research article evaluation of heavy metals...

Research ArticleEvaluation of Heavy Metals Contamination from Environmentto Food Matrix by TXRF The Case of Rice and Rice Husk

Fabjola Bilo Marco Lodolo Laura Borgese Alberto Bosio Laura BenassiLaura Eleonora Depero and Elza Bontempi

Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of BresciaVia Branze 38 25123 Brescia Italy

Correspondence should be addressed to Elza Bontempi elzabontempiunibsit

Received 4 December 2014 Revised 2 March 2015 Accepted 3 March 2015

Academic Editor Javier Hernandez-Borges

Copyright copy 2015 Fabjola Bilo et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

This paper is devoted to the chemical analysis of contaminated soils of India and the rice grown in the same area Total reflectionX-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is a well-established technique for elemental chemical analysis of environmental samples and itcan be a useful tool to assess food safety Metals uptake in rice crop grown in soils from different areas was studied In this worksoil rice husk and rice samples were analyzed after complete solubilization of samples by microwave acid digestion Heavy metalsconcentration detected in rice samples decreases in the following order Mn gt Zn gt Cu gt Ni gt Pb gt Cr The metal content in ricehusk was higher than in rice This study suggests for the first time a possible role of heavy metals filter played by rice husk Theknowledge of metals sequestration capability of rice husk may promote some new management practices for rice cultivation topreserve it from pollution

1 Introduction

Heavy-metal pollution of soil affects the quality of the enviro-nment leading to serious consequences Heavy metals groupincludes Ag Ba Cd Co Cr Mn Hg Mo Ni Pb Cu SnTl V Zn and some metalloids such as As Sb Bi and SeArsenic for example is often considered as a heavy metaldue to the similarity of its chemical properties and behaviorwith the other heavy metals Heavy metals accumulation insoil and in the environment in general may be related to thephenomenon of bioaccumulation ability of living organismsthat is increasing the concentration at human organism dueto industrial activities and the food chain The main sourcesof heavy-metal pollution in soil are irrigation especiallywith sewage solid-waste disposal for example sludge andcompost refuse the use of pesticides and fertilizers andatmospheric deposition [1]

Plants acquire the necessary nutrients such asN P andKfrom the environment However they may also accumulateunnecessary and toxic metals such as Pb and Cd Severalplants have the ability to accumulate high metal concentra-tions [2] Many studies have reported data for the transfer of

heavymetals from soil to plants and vegetables through rootsand shoot [3] Therefore toxic metals such as As Cd and Pbcan be taken up from cereal crops and transferred to theirgrains [4] Toxic metals may be classified according to theircapability of being transferred from soil to plants in mobilemetals such as Cd and poorlymobilemetals such as PbThisproperty may affect their bioaccumulation in plants [5]

Rice is one of the most important and widespread cerealsin the world It is the staff of life for 3 billion people mainly inAsia [6] contributing over 70 of the energy and 50 of theprotein provided by their daily food intake In the last reportof EU Commission India was presented as the first countryfor rice production with 19 of export India is followed byCambodia and Thailand United States and Vietnam are thecountries with less amount of imported rice [7] About 80ofthe rice production of Europe takes place in Italy and Spainwith a further 12 in Greece and Portugal

On this basis the presence of toxic heavy metals in ricewhich may raise the metal daily intake should be stronglyavoided in order to prevent negative effects on human healthThe following elements are consideredmacronutrients in riceand their content is usually in some P S K Ca and Mg

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2015 Article ID 274340 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015274340

2 Journal of Chemistry

Other elements like Mn Fe Cu Zn Se and Ni are classifiedasmicronutrients and they are present in lower amount whileAs Cr Pb and Cd are undesirable elements because of theirtoxic effects even in very low quantity As a consequence itis crucially necessary to reduce possible accumulation effectsin rice grains from the environment for safe food productionGreat efforts are necessary to remediate polluted sites Otherapproaches could be developed to reduce metals accumula-tion in edible parts of plants For instance favorable agro-nomic practices and chemical regulators may decrease plantheavymetals uptake In this context it is important to identifywhich parts of the plant accumulate more toxic substances

Rice husk (RH) is the external protecting covering of eachrice grainThe chemical composition of RH varies from sam-ple to sample depending on rice variety climate and originOrganic compounds and water are the main components ofRH (about 74) followed by amorphous silica (between 15and 22) and other inorganic compounds (about 4) suchas Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO and MgO [8] Omatola and Onojah

[9] reported the following list of elements detected by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in RH K Ca Cr Mn Fe Ni CuZn Sr Br I As and Cl These elements owing to theirlow concentrations are considered as impurities Sun andGong reported that the main application of RH [10] is theproduction of thermal energy due to its high calorific valueabout 13607 kJkg Several other destinations of RH werereported such as livestock for the cattle agricultural fertilizeringredient for substrates in floriculture and horticultureand simple fertilizer for plants RH was also used for theproduction of biodegradable pots instead of using oil

It is also known that the produced byproduct of rice huskis called rice husk ash (RHA) RHA is widely used by the steelindustry in the production of high quality flat steel for auto-motive body panels [11] Owing to its insulating propertiesRHA has been used in the manufacture of refractory brickswhich are exposed to extreme temperatures in furnacessuch as the blast furnaces employed for producing molteniron and in the production of cement clinker The IndianSpace Research Organization has successfully developed thetechnology for producing high purity precipitated silica fromRHA which has a potential use in the computer industry[12 13] American and Brazilian scientists also developed newways to extract and purify silicon from RHA to use it insemiconductor manufacture Other uses have been exploredIn the frame of theCOSMOS-RICEproject RHA is employedas metals stabilizer for municipal solid waste incineration flyash treatment [14 15]

It is very interesting to verify the higher capability ofheavy accumulation by RH with respect to riceThis can playa fundamental role in the management of rice cultivation

Elemental chemical analysis of rice is usually performedby normative techniques such as FAAS [16] In this study weused total reflectionX-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to analyze thechemical composition of rice RH and soils of two differentareas of India The aim was the evaluation of metal uptakefrom soil to rice and the investigation of possible sources ofenvironmental pollution in the studied areas Moreover thiswork aims to highlight the possible role of RH in preservingrice from bioaccumulation of heavy metals

Table 1 Type of samples and their corresponding numbers sampledfrom the studied areas

City Samples Number of samplesRaipur SoilRaipur A 5Raipur B 5Raipur Rice husk (RH) 5Raipur Rice 5Korba Soil 5Korba Rice husk (RH) 5Korba Rice 5

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Areas Elemental chemical analysis of soils comingfrom the central-east area of India where soil contains highconcentration of heavy metals was performed The state ofChhattisgarh (India) is rich in minerals such as iron lime-stone dolomite coal bauxite garnet quartz marble alexan-drite and diamonds Because of the huge production of riceChhattisgarh district nickname is ldquorice bowl of Central IndiardquoIndustrial activities in this area increased a lot in the last yearsIn fact the construction of new coal-fired power plants hasincreased up to 50 the production of ashes which exposesthe human and the environment to high pollution risksTherefore Raipur and Korba were chosen as the target citiesof this study Raipur is located at 21∘ 131015840 60 N and 81∘ 371015840 60E and hundreds varieties of rice grow Different studies havealready confirmed the presence of heavy metals in soils fromthis area demonstrating a degradation of the environmentalquality [17ndash19]Meanwhile Korba is located at 22∘ 211015840 0N and82∘ 401015840 60 E and as well as Raipur it is also a ldquovictimrdquo of theindustrial growth especially of cement industry Soil and ricesamples from each city region were collected in 5 differentareas Samples in Raipur were collected in duplicate to checkthe homogeneity of its compositionThe two samples namedas A and B in Table 1 were collected in the same area at a dis-tance less than 1 km from each other

22 Samples Preparation Procedure Soil samples were homo-genized through a mortar and dried for 90min at 90∘CSamples were weighed before and after this process in orderto determine their humidity Rice samples were transportedfrom India as they were collected Rice grains were insidetheir husk The separation of each rice grain from its outershell (husk) was carried out manually in the first step ofsample preparation Some differences were noticed at a gla-nce Rice samples had different husk colors from green toyellow and crop dimensions

23 Digestion of Samples About 05 g soil sample was addedto 9mL of nitric acid 65 (Fluka) 3mL of hydrofluoric acid(Fluka) and 2mL of hydrochloric acid 37 (Fluka) in Teflonvessels HF was necessary to perform total solubilization ofsoil probably due to the high content of silicates This proce-dure was performed according to US-EPA 3050B method

Journal of Chemistry 3

Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn GaBi

AsPb Br Rb SrCaAr

BiPbMo

Cl

AlBrRbSrSi VKP S

BaTiPu

lses (

cps)

106

105

104

103

102

E (keV)2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Figure 1 TXRF spectra of soil samples from Korba (black) and Raipur (grey)

[20] Smaller quantities of RH and rice samples were usedfor digestion About 030 g of rice and rice husk was weighedtransferred inside the vessel and mixed with 10mL of nitricacid 65 (Fluka) A magnetic shaker was inserted in eachvessel and then the vessel was closed with a cap providedwith a hole to allow the leakage of gases formed during thedigestion A CEM microwave digestion device was used todigest the samples at 200∘C and 400 Psi After complete sam-ple solubilization the solutions were transferred to 25 and10mL volumetric flasks respectively for soil and riceRH andfilled with MilliQ water to the exact volume

24 TXRF Analysis of Soils Rice Husk and Rice SamplesChemical analysis of the solutions obtained by digestionwas performed bymeans of TXRF spectroscopy Quantitativeanalysis was performed by the internal standard addition pro-cedure [21] using Ga as internal standard element becauseit was not present in all the original samples 10 120583L of Ga(1 gL) was added to 990 120583L of soil samples in order to obtaina final Ga concentration of 10mgL Ga concentration inrice and RH solutions was 1mgL 10 120583L of each samplesolution was deposited on a three-quartz glass sample carriercleaned and siliconized and then dried on a hot plate at 50∘CTXRF measurements were performed by Bruker S2 Picofoxequipped with Mo tube operating at 50 kV and 750120583A andSilicon-Drift Detector Live time for each measurement was600 seconds

3 Results and Discussion

31 TXRF Analysis of Soils Humidity in Raipur soils washigher than in Korba samples It ranges from 14 to 67while in Korba soils humidity was in the interval from 17 to29

TXRF spectra of soil samples from Korba and Raipur areshown in Figure 1 Signals of Al K Ca Ti V Cr Mn FeNi Cu Zn As Rb Ba Pb and Sr are clearly identified in allthe samples of both cities region Bi was present only in thesoils from Raipur suggesting possible anthropogenic causes

Regarding the nonmetals signals of S Cl and Br were alwaysidentified

TXRFmeasurement was performed in air for this reasonit is not possible to give an accurate estimation of the contentof lighter elements such as Al P and S Their concentrationmay be underestimated and higher standard deviations mayoccur (about 20 in the case of Al) The content of Feis higher compared to the other elements For this reasonfitting of TXRF spectra was performed considering the pileup peak of Fe K120572 However as it was demonstrated in arecent publication TXRF is a successful technique to performquantitative analysis of soils [22] Background levels werekept to a minimum with the use of quartz sample carriersreducing at minimum their contact time with HF

Results of quantitative analysis of soil samples are repor-ted in Table 2 Heavy metals content is higher in Raipursoil samples compared with Korba samples Almost all theelements concentrations are 4-5 times higher in Raipur thanin Korba Relative standard deviation (RSD) is used to evalu-ate the precision of the measurements RSD for most of theelements (Mn Fe Ni Cu and Zn) is in the range from 1 to64 Slightly higher RSDvalues are observed forV 94 andfor Ba from65 to 246 due to the reasons already discussed[22] The highest RSD values are observed for Bi probablydue to its low concentration which is near the lowest limitof detection (LLD)

Descriptive statistics of elemental content in soil samplesis reported in Table 3 Concentration of Bi is significantlylower compared to other elements in soils Mn is the elementwith the widest range of concentrations and the largest differ-ences in the two studies areas Zn concentration is almost thesame in both cities while Cr and Pb are significantly higherin all the Raipur samples highlighting the possible adverseeffects of the metallurgy industry in Raipur The data of soilscollected in the same area of Raipur in two different pointsdo not show any significant difference This result figures outa homogeneous distribution of metals in the studied regions

A comparison of our results with the guidelines and limitsproposed for the determination of heavy metals pollution


Table2Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gkg)insoilsamples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipurR

esultsaree

xpressed

asthea

verageplusmnstandard

deviation

Sample

Elem

entsconcentration(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

VCr

Mn

FeNi

CuZn

As

BaSr

PbBi

Korba

S1K

4524plusmn203

2560plusmn297

1550plusmn85

14plusmn1

22plusmn1

254plusmn12

7071plusmn309

9plusmn1

11plusmn1

52plusmn3

4plusmn1

152plusmn18

28plusmn2

11plusmn1

nd

S2K

3829plusmn175

1448plusmn463

1562plusmn68

17plusmn2

25plusmn1

230plusmn10

8409plusmn379

10plusmn1

10plusmn1

58plusmn3

3plusmn1

76plusmn9

14plusmn2

12plusmn1

nd

S3K

5705plusmn44

7110

1plusmn417

1572plusmn72

15plusmn2

19plusmn1

83plusmn4

5676plusmn246

10plusmn1

6plusmn1

14plusmn1

4plusmn1

57plusmn8

3plusmn01

10plusmn1

nd

S4K

5031plusmn239

421plusmn

251350plusmn59

15plusmn1

24plusmn1

102plusmn4

7257plusmn316

12plusmn1

7plusmn1

15plusmn1

5plusmn1

117plusmn13

11plusmn1

11plusmn1

nd

S5K

6217plusmn511

441plusmn

341293plusmn63

11plusmn1

15plusmn1

143plusmn7

5781plusmn254

7plusmn1

6plusmn1

22plusmn1

5plusmn1

136plusmn10

15plusmn1

13plusmn1

nd

Raipur

S1A

R7617plusmn391

2660plusmn1637

4337plusmn197

61plusmn6

112plusmn6

1455plusmn66

38863plusmn1737

39plusmn2

34plusmn2

60plusmn4

15plusmn1

166plusmn28

23plusmn6

64plusmn5

4plusmn1

S1B

R8117plusmn356

786plusmn57

4893plusmn213

55plusmn4

120plusmn5

1055plusmn46

39578plusmn1716

45plusmn2

37plusmn2

60plusmn2

12plusmn2

162plusmn12

16plusmn1

55plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2A

R6172plusmn318

1088plusmn228

4610plusmn222

65plusmn5

111plusmn

5973plusmn46

38183plusmn1671

45plusmn3

34plusmn2

60plusmn5

13plusmn2

160plusmn22

20plusmn3

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2B

R4895plusmn226

1199plusmn66

4716plusmn207

60plusmn4

127plusmn6

463plusmn20

37942plusmn1647

49plusmn2

34plusmn1

51plusmn2

15plusmn2

158plusmn18

21plusmn1

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S3A

R9251plusmn477

837plusmn151

5246plusmn248

107plusmn10

145plusmn7

1855plusmn81

32937plusmn1437

80plusmn4

43plusmn2

60plusmn3

21plusmn3

170plusmn42

16plusmn2

55plusmn8

5plusmn2

S3B

R9149plusmn40

0786plusmn42

5959plusmn258

116plusmn7

121plusmn

51389plusmn61

27203plusmn1331

75plusmn3

46plusmn2

50plusmn2

26plusmn1

147plusmn22

11plusmn2

44plusmn2

4plusmn1

S4A

R5318plusmn233

1078plusmn115

4993plusmn218

74plusmn4

131plusmn

61304plusmn58

42808plusmn1863

55plusmn2

36plusmn2

54plusmn7

18plusmn2

191plusmn

1317plusmn1

54plusmn5

5plusmn2

S4B

R5497plusmn270

824plusmn137

5270plusmn254

116plusmn11

122plusmn6

1984plusmn90

31119plusmn1360

80plusmn5

49plusmn14

56plusmn3

30plusmn3

129plusmn30

11plusmn4

55plusmn6

4plusmn1

S5A

R7477plusmn510

1275plusmn594

4672plusmn205

127plusmn8

174plusmn8

2597plusmn113

43853plusmn2203

79plusmn4

44plusmn2

54plusmn6

36plusmn3

261plusmn

11617plusmn6

69plusmn3

5plusmn1

S5B

58599plusmn422

2557plusmn237

5285plusmn232

111plusmn

6155plusmn7

1701plusmn75

40033plusmn1767

71plusmn3

43plusmn2

55plusmn2

24plusmn3

427plusmn54

31plusmn3

67plusmn6

8plusmn1


Table 3 Descriptive statistics results of elemental chemical analysis for Korba and Raipur soils

K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Ba Rb Sr Pb BiKorba

Mean 506110 119582 146522 1438 2078 16239 683882 954 796 3220 420 10751 2362 1424 1135 ndSD 94297 88066 13332 229 410 7601 113639 190 229 2111 064 3998 720 898 120 ndMin 382912 42076 129266 1108 1456 8290 567619 654 595 1415 338 5699 1381 316 985 ndMax 621660 255993 157193 1732 2468 25370 840931 1162 1084 5818 486 17160 3073 2782 1280 nd

RaipurMean 720917 130909 498811 8934 13188 147754 3720198 6184 3959 5586 2096 19705 2624 1845 5545 511SD 162834 70736 47133 2831 2011 59658 518952 1660 591 386 805 8800 1664 632 894 118Min 489548 78577 433685 5544 11148 46253 2720251 3934 3109 5003 1190 12943 1023 1076 4355 383Max 925130 365998 595869 12684 17361 257907 4335400 7993 4851 6011 3568 42757 7132 3275 6921 815

[23] indicates that all the soil samples of Korba are notcontaminated while soils from Raipur are contaminated byNi Cu Cr As and Ba

A more detailed comparison of our data with thoseobtained in other studies of soil contamination in the samearea reveals a good agreement The comparison with datareported by Kabata Pendias for uncontaminated soils (Cr04ndash29mgkg Mn 25ndash8000mgkg Ni 3ndash150mgkg Cu 05ndash135mgkg Zn 1ndash750mgkg and Pb 06ndash63mgkg) [24] sug-gests that Cr and Pb contamination is present in RaipurMorerecent studies by Srinivasa Gowd et al [25] and Patel et al[26] reported higher content of Pb Zn and Cr Thus onlycontamination by Cr would be present However it should beconsidered that Pb Zn andCr concentration increased easilyduring the industrial activity particularly in themining areasSo the increasing inmetal concentration in these soils may bea consequence of anthropogenic influence

Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the correlationof the elements present in soil Cluster analysis was usedto highlight the differences between soils from Korba andRaipur Hierarchical division was performed using the Wardmethod which is based on the analysis of variances insteadof distances The varimax rotation with Kaiser normalizationmethod was used for factor analysis By extracting the eigen-values the number of significant factors was determinedData treatment was performed using the JMP 10 softwareResults of cluster analysis are reported in Figure 2The dend-rogram clearly points out the division of the samples intwo clusters corresponding to the different sampled areas ofKorba and Raipur Considering that the two studied citiesbelong to the same region of India and supposing the samecrustal composition this result suggests a different degree ofpollution

Results of factor analysis show that the three eigenvaluesexplain 9018 of the variance Therefore they were selectedfor further factor analysis The loadings of elements withrespect to each one of the three identified factors are reportedin Table 4 All the elements with high loadings for the samefactor may have a common origin in soils The first factor isresponsible for 563 of the total variance and it includes KTi V Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Pb and Bi Consideringthe nature of these elements and their simultaneous presencethis suggests their anthropogenic origin The second factor

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 10 11 13 14 15

Figure 2 Dendrogram of cluster analysis for Korba (red) andRaipur (green) samples

accounts for 1709 of the total variance and it includes Caand Sr Ca and Sr are included in the list of the eight mostabundant rock forming elements of biosphere which may beadded to the soil from wind dispersion of dust from minetailing and wastes tips [27 28] The third principal compo-nent represented 1679 of the total variance and it includesAl Rb and Ba The presence of Al would suggest a crustalorigin Indeed Al acts as a natural marker element while itsanthropogenic origin is still unknown Al is a conservativeelement and is contained in aluminosilicates as is reported byVodyanitskii [29] However the crustal origin of Rb and Ba isnot assessed

32 TXRF Analysis of Rice and Rice Husk TXRF spectra ofrice and rice husk are shown in Figure 3 Signals of Mg AlP S Cl K Ca Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Ba Rb Pb Br andSr are identified in both rice and RH samples After spectradeconvolution concentration of each was determined except


Pulse

s (cp

s)

E (keV)

SrRbBrPbGaZnCuNiFeMnCrBaTiCaKArCl

Mo

SPSiGa

Mg Sr

E RbAl

Zn

Pb

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

times1E3

30

20

10

00

Figure 3 Spectra of rice husk (black) and rice (gray) sample 2 from Korba measured by S2 Picofox

Table 4 Rotated component matrix for soil samples

(a)

Variables Rotated factor1 2 3

Al 04877 03792 07279K 05859 minus00676 05477Ca 00419 09249 01358Ti 09527 01259 00972V 09167 00068 03339Cr 09421 01997 0203Mn 08834 00792 02768Fe 08929 03231 00015Ni 09423 minus00077 02811Cu 09715 01256 01389Zn 06599 05904 minus01872As 08862 minus004 029Rb 00402 0147 09675Sr 00761 09325 02809Ba 04065 05243 06689Pb 09163 0287 01481Bi 08439 03457 02535

(b)

Variance explained by each factorFactor Variance Percent Cum percentFactor 1 95731 56313 56313Factor 2 29045 17085 73398Factor 3 28535 16785 90183

for elements lighter thanKQuantification of the detected lowZ elements is not reported because our measurements wereperformed in air and vacuum conditions are recommendedin this case [30] Results of quantitative analysis of rice andrice husk samples are reported in Table 5

Elemental composition of rice husk and rice is similarfor all the studied samples even if Ca Ti Mn Fe and Pbare higher in RH with respect to rice The concentrationof metals in the two matrices is usually correlated In thesamples from Korba the highest concentrations of Ti Fe andZn were detected in sample 3 for both the analyzed matrices(3R K and 3RH K) and the highest concentration of Ca andMn in sample 1 (1R K and 1RH K) In the samples fromRaipur the highest concentrations of Fe and Zn are foundin sample 3 (3R R and 3RH R) while the highest content ofMn was in sample 4 (4R R and 4RH R) Rice husk samplesof Korba contain Cr that is not detected in rice while Cris present in both the matrices collected in Raipur with theusual correlationThis can be due to the higher concentrationof Cr in Raipur than Korba soilsThe correlation observed forthe other elements is not present in the case of Pb Indeed thehighest value of Pb for rice husk samples is present in sample5RH K while the highest value of Pb for rice is present insample 2R K A similar behavior is observed for Ca and Ti inthe samples from Raipur

Descriptive statistics of elemental content in rice and ricehusk samples is reported in Table 6The comparison of heavymetals concentration in rice grain from the two studied areasshows no significant differences among K Ca Ti Ni Cuand Zn Other elements such as Cr Fe and Pb are higherin Raipur samples while Mn and Rb are higher in Korbasamples Concentration of heavymetals detected in rice sam-ples decreases in the following order Mn gt Zn gt Cu gt Ni gtPb gt Cr

Metal uptake is higher for plants germinated in soilsenriched with metals from anthropogenic factors Thereforebioaccumulation ability of plants is one of the most criticalproblems faced in agriculture and environmental studiesTransfer factor (TF) is an indicator of the plant species abilityor tendency to uptake a certain element from the soil [31]TF is obtained by dividing the element concentration in theplant by its concentration in soil according to (1) where119862p is the metal concentration in plant and 119862s is the metal


Table5Elem

entalcon

centratio

nin

rice(R)

andric

ehusk(RH)sam

ples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipur

Sample

Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

CrMn

FeNi

CuZn

RbSr

BaPb

Korba

1RK

2179plusmn122

267plusmn67

19plusmn04

00plusmn00

44plusmn2

18plusmn3

04plusmn01

22plusmn02

29plusmn1

186plusmn10

067plusmn014

nd

027plusmn001

2RK

2911plusmn160

225plusmn19

05plusmn03

00plusmn00

29plusmn1

19plusmn2

09plusmn01

24plusmn01

30plusmn1

352plusmn17

033plusmn005

nd

051plusmn003

3RK

2603plusmn184

227plusmn17

40plusmn03

00plusmn00

32plusmn1

21plusmn1

05plusmn01

30plusmn02

39plusmn2

42plusmn03

052plusmn003

nd

025plusmn002

4RK

1604plusmn111

223plusmn20

14plusmn04

00plusmn00

27plusmn1

13plusmn1

20plusmn06

30plusmn02

22plusmn1

57plusmn03

029plusmn002

nd

008plusmn002

5RK

2162plusmn113

175plusmn11

07plusmn02

00plusmn00

24plusmn1

15plusmn1

04plusmn01

25plusmn01

24plusmn1

225plusmn10

033plusmn001

nd

013plusmn001

1RH

K4152plusmn303

1500plusmn68

28plusmn09

04plusmn01

325plusmn15

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

20plusmn01

32plusmn1

223plusmn12

476plusmn022

32plusmn2

041plusmn004

2RH

K3894plusmn311

1277plusmn61

73plusmn24

00plusmn00

174plusmn8

161plusmn

1133plusmn02

18plusmn04

26plusmn1

287plusmn20

268plusmn013

15plusmn1

047plusmn003

3RH

K2277plusmn152

1485plusmn106

599plusmn456

09plusmn02

210plusmn9

409plusmn26

10plusmn01

21plusmn

02

33plusmn3

37plusmn03

449plusmn023

26plusmn2

070plusmn007

4RH

K44

41plusmn196

1072plusmn47

60plusmn24

02plusmn01

213plusmn9

184plusmn9

26plusmn01

22plusmn01

28plusmn1

111plusmn05

224plusmn010

25plusmn1

043plusmn002

5RH

K3782plusmn167

948plusmn61

23plusmn03

00plusmn00

206plusmn9

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

19plusmn01

27plusmn2

234plusmn11

289plusmn015

30plusmn1

102plusmn005

Raipur

1RR

3021plusmn221

395plusmn54

24plusmn11

03plusmn01

21plusmn1

33plusmn22

06plusmn01

34plusmn04

30plusmn2

06plusmn003

031plusmn003

nd

038plusmn002

2RR

2201plusmn101

232plusmn12

08plusmn02

00plusmn00

20plusmn1

13plusmn1

02plusmn01

17plusmn01

19plusmn1

32plusmn02

038plusmn002

nd

045plusmn004

3RR

2621plusmn120

347plusmn98

32plusmn04

03plusmn01

33plusmn1

24plusmn1

04plusmn01

23plusmn02

31plusmn2

11plusmn01

055plusmn004

nd

040plusmn003

4RR

2441plusmn134

345plusmn40

22plusmn05

02plusmn01

35plusmn2

22plusmn1

14plusmn01

31plusmn

02

30plusmn5

67plusmn03

049plusmn002

nd

026plusmn002

5RR

2295plusmn119

453plusmn182

17plusmn07

16plusmn07

26plusmn1

32plusmn2

18plusmn01

23plusmn01

25plusmn4

49plusmn03

059plusmn012

nd

024plusmn004

1RH

R6134plusmn284

1407plusmn237

248plusmn77

17plusmn09

159plusmn7

747plusmn43

09plusmn03

31plusmn

03

32plusmn3

13plusmn01

289plusmn015

5plusmn1

404plusmn018

2RH

R5088plusmn320

1727plusmn284

116plusmn28

10plusmn02

155plusmn8

601plusmn

3208plusmn04

22plusmn01

38plusmn8

48plusmn03

424plusmn056

5plusmn1

104plusmn012

3RH

R5474plusmn273

2165plusmn284

68plusmn07

08plusmn01

263plusmn12

589plusmn26

05plusmn01

24plusmn01

34plusmn2

18plusmn04

563plusmn026

8plusmn2

076plusmn005

4RH

R4866plusmn214

1367plusmn113

114plusmn07

433plusmn23

398plusmn18

957plusmn50

380plusmn19

29plusmn02

33plusmn3

92plusmn04

313plusmn019

14plusmn1

105plusmn007

5RH

R5930plusmn341

1441plusmn220

427plusmn115

84plusmn05

232plusmn10

918plusmn167

130plusmn06

27plusmn08

33plusmn4

71plusmn03

362plusmn023

6plusmn1

087plusmn034


Table 6 Descriptive statistics results of elemental chemical analysis for rice and rice husk from Korba and Raipur

K Ca Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Rb Sr Ba PbKorba

RiceMean 229161 22352 171 000 3119 1725 085 261 2892 1724 043 nd 025SD 49562 3267 141 000 763 314 067 036 664 1279 016 nd 017Min 160361 17506 047 000 2397 1320 039 222 2218 418 029 nd 008Max 291056 26713 402 000 4367 2086 201 300 3909 3519 067 nd 051

RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102

RaipurRiceMean 251578 35445 209 047 2685 2473 088 256 2707 329 046 nd 034SD 32375 8134 088 011 691 824 066 071 509 256 012 nd 009Min 220082 23192 084 000 1966 1267 022 166 1909 058 031 nd 024Max 302055 45290 324 160 3450 3261 177 344 3136 669 059 nd 045

RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404

concentration in soil The variation observed in TFs for thesame species may be due to several factors such as the age ofthe plant the tissue and the environment in which the plantis grown It was demonstrated that the absorption ofmineralsand their distribution in the plant hang on the bioavailabilityof the minerals in soil root structure and shoot system[32] Moreover the bioavailability of elements from soil toplants is determined by other factors including pH redoxconditions speciation soil texture and mineralogy organicmatter content and the presence of competing ions

TFs calculated for rice and RH using the average valuesof elemental concentration in rice RH and soils of Korbaand Raipur are shown in Figure 4 In our study TFs for RHwere always higher than rice samples for both the studiedareas TFs of K Mn Cu Zn Rb and Ba are higher in Korbasamples compared to those of Raipur Elements such as Caand Cr show TFs higher in Raipur samples while Ti Fe Niand Pb were in the same range Our results clearly show thatthe bioaccumulation is higher in RH than in rice

TF =119862p

119862s (1)

A comparison with the literature data [33] for the content ofAs Ba Cu Pb Ni Mn and Cr in rice is reported in Table 7The average values calculated as the arithmetic mean forKorba and Raipur are reported separately The literaturereports that geometric means (GM) illustrate more exactdistribution of the element concentrations in rice samplesbut comparison withmany other studies is difficult due to thelack of information on GM [33] As and Ba are not present

0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb

Rice RaipurRH Raipur

Rice KorbaRH Korba

Figure 4 Transfer factors calculated for rice and rice husk sampleswith respect to soil samples from Korba and Raipur

in our samples Our values of Cu and Ni are aligned mainlywith those from Vietnam The concentrations of Pb and Mnare aligned respectively with commercial rice from China


Table 7 Concentration of hazardous elements in rice samples reported in different literature studies (a) arithmetic means (b) arithmeticstandard deviations (c) [34] (d) [35] and (e) [36]

Element Area 119873 AM (a) ASD (b) MIN MAX

Cu

Taizhou 13 4260 826 3037 5184Commercial rice China 5 3326 774 2812 4478

Vietnam (c) 31 2600 1100 5800Bangladesh (d) mdash mdash mdash mdashHangzhou (e) mdash mdash mdash mdash

Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb


Vietnam (c) mdash mdash mdash mdashBangladesh (d) 3 23700 19800 20100 24000Hangzhou (e) 5 131 103 45 308

Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni


Vietnam (c) 31 869 lt100 2022Bangladesh (d) mdash mdash mdash mdashHangzhou (e) mdash mdash mdash mdash

Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr


Vietnam (c) mdash mdash mdash mdashBangladesh (d) 3 740 340 650 830Hangzhou (e) mdash mdash mdash mdash

Raipur 5 470 110 0 1600Korba 5 nd nd nd nd

and Taizhou The content of Cr in the samples of Raipur isexceptionally high

Despite all the reported data of metal content in riceaccording to the national standard for safety milled rice cri-teria [37] (NY5115-2002) themaximum allowable concentra-tions (MAC) ofAs and Pb are 050 and 020120583gg respectivelyMoreover the World Health Organization (WHO) provides020mgKg as the safe limit for Pb in rice [38] but it doesnot report any limit for other analyzed metals In the presentstudy Pb concentration is much higher than the reportedlimit in many samples both from Raipur and Korba evenif the average value is aligned with that of WHO Even it isknown as a toxic element Cr safe limit from WHOFAO is

not determined Since rice is the common food for the Asiancontinent and especially in China the MAC criteria deter-mine the same limit for some metals such as Cu 10mgKgZn 50mgKg Cr 1mgKg and Pb as that decided by WHO[39]

Statistical analysis does not show any significant differ-ence between rice and rice husk samples of the two areas ofinterest

Figure 5 shows the concentration of selected elements inall samples classified by species soil rice husk and riceThisfigure highlights the possible transfer andor accumulation ofelements from soil into the other twomatrices In some casesrice husk seems to act as a barrier for some heavymetals such


0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Figure 5 Concentration of elements in soil rice husk and rice samples from Korba and Raipur

as Cr K Fe and Pb The possible barrier role of rice husk isinteresting and it can be hypothesized also for Mn Ba andSr Unfortunately it is not clear in the case of Cu Ni Zn RbBi Ti and V

4 Conclusions

This work reports the chemical composition study of soilsrice and rice husk from Korba and Raipur (India) by means


of TXRF Results show some metals uptake from soil to ricein particular Pb and Cr from the Raipur region The noveltyof this study is the chemical characterization of rice made inparallel with the analysis of soils and corresponding rice huskA detailed analysis of all the data shows that rice husk accu-mulates more heavy metals than rice suggesting a possiblebarrier effect of the husk Despite that dedicated studiesshould be done to verify the clear role of husk and other para-meters such as rice species soils characteristics (pH claycontent and organic matter) and other variables Based onthe extremely interesting results obtained in this study someapproaches may be developed to promote low metals accu-mulation in rice

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by LIFE+ the financial instrumentof the European Community to support environmentalprojects (LIFE+ 2011 Project ENVIT000256) The authorsare grateful to Directorate-General Environment EuropeanCommission for inclusion of COSMOS-RICE Project inScience for Environment Policy Information Service (seehttpeceuropaeuenvironmentintegrationresearchnew-salertpdf383na2 enpdf) The authors acknowledge Profe-ssor Patel School of Studies in Chemistry Pt RavishankarShukla University Raipur India for the support in samplescollection

References

[1] C Huamain Z Chunrong T Cong and Z Yongguan ldquoHeavymetal pollution in soils in China status and countermeasuresrdquoAmbio vol 28 no 2 pp 130ndash134 1999

[2] M E Watanabe ldquoPhytoremediation on the brink of commer-cializationrdquo Environmental Science amp Technology vol 31 pp82Andash187A 1997

[3] S Uchida K Tagami and N Ishikawa ldquoConcentration soil-to-plant transfer factor and soil-soil solution distribution coeffi-cient of selenium in the surface environment -9106rdquo in Proceed-ings of the Symposium onWasteManagement (WM rsquo09 ) pp 1ndash5Phoenix Ariz USA March 2009

[4] X F Hu Y Jiang Y Shu X Hu L Liu and F Luo ldquoEffectsof mining wastewater discharges on heavy metal pollution andsoil enzyme activity of the paddy fieldsrdquo Journal of GeochemicalExploration vol 147 part B pp 139ndash150 2014

[5] A Sekara M Poniedziałek J Ciura and E Jedrszczyk ldquoCad-mium and lead accumulation and distribution in the organs ofnine crops implications for phytoremediationrdquo Polish Journalof Environmental Studies vol 14 no 4 pp 509ndash516 2005

[6] R Stone ldquoFood safetymdasharsenic and paddy rice a neglectedcancer riskrdquo Science vol 321 no 5886 pp 184ndash185 2008

[7] Committee for the Common Organisation of Agricultural Mar-kets 11 2014 httpeceuropaeuagriculturecerealspresenta-tionsricemarket-situation enpdf

[8] K R Dikshit and J E Schwartzberg ldquoIndia iI paeserdquo in Enci-clopedia Britannica pp 9ndash10 2007

[9] K M Omatola and A D Onojah ldquoElemental analysis of ricehusk ash using X-ray fluorescence techniquerdquo InternationalJournal of Physical Sciences vol 4 no 4 pp 189ndash193 2009

[10] L Sun and K Gong ldquoSilicon-based materials from rice husksand their applicationsrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 40 no 25 pp 5861ndash5877 2001

[11] S Sugita ldquoOn the economical production of large quantities ofhighly reactive rice husk ashrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on Innovative World of Concrete (ICI-IWC rsquo93) pp2 3ndash71 1993

[12] I R Shaikh and A A Shaikh ldquoUtilization of wheat husk ashas silica source for the synthesis of MCM-41 type mesoporoussilicates a sustainable approach towards valorization of the agri-cultural waste streamrdquo Research Journal of Chemical Sciencesvol 3 pp 66ndash72 2013

[13] K M Omatola and A D Onojah ldquoRice husk as a potentialsource of high technological raw materials a reviewrdquo Journalof Polymer Science Innovation vol 4 pp 30ndash35 2012

[14] A Bosio N Rodella A Gianoncelli et al ldquoA new method toinertize incinerator toxic fly ash with silica from rice husk ashrdquoEnvironmental Chemistry Letters vol 11 no 4 pp 329ndash3332013

[15] A Bosio A Zacco L Borgese et al ldquoA sustainable technologyfor Pb and Zn stabilization based on the use of only wastematerials a green chemistry approach to avoid chemicals andpromote CO

2sequestrationrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol

253 pp 377ndash384 2014[16] A Taylor S Branch M P Day M Patriarca and M White

ldquoAtomic spectrometry update Clinical and biological materialsfoods and beveragesrdquo Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometryvol 24 no 4 pp 535ndash579 2009

[17] K S Patel K Shrivas P Hoffmann and N Jakubowski ldquoAsurvey of lead pollution in Chhattisgarh State central IndiardquoEnvironmental Geochemistry and Health vol 28 no 1-2 pp 11ndash17 2006

[18] K S Patel K Shrivas R Brandt N Jakubowski W Corns andP Hoffmann ldquoArsenic contamination in water soil sedimentand rice of central Indiardquo Environmental Geochemistry andHealth vol 27 no 2 pp 131ndash145 2005

[19] B Giri K S Patel N K Jaiswal et al ldquoComposition and sourcesof organic tracers in aerosol particles of industrial central IndiardquoAtmospheric Research vol 120-121 pp 312ndash324 2013

[20] httpwwwepagovoswhazardtestmethodssw846pdfs3050bpdf

[21] L Borgese A Zacco E Bontempi et al ldquoTotal reflection of x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) amature technique for environmentalchemical nanoscale metrologyrdquoMeasurement Science and Tech-nology vol 20 no 8 Article ID 084027 2009

[22] F Bilo L Borgese D Cazzago et al ldquoTXRF analysis ofsoils and sediments to assess environmental contaminationrdquoEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research vol 21 no 23 pp13208ndash13214 2014

[23] Esdat 2000 Dutch Target and Intervention Values The newDutch list 2000 httpwwwesdatnet

[24] A Kabata-Pendias ldquoEnvironmental biogeochemistrymdashoutlineof the developmentrdquo Przeglad Geologiczny vol 49 no 10 pp957ndash959 2001

[25] S Srinivasa Gowd M Ramakrishna Reddy and P K GovilldquoAssessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at Jajmau


(Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain UttarPradesh Indiardquo Journal ofHazardousMaterials vol 174 no 1ndash3pp 113ndash121 2010

[26] K S Patel A Verma N K Jaiswal et al ldquoArsenic concentrationin soil rice and straw in central Indiardquo in Proceedings of the 4thInternational Congress on Arsenic in the Environment pp 508ndash509 July 2012

[27] A Kabata-Pendias Trace Elements in Soils and Plants Technol-ogy amp Engineering CRC Press 3rd edition 2000

[28] A D Jacobson and J D Blum ldquoCaSr and 87Sr86Sr geochem-istry of disseminated calcite in Himalayan silicate rocks fromNanga Parbat influence on river-water chemistryrdquoGeology vol28 no 5 pp 463ndash466 2000

[29] Y N Vodyanitskii ldquoCriteria of the technogenic nature ofheavy metals and metalloids in soils a review of publicationsrdquoEurasian Soil Science vol 42 no 9 pp 1053ndash1061 2009

[30] H Hoefler C Streli P Wobrauschek M Ovari and G ZarayldquoAnalysis of low Z elements in various environmental sampleswith total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometryrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy vol 61 no 10-11 pp 1135ndash1140 2006

[31] K K Taha I M Shmou H M Osman and M H ShayoubldquoSoil-plant transfer and accumulation factors for trace elementsat the Blue and White Nilesrdquo Journal of Applied and IndustrialSciences vol 1 pp 97ndash102 2013

[32] H Papaefthymiou G Papatheodorou A Moustakli DChristodoulou and M Geraga ldquoNatural radionuclides and137Cs distributions and their relationship with sedimentologicalprocesses in Patras Harbour Greecerdquo Journal of EnvironmentalRadioactivity vol 94 no 2 pp 55ndash74 2007

[33] J Fu Q Zhou J Liu et al ldquoHigh levels of heavy metals inrice (Oryza sativa L) from a typical E-waste recycling areain southeast China and its potential risk to human healthrdquoChemosphere vol 71 no 7 pp 1269ndash1275 2008

[34] T D Phuong P Van Chuong D T Khiem and S Kokot ldquoEle-mental content of Vietnamese rice Part 1 Sampling analysisand comparison with previous studiesrdquo Analyst vol 124 no 4pp 553ndash560 1999

[35] S W Al Rmalli P I Haris C F Harrington and M AyubldquoA survey of arsenic in foodstuffs on sale in the UnitedKingdom and imported from Bangladeshrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 337 no 1ndash3 pp 23ndash30 2005

[36] C Fangmin Z Ningchun X Haiming et al ldquoCadmium andlead contamination in japonica rice grains and its variationamong the different locations in southeast Chinardquo Science of theTotal Environment vol 359 no 1ndash3 pp 156ndash166 2006

[37] National Programme on Safety Food SafetyMilled Rice Criteriaof PR China (NY5115-2002) China Ministry of AgricultureBeijing China 2002

[38] FAOWHOCodexAlimentariusGeneral Standards for Contam-inants and Toxins in Food Schedule1 Maximum and GuidelineLevels for Contaminants and Toxins in Food Joint FAOWHOFood Standards Programme Reference CXFAC 0216 CodexCommittee Rotterdam The Netherlands 2002

[39] The Ministry of Health of China GB 2762-2012 Standards forChinese Food Sanitation TheMinistry of Health of China 2012

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

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SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


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Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


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Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


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Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


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Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


Other elements like Mn Fe Cu Zn Se and Ni are classifiedasmicronutrients and they are present in lower amount whileAs Cr Pb and Cd are undesirable elements because of theirtoxic effects even in very low quantity As a consequence itis crucially necessary to reduce possible accumulation effectsin rice grains from the environment for safe food productionGreat efforts are necessary to remediate polluted sites Otherapproaches could be developed to reduce metals accumula-tion in edible parts of plants For instance favorable agro-nomic practices and chemical regulators may decrease plantheavymetals uptake In this context it is important to identifywhich parts of the plant accumulate more toxic substances

Rice husk (RH) is the external protecting covering of eachrice grainThe chemical composition of RH varies from sam-ple to sample depending on rice variety climate and originOrganic compounds and water are the main components ofRH (about 74) followed by amorphous silica (between 15and 22) and other inorganic compounds (about 4) suchas Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO and MgO [8] Omatola and Onojah

[9] reported the following list of elements detected by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in RH K Ca Cr Mn Fe Ni CuZn Sr Br I As and Cl These elements owing to theirlow concentrations are considered as impurities Sun andGong reported that the main application of RH [10] is theproduction of thermal energy due to its high calorific valueabout 13607 kJkg Several other destinations of RH werereported such as livestock for the cattle agricultural fertilizeringredient for substrates in floriculture and horticultureand simple fertilizer for plants RH was also used for theproduction of biodegradable pots instead of using oil

It is also known that the produced byproduct of rice huskis called rice husk ash (RHA) RHA is widely used by the steelindustry in the production of high quality flat steel for auto-motive body panels [11] Owing to its insulating propertiesRHA has been used in the manufacture of refractory brickswhich are exposed to extreme temperatures in furnacessuch as the blast furnaces employed for producing molteniron and in the production of cement clinker The IndianSpace Research Organization has successfully developed thetechnology for producing high purity precipitated silica fromRHA which has a potential use in the computer industry[12 13] American and Brazilian scientists also developed newways to extract and purify silicon from RHA to use it insemiconductor manufacture Other uses have been exploredIn the frame of theCOSMOS-RICEproject RHA is employedas metals stabilizer for municipal solid waste incineration flyash treatment [14 15]

It is very interesting to verify the higher capability ofheavy accumulation by RH with respect to riceThis can playa fundamental role in the management of rice cultivation

Elemental chemical analysis of rice is usually performedby normative techniques such as FAAS [16] In this study weused total reflectionX-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to analyze thechemical composition of rice RH and soils of two differentareas of India The aim was the evaluation of metal uptakefrom soil to rice and the investigation of possible sources ofenvironmental pollution in the studied areas Moreover thiswork aims to highlight the possible role of RH in preservingrice from bioaccumulation of heavy metals

Table 1 Type of samples and their corresponding numbers sampledfrom the studied areas

City Samples Number of samplesRaipur SoilRaipur A 5Raipur B 5Raipur Rice husk (RH) 5Raipur Rice 5Korba Soil 5Korba Rice husk (RH) 5Korba Rice 5

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Areas Elemental chemical analysis of soils comingfrom the central-east area of India where soil contains highconcentration of heavy metals was performed The state ofChhattisgarh (India) is rich in minerals such as iron lime-stone dolomite coal bauxite garnet quartz marble alexan-drite and diamonds Because of the huge production of riceChhattisgarh district nickname is ldquorice bowl of Central IndiardquoIndustrial activities in this area increased a lot in the last yearsIn fact the construction of new coal-fired power plants hasincreased up to 50 the production of ashes which exposesthe human and the environment to high pollution risksTherefore Raipur and Korba were chosen as the target citiesof this study Raipur is located at 21∘ 131015840 60 N and 81∘ 371015840 60E and hundreds varieties of rice grow Different studies havealready confirmed the presence of heavy metals in soils fromthis area demonstrating a degradation of the environmentalquality [17ndash19]Meanwhile Korba is located at 22∘ 211015840 0N and82∘ 401015840 60 E and as well as Raipur it is also a ldquovictimrdquo of theindustrial growth especially of cement industry Soil and ricesamples from each city region were collected in 5 differentareas Samples in Raipur were collected in duplicate to checkthe homogeneity of its compositionThe two samples namedas A and B in Table 1 were collected in the same area at a dis-tance less than 1 km from each other

22 Samples Preparation Procedure Soil samples were homo-genized through a mortar and dried for 90min at 90∘CSamples were weighed before and after this process in orderto determine their humidity Rice samples were transportedfrom India as they were collected Rice grains were insidetheir husk The separation of each rice grain from its outershell (husk) was carried out manually in the first step ofsample preparation Some differences were noticed at a gla-nce Rice samples had different husk colors from green toyellow and crop dimensions

23 Digestion of Samples About 05 g soil sample was addedto 9mL of nitric acid 65 (Fluka) 3mL of hydrofluoric acid(Fluka) and 2mL of hydrochloric acid 37 (Fluka) in Teflonvessels HF was necessary to perform total solubilization ofsoil probably due to the high content of silicates This proce-dure was performed according to US-EPA 3050B method



AsPb Br Rb SrCaAr

BiPbMo

Cl

AlBrRbSrSi VKP S

BaTiPu

lses (

cps)

106

105

104

103

102

E (keV)2 4 6 8 10 12 14













Table2Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gkg)insoilsamples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipurR

esultsaree

xpressed

asthea


deviation

Sample

Elem

entsconcentration(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

VCr

Mn

FeNi

CuZn

As

BaSr

PbBi

Korba

S1K

4524plusmn203

2560plusmn297

1550plusmn85

14plusmn1

22plusmn1

254plusmn12

7071plusmn309

9plusmn1

11plusmn1

52plusmn3

4plusmn1

152plusmn18

28plusmn2

11plusmn1

nd

S2K

3829plusmn175

1448plusmn463

1562plusmn68

17plusmn2

25plusmn1

230plusmn10

8409plusmn379

10plusmn1

10plusmn1

58plusmn3

3plusmn1

76plusmn9

14plusmn2

12plusmn1

nd

S3K

5705plusmn44

7110

1plusmn417

1572plusmn72

15plusmn2

19plusmn1

83plusmn4

5676plusmn246

10plusmn1

6plusmn1

14plusmn1

4plusmn1

57plusmn8

3plusmn01

10plusmn1

nd

S4K

5031plusmn239

421plusmn

251350plusmn59

15plusmn1

24plusmn1

102plusmn4

7257plusmn316

12plusmn1

7plusmn1

15plusmn1

5plusmn1

117plusmn13

11plusmn1

11plusmn1

nd

S5K

6217plusmn511

441plusmn

341293plusmn63

11plusmn1

15plusmn1

143plusmn7

5781plusmn254

7plusmn1

6plusmn1

22plusmn1

5plusmn1

136plusmn10

15plusmn1

13plusmn1

nd

Raipur

S1A

R7617plusmn391

2660plusmn1637

4337plusmn197

61plusmn6

112plusmn6

1455plusmn66

38863plusmn1737

39plusmn2

34plusmn2

60plusmn4

15plusmn1

166plusmn28

23plusmn6

64plusmn5

4plusmn1

S1B

R8117plusmn356

786plusmn57

4893plusmn213

55plusmn4

120plusmn5

1055plusmn46

39578plusmn1716

45plusmn2

37plusmn2

60plusmn2

12plusmn2

162plusmn12

16plusmn1

55plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2A

R6172plusmn318

1088plusmn228

4610plusmn222

65plusmn5

111plusmn

5973plusmn46

38183plusmn1671

45plusmn3

34plusmn2

60plusmn5

13plusmn2

160plusmn22

20plusmn3

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2B

R4895plusmn226

1199plusmn66

4716plusmn207

60plusmn4

127plusmn6

463plusmn20

37942plusmn1647

49plusmn2

34plusmn1

51plusmn2

15plusmn2

158plusmn18

21plusmn1

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S3A

R9251plusmn477

837plusmn151

5246plusmn248

107plusmn10

145plusmn7

1855plusmn81

32937plusmn1437

80plusmn4

43plusmn2

60plusmn3

21plusmn3

170plusmn42

16plusmn2

55plusmn8

5plusmn2

S3B

R9149plusmn40

0786plusmn42

5959plusmn258

116plusmn7

121plusmn

51389plusmn61

27203plusmn1331

75plusmn3

46plusmn2

50plusmn2

26plusmn1

147plusmn22

11plusmn2

44plusmn2

4plusmn1

S4A

R5318plusmn233

1078plusmn115

4993plusmn218

74plusmn4

131plusmn

61304plusmn58

42808plusmn1863

55plusmn2

36plusmn2

54plusmn7

18plusmn2

191plusmn

1317plusmn1

54plusmn5

5plusmn2

S4B

R5497plusmn270

824plusmn137

5270plusmn254

116plusmn11

122plusmn6

1984plusmn90

31119plusmn1360

80plusmn5

49plusmn14

56plusmn3

30plusmn3

129plusmn30

11plusmn4

55plusmn6

4plusmn1

S5A

R7477plusmn510

1275plusmn594

4672plusmn205

127plusmn8

174plusmn8

2597plusmn113

43853plusmn2203

79plusmn4

44plusmn2

54plusmn6

36plusmn3

261plusmn

11617plusmn6

69plusmn3

5plusmn1

S5B

58599plusmn422

2557plusmn237

5285plusmn232

111plusmn

6155plusmn7

1701plusmn75

40033plusmn1767

71plusmn3

43plusmn2

55plusmn2

24plusmn3

427plusmn54

31plusmn3

67plusmn6

8plusmn1










1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 10 11 13 14 15





Pulse

s (cp

s)

E (keV)


Mo

SPSiGa

Mg Sr

E RbAl

Zn

Pb

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

times1E3

30

20

10

00



(a)



(b)







Table5Elem

entalcon

centratio

nin

rice(R)

andric

ehusk(RH)sam

ples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipur

Sample

Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

CrMn

FeNi

CuZn

RbSr

BaPb

Korba

1RK

2179plusmn122

267plusmn67

19plusmn04

00plusmn00

44plusmn2

18plusmn3

04plusmn01

22plusmn02

29plusmn1

186plusmn10

067plusmn014

nd

027plusmn001

2RK

2911plusmn160

225plusmn19

05plusmn03

00plusmn00

29plusmn1

19plusmn2

09plusmn01

24plusmn01

30plusmn1

352plusmn17

033plusmn005

nd

051plusmn003

3RK

2603plusmn184

227plusmn17

40plusmn03

00plusmn00

32plusmn1

21plusmn1

05plusmn01

30plusmn02

39plusmn2

42plusmn03

052plusmn003

nd

025plusmn002

4RK

1604plusmn111

223plusmn20

14plusmn04

00plusmn00

27plusmn1

13plusmn1

20plusmn06

30plusmn02

22plusmn1

57plusmn03

029plusmn002

nd

008plusmn002

5RK

2162plusmn113

175plusmn11

07plusmn02

00plusmn00

24plusmn1

15plusmn1

04plusmn01

25plusmn01

24plusmn1

225plusmn10

033plusmn001

nd

013plusmn001

1RH

K4152plusmn303

1500plusmn68

28plusmn09

04plusmn01

325plusmn15

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

20plusmn01

32plusmn1

223plusmn12

476plusmn022

32plusmn2

041plusmn004

2RH

K3894plusmn311

1277plusmn61

73plusmn24

00plusmn00

174plusmn8

161plusmn

1133plusmn02

18plusmn04

26plusmn1

287plusmn20

268plusmn013

15plusmn1

047plusmn003

3RH

K2277plusmn152

1485plusmn106

599plusmn456

09plusmn02

210plusmn9

409plusmn26

10plusmn01

21plusmn

02

33plusmn3

37plusmn03

449plusmn023

26plusmn2

070plusmn007

4RH

K44

41plusmn196

1072plusmn47

60plusmn24

02plusmn01

213plusmn9

184plusmn9

26plusmn01

22plusmn01

28plusmn1

111plusmn05

224plusmn010

25plusmn1

043plusmn002

5RH

K3782plusmn167

948plusmn61

23plusmn03

00plusmn00

206plusmn9

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

19plusmn01

27plusmn2

234plusmn11

289plusmn015

30plusmn1

102plusmn005

Raipur

1RR

3021plusmn221

395plusmn54

24plusmn11

03plusmn01

21plusmn1

33plusmn22

06plusmn01

34plusmn04

30plusmn2

06plusmn003

031plusmn003

nd

038plusmn002

2RR

2201plusmn101

232plusmn12

08plusmn02

00plusmn00

20plusmn1

13plusmn1

02plusmn01

17plusmn01

19plusmn1

32plusmn02

038plusmn002

nd

045plusmn004

3RR

2621plusmn120

347plusmn98

32plusmn04

03plusmn01

33plusmn1

24plusmn1

04plusmn01

23plusmn02

31plusmn2

11plusmn01

055plusmn004

nd

040plusmn003

4RR

2441plusmn134

345plusmn40

22plusmn05

02plusmn01

35plusmn2

22plusmn1

14plusmn01

31plusmn

02

30plusmn5

67plusmn03

049plusmn002

nd

026plusmn002

5RR

2295plusmn119

453plusmn182

17plusmn07

16plusmn07

26plusmn1

32plusmn2

18plusmn01

23plusmn01

25plusmn4

49plusmn03

059plusmn012

nd

024plusmn004

1RH

R6134plusmn284

1407plusmn237

248plusmn77

17plusmn09

159plusmn7

747plusmn43

09plusmn03

31plusmn

03

32plusmn3

13plusmn01

289plusmn015

5plusmn1

404plusmn018

2RH

R5088plusmn320

1727plusmn284

116plusmn28

10plusmn02

155plusmn8

601plusmn

3208plusmn04

22plusmn01

38plusmn8

48plusmn03

424plusmn056

5plusmn1

104plusmn012

3RH

R5474plusmn273

2165plusmn284

68plusmn07

08plusmn01

263plusmn12

589plusmn26

05plusmn01

24plusmn01

34plusmn2

18plusmn04

563plusmn026

8plusmn2

076plusmn005

4RH

R4866plusmn214

1367plusmn113

114plusmn07

433plusmn23

398plusmn18

957plusmn50

380plusmn19

29plusmn02

33plusmn3

92plusmn04

313plusmn019

14plusmn1

105plusmn007

5RH

R5930plusmn341

1441plusmn220

427plusmn115

84plusmn05

232plusmn10

918plusmn167

130plusmn06

27plusmn08

33plusmn4

71plusmn03

362plusmn023

6plusmn1

087plusmn034





RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102


RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404



TF =119862p

119862s (1)


0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb


Rice KorbaRH Korba






Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



AsPb Br Rb SrCaAr

BiPbMo

Cl

AlBrRbSrSi VKP S

BaTiPu

lses (

cps)

106

105

104

103

102

E (keV)2 4 6 8 10 12 14













Table2Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gkg)insoilsamples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipurR

esultsaree

xpressed

asthea


deviation

Sample

Elem

entsconcentration(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

VCr

Mn

FeNi

CuZn

As

BaSr

PbBi

Korba

S1K

4524plusmn203

2560plusmn297

1550plusmn85

14plusmn1

22plusmn1

254plusmn12

7071plusmn309

9plusmn1

11plusmn1

52plusmn3

4plusmn1

152plusmn18

28plusmn2

11plusmn1

nd

S2K

3829plusmn175

1448plusmn463

1562plusmn68

17plusmn2

25plusmn1

230plusmn10

8409plusmn379

10plusmn1

10plusmn1

58plusmn3

3plusmn1

76plusmn9

14plusmn2

12plusmn1

nd

S3K

5705plusmn44

7110

1plusmn417

1572plusmn72

15plusmn2

19plusmn1

83plusmn4

5676plusmn246

10plusmn1

6plusmn1

14plusmn1

4plusmn1

57plusmn8

3plusmn01

10plusmn1

nd

S4K

5031plusmn239

421plusmn

251350plusmn59

15plusmn1

24plusmn1

102plusmn4

7257plusmn316

12plusmn1

7plusmn1

15plusmn1

5plusmn1

117plusmn13

11plusmn1

11plusmn1

nd

S5K

6217plusmn511

441plusmn

341293plusmn63

11plusmn1

15plusmn1

143plusmn7

5781plusmn254

7plusmn1

6plusmn1

22plusmn1

5plusmn1

136plusmn10

15plusmn1

13plusmn1

nd

Raipur

S1A

R7617plusmn391

2660plusmn1637

4337plusmn197

61plusmn6

112plusmn6

1455plusmn66

38863plusmn1737

39plusmn2

34plusmn2

60plusmn4

15plusmn1

166plusmn28

23plusmn6

64plusmn5

4plusmn1

S1B

R8117plusmn356

786plusmn57

4893plusmn213

55plusmn4

120plusmn5

1055plusmn46

39578plusmn1716

45plusmn2

37plusmn2

60plusmn2

12plusmn2

162plusmn12

16plusmn1

55plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2A

R6172plusmn318

1088plusmn228

4610plusmn222

65plusmn5

111plusmn

5973plusmn46

38183plusmn1671

45plusmn3

34plusmn2

60plusmn5

13plusmn2

160plusmn22

20plusmn3

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2B

R4895plusmn226

1199plusmn66

4716plusmn207

60plusmn4

127plusmn6

463plusmn20

37942plusmn1647

49plusmn2

34plusmn1

51plusmn2

15plusmn2

158plusmn18

21plusmn1

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S3A

R9251plusmn477

837plusmn151

5246plusmn248

107plusmn10

145plusmn7

1855plusmn81

32937plusmn1437

80plusmn4

43plusmn2

60plusmn3

21plusmn3

170plusmn42

16plusmn2

55plusmn8

5plusmn2

S3B

R9149plusmn40

0786plusmn42

5959plusmn258

116plusmn7

121plusmn

51389plusmn61

27203plusmn1331

75plusmn3

46plusmn2

50plusmn2

26plusmn1

147plusmn22

11plusmn2

44plusmn2

4plusmn1

S4A

R5318plusmn233

1078plusmn115

4993plusmn218

74plusmn4

131plusmn

61304plusmn58

42808plusmn1863

55plusmn2

36plusmn2

54plusmn7

18plusmn2

191plusmn

1317plusmn1

54plusmn5

5plusmn2

S4B

R5497plusmn270

824plusmn137

5270plusmn254

116plusmn11

122plusmn6

1984plusmn90

31119plusmn1360

80plusmn5

49plusmn14

56plusmn3

30plusmn3

129plusmn30

11plusmn4

55plusmn6

4plusmn1

S5A

R7477plusmn510

1275plusmn594

4672plusmn205

127plusmn8

174plusmn8

2597plusmn113

43853plusmn2203

79plusmn4

44plusmn2

54plusmn6

36plusmn3

261plusmn

11617plusmn6

69plusmn3

5plusmn1

S5B

58599plusmn422

2557plusmn237

5285plusmn232

111plusmn

6155plusmn7

1701plusmn75

40033plusmn1767

71plusmn3

43plusmn2

55plusmn2

24plusmn3

427plusmn54

31plusmn3

67plusmn6

8plusmn1










1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 10 11 13 14 15





Pulse

s (cp

s)

E (keV)


Mo

SPSiGa

Mg Sr

E RbAl

Zn

Pb

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

times1E3

30

20

10

00



(a)



(b)







Table5Elem

entalcon

centratio

nin

rice(R)

andric

ehusk(RH)sam

ples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipur

Sample

Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

CrMn

FeNi

CuZn

RbSr

BaPb

Korba

1RK

2179plusmn122

267plusmn67

19plusmn04

00plusmn00

44plusmn2

18plusmn3

04plusmn01

22plusmn02

29plusmn1

186plusmn10

067plusmn014

nd

027plusmn001

2RK

2911plusmn160

225plusmn19

05plusmn03

00plusmn00

29plusmn1

19plusmn2

09plusmn01

24plusmn01

30plusmn1

352plusmn17

033plusmn005

nd

051plusmn003

3RK

2603plusmn184

227plusmn17

40plusmn03

00plusmn00

32plusmn1

21plusmn1

05plusmn01

30plusmn02

39plusmn2

42plusmn03

052plusmn003

nd

025plusmn002

4RK

1604plusmn111

223plusmn20

14plusmn04

00plusmn00

27plusmn1

13plusmn1

20plusmn06

30plusmn02

22plusmn1

57plusmn03

029plusmn002

nd

008plusmn002

5RK

2162plusmn113

175plusmn11

07plusmn02

00plusmn00

24plusmn1

15plusmn1

04plusmn01

25plusmn01

24plusmn1

225plusmn10

033plusmn001

nd

013plusmn001

1RH

K4152plusmn303

1500plusmn68

28plusmn09

04plusmn01

325plusmn15

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

20plusmn01

32plusmn1

223plusmn12

476plusmn022

32plusmn2

041plusmn004

2RH

K3894plusmn311

1277plusmn61

73plusmn24

00plusmn00

174plusmn8

161plusmn

1133plusmn02

18plusmn04

26plusmn1

287plusmn20

268plusmn013

15plusmn1

047plusmn003

3RH

K2277plusmn152

1485plusmn106

599plusmn456

09plusmn02

210plusmn9

409plusmn26

10plusmn01

21plusmn

02

33plusmn3

37plusmn03

449plusmn023

26plusmn2

070plusmn007

4RH

K44

41plusmn196

1072plusmn47

60plusmn24

02plusmn01

213plusmn9

184plusmn9

26plusmn01

22plusmn01

28plusmn1

111plusmn05

224plusmn010

25plusmn1

043plusmn002

5RH

K3782plusmn167

948plusmn61

23plusmn03

00plusmn00

206plusmn9

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

19plusmn01

27plusmn2

234plusmn11

289plusmn015

30plusmn1

102plusmn005

Raipur

1RR

3021plusmn221

395plusmn54

24plusmn11

03plusmn01

21plusmn1

33plusmn22

06plusmn01

34plusmn04

30plusmn2

06plusmn003

031plusmn003

nd

038plusmn002

2RR

2201plusmn101

232plusmn12

08plusmn02

00plusmn00

20plusmn1

13plusmn1

02plusmn01

17plusmn01

19plusmn1

32plusmn02

038plusmn002

nd

045plusmn004

3RR

2621plusmn120

347plusmn98

32plusmn04

03plusmn01

33plusmn1

24plusmn1

04plusmn01

23plusmn02

31plusmn2

11plusmn01

055plusmn004

nd

040plusmn003

4RR

2441plusmn134

345plusmn40

22plusmn05

02plusmn01

35plusmn2

22plusmn1

14plusmn01

31plusmn

02

30plusmn5

67plusmn03

049plusmn002

nd

026plusmn002

5RR

2295plusmn119

453plusmn182

17plusmn07

16plusmn07

26plusmn1

32plusmn2

18plusmn01

23plusmn01

25plusmn4

49plusmn03

059plusmn012

nd

024plusmn004

1RH

R6134plusmn284

1407plusmn237

248plusmn77

17plusmn09

159plusmn7

747plusmn43

09plusmn03

31plusmn

03

32plusmn3

13plusmn01

289plusmn015

5plusmn1

404plusmn018

2RH

R5088plusmn320

1727plusmn284

116plusmn28

10plusmn02

155plusmn8

601plusmn

3208plusmn04

22plusmn01

38plusmn8

48plusmn03

424plusmn056

5plusmn1

104plusmn012

3RH

R5474plusmn273

2165plusmn284

68plusmn07

08plusmn01

263plusmn12

589plusmn26

05plusmn01

24plusmn01

34plusmn2

18plusmn04

563plusmn026

8plusmn2

076plusmn005

4RH

R4866plusmn214

1367plusmn113

114plusmn07

433plusmn23

398plusmn18

957plusmn50

380plusmn19

29plusmn02

33plusmn3

92plusmn04

313plusmn019

14plusmn1

105plusmn007

5RH

R5930plusmn341

1441plusmn220

427plusmn115

84plusmn05

232plusmn10

918plusmn167

130plusmn06

27plusmn08

33plusmn4

71plusmn03

362plusmn023

6plusmn1

087plusmn034





RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102


RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404



TF =119862p

119862s (1)


0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb


Rice KorbaRH Korba






Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Table2Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gkg)insoilsamples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipurR

esultsaree

xpressed

asthea


deviation

Sample

Elem

entsconcentration(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

VCr

Mn

FeNi

CuZn

As

BaSr

PbBi

Korba

S1K

4524plusmn203

2560plusmn297

1550plusmn85

14plusmn1

22plusmn1

254plusmn12

7071plusmn309

9plusmn1

11plusmn1

52plusmn3

4plusmn1

152plusmn18

28plusmn2

11plusmn1

nd

S2K

3829plusmn175

1448plusmn463

1562plusmn68

17plusmn2

25plusmn1

230plusmn10

8409plusmn379

10plusmn1

10plusmn1

58plusmn3

3plusmn1

76plusmn9

14plusmn2

12plusmn1

nd

S3K

5705plusmn44

7110

1plusmn417

1572plusmn72

15plusmn2

19plusmn1

83plusmn4

5676plusmn246

10plusmn1

6plusmn1

14plusmn1

4plusmn1

57plusmn8

3plusmn01

10plusmn1

nd

S4K

5031plusmn239

421plusmn

251350plusmn59

15plusmn1

24plusmn1

102plusmn4

7257plusmn316

12plusmn1

7plusmn1

15plusmn1

5plusmn1

117plusmn13

11plusmn1

11plusmn1

nd

S5K

6217plusmn511

441plusmn

341293plusmn63

11plusmn1

15plusmn1

143plusmn7

5781plusmn254

7plusmn1

6plusmn1

22plusmn1

5plusmn1

136plusmn10

15plusmn1

13plusmn1

nd

Raipur

S1A

R7617plusmn391

2660plusmn1637

4337plusmn197

61plusmn6

112plusmn6

1455plusmn66

38863plusmn1737

39plusmn2

34plusmn2

60plusmn4

15plusmn1

166plusmn28

23plusmn6

64plusmn5

4plusmn1

S1B

R8117plusmn356

786plusmn57

4893plusmn213

55plusmn4

120plusmn5

1055plusmn46

39578plusmn1716

45plusmn2

37plusmn2

60plusmn2

12plusmn2

162plusmn12

16plusmn1

55plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2A

R6172plusmn318

1088plusmn228

4610plusmn222

65plusmn5

111plusmn

5973plusmn46

38183plusmn1671

45plusmn3

34plusmn2

60plusmn5

13plusmn2

160plusmn22

20plusmn3

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S2B

R4895plusmn226

1199plusmn66

4716plusmn207

60plusmn4

127plusmn6

463plusmn20

37942plusmn1647

49plusmn2

34plusmn1

51plusmn2

15plusmn2

158plusmn18

21plusmn1

46plusmn5

5plusmn1

S3A

R9251plusmn477

837plusmn151

5246plusmn248

107plusmn10

145plusmn7

1855plusmn81

32937plusmn1437

80plusmn4

43plusmn2

60plusmn3

21plusmn3

170plusmn42

16plusmn2

55plusmn8

5plusmn2

S3B

R9149plusmn40

0786plusmn42

5959plusmn258

116plusmn7

121plusmn

51389plusmn61

27203plusmn1331

75plusmn3

46plusmn2

50plusmn2

26plusmn1

147plusmn22

11plusmn2

44plusmn2

4plusmn1

S4A

R5318plusmn233

1078plusmn115

4993plusmn218

74plusmn4

131plusmn

61304plusmn58

42808plusmn1863

55plusmn2

36plusmn2

54plusmn7

18plusmn2

191plusmn

1317plusmn1

54plusmn5

5plusmn2

S4B

R5497plusmn270

824plusmn137

5270plusmn254

116plusmn11

122plusmn6

1984plusmn90

31119plusmn1360

80plusmn5

49plusmn14

56plusmn3

30plusmn3

129plusmn30

11plusmn4

55plusmn6

4plusmn1

S5A

R7477plusmn510

1275plusmn594

4672plusmn205

127plusmn8

174plusmn8

2597plusmn113

43853plusmn2203

79plusmn4

44plusmn2

54plusmn6

36plusmn3

261plusmn

11617plusmn6

69plusmn3

5plusmn1

S5B

58599plusmn422

2557plusmn237

5285plusmn232

111plusmn

6155plusmn7

1701plusmn75

40033plusmn1767

71plusmn3

43plusmn2

55plusmn2

24plusmn3

427plusmn54

31plusmn3

67plusmn6

8plusmn1










1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 10 11 13 14 15





Pulse

s (cp

s)

E (keV)


Mo

SPSiGa

Mg Sr

E RbAl

Zn

Pb

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

times1E3

30

20

10

00



(a)



(b)







Table5Elem

entalcon

centratio

nin

rice(R)

andric

ehusk(RH)sam

ples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipur

Sample

Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

CrMn

FeNi

CuZn

RbSr

BaPb

Korba

1RK

2179plusmn122

267plusmn67

19plusmn04

00plusmn00

44plusmn2

18plusmn3

04plusmn01

22plusmn02

29plusmn1

186plusmn10

067plusmn014

nd

027plusmn001

2RK

2911plusmn160

225plusmn19

05plusmn03

00plusmn00

29plusmn1

19plusmn2

09plusmn01

24plusmn01

30plusmn1

352plusmn17

033plusmn005

nd

051plusmn003

3RK

2603plusmn184

227plusmn17

40plusmn03

00plusmn00

32plusmn1

21plusmn1

05plusmn01

30plusmn02

39plusmn2

42plusmn03

052plusmn003

nd

025plusmn002

4RK

1604plusmn111

223plusmn20

14plusmn04

00plusmn00

27plusmn1

13plusmn1

20plusmn06

30plusmn02

22plusmn1

57plusmn03

029plusmn002

nd

008plusmn002

5RK

2162plusmn113

175plusmn11

07plusmn02

00plusmn00

24plusmn1

15plusmn1

04plusmn01

25plusmn01

24plusmn1

225plusmn10

033plusmn001

nd

013plusmn001

1RH

K4152plusmn303

1500plusmn68

28plusmn09

04plusmn01

325plusmn15

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

20plusmn01

32plusmn1

223plusmn12

476plusmn022

32plusmn2

041plusmn004

2RH

K3894plusmn311

1277plusmn61

73plusmn24

00plusmn00

174plusmn8

161plusmn

1133plusmn02

18plusmn04

26plusmn1

287plusmn20

268plusmn013

15plusmn1

047plusmn003

3RH

K2277plusmn152

1485plusmn106

599plusmn456

09plusmn02

210plusmn9

409plusmn26

10plusmn01

21plusmn

02

33plusmn3

37plusmn03

449plusmn023

26plusmn2

070plusmn007

4RH

K44

41plusmn196

1072plusmn47

60plusmn24

02plusmn01

213plusmn9

184plusmn9

26plusmn01

22plusmn01

28plusmn1

111plusmn05

224plusmn010

25plusmn1

043plusmn002

5RH

K3782plusmn167

948plusmn61

23plusmn03

00plusmn00

206plusmn9

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

19plusmn01

27plusmn2

234plusmn11

289plusmn015

30plusmn1

102plusmn005

Raipur

1RR

3021plusmn221

395plusmn54

24plusmn11

03plusmn01

21plusmn1

33plusmn22

06plusmn01

34plusmn04

30plusmn2

06plusmn003

031plusmn003

nd

038plusmn002

2RR

2201plusmn101

232plusmn12

08plusmn02

00plusmn00

20plusmn1

13plusmn1

02plusmn01

17plusmn01

19plusmn1

32plusmn02

038plusmn002

nd

045plusmn004

3RR

2621plusmn120

347plusmn98

32plusmn04

03plusmn01

33plusmn1

24plusmn1

04plusmn01

23plusmn02

31plusmn2

11plusmn01

055plusmn004

nd

040plusmn003

4RR

2441plusmn134

345plusmn40

22plusmn05

02plusmn01

35plusmn2

22plusmn1

14plusmn01

31plusmn

02

30plusmn5

67plusmn03

049plusmn002

nd

026plusmn002

5RR

2295plusmn119

453plusmn182

17plusmn07

16plusmn07

26plusmn1

32plusmn2

18plusmn01

23plusmn01

25plusmn4

49plusmn03

059plusmn012

nd

024plusmn004

1RH

R6134plusmn284

1407plusmn237

248plusmn77

17plusmn09

159plusmn7

747plusmn43

09plusmn03

31plusmn

03

32plusmn3

13plusmn01

289plusmn015

5plusmn1

404plusmn018

2RH

R5088plusmn320

1727plusmn284

116plusmn28

10plusmn02

155plusmn8

601plusmn

3208plusmn04

22plusmn01

38plusmn8

48plusmn03

424plusmn056

5plusmn1

104plusmn012

3RH

R5474plusmn273

2165plusmn284

68plusmn07

08plusmn01

263plusmn12

589plusmn26

05plusmn01

24plusmn01

34plusmn2

18plusmn04

563plusmn026

8plusmn2

076plusmn005

4RH

R4866plusmn214

1367plusmn113

114plusmn07

433plusmn23

398plusmn18

957plusmn50

380plusmn19

29plusmn02

33plusmn3

92plusmn04

313plusmn019

14plusmn1

105plusmn007

5RH

R5930plusmn341

1441plusmn220

427plusmn115

84plusmn05

232plusmn10

918plusmn167

130plusmn06

27plusmn08

33plusmn4

71plusmn03

362plusmn023

6plusmn1

087plusmn034





RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102


RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404



TF =119862p

119862s (1)


0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb


Rice KorbaRH Korba






Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 10 11 13 14 15





Pulse

s (cp

s)

E (keV)


Mo

SPSiGa

Mg Sr

E RbAl

Zn

Pb

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

times1E3

30

20

10

00



(a)



(b)







Table5Elem

entalcon

centratio

nin

rice(R)

andric

ehusk(RH)sam

ples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipur

Sample

Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

CrMn

FeNi

CuZn

RbSr

BaPb

Korba

1RK

2179plusmn122

267plusmn67

19plusmn04

00plusmn00

44plusmn2

18plusmn3

04plusmn01

22plusmn02

29plusmn1

186plusmn10

067plusmn014

nd

027plusmn001

2RK

2911plusmn160

225plusmn19

05plusmn03

00plusmn00

29plusmn1

19plusmn2

09plusmn01

24plusmn01

30plusmn1

352plusmn17

033plusmn005

nd

051plusmn003

3RK

2603plusmn184

227plusmn17

40plusmn03

00plusmn00

32plusmn1

21plusmn1

05plusmn01

30plusmn02

39plusmn2

42plusmn03

052plusmn003

nd

025plusmn002

4RK

1604plusmn111

223plusmn20

14plusmn04

00plusmn00

27plusmn1

13plusmn1

20plusmn06

30plusmn02

22plusmn1

57plusmn03

029plusmn002

nd

008plusmn002

5RK

2162plusmn113

175plusmn11

07plusmn02

00plusmn00

24plusmn1

15plusmn1

04plusmn01

25plusmn01

24plusmn1

225plusmn10

033plusmn001

nd

013plusmn001

1RH

K4152plusmn303

1500plusmn68

28plusmn09

04plusmn01

325plusmn15

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

20plusmn01

32plusmn1

223plusmn12

476plusmn022

32plusmn2

041plusmn004

2RH

K3894plusmn311

1277plusmn61

73plusmn24

00plusmn00

174plusmn8

161plusmn

1133plusmn02

18plusmn04

26plusmn1

287plusmn20

268plusmn013

15plusmn1

047plusmn003

3RH

K2277plusmn152

1485plusmn106

599plusmn456

09plusmn02

210plusmn9

409plusmn26

10plusmn01

21plusmn

02

33plusmn3

37plusmn03

449plusmn023

26plusmn2

070plusmn007

4RH

K44

41plusmn196

1072plusmn47

60plusmn24

02plusmn01

213plusmn9

184plusmn9

26plusmn01

22plusmn01

28plusmn1

111plusmn05

224plusmn010

25plusmn1

043plusmn002

5RH

K3782plusmn167

948plusmn61

23plusmn03

00plusmn00

206plusmn9

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

19plusmn01

27plusmn2

234plusmn11

289plusmn015

30plusmn1

102plusmn005

Raipur

1RR

3021plusmn221

395plusmn54

24plusmn11

03plusmn01

21plusmn1

33plusmn22

06plusmn01

34plusmn04

30plusmn2

06plusmn003

031plusmn003

nd

038plusmn002

2RR

2201plusmn101

232plusmn12

08plusmn02

00plusmn00

20plusmn1

13plusmn1

02plusmn01

17plusmn01

19plusmn1

32plusmn02

038plusmn002

nd

045plusmn004

3RR

2621plusmn120

347plusmn98

32plusmn04

03plusmn01

33plusmn1

24plusmn1

04plusmn01

23plusmn02

31plusmn2

11plusmn01

055plusmn004

nd

040plusmn003

4RR

2441plusmn134

345plusmn40

22plusmn05

02plusmn01

35plusmn2

22plusmn1

14plusmn01

31plusmn

02

30plusmn5

67plusmn03

049plusmn002

nd

026plusmn002

5RR

2295plusmn119

453plusmn182

17plusmn07

16plusmn07

26plusmn1

32plusmn2

18plusmn01

23plusmn01

25plusmn4

49plusmn03

059plusmn012

nd

024plusmn004

1RH

R6134plusmn284

1407plusmn237

248plusmn77

17plusmn09

159plusmn7

747plusmn43

09plusmn03

31plusmn

03

32plusmn3

13plusmn01

289plusmn015

5plusmn1

404plusmn018

2RH

R5088plusmn320

1727plusmn284

116plusmn28

10plusmn02

155plusmn8

601plusmn

3208plusmn04

22plusmn01

38plusmn8

48plusmn03

424plusmn056

5plusmn1

104plusmn012

3RH

R5474plusmn273

2165plusmn284

68plusmn07

08plusmn01

263plusmn12

589plusmn26

05plusmn01

24plusmn01

34plusmn2

18plusmn04

563plusmn026

8plusmn2

076plusmn005

4RH

R4866plusmn214

1367plusmn113

114plusmn07

433plusmn23

398plusmn18

957plusmn50

380plusmn19

29plusmn02

33plusmn3

92plusmn04

313plusmn019

14plusmn1

105plusmn007

5RH

R5930plusmn341

1441plusmn220

427plusmn115

84plusmn05

232plusmn10

918plusmn167

130plusmn06

27plusmn08

33plusmn4

71plusmn03

362plusmn023

6plusmn1

087plusmn034





RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102


RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404



TF =119862p

119862s (1)


0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb


Rice KorbaRH Korba






Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Pulse

s (cp

s)

E (keV)


Mo

SPSiGa

Mg Sr

E RbAl

Zn

Pb

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

times1E3

30

20

10

00



(a)



(b)







Table5Elem

entalcon

centratio

nin

rice(R)

andric

ehusk(RH)sam

ples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipur

Sample

Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

CrMn

FeNi

CuZn

RbSr

BaPb

Korba

1RK

2179plusmn122

267plusmn67

19plusmn04

00plusmn00

44plusmn2

18plusmn3

04plusmn01

22plusmn02

29plusmn1

186plusmn10

067plusmn014

nd

027plusmn001

2RK

2911plusmn160

225plusmn19

05plusmn03

00plusmn00

29plusmn1

19plusmn2

09plusmn01

24plusmn01

30plusmn1

352plusmn17

033plusmn005

nd

051plusmn003

3RK

2603plusmn184

227plusmn17

40plusmn03

00plusmn00

32plusmn1

21plusmn1

05plusmn01

30plusmn02

39plusmn2

42plusmn03

052plusmn003

nd

025plusmn002

4RK

1604plusmn111

223plusmn20

14plusmn04

00plusmn00

27plusmn1

13plusmn1

20plusmn06

30plusmn02

22plusmn1

57plusmn03

029plusmn002

nd

008plusmn002

5RK

2162plusmn113

175plusmn11

07plusmn02

00plusmn00

24plusmn1

15plusmn1

04plusmn01

25plusmn01

24plusmn1

225plusmn10

033plusmn001

nd

013plusmn001

1RH

K4152plusmn303

1500plusmn68

28plusmn09

04plusmn01

325plusmn15

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

20plusmn01

32plusmn1

223plusmn12

476plusmn022

32plusmn2

041plusmn004

2RH

K3894plusmn311

1277plusmn61

73plusmn24

00plusmn00

174plusmn8

161plusmn

1133plusmn02

18plusmn04

26plusmn1

287plusmn20

268plusmn013

15plusmn1

047plusmn003

3RH

K2277plusmn152

1485plusmn106

599plusmn456

09plusmn02

210plusmn9

409plusmn26

10plusmn01

21plusmn

02

33plusmn3

37plusmn03

449plusmn023

26plusmn2

070plusmn007

4RH

K44

41plusmn196

1072plusmn47

60plusmn24

02plusmn01

213plusmn9

184plusmn9

26plusmn01

22plusmn01

28plusmn1

111plusmn05

224plusmn010

25plusmn1

043plusmn002

5RH

K3782plusmn167

948plusmn61

23plusmn03

00plusmn00

206plusmn9

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

19plusmn01

27plusmn2

234plusmn11

289plusmn015

30plusmn1

102plusmn005

Raipur

1RR

3021plusmn221

395plusmn54

24plusmn11

03plusmn01

21plusmn1

33plusmn22

06plusmn01

34plusmn04

30plusmn2

06plusmn003

031plusmn003

nd

038plusmn002

2RR

2201plusmn101

232plusmn12

08plusmn02

00plusmn00

20plusmn1

13plusmn1

02plusmn01

17plusmn01

19plusmn1

32plusmn02

038plusmn002

nd

045plusmn004

3RR

2621plusmn120

347plusmn98

32plusmn04

03plusmn01

33plusmn1

24plusmn1

04plusmn01

23plusmn02

31plusmn2

11plusmn01

055plusmn004

nd

040plusmn003

4RR

2441plusmn134

345plusmn40

22plusmn05

02plusmn01

35plusmn2

22plusmn1

14plusmn01

31plusmn

02

30plusmn5

67plusmn03

049plusmn002

nd

026plusmn002

5RR

2295plusmn119

453plusmn182

17plusmn07

16plusmn07

26plusmn1

32plusmn2

18plusmn01

23plusmn01

25plusmn4

49plusmn03

059plusmn012

nd

024plusmn004

1RH

R6134plusmn284

1407plusmn237

248plusmn77

17plusmn09

159plusmn7

747plusmn43

09plusmn03

31plusmn

03

32plusmn3

13plusmn01

289plusmn015

5plusmn1

404plusmn018

2RH

R5088plusmn320

1727plusmn284

116plusmn28

10plusmn02

155plusmn8

601plusmn

3208plusmn04

22plusmn01

38plusmn8

48plusmn03

424plusmn056

5plusmn1

104plusmn012

3RH

R5474plusmn273

2165plusmn284

68plusmn07

08plusmn01

263plusmn12

589plusmn26

05plusmn01

24plusmn01

34plusmn2

18plusmn04

563plusmn026

8plusmn2

076plusmn005

4RH

R4866plusmn214

1367plusmn113

114plusmn07

433plusmn23

398plusmn18

957plusmn50

380plusmn19

29plusmn02

33plusmn3

92plusmn04

313plusmn019

14plusmn1

105plusmn007

5RH

R5930plusmn341

1441plusmn220

427plusmn115

84plusmn05

232plusmn10

918plusmn167

130plusmn06

27plusmn08

33plusmn4

71plusmn03

362plusmn023

6plusmn1

087plusmn034





RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102


RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404



TF =119862p

119862s (1)


0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb


Rice KorbaRH Korba






Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Table5Elem

entalcon

centratio

nin

rice(R)

andric

ehusk(RH)sam

ples

from

Korbaa

ndRa

ipur

Sample

Elem

entalcon

centratio

n(m

gKg

)K

CaTi

CrMn

FeNi

CuZn

RbSr

BaPb

Korba

1RK

2179plusmn122

267plusmn67

19plusmn04

00plusmn00

44plusmn2

18plusmn3

04plusmn01

22plusmn02

29plusmn1

186plusmn10

067plusmn014

nd

027plusmn001

2RK

2911plusmn160

225plusmn19

05plusmn03

00plusmn00

29plusmn1

19plusmn2

09plusmn01

24plusmn01

30plusmn1

352plusmn17

033plusmn005

nd

051plusmn003

3RK

2603plusmn184

227plusmn17

40plusmn03

00plusmn00

32plusmn1

21plusmn1

05plusmn01

30plusmn02

39plusmn2

42plusmn03

052plusmn003

nd

025plusmn002

4RK

1604plusmn111

223plusmn20

14plusmn04

00plusmn00

27plusmn1

13plusmn1

20plusmn06

30plusmn02

22plusmn1

57plusmn03

029plusmn002

nd

008plusmn002

5RK

2162plusmn113

175plusmn11

07plusmn02

00plusmn00

24plusmn1

15plusmn1

04plusmn01

25plusmn01

24plusmn1

225plusmn10

033plusmn001

nd

013plusmn001

1RH

K4152plusmn303

1500plusmn68

28plusmn09

04plusmn01

325plusmn15

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

20plusmn01

32plusmn1

223plusmn12

476plusmn022

32plusmn2

041plusmn004

2RH

K3894plusmn311

1277plusmn61

73plusmn24

00plusmn00

174plusmn8

161plusmn

1133plusmn02

18plusmn04

26plusmn1

287plusmn20

268plusmn013

15plusmn1

047plusmn003

3RH

K2277plusmn152

1485plusmn106

599plusmn456

09plusmn02

210plusmn9

409plusmn26

10plusmn01

21plusmn

02

33plusmn3

37plusmn03

449plusmn023

26plusmn2

070plusmn007

4RH

K44

41plusmn196

1072plusmn47

60plusmn24

02plusmn01

213plusmn9

184plusmn9

26plusmn01

22plusmn01

28plusmn1

111plusmn05

224plusmn010

25plusmn1

043plusmn002

5RH

K3782plusmn167

948plusmn61

23plusmn03

00plusmn00

206plusmn9

93plusmn4

06plusmn01

19plusmn01

27plusmn2

234plusmn11

289plusmn015

30plusmn1

102plusmn005

Raipur

1RR

3021plusmn221

395plusmn54

24plusmn11

03plusmn01

21plusmn1

33plusmn22

06plusmn01

34plusmn04

30plusmn2

06plusmn003

031plusmn003

nd

038plusmn002

2RR

2201plusmn101

232plusmn12

08plusmn02

00plusmn00

20plusmn1

13plusmn1

02plusmn01

17plusmn01

19plusmn1

32plusmn02

038plusmn002

nd

045plusmn004

3RR

2621plusmn120

347plusmn98

32plusmn04

03plusmn01

33plusmn1

24plusmn1

04plusmn01

23plusmn02

31plusmn2

11plusmn01

055plusmn004

nd

040plusmn003

4RR

2441plusmn134

345plusmn40

22plusmn05

02plusmn01

35plusmn2

22plusmn1

14plusmn01

31plusmn

02

30plusmn5

67plusmn03

049plusmn002

nd

026plusmn002

5RR

2295plusmn119

453plusmn182

17plusmn07

16plusmn07

26plusmn1

32plusmn2

18plusmn01

23plusmn01

25plusmn4

49plusmn03

059plusmn012

nd

024plusmn004

1RH

R6134plusmn284

1407plusmn237

248plusmn77

17plusmn09

159plusmn7

747plusmn43

09plusmn03

31plusmn

03

32plusmn3

13plusmn01

289plusmn015

5plusmn1

404plusmn018

2RH

R5088plusmn320

1727plusmn284

116plusmn28

10plusmn02

155plusmn8

601plusmn

3208plusmn04

22plusmn01

38plusmn8

48plusmn03

424plusmn056

5plusmn1

104plusmn012

3RH

R5474plusmn273

2165plusmn284

68plusmn07

08plusmn01

263plusmn12

589plusmn26

05plusmn01

24plusmn01

34plusmn2

18plusmn04

563plusmn026

8plusmn2

076plusmn005

4RH

R4866plusmn214

1367plusmn113

114plusmn07

433plusmn23

398plusmn18

957plusmn50

380plusmn19

29plusmn02

33plusmn3

92plusmn04

313plusmn019

14plusmn1

105plusmn007

5RH

R5930plusmn341

1441plusmn220

427plusmn115

84plusmn05

232plusmn10

918plusmn167

130plusmn06

27plusmn08

33plusmn4

71plusmn03

362plusmn023

6plusmn1

087plusmn034





RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102


RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404



TF =119862p

119862s (1)


0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb


Rice KorbaRH Korba






Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of





RHMean 370919 125624 1567 032 22562 18803 162 201 2949 1785 341 2562 061SD 83990 24548 2483 009 5767 13003 122 013 322 1018 114 645 026Min 227706 94776 230 000 17433 9274 062 185 2587 369 224 1540 041Max 444080 149997 5992 090 32500 40897 325 217 3331 2869 476 3196 102


RHMean 549853 162125 1948 1102 24133 76237 1064 266 3412 484 390 767 155SD 53845 33542 1463 1830 9908 17201 621 035 213 339 109 386 139Min 486602 136679 683 080 15514 58874 052 219 3218 131 289 467 076Max 613438 216507 4273 4326 39779 95678 3805 308 3765 921 563 1417 404



TF =119862p

119862s (1)


0000

0001

0010

0100

1000

10000K

Ca

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

NiCu

Zn

Rb

Sr

Ba

Pb


Rice KorbaRH Korba






Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




Cu



Raipur 5 2560 710 1662 3438Korba 5 2610 360 2222 2995

Pb



Raipur 5 340 90 235 452Korba 5 250 170 78 514

Ni



Raipur 5 880 660 216 1770Korba 5 850 670 387 2009

Mn



Raipur 5 2685 6910 19700 34500Korba 5 31200 7600 24000 43700

Cr










0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0

1

10

100

1000Cr

conc

entr

atio

n (m

gkg

)

Samples

Cr

1

10

100

As c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg)

As

0

1

10

100

Pb co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Pb

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

K co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) K

010203040506070

Cu co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Cu

010203040506070

Zn co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Zn

0

1

10

100

Ni c

once

ntra

tion

(mg

kg) Ni

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Fe co

ncen

trat

ion

(mg

kg) Fe

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1_K

S3_K

S5_K

S1B_

RS2

B_R

S3B_

RS4

B_R

S5B_

R2

RH_K

4RH

_K1

RH_R

3RH

_R5

RH_R

2R_

K4

R_K

1R_

R3

R_R

5R_

R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2 RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R

Samples

S1

_KS3

_KS5

_KS1

B_R

S2

B_R

S3

B_R

S4

B_R

S5

B_R

2RH

_K4

RH_K

1RH

_R3

RH_R

5RH

_R2

R_K

4R_

K1

R_R

3R_

R5

R_R



4 Conclusions






Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of





Acknowledgments


References





















































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


























Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

research article evaluation of heavy metals...

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