70 to 80 percent ofrainfall converted into surface runoff Due to highdrainage density of upper catchment huge volume

Table 1 Subdivisional monsoonal rainfall covering the DamodarRiver Basin

Year Rainfall (mm) inJharkhand subdivision

Rainfall (mm) inGangetic West Bengal

subdivision2005 11050 113602006 10920 112602007 10930 112702008 10925 129172009 10026 97152010 10845 114062011 11015 139471951ndash2000(mean normalrainfall)

10919 11679

Source IMD httpwwwimdgovin retrieved on December 26 2011

of runoff appears as excessive stream flow whichfinally contributes to the main Damodar River belowPanchet and Maithon Dams

(2) Rains of long duration and direction of monsoonaldepressions (generally south to north-west fromGangetic West Bengal) annually aggravates huge vol-ume of inflow water into the reservoirs of DVCDuring late monsoon the reservoirs including therivers remain bankfull and groundwater of alluvialWest Bengal is recharged to the fullest extent Asudden cloudburst or strong depressional rainfall atthis juncture frequently causes a disastrous floodThemonth of September-early October is now consideredas cruelest one for lower Damodar River because allthe major floods of 1956 1958 1959 1978 1995 and2000 appeared in this session (Table 2)

(3) The eastern parts of Jharkhand and Gangetic WestBengal are recommended as the one of major rain-storm zones and flood prone areas of India [12 13]It has been found that on an average of 25 years theaveragemonsoonal rainfall in 6 hours ranges between14 and 16 cm in the parts of eastern Jharkhand andwestern West Bengal [37 39]

(4) When Jharkhand Division (7370 percent share inthe basin) experiences intense rainfall of wide cov-erage at that time Gangetic West Bengal (2630percent share in the basin) is already oversaturated bycontinuing monsoonal depressions and lower catch-ment receives more than 1400mm rainfall (Figure 2)Then uncontrolled inflow runoff of upper catchment(released at last by Durgapur Barrage) integrates withfurther additional rainfall of Gangetic West Bengaland enormous volume of water passes through con-gested silted and oversaturated lowerDamodarRiver(Figure 2) which is further narrowing down next todownstreamof Barddhaman town So the overflow ofriver and additional runoff of lower catchment turnsthe inundated situation into misery

Geography Journal 7

Table 2 Rainfall recorded during monsoonal major foods in theDamodar Valley (DV) and Barddhaman District (BD)

Year Month Date Total stormrainfall (mm)

1913 (DV) August 5 to 11 3141935 (DV) August 10 to 15 2881958 (DV) September 14 to 16 166

1959 (DV) September-October

September 30 toOctober 7 231

1978 (DV) September 26 to 29 1841995 (BD) September 26 to 28 3692000 (BD) September 18 to 21 800Source [21 47]

88∘30

998400E

23∘30

998400N

23∘00

998400N

88∘30

998400E87∘30

998400E

gt1500

1450ndash1500

1400ndash1450

1350minus1400

1300ndash1350

1250ndash1300

lt1250

Damodar River Basin

0 10 20

(km)Annual mean rainfall (mm)

23∘

30998400N

00998400N

23∘

87∘30

998400E

Annual normal rainfall pattern (1901ndash50) inDamodar plain Barddhaman district

Figure 2 Spatial distribution of mean annual rainfall in lowersegment of Damodar River Basin Source Chatterjee [45]

52 Estimating Surface Runoff and Flood Risk Flood riskestimation includes the task of evaluating the probability ofa flood arriving which is greater than that which can besafely accommodated [55] Usually the risk is expressed asthe probability of such an occurrence or phenomenon withinthe intended design life of a scheme [55] or the risk involvesquantification of the probability that a hazard (eg flood) willbe harmful and the tolerable degree of risk depends uponwhat is being risked [46] The uncertainty of event is verymuch allied with high monsoon rainfall runoff generationand flash floods but if we estimate the current status of flooddischarge or runoff volume then an idea of emergent floodrisk can be found with some quantitative judgment

020406080

100120140160180

Mea

n ru

noff

(mm

)

June July August September October

Damodar catchmentBarakar catchment

Monsoon months

Figure 3 Estimatedmeanmonsoon (June to October) runoff in thecatchments of Damodar and Barakar

Runoff is a portion of part of the hydrological cycleconnecting precipitation and channel flow The basin hydro-logical cycle can be viewed simply as inputs of precipitationbeing distributed through a number of storages by a seriesof transfers leading to outputs of basin channel runoffevapotranspiration and deep outflow of ground water [56]The watershed or catchment is the area of land draining intoa stream at a given location [1] To describe the surface wateryield of basin (after soil moisture storage) the estimation ofsurface runoff obtained prime importance It plays dual rolein basin hydrogeomorphologymdash(1) fluvial erosional agentand gross sediment yield and (2) accumulation of all waterand final discharge to main channel [13]

It is calculated that Damodar catchment yields monsoonrunoff (JunendashOctober) of 38517ndash56071mm and Barakarcatchment yields monsoon runoff of 41659ndash56584mmannually (Figure 3) [52] For estimation of runoff yield ofDamodar Basin at Anderson Weir (Rhondia West Bengal)Dhir et al [48] had developed an empirical equation onthe basis of a range of rainfall-runoff and stream flowdata Actually they developed numerous individual equa-tions for Kangsabati (West Bengal) Tapti (Gujrat) Chambal(Rajasthan) Tawa (Madhya Pradesh) Ghataprabha (AndhraPradesh) and so forth river basins of India These equationsare well used by Central Water Commission (Governmentof India) and International Water Management Institute forungauged sites of Indian catchments It has been assumedthat from Rhondia the remaining upper catchment of19920 km2 has contained a considerable portion of rainfallsand produced runoff into the main channel though it variesfrom region to region on the basis of land use land covergeology soil rainfall intensity and so forth At Rhondia forthe upper catchment area (19920 km2) of Damodar Rivera direct rainfall-runoff equation is developed to estimatepotential runoff volume at upper catchment [30]

From the above analysis (Table 3) we can say that annualrunoff yield of Damodar Basin is much greater rangingfrom 16961580 million m3 (Barhi) to 19900200 million m3(Burdwan) for the decade of 1901ndash50 It is easily seen that

8 Geography Journal

Table 3 Calculated runoff of Damodar Basin from annual normal rainfall data (1901ndash50) of selected stations

Stations 1Mean annual rainfall (mm) Annual runoff volume(million m3)

Annual depth of runoff(mm) Runoffrainfall ratio

Barhi 13087 16961580 85234 0651Hazaribagh 13387 17363580 87254 0651Ramgarh 13060 16925400 85052 0651Jamtara 13767 17872780 89813 0652Dhanbad 13090 16965600 85254 0651Barjora 14690 19109600 96784 0658Sonamukhi 12040 15558600 86325 0717Asansol 13249 17178660 96028 0725Mankar 12096 15633640 78561 0649Burdwan 15280 19900200 99900 0653Standard deviation 10116 1355498 6865 0023Mean 133746 17346964 87171 0665Skewness 063 063 037 1770Data source 1[45]

the potentiality of runoff generation is more or less the samein the upper catchment area of Damodar (850ndash900mm peryear) Based onmean annual Basin rainfall of 133746mm wehave been calculated potentially mean annual basin runoffof 87171mm which is generated having positively skeweddistribution After getting idea of past condition we haveemployed the recent districtwise monsoonal rainfall data(2006ndash10) which is regularly provided by website of IndianMeteorological Department (IMD Pune) In between Juneand September rainfall soil moisture and runoff reachup to maximum levels which contributed to greatest floodflows of lower Damodar Basin It have been found Haz-aribagh Bokaro and Dhanbad districts yield approximatemean runoff of 661 640 and 669mm respectively inmonsoon (2006ndash10) This runoff of upper catchment reachesdownstream of Burdwan Plain through the main channeland it is further cumulated with the monsoonal runoff ofBurdwan and Bankura districts which are 758 and 756mmrespectively for 2006ndash10 (Figure 3) The important thing isthat the basin area is reduced at downstream and meanannual runoff volume of 13882046millionm3 passes throughthis narrow channel It aggravates the risk of inundation andflood in the lower portion ofDamodar Basin in lateMonsoon

The above analysis (Table 4 and Figure 4) provides uswith only a generalized idea about potentiality of runoff tobe generated in the periods of 1901ndash1950 and 2006ndash2010 Wehave now established a linear regression equation dealingwith seventeen years of estimated actual rainfall and runoffdata (1934ndash1950) at Rhondia and a statistical significant testis employed to make that equation reliable and applicable toDamodar Basin Here we have assumed that the calculatedrunoff is generated within the basin area depending onthe land use land cover conditions soil moisture channelstorage rainfall intensity evapotranspiration and geologicalcharacter of surface So this rainfall-runoff relation reflectsthe hydrogeomorphic characteristics of Damodar Basin and

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

Monsoon rainfall of Dhanbad Runoff of DhanbadMonsoon rainfall of Barddhaman Runoff of Barddhaman

Figure 4 Monsoonal rainfall and runoff contrast (2006ndash10) ofDhanbad and Barddhaman districts

flood risk of downstream region in particular Again estab-lishing this significant regression equation we can predictpotential runoff depth of uncalculated years which willforecast the flood flow at Rhondia

Observing the above calculations (Table 5) and twographs (Figure 5) we have been able to establish ameaningfulrainfall-runoff relation of Damodar Basin at Rhondia Fromldquo119905-testrdquo of 119887 value and 119903 value we have obtained thatboth slope of positive increasing trend line and correlationbetween rainfall and runoff are very much significant reject-ing the null hypothesis Also the distribution is positivelyskewed (063) With the fluctuation of rainfall the runoffwas also deviated but from 1934 to 1950 the runoff has anincreasing positive annual trend (119884 = 08194119883minus 53021) On

Geography Journal 9

Table 4 Districtwise monsoonal rainfall-runoff estimation (2006ndash10) for Damodar River Basin

(a) lowastMonsoonal rainfall in mm

District 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Hazaribagh 9773 11135 14985 9652 5761Bokaro 9389 10271 11848 9459 8713Dhanbad 10797 14884 9778 8960 7489Burdwan 12801 14830 13618 9770 7459Bankura 12019 15552 13716 10017 7045

(b) Monsoonal runoff volume in million m3


(c) Predicted runoff depth in mm

District 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Hazaribagh 62855 72017 97916 62041 35867Bokaro 60272 66205 76813 60743 55725Dhanbad 69744 97236 62889 57386 47491Burdwan 83224 96873 88720 62835 47289Bankura 77964 101730 89379 64496 44504Data source lowastIMD httpwwwimdgovin retrieved on December 26 2011

Table 5 Establishing annual rainfall-runoff relation for Damodar River Basin at Rhondia (1934ndash50)

Year1Mean annualrainfall (mm)

2Mean annualrunoff (mm) Calculations

1934 1088 274 119886 = 530211935 1113 320 119887 = 08191936 1512 543 Runoff (119884) = 0819 rainfall (119883) minus 530211937 1343 437 Coefficient of determination (1198772) = 0631938 1103 3521939 1490 617 Standard deviation of 119884 = 158mm1940 1100 328 Standard error of estimate of 119884 = 96mm1941 1433 5821942 1475 763 Calculated 119905 value of 119887 = 325

1943 1380 558 Tabulated 119905 value (001 confidence) = 295Degree of freedom (df) = (119899 minus 2) = 15

1944 1178 4921945 1223 478 Product moment correlation coefficient (119903) = 07941946 1440 783 Calculated 119905 value of 119903 = 4011947 1165 551 Tabulated 119905 value (001 confidence) = 2951948 1271 5651949 1443 720 Null hypothesis is rejected and the equation is very much significant1950 1340 730Data source 12[2]

10 Geography Journal

Table 6 Normal monsoonal rainfall and calculated runoff amounts of selected districts (1951ndash2003)

Districts1Normal rainfall in mm Total monsoonal rainfall (mm) Estimated monsoonal runoff (mm)

June July August September(1) Jharkhand Division

Bokaro 1785 3188 2860 2569 10402 3217Hazaribagh 1804 3278 2976 2347 10405 3219Jamtara 2168 3476 3399 2782 11825 4382Dhanbad 1923 3361 3008 2455 10747 3499

(2) Gangetic West BengalBankura 2069 3121 3115 2300 10605 3383Burdwan 2294 3248 3036 2403 10981 3691

Data source 1IMD httpwwwimdgovin retrieved on December 26 2011

0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

Mean annual rainfallMean annual runoff

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Mean annual rainfall (mm)

Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)

Figure 5 (a) Yearwise mean rainfall and runoff pattern at Rhondiafrom 1934 to 1950 and (b) increasing regression trend line betweenrainfall and runoff of Damodar Basin

an average estimated runoff is 54889mm having standarddeviation of 15367mm From the trend of 1934ndash50 we havefound that average annual runoff-rainfall ratio is 041 (025to 054) which means that 41 percent of annual rainfall haspossibility to convert into runoff in this area dependingon different geographical conditions It is a real fact thatthe largest part of runoff is generated at the time of peakmonsoon (June to September) alone (when excess rainfallbecomes direct runoff to the streams after fulfillment ofsurface storage) Therefore using the districtwise normal

monsoonal IMD rainfall data (1951ndash2003) of Bokaro Dhan-bad Hazaribagh Jamtara Ramgarh Bankura and Burdwanwe have obtained the following status of runoff (Table 6)

On an average the normalmonsoonal rainfall ranges from10402 to 11825mm per year and calculated runoff rangesfrom 3217 to 4382mm per year Both regions on an averageyield have same runoff (3579 to 3537mm) in monsoon Itsignifies that now both upper and lower portions of DamodarBasin yield the same runoff which has a cumulative effect asincreasing runoff progresses towards Gangetic West BengalAs funnel shape upper catchment carries 3217ndash4382mm ofrunoff towards West Bengal and further narrow elongatedalluvial lower basin adds 3383 to 3691mm of runoff onthe same season or months therefore in late August toSeptember when soil moisture and ground water rechargesup to maximum level the agglomerative effect of this runoffwithin the same period creates huge volume of stream flowor peak discharge in Maithon Panchet Dams and DurgapurBarrage

According the Sen [34 43] nowDVC system is providingflood benefit of only 16256mm of surface runoff to thelower catchment in place of 4520mm as advocated by MrVoorduin [43] But our result shows that now estimatedmean monsoonal runoff (1951ndash2003) is 3550mm having17244mm of unregulated runoff This amount of runoff isnot controlled by DVC storage system and is finally releasedby Durgapur Barrage into main River and canals So thereare ample chances of peak flood flow and inundation ofBarddhaman Plains when huge outflow of Durgapur Barragewill overtop its banks as the downstream cross-section ofchannel is reducing to a considerable extent from Barsul toPaikpara In general the annual runoff pattern of DamodarBasin is depicted as follows (Figure 6)

53 Predicting Potential Runoff in relation to Peak Dischargeof Damodar The channel flow or stream flow is the mainform of surface water flow and all the other surface andsubsurface flow processes contribute to it The precipitationwhich becomes streamflowmay reach the streamby overlandflow subsurface flow or both [3] The observed or measuredstream flow of Damodar River at Anderson Weir Rhondiais the flow collected from upper catchment area of DamodarRiver (19920 km2) and appeared at an outlet ofWeir But that

Geography Journal 11

Annual mean runoff (mm)

0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat

Figure 6 Average annual runoff pattern in the Damodar River Basin (2010)

measured flow does not reflect the actual stream flow becausethe reservoirs and dams store much water in them thoughthe measured stream flow can be regarded as uncontrolledinflow of upper catchment It has been assumed that observedextreme level of steam flow rate of a day is the cumulativeeffect of total collective runoff of previous days in the uppercatchment area of a river Now we have been attemptingto estimate pre-dam (1933ndash1957) and post-dam (1958ndash2007)major contribution of runoff of upper catchment which isresponsible for the peak stream flow at Rhondia

Converting m3 sminus1 (metric system unit of stream flowrate) into volume of flow (m3) and dividing it by contributingcatchment area (upper catchment of Damodar River mea-sured from Anderson Weir Rhondia) we have been able tofind the probable of potential depth of runoff responsible forthat stream flow The volume of water discharged in a periodof 24 hours at a peak rate of 1m3 sminus1 is called ldquoonem3 sminus1 dayrdquo(1m3 sminus1 day = 86400m3 = 864 ha-m) [7]

We have categorized the calculation (Table 7 andFigure 7) into two important phases (1) pre-dam period(1934ndash57) and (2) post-dam period (1958ndash2007) to under-stand runoff amount in past natural condition and presentcontrolled condition The calculated potential runoff depthsof both periods reaffirm that to reach the observed peakdischarge level and volume of water passing throughAnderson Weir the upper catchment of Damodar Rivershould collect the maximum amount of runoff water In

Observed years of peak discharge

0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

31mm runoff (critical level for7075m3 sminus1 discharge at Rhondia)

Pre-dam period(1934ndash57)

Post-dam period(1958ndash2007)

Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)

Figure 7 Pre-dam and post-dam change of potential contributingrunoff in respect of peak discharge of Damodar River at Rhondia

pre-dam period when a single dam was constructed thestream flow of Damodar River was much more extreme inall years having mean peak discharge of 8378m3 sminus1 In thatnatural condition the estimated runoff ranges from 2078to 7856mm but due to establishment of DVC Project it isradically reduced and ranges from 179 to 4736mm Nowmuch of runoff water is stored behind the dams of uppercatchment In spite of low runoff supply and storage lowerBasin of Damodar (Barddhaman Hooghly and Howrahdistricts) is still facing annual flood The estimated runoff ofpost-dam period is the unregulated outflow of DVC though


Table 7 Estimating potential runoff of upper catchment of Damo-dar River on the basis of selective annual peak discharges at Rhondiafor pre-dam and post-dam period

Date of occurrence1Peak

dischargein m3 sminus1

One-m3 sminus1day in m3

Contributingpotential runoff

in mmPre-dam phase(1933ndash1957)

1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721

Post-dam phase(1958ndash2007)

2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]

the main portion of stream flow is coming from surfacerunoffThe above calculation can forecast the peak dischargeor volume of flow at Rhondia if we can precisely estimaterainfall and runoff of upper catchment When we look at theline graph of runoff (Figure 6) we have found that after damconstruction the supply of runoff is decreased below 30mmwhich is recommended as critical level for 7075m3 sminus1 peakdischarge at Rhondia (threshold level of downstream floodas recommended by DVC) But if we look at the trend of1995ndash2007 we have found that after a sharp calm session thecontribution potential runoff amount is gradually increasedIt signifies three facts (1) declining storage capacity ofreservoirs and unregulated outflow (2) loss of carryingcapacity of Damodar River to accommodate runoff and(3) future risk of extreme flood at downstream section Wehave mentioned the cumulative rainfall of past major flood

events in relation to estimated runoff depth (Table 8) Herethe runoff coefficient to depict actual runoff of given daysresponsible for extreme peak discharge is estimated Only1 to 34 percent of rainfall is converted into runoff whichappears as abnormal flood flow at Rhondia So we can saythat small amount of potential runoff appeared as giganticflood flow due to wide areal coverage (19920 km2) of uppercatchment (fan shaped basin) to accommodate huge volumeof water within two to three days of prolonged rainfall

Now we have employedGumbelrsquos distribution of extremevalues to identify the standard project flood discharge andrunoff of given return period (namely 5 10 20 50 100 and150 years flood) in Damodar Basin In post-dam condition5 years return period of flood has possible peak dischargeof 5352m3 sminus1 (11728m3 sminus1 in pre-dam condition) andpredicted runoff of 2321mm (5087mm in pre-dam condi-tion) Again 100 years of return period of standard floodhas potential peak discharge of 12670m3 sminus1 (10919m3 sminus1in 1978) and predicted runoff of 5495mm (4736mm in1978) When we observe the trend of peak discharge (1934ndash2007) we have found dominance 5000ndash7000m3 sminus1 of flooddischarge in some years So we should focus on 5 10 and20 years of flood to predict extreme flood discharge andcontributing runoff (Table 9)

54 Declining Carrying Capacity of Channel and Chances ofFloods It is now considered that lower Damodar River hasconstantly lost its carrying capacity to store or accommodateflood water within its confined valley in the time of peakmonsoon [47 57] To verify it we have calculated thepotential volume water of a particular reach which may beaccommodated limiting its carrying capacity To estimate themaximumbankfull capacity to carry flood flow and thresholdlevel of flood discharge we have subdivided the river fromAnderson Weir to downstream into three reaches namely(1) Rhondia to Jujuti reach (2) Jujuti to Chanchai reachand (3) Chanchai to Paikpara reach (Table 10) Using SRTMelevation data we have drawn six to eight cross profiles ofthree reaches across Damodar River taking an equal intervaland mean cross-sectional area mean depth mean length ofeach reach and mean bankfull volume of each reach arecalculated using those profiles It was estimated by Voodruinand DVC that if all the proposed dams were establishedwe could moderate the peak discharge up to 7075m3 sminus1(611280000m3 sminus1day) at Rhondia and any discharge aboveit would cause flood at downstream section [58 59] Butunfortunately total DVC project is not completed till dateand after spending sixty years (from establishment of DVC)the dams barrages and river itself are much more silted dueto engineering obstructions annual regulation of streamflowand embankments So it is clear that now the threshold levelis much less than 7075m3 sminus1 but question is how much itis decreased For that reason we have estimated the presentthreshold level of peak discharge to predict the overflowcondition and flood risk of lower Damodar River (Table 10)

As the mean cross-sectional area of river is decreaseddownstream (12290 to 7077m2) the bankfull volume of


Table 8 Relating rainfall peak discharge and estimated runoff of Damodar Basin in selected major flood events

Consecutive date ofrainfall

Cumulative averagerainfall in mm

Date of peakdischarge

Magnitude ofpeak discharge

in m3 sminus1Estimated

runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient

August 5ndash8 1913 234 881913 18406 7983 034August 10ndash12 1935 196 1281935 18112 7856 040September 14ndash16 1958 168 1691958 4682 2030 012September 30ndashOct 21959 152 2111959 8792 3813 025

September 26-27 1978 160 2791978 10919 4736 029September 18ndash212000 359 2392000 6387 2770 008

Data Source [21]

Table 9 Pre-dam and post-dam comparison of standard peak flood discharge and estimated runoff of variable return period using Gumbeldistribution

119879 returnperiod(years)

Reducedvariate

Pre-dam period Estimatedrunoff(mm)

Post-dam period EstimatedRunoff(mm)119870

119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50

0819 5352 232110 225 1583 14317 6210 1465 6796 294820 297 2246 16805 7289 2086 8184 355050 39 3102 20016 8681 2887 9974 4326100 46 3746 22433 9730 349 11322 4910150 53 4391 24853 10780 4093 12670 5495Note 119870119879 frequency factor of Gumbel distribution 119876 estimated or projected peak discharge 119910mean mean of peak discharges 120590119899 standard deviation ofdistribution and 119899 number of variables

Table 10 Estimation of present threshold level of flood discharge in lower Damodar River

Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)

Range ofchannel depth

(m)

Bankfull volume(m3) of total reach

(m3 sminus1day)

Present estimatedlevel of discharge(m3 sminus1) (threshold

level)

Discharge (m3 sminus1)as recommendedearlier by DVC

Excessuncontrolled

discharge (m3 sminus1)

(1) Rhondia toJujuti 12290 389ndash784 346568177 4011 3064

(2) Jujuti toChanchai 7082 508ndash685 204380800 2366 7075 4709

(3) Chanchai toPaikpara 7077 447ndash975 133259910 1542 5533

reach also is declined (346568177 to 133259910m3) It isestimated that Damodar River has lost its former car-rying capacity (up to 611280000m3 for the discharge of7075m3 sminus1) having a loss of 264711823 to 478020090m3 inone m3 sminus1day Now we have estimated that threshold levelsof peak discharge are 4011 2366 and 1542m3 sminus1 respectivelyfor the selected reaches of lower Damodar River (Rhondia toPaikpara) So now any bankfull discharge above 4011m3 sminus1at Rhondia is considered to be flood discharge for lowercatchment That is why in post-dam period BarddhamanHooghly and Howrah Districts had experienced high mag-nitude of floods in 1958 1961 1976 1978 1995 1999 19872000 2006 2007 2009 and 2013The line graph also denotesthat from 1995 frequently the peak discharge have crossed

the threshold limit and its magnitude is rising after thedevastating floods of 1978 and 2000 (Figure 8)

With increasing distance from the AndersonWeir Rhon-dia the channel dimensions of channel cross-sectional area(119860119887) volume of that cross-section (119881

119888) bankfull width (119882

119887)

maximum depth (thalweg depth) of that profile (119863max) andwidth-depth ratio (119882119863) are gradually decreased with lowcompetence of accommodating peak discharge (Figure 9)The estimated maximum and minimum bankfull dischargesare 5848m3 sminus1 and 529m3 sminus1 respectively with the cross-sectional channel area of 6360m2 and 812m2 being at thosesections The119882119863 is significantly decreased at downstreamfrom 20659 to 1208 reflecting the narrowness of channelbut maximum channel depth (119863max) is increased from


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)

Threshold level of flood dischargeat Rhondia (4011 m3 sminus1)

4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883

Figure 8 Post-dam trend of peak discharge at Rhondia aboveestimated threshold level of discharge (note cumec m3 sminus1)

883 to 2153 metres The average monsoonal discharge isestimated to be near about 6071m3 sminus1 up to Bardhhamantown and 2781m3 sminus1 up to Paikpara The annual peak flowis projected approximately 10213m3 sminus1 and 12393m3 sminus1 inbetween Ramgopalpur and Gohagram This is reduced upto 2106ndash3048m3 sminus1 in between Jamalpur and Paikpara Thisinformation again reconfirms the risk of overflow at the timeof peakmonsoon discharge in the lower segment of DamodarRiver

6 Conclusion

Damodar River of India its history of flood dischargeswide coverage of monsoonal rainfall excessive volume ofrunoff declining carrying capacity of River and increasinghuman actions on its active domain are effectively explainedhere from a hydrogeomorphic perspective to analyze itsdynamic fluvial phenomena in relation to flood climate andrisk assessment This study extracts significant informationregarding past present and future trend of flood dischargeand continuous riverrsquos responses to rainfall runoff and floodcontrol system of DVC Employing Gumbelrsquos distribution ofextreme annual discharge values we have found that 100 yearsof flood discharge will reach up to 11322m3 sminus1 in post-damperiod but the flood of that magnitude is associated with 5years of recurrence interval in pre-dam period It suggeststhat DVC flood regulation system manages to increase therecurrence interval of peak annual discharge up to 50 percentIn every 14 years there will be 715 percent probability ofoccurrence to reach peak discharge up to 7075m3 sminus1 Thisdischarge is contributed by increasing monsoonal runoffof upper catchment of Damodar which ranges from 320to 440mm per year and in post-dam period there isrequirement of only 30mm runoff to reach peak dischargeof 7035m3 sminus1 at Rhondia But now we have estimated thatonly 4011m3 sminus1 of discharge (return period of 3 years) isconsidered as threshold limit of flood discharge at Rhondiaand when we go downstream section it is reduced up toonly 1542m3 sminus1 For that reason lower Damodar River hasannually experienced overflow condition and adjoining partsof Barddhaman Hooghly and Howrah are flooded in peakmonsoon Now it is said that present carrying capacity of

050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur Gohagram

Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul

Palla JamalpurPaikpara

Yc = 24476eminus0028x

R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)

Figure 9 Downstream site-specific hydrogeomorphic changes ofDamodar River with increasing downstream distance from Rhon-dia (a)119882

119887119863max is decreased (b) 119860119887 is decreased (c) level of 119876max

is significantly decreased signifying high flood risk

lower Damodar is reduced to 1415m3 sminus1 only Rememberingthe emerging problems of riverine flood we have mentionedthat the current factors of flood risk of lower Damodar Riverare as follows (1) bottle-neck and physically handicappedlocation of lowerDamodar Basin in theGangeticWest Bengal(huge volume of channel flow collected from funnel-shapedrocky upper catchment passing through narrow and shallowreach of lower Damodar) including the tidal effect of lowerreach (2) three to four days continuous heavy rainfall due toSW-NE directional monsoonal depressions (3) uncontrolledrunoff of upper catchment (4) increasing siltation of damsbarrages canals and river beds (5) only four large dams (ieTilaiya Konar Maithon and Panchet) Tenughat Reservoirand Durgapur Barrage serving the purpose of all proposedeight large dams and combined flood moderation capacity ofMaithon and Panchet dams reducing up to only 32 per cent(6) the dams compelling to release excess water in the month


of late September because of already storing water in theprevious months of monsoon (7) annual peak dischargeof short duration occurring in between late September andOctober at the time of over-saturation of alluvial soils groundwater and existing streams and (8) drainage congestion andencroachment of active river bed and floodplain

From the perspective of flood climate the recurrentfloods of Damodar River is directly influenced by rainstormsof 3- to 4-day duration path of cyclone extreme rainfallevent of 3 to 6 hours runoff yield and discharging ofexcess water from the upstream dams and Durgapur barrageFrom the standpoint of flood hydrology the stream flowduring high magnitude floods in our study area is primarilyconfined within bankfull level with occasional overtoppingof the levees The floodplain flow whenever it took place isintermittent in nature To manage floods we should focus onthe travel time of flood waves from Durgapur barrage to thedownstream end and on the up-to-date accurate estimationof critical bankfull discharge at the ungauged sites of lowerDamodar River

At last it can be said that human and technology solelycannot control the river dynamics in our favour but we canadopt or adjust ourselves to the dynamicity of river dischargesthrough a complete understanding of hydrogeomorphicbehaviours of an active alluvial river like Damodar From theabove analysis it is understood that observing the drawbacksof large scale Damodar Valley Planning we can only predictor manage the flood discharge to a certain level not stoppingit completely So scrutinizing the exiting framework of basinplanning it is the exact time to rethink the increasing floodrisk of lower Damodar River and renovation of DamodarValley Planning in West Bengal in the frame of globalwarming and climate change

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank Achim A Beylich (Editor) forgiving them suggestions to enrich the work in a scientificway They are very much thankful to the reviewers forproviding valuable comments and suggestions on the paperThis study was supported by the Department of GeographyThe University of Burdwan (West Bengal India)

References

[1] M Allaby Floods Viva Books Private Limited New DelhiIndia 2006

[2] H M Raghunath HydrologymdashPrinciples Analysis and DesignNew Age International Publishers New Delhi India 2011

[3] V T ChowD RMaidment and LMMaysAppliedHydrologyMcGraw Hill Book New York NY USA 1988

[4] S S Sharma ldquoFloods in West Bengalmdashnature analysis andsolutionrdquo in Changing Environmental Scenario S Basu Ed pp315ndash322 acb Publication Kolkata India 2002

[5] B P Hayden ldquoFlood climaterdquo in Flood Geomorphology V RBaker R C Kochel and P C Patton Eds pp 13ndash27 JohnWileyamp Sons New York NY USA 1988

[6] K K Hirschboeck ldquoFlood hydroclimatologyrdquo in FloodGeomor-pholog V R Baker R C Kochel and P C Patton Eds pp 27ndash50 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1988

[7] P J R ReddyATextbook ofHydrology University Science PressBangalore India 2011

[8] S Nandargi and O N Dhar ldquoHigh frequency floods and theirmagnitudes in the Indian riversrdquo Journal of the GeologicalSociety of India vol 61 no 1 pp 90ndash96 2003

[9] K Parthasarathy ldquoWeather in relation to floods in Bihar Bengaland Assam during July and August 1954rdquo Journal of Scientificand Industrial Research vol 14 no A pp 115ndash119 1954

[10] U K Bose ldquoPreliminary meteorological study associated withWest Bengal riversrdquo Indian Journal of Power and River ValleyDevelopment vol 7 no 9 pp 23ndash24 1957

[11] P Singh A S Ramanathan and V G Ghanekar ldquoFlash floodsin Indiardquo pp 114ndash118 1974 httpks360352kimsuficomred-booksa112iahs 112 0114pdf

[12] V S Kale ldquoGeomorphic effects of monsoon floods on Indianriversrdquo Natural Hazards vol 28 no 1 pp 65ndash84 2003

[13] V S Kale ldquoFluvial hydrology and geomorphology of monsoon-dominated Indian riversrdquo Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologiavol 6 no 1 pp 63ndash73 2005

[14] V S Kale ldquoResearch on floods in Indiardquo 2009 httpscholargooglecoincitationsview op=view citationamphl=enampuser=eyv0fA8AAAAJampcstart=60ampcitft=1ampcitft=2ampemail for op=sa-ndipanghosh1940gmailcomampcitation for view=eyv0fA8A-AAAJM3NEmzRMIkIC

[15] O N Dhar and S Nandargi ldquoHydrometeorological aspects offloods in Indiardquo Natural Hazards vol 28 no 1 pp 1ndash33 2003

[16] A K Singhvi and V S Kale ldquoPaleoclimate studies in India lastIce Age to the Presentrdquo GBP-WCRP-SCOPE-Report series 4Indian National Science Academy 2009

[17] P Guhathakurta O P Sreejith and P A Menon ldquoImpact ofclimate change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk inIndiardquo Journal of Earth System Science vol 120 no 3 pp 359ndash373 2011

[18] C Ramaswamy ldquoMeteorological aspects of severe floods inIndia 1923ndash1979rdquo Meteorological Monograph Hydrology no10 Indian Meteorological Department 1987

[19] World Bank ldquoClimate change impacts in droughts and floodsaffected areas case studies in Indiardquo Report No 43946-INDevelopment of the World Bank 2008

[20] M K Saha ldquoRiver flood forecasting and preparednessmdashLowerDamodar Valley in West Bengalrdquo in River FloodsmdashA Socio-Technical Approach K M B Rahim N Mukhopadhyay andD Sarkar Eds pp 244ndash249 ACB Publications Kolkata India2005

[21] K Bhattacharyya The Lower Damodar River IndiamdashUnder-standing the Human Role in Changing Fluvial EnvironmentSpringer New York NY USA 2011

[22] GNagleRiver andWaterManagement Hodder and StoughtonLondon UK 2003

[23] R J Garde and U C Kothyari ldquoFlood estimation in Indiancatchmentsrdquo Journal of Hydrology vol 113 no 1ndash4 pp 135ndash1461990

[24] V S Kale S Mishra Y Enzel L L Ely S N Rajaguru and V RBaker ldquoFlood geomorphology of the Indian peninsular riversrdquoJournal of Applied Hydrology vol 6 no 1ndash4 pp 40ndash55 1995


[25] S N Rajaguru A Gupta V S Kale et al ldquoChannel form andprocesses of the flood-dominated Narmada River Indiardquo EarthSurface Processes and Landforms vol 20 no 5 pp 407ndash4211995

[26] V S Kale ldquoMonsoon floods in India a hydro-geomorphicperspectiverdquo in Flood Studies in India V S Kale Ed pp 229ndash256 Geological Society of India Bengaluru India 1998

[27] V S Kale ldquoLong-period fluctuations in monsoon floods in theDeccan Peninsula Indiardquo Journal of the Geological Society ofIndia vol 53 no 1 pp 5ndash15 1999

[28] D C Goswami ldquoFluvial regime and flood hydrology of theBrahmaputra River Assamrdquo in Flood Studies in India V S KaleEd pp 53ndash76 Geological Society of India Bangalore India1998

[29] P R Rakhecha ldquoHighest floods in Indiardquo in Proceedings ofthe Symposium on the Extreme of the Extremes ExtraordinaryFloods pp 167ndash172 IAHS Publication no 271 Reykjvik Icle-and 2002

[30] R Jha and V Smakthin ldquoReview of methods of hydrologicalestimation at ungauged sites in Indiardquo International WaterManagement Institute Working Paper 130 2008

[31] S Mukhopadhyay ldquoA geo-environmental assessment of flooddynamics in lower Ajoy River inducing sand splay problem ineastern Indiardquo Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies andManagement vol 3 no 2 pp 96ndash110 2010

[32] V C Jha and H Bairagya ldquoFloodplain planning based onstatistical analysis of Tilpara Barrage discharge a case study onMayurakshi River BasinrdquoCaminhos de Geografia vol 13 no 43pp 326ndash346 2012

[33] E L Glass ldquoFloods of the Damodar River and rainstormsproducing themrdquo Minutes of the Proceedings vol 217 pp 333ndash346 1924

[34] P K Sen ldquoThe genesis of floods in the lower Damodarcatchmentrdquo in The Concepts and Methods in Geography P KSen Ed pp 71ndash85 University of Burdwan Bardhaman India1985

[35] M R Goodall ldquoRiver valley planning in India the DamodarrdquoThe Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics vol 21 no 4pp 371ndash375 1945

[36] W Krik ldquoThe Damodar valleymdashvalley opimardquo GeographicalReview vol 40 no 3 pp 415ndash443 1950

[37] S K Pramanik and K N Rao Hydrometeorology of the Damo-dar Catchment 2012 httpiahsinforedebooksa036 036060

[38] K Bagchi ldquoThe Damodar Valley development and its impacton the regionrdquo in Indian Urbanization and Planning Vehicle ofModernization G N Allen and A K Dutt Eds pp 232ndash241Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi India 1977

[39] D Roy S Mukherjee and B Bose ldquoRegulation of a multipur-pose reservoir systemDamodarValley Indiardquo inProceedings onManrsquos Influences on Freshwater Ecosystems andWater Use IAHSPublication no 230 pp 95ndash99 1995

[40] D K Mishra ldquoLiving with floods peoplersquos perspectiverdquo Eco-nomic and Political Weekly vol 36 no 2 pp 2756ndash2761 2001

[41] S Sengupta ldquoRiver and floodsrdquo Breakthrough vol 9 no 2 pp2ndash8 2001

[42] S Chandra India Flood ManagementmdashDamodar River Basin2012 httpwwwapfminfopublicationscasestudiescs indiafull

[43] P K Sen ldquoFlood hazards and river bank erosion in the LowerDamodar Basinrdquo in Indian Geomorphology H S Sharma Edpp 95ndash108 Concept Publishing Company New Delhi India1991

[44] M Majumder P Roy and A Mazumdar ldquoAn introduction andcurrent trends of Damodar and Rupnarayan River Networkrdquoin Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resource ManagementB K Jana and M Majumder Eds pp 461ndash480 Springer NewYork NY USA 2010

[45] S P Chatterjee Damodar Planning Atlas NATMO CalcuttaIndia 1969

[46] F G Bell Geological Hazards Their Assessment Avoidance andMitigation E amp FN Spon London UK 1999

[47] K Rudra ldquoFloods in West Bengal 2000mdashcauses and conse-quencesrdquo in Changing Environmental Scenario S Basu Ed pp326ndash347 ACB Publications Kolkata India 2002

[48] R D Dhir P R Ahuja and K G Majumdar ldquoA study on thesuccess of reservoir based on the actual and estimated runoffrdquoResearch Session of Central Board of Irrigation and Power vol68 1958

[49] E J Gumbel ldquoThe return period of flood flowsrdquo The Annals ofMathematical Statistics vol 12 no 2 pp 163ndash190 1941

[50] H R Betal ldquoIdentification of slope categories in DamodarValley Indiardquo in Selected Papers on Physical Geography S PChatterjee and S P Dasgupta Eds vol 1 pp 4ndash6 NationalCommittee for Geography Calcutta India 1970

[51] G N Rao ldquoOccurrence of heavy rainfall around the confluenceline in monsoon disturbances and its importance in causingfloodsrdquo Journal of Earth System Science vol 110 no 1 pp 87ndash94 2001

[52] M K Goyal and C S P Ojha ldquoAnalysis of mean monthlyrainfall runoff data of Indian Catchments using dimensionlessvariables by neutral networksrdquo Journal Environment Protectionvol 1 pp 135ndash146 2010

[53] M Lal T Nozawa S Emori et al ldquoFuture climate changeimplications for Indian summer monsoon and its variabilityrdquoCurrent Science vol 81 no 9 pp 1196ndash1207 2001

[54] C O Wisler and E F Brater Hydrology John Wiley amp SonsNew York NY USA 1959

[55] D W Reed ldquoReinforcing flood-risk estimationrdquo PhilosophicalTransactions Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciencesvol 360 no 1796 pp 1371ndash1387 2002

[56] R J More ldquoThe basin hydrological cyclerdquo in Water Man andEarth R J Chorley Ed pp 67ndash75 Methuen and Co LondonUK 1969

[57] P K Roy and A Mazumder ldquoHydrological impacts of climaticvariability on water resources o the Damodar River BasinIndiardquo in Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climate ChangeImpact Assessment and DecisionMaking TWagener S FranksH V Gupta et al Eds pp 147ndash156 IAHS Publication LondonUK 2005

[58] S C Mukhopadhyay ldquoComtemporary issues in geography withparticular emphasis on the flood hazards of West Bengalrdquo inContemporary Issues and Techniques in Geography R Basu andS Bhaduri Eds pp 77ndash110 Progressive Publishers KolkataIndia 2007

[59] S Ghosh Flood Hydrology and Risk AssessmentmdashFlood Study ina Dam-Controlled River of India Lambert Academic Publish-ing Saarbrucken Germany 2013

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Child Development Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Education Research International


Biomedical EducationJournal of



Psychiatry Journal

ArchaeologyJournal of



AnthropologyJournal of


Research and TreatmentSchizophrenia


Urban Studies Research

Population ResearchInternational Journal of


CriminologyJournal of


Aging ResearchJournal of



NursingResearch and Practice

Current Gerontologyamp Geriatrics Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

Sleep DisordersHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AddictionJournal of


Depression Research and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Geography Journal


Research and TreatmentAutism


Economics Research International

2 Geography Journal

and space-dependent processes of waters and is focusedon hydraulic and engineering dimensions of floods Floodhydrology includes hydrometeorological aspects of floodflood dynamics of channel flood routing and identificationof flood stage flood frequency analysis (ie design flood)flood risk estimation and flood management [2 7]

Nature has been kind to India in bestowing a seasonlike monsoon (JunendashOctober) during which almost 75 to 80percent of annual rainfall is received Naturally when almostthe entire yearrsquos rainfall occurs in a period of few monthsfloods are bound to occur in its river [8] Floods in relation toclimate change and meteorological variability in recent pastin India have already been analyzed and discussed by manyresearchers [8ndash17] Large synoptic systems ranging in forcefrom tropical lows to cyclones are themain cause of unusuallylarge floods on the Indian rivers [18] It is now found thatthe rainfall spreading over a short time may cause flood butthe same spread over a longer span may result in a droughtThere is considerable temporal variation in the monsoonrainfall related climatic variability in India For example1917 and 1961 were excess monsoon years (gt1000m or +18percent) and 2002 1987 1972 1918 1899 and 1877 were majordeficient monsoon years (lt700mm or minus18 percent) [16]Also twentieth century development in tropical meteorologyreveals that poor monsoon is found to be associated withwarm El nino events The global warming and short-termclimate change of Indian subcontinent simultaneously andforcefully influence the monsoon system affecting spatialtrend of rainfall and occurrences of extreme floods Onthe basis of marine sediment cores and isotope dating inIndia the monsoon intensity shows a steady increase fromsim1700 AD to present [16] Some recent studies [17 19]have shown contrasting results of a decreasing trend in thefrequency of tropical cyclones and monsoon depressions andsignificant rising trends in the frequency and magnitude ofextreme rainfall events over India between 1951 and 2010Wetextremes are projected to become more severe in many areasof India where mean precipitation is expected to increaseand dry extremes are projected to become more intense inareas where mean precipitation is projected to decrease [17]Now it has been found that the rainfall in 6-hour and 3-hour duration can be about 75 and 60 percent of the 24 hourrainfall in the Himalayan foothills and central plateaus andit is intense rainfall which gives rise to flash floods in therivers [11] The phenomena of Mumbai flood in July 2005Uttarakhand flood disaster in June 2013 and most recentlyflood of Jammu and Kashmir in September 2014 is compelledto think about predicting flood dynamics changing climaticpattern and improvement of flood forecasting The floodgenerating rainstorms are usually of 3-day duration and areconfined in the whole Ganga Basin where the Damodar RiverBasin is a subcatchment of it [12] Entire Damodar RiverBasin is situated in the high-moderate flash flood zone (80 to120mm 3 hour rainfall) So observing the flood potentialityof this basin it is selected as a research area to assessthe temporal trend of flood climate and flood hydrologyIn this regard when we consider the floodplains of WestBengal the flood is regarded as extreme hydrometeorologicalannual phenomenon of monsoon season when the excessive

surface runoff and over flow of alluvial rivers submerge thesurrounding low lying areas of Barddhaman Hooghly andHowrah districts At that time the surface drainage systemsof lower Damodar Basin failed to cope up with it That is themain concern of inhabitants of southern West Bengal

The flood history of Damodar River is verymuch popularto West Bengal as well as India because this River isidentified as ldquoSorrow of Bengalrdquo due to havoc destructionin annual floods particularly in the lower reach [20] Ifwe consider floods as extreme hydrological phenomenonand as quasidynamic equilibrium fluvial process then itis not surprising to us that to attain the present formof lower Damodar Floodplain the flood aggradation anddegradation are considered as the prime processes But inreality settlements beside a river like Damodar River can bea mixed blessing for once in a while the river may overflowits banks and generate a heavy toll of property losses incomelosses and sometimes losses of life as well In some casesman has learned to live with such periodic inundations ofthe fertile floodplain [21]The causes of floods can be naturalbut human interference intensifies many floodsThe decisionto live in a floodplain for a variety of perceived benefitsis one that is fraught with difficulties The increase in flooddamage is related to the increasing number of people livingin floodplain regions [22] Remembering and analyzing thepast flood events of lower Damodar River the very commonbut unsolved problem of Damodar River Basin is to managethe huge inflow water of runoff from upper catchmentthrough the existing engineering structures of DamodarValley Corporation (DVC) flood regulation system It is aground reality that incapable flood storage system low canalconsumption declining carrying capacity of river decayedpalaeochannels mounting unscientific embankments and soforth are found to be the chief causes of recent floods andthese are not capable of coping upwith huge volumeof runoffThe essential part of this study is the precise estimation andforecasting of runoff in relation to flood climate and flood riskof lower Damodar River On the basis of hydrogeomorphicperspective of flood we have considered the following fiveprime objectives of study

(1) understanding the geohydrological set-up of Damo-dar River Basin

(2) analyzing the influence of monsoon rainfall on floodrisk

(3) estimating potential runoff to understand the magni-tude of flood discharge

(4) quantifying the potential carrying capacity of Damo-dar River and current threshold level of bankfulldischarge

(5) identifying the dominant key factors of flood risk inthe lower part of Damodar River Basin

2 Previous Works on Damodar Floods

Floods a popular theme of research as far as the monsoon-dominated rivers (namely Narmada Tapti Kosi GangaKaveri Godabari Krishna Brahmaputra Luni Pennar Ajay

Geography Journal 3


3 Methodology












=


Drainage Area 106

(3)



4 Geography Journal


119910 = [(119883 minus 119883mean) +045120590

07797120590

] (5)




119883119879= 119883mean + 119870119879 sdot 120590 (6)


119879minus 119910mean120590119899) 119910119879 is the








=


(7)







Geography Journal 5

Tilaiya

Konar

Bokaro


Belpahari

MaithonPanchet

Santaldih

Dishergarh

Asansol

DurgapurRhondia

MejiaKashipur


Chanchai

Jamalpur


Kolkata0 30 60(km)

Kanki-Mundeswari

Amta-Damodar

Damodar River Basin

India

Ganga River

Kolaghat

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

24∘30

998400N24∘30

998400N

23∘30

998400N 23∘30

998400N

22∘30

998400N 22∘30

998400N

Damodar River


Hooghly River

Damodar River Basin

Jharkhand

West Bengal



Study area

(a)



MaithonAsansol

Durgapur

Barddhaman

Paikpara

Kolkata

Bokaro

PalamauTPS

0 80 160(km)

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

24∘N

23∘N

24∘N

23∘N

0ndash50

50ndash150

150ndash300

300ndash450

450ndash600

600ndash750

750ndash900

900ndash1050

gt1050


(b)


6 Geography Journal









10919 11679






Geography Journal 7







88∘30

998400E

23∘30

998400N

23∘00

998400N

88∘30

998400E87∘30

998400E

gt1500

1450ndash1500

1400ndash1450

1350minus1400

1300ndash1350

1250ndash1300

lt1250

Damodar River Basin

0 10 20


23∘

30998400N

00998400N

23∘

87∘30

998400E




020406080

100120140160180

Mea

n ru

noff

(mm

)



Monsoon months





8 Geography Journal







0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





Geography Journal 3


3 Methodology












=


Drainage Area 106

(3)



4 Geography Journal


119910 = [(119883 minus 119883mean) +045120590

07797120590

] (5)




119883119879= 119883mean + 119870119879 sdot 120590 (6)


119879minus 119910mean120590119899) 119910119879 is the








=


(7)







Geography Journal 5

Tilaiya

Konar

Bokaro


Belpahari

MaithonPanchet

Santaldih

Dishergarh

Asansol

DurgapurRhondia

MejiaKashipur


Chanchai

Jamalpur


Kolkata0 30 60(km)

Kanki-Mundeswari

Amta-Damodar

Damodar River Basin

India

Ganga River

Kolaghat

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

24∘30

998400N24∘30

998400N

23∘30

998400N 23∘30

998400N

22∘30

998400N 22∘30

998400N

Damodar River


Hooghly River

Damodar River Basin

Jharkhand

West Bengal



Study area

(a)



MaithonAsansol

Durgapur

Barddhaman

Paikpara

Kolkata

Bokaro

PalamauTPS

0 80 160(km)

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

24∘N

23∘N

24∘N

23∘N

0ndash50

50ndash150

150ndash300

300ndash450

450ndash600

600ndash750

750ndash900

900ndash1050

gt1050


(b)


6 Geography Journal









10919 11679






Geography Journal 7







88∘30

998400E

23∘30

998400N

23∘00

998400N

88∘30

998400E87∘30

998400E

gt1500

1450ndash1500

1400ndash1450

1350minus1400

1300ndash1350

1250ndash1300

lt1250

Damodar River Basin

0 10 20


23∘

30998400N

00998400N

23∘

87∘30

998400E




020406080

100120140160180

Mea

n ru

noff

(mm

)



Monsoon months





8 Geography Journal







0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





4 Geography Journal


119910 = [(119883 minus 119883mean) +045120590

07797120590

] (5)




119883119879= 119883mean + 119870119879 sdot 120590 (6)


119879minus 119910mean120590119899) 119910119879 is the








=


(7)







Geography Journal 5

Tilaiya

Konar

Bokaro


Belpahari

MaithonPanchet

Santaldih

Dishergarh

Asansol

DurgapurRhondia

MejiaKashipur


Chanchai

Jamalpur


Kolkata0 30 60(km)

Kanki-Mundeswari

Amta-Damodar

Damodar River Basin

India

Ganga River

Kolaghat

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

24∘30

998400N24∘30

998400N

23∘30

998400N 23∘30

998400N

22∘30

998400N 22∘30

998400N

Damodar River


Hooghly River

Damodar River Basin

Jharkhand

West Bengal



Study area

(a)



MaithonAsansol

Durgapur

Barddhaman

Paikpara

Kolkata

Bokaro

PalamauTPS

0 80 160(km)

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

24∘N

23∘N

24∘N

23∘N

0ndash50

50ndash150

150ndash300

300ndash450

450ndash600

600ndash750

750ndash900

900ndash1050

gt1050


(b)


6 Geography Journal









10919 11679






Geography Journal 7







88∘30

998400E

23∘30

998400N

23∘00

998400N

88∘30

998400E87∘30

998400E

gt1500

1450ndash1500

1400ndash1450

1350minus1400

1300ndash1350

1250ndash1300

lt1250

Damodar River Basin

0 10 20


23∘

30998400N

00998400N

23∘

87∘30

998400E




020406080

100120140160180

Mea

n ru

noff

(mm

)



Monsoon months





8 Geography Journal







0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





Geography Journal 5

Tilaiya

Konar

Bokaro


Belpahari

MaithonPanchet

Santaldih

Dishergarh

Asansol

DurgapurRhondia

MejiaKashipur


Chanchai

Jamalpur


Kolkata0 30 60(km)

Kanki-Mundeswari

Amta-Damodar

Damodar River Basin

India

Ganga River

Kolaghat

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

85∘E 87

∘30

998400E 88∘E

24∘30

998400N24∘30

998400N

23∘30

998400N 23∘30

998400N

22∘30

998400N 22∘30

998400N

Damodar River


Hooghly River

Damodar River Basin

Jharkhand

West Bengal



Study area

(a)



MaithonAsansol

Durgapur

Barddhaman

Paikpara

Kolkata

Bokaro

PalamauTPS

0 80 160(km)

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 86

∘E 87∘E 88

∘E

24∘N

23∘N

24∘N

23∘N

0ndash50

50ndash150

150ndash300

300ndash450

450ndash600

600ndash750

750ndash900

900ndash1050

gt1050


(b)


6 Geography Journal









10919 11679






Geography Journal 7







88∘30

998400E

23∘30

998400N

23∘00

998400N

88∘30

998400E87∘30

998400E

gt1500

1450ndash1500

1400ndash1450

1350minus1400

1300ndash1350

1250ndash1300

lt1250

Damodar River Basin

0 10 20


23∘

30998400N

00998400N

23∘

87∘30

998400E




020406080

100120140160180

Mea

n ru

noff

(mm

)



Monsoon months





8 Geography Journal







0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





6 Geography Journal









10919 11679






Geography Journal 7







88∘30

998400E

23∘30

998400N

23∘00

998400N

88∘30

998400E87∘30

998400E

gt1500

1450ndash1500

1400ndash1450

1350minus1400

1300ndash1350

1250ndash1300

lt1250

Damodar River Basin

0 10 20


23∘

30998400N

00998400N

23∘

87∘30

998400E




020406080

100120140160180

Mea

n ru

noff

(mm

)



Monsoon months





8 Geography Journal







0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





Geography Journal 7







88∘30

998400E

23∘30

998400N

23∘00

998400N

88∘30

998400E87∘30

998400E

gt1500

1450ndash1500

1400ndash1450

1350minus1400

1300ndash1350

1250ndash1300

lt1250

Damodar River Basin

0 10 20


23∘

30998400N

00998400N

23∘

87∘30

998400E




020406080

100120140160180

Mea

n ru

noff

(mm

)



Monsoon months





8 Geography Journal







0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





8 Geography Journal







0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Rain

fall

and

runo

ff (m

m)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





Geography Journal 9





















0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal












0

400

200

800

600

1200

1000

1600

1400

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950


Rain

fall

and

runo

ff(m

m)

(a)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mea

n an

nual

runo

ff (m

m)

0 500 1000 1500 2000


Yc = 08194X minus 53021

R2

= 06314

(b)









0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal







0 50 100(km)

Damodar River Basin

Barhi

Bokaro

Ramgarh

RanchiPurulia

Giridih

DhanbadPanchet

Asansol

DurgapurBarddhaman

Jamtara

85∘E 88

∘E

85∘E 88

∘E

24∘N 24

∘N

23∘N 23

∘N

gt500

450ndash500

400ndash450

300ndash350

250ndash300

200ndash250

lt200350ndash400

Tilaiya

Maithon

Panchet

KonarTenughat






0102030405060708090

1934

1937

1940

1943

1946

1949

1952

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006




Pote

ntia

l con

trib

utin

g ru

noff

(mm

)










1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal












1271935 18112 1564876800 7856691938 12002 1036972800 5205481939 7989 690249600 34652981940 8773 757987200 380510101941 17942 1550188800 77821081942 10811 934070400 4689581943 8384 724377600 36361891946 9133 789091200 39611881950 9561 826070400 41471191951 11012 951436800 47762691956 8579 741225600 3721


2101959 8792 759628800 38133101961 4371 377654400 18961991967 4138 357523200 17951771971 4556 393638400 197613101973 5726 494726400 24831991976 5297 457660800 22982791978 10919 943401600 47362881980 4210 363744000 18261491987 4567 394588800 19802991995 6522 563500800 28282591999 5690 491616000 24682392000 6387 551836800 27702492006 7035 607824000 30512592007 8883 767491200 3853

Data Source 1[21]













runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal












runoff in mmRunoff

coefficient



Data Source [21]



Reducedvariate



119879

119876

(m3 sminus1) 119870119879

119876

(m3 sminus1)5 15

119910mean = 05296120590119899= 10864119899 = 24

0893 11728 5087

119910mean = 054854120590119899= 116066119899 = 50



Reaches ofDamodar

Meancross-sectional

area (m2)


(m)


(m3 sminus1day)


level)


Excessuncontrolled









119887)



0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal






0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Selective year

1958

1959

1961

1967

1971

1973

1976

1977

1978

1984

1987

1995

1998

1999

2000

2006

2007

Peak

disc

harg

e (m

3sminus

1)


4682

8792

4371

4138

4556

57265297

4156

10919

45124567

6522

4249

56906387

7035

8883



6 Conclusion


050

100150200250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Wid

th-d

epth

ratio

Rhondia


Jujuti

BelkashHatsimul



R2

= 0737

(a)

01234567

Rhondia

RamgopalpurGohagram

JujutiBelkash

Hatsimul

Palla

Jamalpur

Paikpara

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Yc = minus5162X + 55073

R2

= 0696

times103

Cros

s-se

ctio

nal a

rea

(km

2)

(b)

02468

101214161820

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Distance (km)

Rhondia

Ramgopalpur

Gohagram

Jujuti Belkash

Hatsimul

PallaPaikpara

Jamalpur


R2

= 0739

times103

Ann

ual m

axim

um d

ischa

rge

(m3

sminus1)

(c)











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal











Acknowledgments


References





































































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal

















































Psychiatry Journal



















Volume 2014


AddictionJournal of




Geography Journal





research article geographic concerns on flood climate and...

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