RESEARCH ARTICLE

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, PhilippinesGENELYN GABRINEZ MADJOS*

KAY PIOCNACIA RAMOS

Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines

Author for correspondence: Genelyn G. Madjos, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines. Email: ggmadjos@gmail.com

KEYWORDS:ethnobotany; snow-ball sampling; systematic review; Zamboanga Peninsula

ARTICLE HISTORY:Received 27 July, 2020 Accepted 03 January, 2021Published 27 April, 2021

DOI:10.5455/jcmr.2021.12.01.05

VOLUME: 12ISSUE: 1

ISSN: 2146-8397

ABSTRACTWith the recent resurgence towards phytotherapy, ethnobotany plays a crucial role. This study documents the ethnobotanical practices of the different ethnolinguistic groups in the Zamboanga Peninsula (ZamPen), Mindanao, Philippines, with a thorough systematic review and a defined field mapping. ZamPen is regarded as a center of floral diversity and is rich in ethnic diversity. Eight ethnolinguistic groups (Chavacano, Visayan, Tausug, Bajau, Sama, Yakan, Subanen, and Subanon) were purposively chosen as representatives from the five cities and three provinces of ZamPen. A total of 330 respondents were interviewed through a snowball sampling method, with at least 30 key informants per tribe. For the systematic review on ethnobotanical studies conducted in the Zamboanga Peninsula, four published articles were recorded. Results revealed 208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74 families utilized by the ethnolinguistic groups with 18 species from Family Fabaceae. Among the different ethnolinguistic groups based on ethnobotanical studies and systematic reviews, the Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, and the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur obtained the highest number of medicinal plants utilized (50 species in 32 families and 89 species in 41 families, respectively). Among the 10 DOH-approved medicinal plants, Blumea balsamifera (sambong) of the Family Asteraceae is the most frequently utilized herbal plant used by all studied ethnic tribes. Leaves are the topmost utilized plant parts through the process of decoction. Physical relapse (bughat) is the commonly cited illness among locally termed diseases. Field samplings attested the availability of medicinal plants as the second topmost health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices after having experienced its effectiveness. Literature reviews of the plant’s bioactivities and bio isolates validate its medicinal use. However, there are some which need further studies supporting its claim. Documentation of this traditional knowledge and practices provides a framework for future drug discovery, promotes culture preservation, and offers opportunities for community biodiversity management.

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 22

INTRODUCTIONThe use of folkloric medicinal plants has been an integral part of history and culture throughout the globe.1–5 These folkloric practices are inherent in many indigenous communities like the Philippines and have formed the basis of most novel medicines by laying down the foundation for drug discovery through its natural products.1,2,6–11According to the World Health Organization,12 80% of some Asian and African countries depend on traditional herbal medicine as their primary health care due to economical and geographical constraints. Their effectiveness, diversity, relatively low cost, and low side effects versus modern synthetic drugs make it popular in both developed and developing countries.2,11,13–15

Philippines, considered as one of the 18 megadiverse countries,16–18 is home to many rare plants. With 45% to 60% flowering plant endemism, their contribution to phytotherapy and prevention is still enormous. Recently, 11/252 drugs of a flowering plant origin are considered essential.12,19 This makes the Philippines favorable for drug discovery initiatives.20,21Further, the country is also rich in cultural diversity,7,16,22 with 110 indigenous communities and more than 170 ethnolinguistic groups,23 including the Zamboanga Peninsula. Formerly known as Western Mindanao, ZamPen is politically divided into three provinces and five cities – the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, and Zamboanga del Sur and as well as the cities of Zamboanga, Dapitan, Dipolog, Pagadian, and Isabela.17,24

The southernmost part of the Philippines that includes Subanen lumads; Tausug, Sama, and Yakan Muslim tribes; and the Chavacano and Cebuano natives are regarded as a center of floral diversity and possess rich ethnic diversity. Each of this indigenous community has a wealth of knowledge and practices on folkloric medicinal plants which are passed on from one generation to another.23

However, some undocumented issues on its safety, efficacy, quality, and rational use pose a challenging scientific task.15,25Further, many of their bioactive natural products are still unidentified.26 Therefore, a need to conduct a literature review on the folkloric usage of medicinal plants as it plays a role in the primary health care of local communities. With an ever-increasing plethora of studies being published in the health sciences,27 literature reviews will provide a strategic guide for scientific validation of the medicinal plants’ efficacy. A detailed and comprehensive search strategy in systematic reviews also aimed to synthesize all relevant ethnobotanical studies in ZamPen.28 Field mapping involve specifying the geographical location of these medicinal plants for substantiation of necessary conservation for sustainable utilization.

This current study generally aimed to conduct an ethnobotanical study, systematic review, and field mapping on folkloric medicinal plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines as a framework for the “Tuklas Lunas” (Drug Discovery) Program of the government for further identification of bioactive natural products for drug discovery initiatives in the country (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 The Tuklas Lunas Program Framework of the DOST.

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants23

METHODSSTUDY DESIGN

This study employed a descriptive survey research design, which includes documentation of the indigenous healing practices and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the folkloric groups in ZamPen. A thorough ethnohistorical background of the tribe in the form of the semi-structured interview was recorded following the tabular format by the Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Health Research Development (DOST-PCHRD).

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY POPULATION AND STUDY SITE

The purposive sampling design was employed in choosing the study population. Figure 2 shows the map of the study site.

Eight ethnolinguistic groups were purposively chosen as representatives from the five cities and three provinces of the Zamboanga Peninsula. According to Hapalla,29 the Zamboanga Peninsula is inhabited by a group of lumads called the Subanen, which comprise the following linguistic groups: (1) the Subanon of Malayal, Sibuco (Zamboanga del Norte), Labuan, and Patalon which are influenced by Chavacano language; (2) the Subanon of the Baliguian, Malayal, Sibuco and Siocon, being influenced by Cebuano language, (3) the Subanen of Sindangan, Tuboy, Salug, Manukan, and Siayan; (4) the Subanen in Tambulig and Dumingag, Zambonga del Sur Area; and (5) the Subanen of Dumalinao, Lakewood, Sibugay dialect, which is in use in the Lapuyan-Margosatubig-Dinas and the Buug-Kabasalan areas. Further, the area selected is comprised of Muslim indigenous cultural communities such as the Tausug, Yakan, Badjao, and Sama.23Visayans were also included in the study population since they are also rich in ethnobotanical knowledge as manifested in their practice known as “binisayang tambal”.30,31 Chavacanos in Zamboanga City are also known for their unique traditional practices.32 Each

of these indigenous or local communities possesses a unique body of traditional knowledge and practices which have been developed throughout centuries of use and passed down to succeeding generations.23

This study selected the following ethnolinguistic tribes to be part of ethnobotanical survey and field mapping:

Chavacanos of Zamboanga City

Zamboanga City is in the southernmost part of the Philippines and is the third-largest city in the country that is considered highly urbanized. The people speak one of the Spanish-based oldest creole languages in the world called Chavacano. Some of its barangays are in remote and mountainous areas, thus agriculture is the maximum shared land use. The barangays purposively chosen for this study include (a) La Paz of the West Coast (7.0201, 121.9707 GPS coordinates; 600mASL elevation), an urban barangay that is 18.5 km from the city proper with a population size of 7557 in 2015. It is considered the little Baguio of Zamboanga City since its temperature can drop up to 18°C. (b) Sibulao in the East Coast (7.3169, 122.2064 GPS coordinates; 185.5mASL elevation), a rural barangay with a population size of 4244 people in 2015. (c) Capisan (6.9815, 122.0416 GPS coordinates; 491.5mASL), located in the mountainous part around 15km from the city proper. It is also a rural barangay with a 1408 population size in 2015.

Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau village, Maasin, Zamboanga City

Ayuda Bajau Village (6.9751, 122.0071 GPS coordinates; 6mASL) in Maasin, Zamboanga City, is one of the indigenous cultural communities (ICCs) officially declared by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). The population of this ICC is around 302 individuals in 144 Families. These people lived in lepa or houseboats and are replacing them with houses on stilts.33However, most of their occupation relies on fishing and fish vending.

Figure 2 Map of Zamboanga Peninsula, showing the administrative boundaries of the three provinces and five cities (modified from google.com images).

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 24

Visayans of Barangay, Cawa-cawa, Dapitan City

One of the coastal barangays in Dapitan City (8.6623, 123.4255 GPS; 4.1mASL elevation) is dominated by the Visayan ethnolinguistic tribe and has a population of 2746 people in 2015 census. The Bisaya or Visayans are Austronesian people who originated from the central and southern regions of the Philippines. The sole reason for their presence in Mindanao is migration looking for livelihood. Of late Bisaya, refer to the one who comes from Mindanao – not born or raised in the Visayas but speaks any of the Visayan languages like Ilonggo, Waray, or Cebuano.34

Visayans of Dipolog City

Dipolog City is geographically located at 8° 35' north and 123° 20' east with an estimated elevation of 10.8 mASL. It is the coastal component of the province Zamboanga del Norte that serves as the provincial capital. Its population determined by the 2015 Census was 130,759. The Visayan tribe dominates this city.

Tausugs of Isabela City, Basilan

Basilan is one of the island provinces that make up the Philippine archipelago located in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) across the southern tip of Zamboanga Peninsula (Region 9). It is bounded on the north by Basilan Strait, on the east by Moro Gulf, on the southeast by the Celebes Sea, and on the west by the Sulu Sea. The province is subdivided into 11 municipalities and two cities (Isabela City which is part of the ZamPen region and Lamitan City under ARMM).222 Isabela City (GPS 6° 42' North, 121° 58' East; 15.7 mASL elevation) is a coastal component of the island province of Basilan that also serves as the provincial capital. Its population determined by the 2015 Census was 112,788. It is also a home for several Tausugs. The area possesses several medicinal plants like coconut, rubber trees, mangroves, and other plants.35

Yakans of Isabela City, Basilan

Yakans in Isabela City are indigenous Muslim tribes concentrated in Tipo-Tipo, Lamitan, Sumisip, and Tuburan. Scattered populations are also present in some barangays of Isabela City.36

Sama of Isabela City, Basilan

Another indigenous people group of the Isabela City in Basilan is the Sama. The Sama was originally located in the islands and coastal areas separating southwestern Mindanao from the northeastern islands of Sulu. It is thought that they first began to disperse sometime in the first millennium A.D. because of expanding Chinese trade. This southward migration accelerated in the 15th century with the founding of a Sulu sultanate and increased maritime trade. From bases, particularly on Balangingi Island, Sama slave traders carried out annual raids on coastal settlements from Luzon to the central Moluccas.

Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay

Ipil and Siay are two municipalities located in the second district and eastern part of the Zamboanga Sibugay province in the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao, Philippines.

Its capital is Ipil. Siay is 38 kilometers away from Ipil. These municipalities are dominated by the Visayan tribe.

Subanens of Siay and Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay

Barangay Camanga (Longitude: 122.5920, Latitude: 7.8389) in Titay, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines is one of the inhabited barangays by several Subanen indigenous people. The municipality of Diplahan is a third-class municipality in Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines. It is exactly located at 7°45'21.3"N, 122°57'04.4"E. In the 2015 census, it had a population of 32,428 people. Farming is the primary source of livelihood. Eighty-seven percent of the population relies on farming, 8% in mining, and 5% are government employees or others.223,224

Subanen tribe in the Philippines is one of the largest among the ethnic groups in the country.225 The term “Subanen” is derived from the word “suba” meaning river or mouth of the river, or upstream, and the Subanen people are referred to generally as the “gbansa Subanen,” meaning the Subanen nation.29 The Subanen group are dispersed all over Zamboanga Peninsula.216

Subanens of Margosatubig, Zamboanga del Sur

Margosatubig is a coastal municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Sur. Its GPS coordinates are 7° 35' North, 123° 10' East with elevation of 26.5 mASL. Its population based on 2015 Census is 37,873.

Subanon of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte

Sibuco is a coastal municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Norte. Its population as determined by the 2015 Census was 34,620. The municipal center of Sibuco is situated at approximately 7° 18' North, 122° 4' East, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 11mASL. According to an interview with the tribal chieftain (Timuay), the Subanon of Sibuco belongs to Western Subanon based on geographical division. They have almost the same culture and tradition like the Subanen, but the root word of their name is “subang” which means first born or first moon. They assert that they are the first people to populate Zamboanga Peninsula.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

Ethnobotanical survey

A snowball sampling method was used in choosing the respondents. The sample size for each folkloric group in each area was at least 30 representative key informants. The first key informant was the barangay captain, who later referred the other informants.

This ethnobotanical survey employed a semistructured questionnaire that involves three parts. About 10-15 min was allocated for each key informant:

Part I. General information – Includes the interview date, time, province, city or municipality, specific barangay, and description of the area (urban/rural, the major language

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants25

used, tribe, population size, and land-use systems). This was filled by the interviewer before conducting the interview.

Part II. Demographic profile – This includes the age bracket in the listed life stage, years of utilizing medicinal plants in treating some diseases, gender, civil status, educational attainment, livelihood, and ethnic tribe livelihood, and the gender of the key informant and the experience (in years) on folkloric usage on medicinal plant use.

Part III. Folkloric knowledge on medicinal plant use – This involves documentation of the various folkloric knowledge on medicinal plant use (including plant part used, mode of preparation, folkloric use, and user groups). It also included an open-ended question on the reasons for using medicinal plants to cure diseases.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

An ethics clearance from the Western Mindanao State University – Research Ethics Oversight Committee (WMSU-REOC) was obtained. Since this study involved interviews of indigenous people, a corresponding ‘Clearance Pre-implementation’ from the NCIP was obtained. A memorandum of agreement was signed with every ICC leader. Needed permits were also taken into consideration through the directors, municipal/provincial LGU in charge, and barangay captains. A requirement related to clearance procurement from the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) was also accomplished.

DATA MINING (SYSTEMIC REVIEW)

Data mining in systematic reviews was employed as patterned in the study of Alebie et al.37 The search strategy included a web-based systematic research literature technique. Ethno-botanical/ethnomedicinal journal articles reporting on medicinal plants used for traditional practices were gathered through different search approaches, 1. search for published MSc/Ph.D. thesis research reports or funded studies using Google search engine and local university websites. 2. search for published journal articles using international scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google scholar.

Screening of search outputs was performed in two stages: first, the title and abstract of identified journal articles/theses were overviewed. After that, suitable prospects were downloaded and critically inspected for inclusion.

FIELD MAPPING

The exact location of the medicinal plants was accomplished through actual field samplings. Field mapping projects are carried out as patterned by Njue.38 A short reconnaissance field trip was included with a local translator. Photographs, GPS coordinates, and elevation was recorded.

Sample medicinal plants were collected and preserved following herbarium techniques. These specimens later served as vouchers of the plants identified as medicinal plants and

were deposited at the Western Mindanao State University (WMSU)/CSM mini herbarium.

DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

SPSS software tools were used for the descriptive statistics. The results were synthesized in a tabular form by tribes in an area. This was systematically categorized by Family in alphabetical order containing a complete overview in terms of the medicinal plants’ scientific name (including authority), English name/Tagalog name and native vernacular term (as the common names), the parts used, folkloric use, preparation, and the mode of application. Institutions performing the published research or unpublished theses were emphasized. From the in-depth review of literature, bioactivities of the medicinal plants (including uses from other countries) as well as the bioactive isolated natural products and their associated purported applications were also reflected.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThere are only four published researches on ethnobotanical studies in Zamboanga Peninsula based on systematic reviews – the Subanens of Dumingag, ZDS by Morilla et al.;39 Subanens of Lapuyan, and ZDS by Pizon et al.;40 Traditional practitioners of Ramon Magsaysay, ZDS by Morilla and Demayo;41 and Tribal healers of Pagadian City by Agapin.30 An additional of 11 ethnobotanical studies were taken in consideration, to include other unexplored ethnic tribes in Zamboanga Peninsula to look into possible variations and similarities of plants being used in treating diseases- Chavacanos and Bajaus of Zamboanga City; Tausugs, Yakan and Sama of Isabela City, Basilan; Subanen of Titay and Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay; Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay; Subanen of Margosatubig, Zamboanga del Sur; Subanon of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte, Visayans of Dipolog City; and Visayans of Dapitan City.

A total of 208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74 families were found to be used across all groups studied. Family Fabaceae comprised the highest number of species used (19), followed by Euphorbiaceae (11), and the Families of Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, and Asteraceae with 10 species. Table 1 shows the ethnobotanical practices and literature review on medicinal plants utilized by the different tribes in the Zamboanga Peninsula.

Almost all ethnic tribes utilized one or more of the 10 DOH-approved medicinal plants, as supported by the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC; R.A. No. 8423). These include: Vitex negundo (lagundi), Mentha cordifelia (yerba buena), B. balsamifera (sambong), Carmona retusa (tsaang gubat), Quisqualis indica L. (niyug-niyogan), Psidium guajava L. (guava), Cassia alata (akapulko), Pepperoma pellucida (ulasimang bato), Allium sativum (garlic), and Momordica charantia (ampalaya). Among these, B. balsamifera (sambong) is the most frequently utilized herbal plant (100% in all ethnolinguistic groups) in treating common diseases such as cough and colds, stomachache, postpartum care, urinary tract infection, dysmenorhhea and amenorrhea. This

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 26Ta

ble

1. E

thno

bota

nica

l pra

ctic

es a

nd li

tera

ture

revi

ew o

n m

edic

inal

pla

nts

utili

zed

by t

he d

iffer

ent

trib

es in

the

Zam

boan

ga P

enin

sula

.

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Aca

ntha

ceae

Hem

igra

phis

col

orat

a–

Suba

nen:

Kuy

anap

Leav

esCr

ushe

d an

d ap

plie

d di

rect

ly a

s po

ultic

e.In

flam

mat

ion

–

Just

icia

gen

daru

ssa

Burn

.f.Tu

hod

man

ok/

Wat

er w

illow

Vis:

Man

dala

san

Suba

nen:

Tuh

od

man

ok/

Man

dalu

sa

Leav

esPo

ultic

e D

ecoc

tion

Stom

ach-

ache

, blo

atin

g,

frac

ture

D

iarr

hea

Ant

ican

cer,

anti

bact

eria

l, he

pato

pro

tect

ive,

an

tioxi

dant

, ant

i hel

min

tic,

anti

angi

ogen

ic a

ctiv

ities

Flav

onoi

ds, a

lkal

oids

, st

eroi

ds, t

erpe

noid

s,

sapo

nins

, phe

nolic

co

mpo

unds

Sri R

amac

hand

ra

Uni

vers

ity,

Indi

a42

Aco

race

ae

Aco

rus

veru

s (L

.) Ra

f.Sw

eetfl

ag/

Lubi

gan

Suba

nen:

Lab

igan

Le

aves

A

pply

dire

ctly

. To

otha

che

Ant

i spa

smod

ic, a

nti

helm

inth

ic

Gly

cosi

des,

flav

onoi

ds

Imam

et

al.43

Ana

card

iace

ae

Man

gife

ra in

dica

L.

Man

ga/M

ango

Vis:

Man

ga Y

akan

: M

ampa

lam

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n H

yper

ten-

sion

, sw

ellin

gA

ntic

ance

r, an

ti in

flam

ma-

tory

, ant

i dia

betic

, an

tioxi

dant

, ant

i bac

teria

l

Poly

phe

nols

, te

rpen

es, s

tero

ls,

caro

te-n

oids

, vi

tam

ins,

am

ino

acid

s

Ediri

wee

ra e

t al

.44

Spon

dias

pur

pure

a Li

nn.

Sine

guel

as/

Span

ish

plum

Baja

u: S

irigw

elas

Le

aves

Ba

rk

Stem

Dec

octio

n St

eam

Sc

rape

and

app

lied

dire

ctly

.

Coug

h, fe

ver

Mou

th s

ore,

dia

rrhe

a G

um le

sion

s

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

iulc

erFl

avon

oids

, ca

ffei

c ac

id,

epig

allo

cate

chin

Uni

vers

idad

e Fe

dera

l de

Pern

ambu

co,

Reci

fe, B

razi

l45

Ann

onac

eae

Ann

ona

mur

icat

a L.

Guy

aban

o/So

urso

pCh

av: S

aban

a Ba

jau:

Lab

anos

Su

bane

n:

Laba

na/

Mal

aban

os/

Yaba

na

Leav

es

Leav

es

Leav

es

Youn

g le

aves

Frui

ts

Root

s

Dec

octio

n (B

oil 7

leav

es

in a

gla

ssfu

l of w

ater

, th

en d

rink)

.In

fusi

on

Stea

m, b

y he

atin

g th

e le

aves

the

n ap

ply

dire

ctly

to

fore

head

.Po

und

seve

n le

aves

an

d ap

ply

arou

nd t

he

wou

nd a

s po

ultic

e.D

irect

eat

ing.

D

ecoc

tion

Hep

atiti

s, d

iabe

tes,

flat

ulen

ce,

UTI

, can

cer,

hype

rten

sion

, ul

cer

Coug

hs, f

ever

, col

ds,

head

ache

, ner

vous

di

sord

ers,

dig

estiv

e pr

oble

ms,

tub

ercu

losi

sH

eada

che,

hyp

erte

nsio

n

Teta

nus,

art

hriti

s

Canc

er, o

vera

ll he

alth

Ca

ncer

Tran

quili

-zin

g ef

fect

, can

cer

cells

inhi

bito

r, an

ti in

flam

ma-

tory

, ant

i di

abet

ic

Alk

aloi

d, a

nnon

a-ce

ous

acet

ogen

in,

flavo

nol,

trig

lyco

side

phen

oli-

cycl

o pe

ptid

e

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

alay

a46

Frie

sodi

elsa

latif

olia

(H

ook

&Th

omso

n)

Stee

ris

–Su

bane

n: M

hem

ot

balu

Root

sW

ash

a sm

all r

oot

and

chew

.Pr

even

ts h

yper

tens

ion

–

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants27A

mar

anth

acea

e

Am

aran

thus

sp

inos

us L

.Ko

litis

/Tho

rny

amar

anth

usKu

litis

Root

s D

ecoc

tion

(Boi

l 1g

in 2

gl

asse

s of

wat

er)

Ant

irabi

esCy

toto

xic,

apo

ptot

icSe

cond

ary

met

abol

ites

Praj

itha

and

Thop

pil47

Am

aran

thus

viri

dis

L.Ko

litis

/Gre

en

amar

anth

Suba

nen:

Kad

iapa

Root

s D

ecoc

tion

Feve

rPo

tent

ant

i infl

amm

ator

y,

anti

hepa

to t

oxic

, an

tiulc

er a

ntia

llerg

ic,

antiv

iral a

ctio

ns

Sapo

nins

, tan

nins

ph

enol

s, fl

avon

oids

, al

kalo

ids,

car

diac

gl

ycos

ide,

ste

roid

, tr

iterp

enoi

ds

Reya

dul-

Ferd

ous

et a

l.48

Am

aryl

lidac

eae

Alli

um c

epa

L.Si

buya

s/O

nion

Vis:

Sib

uyas

Chav

: Sib

olyo

nBu

lb

Dec

octio

nPo

undi

ng/p

oult

ice

Coug

h, a

rthr

itis

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i dia

betic

, an

ti in

flam

ma-

tory

, an

tican

cer,

anti

mic

robi

al,

imm

uno-

mod

ulat

ory

Flav

onoi

ds,

orga

no s

ulph

ur

com

poun

ds

Bora

and

Sh

arm

a49

Alli

um s

ativ

um L

.A

hos/

Gar

licA

hos

Clov

esPo

und

and

appl

y di

rect

lyD

irect

che

win

g or

bl

anch

ed in

boi

led

wat

er fo

r 15m

in

Toot

hach

e, a

nti-

rabi

esH

yper

ten-

sion

A

nti b

acte

rial,

antiv

iral,

antif

unga

l, an

tican

cer

Alli

cin

Jaya

raj &

Lal

50

Alli

um

scho

enop

rasu

mKu

say/

Chiv

esG

anda

Who

le

plan

tH

yper

aci

dity

Poul

tice

Ant

ican

cer,

anti

oxid

ants

, an

ti m

icro

bial

, im

mun

o-lo

gica

l eff

ects

Org

ano

sulfu

r co

mpo

und,

qu

erce

tin,

flavo

noid

s, s

apon

ins

Yunn

an A

cade

my

of A

gric

ultu

ral

Scie

nces

, Ch

ina51

Alli

um t

uber

osum

Chin

ese

chiv

esG

anda

Who

le

plan

tPo

ultic

eFe

ver

Ant

i bac

teria

l, an

tioxi

dant

Phen

ol, 3

-met

hyl-

cycl

o pe

ntan

olLa

wth

ienc

hai e

t al

.52

Eury

cles

am

boin

ensi

s–

Abo

dLe

aves

, ro

ots

Poul

tice

(cru

shed

and

ap

plie

d di

rect

ly)

UTI

, infl

amm

a-tio

n–

Api

acea

e

Ang

elic

a ke

iske

iA

shita

baA

seta

baLe

aves

Dec

octio

nPo

undi

ngU

se fo

r ach

ing

of h

ips

and

urin

ary

trac

t in

fect

ion.

Toot

hach

e

Cyto

toxi

c, a

ntid

iabe

tic

antio

besi

ty, a

ntio

xida

nt,

anti

infla

mm

a-to

ry

Coum

arin

s,

flava

none

s U

nive

rsity

of

Nor

th C

arol

ina53

Cent

ella

asi

atic

aPe

nnyw

orth

Chav

: Yah

ong-

yaho

ngTa

usug

: Pan

ggag

ahSu

bane

n: J

aong

ja

ong

Leav

es

Leav

esW

hole

pl

ant

Infu

sion

Dec

octio

nD

ecoc

tion(

boil

plen

ty

of “

jaon

g ja

ong”

with

en

ough

wat

er)

Fatig

ue, s

un s

trok

e, c

olds

, an

d flu

Feve

r, co

ugh

Dia

bete

s

Hyp

o te

nsiv

e, w

ound

he

alin

g, v

ascu

lar e

ffec

ts

Colla

gen,

sap

onin

sG

ohil

et a

l.54

Dau

cas

caro

ta L

.Ca

rrot

Carr

otLe

aves

D

ecoc

tion

Tum

orA

nti o

xida

nt, a

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, pla

sma

lipid

m

odifi

ca-t

ion,

ant

itum

or

prop

ertie

s

Phen

olic

s,

caro

teno

ids

Ahm

ad e

t al

.55

Hyd

roco

tyle

vul

garis

–G

otu

kola

Who

le

plan

tD

ecoc

tion

Coug

h, k

idne

y st

ones

–

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 28Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Apo

cyna

ceae

Als

toni

a sc

hola

ris L

.D

ita/W

hite

ch

eese

woo

dSu

bane

n:

Mal

ogat

asBa

rkTr

unk

Dec

octio

nIn

fusi

on (S

crap

e th

e ou

ter l

ayer

(7x)

. Add

1/

2 gl

ass

of w

ater

. D

rink

twic

e a

day

for

3 da

ys)

Dec

octio

n (S

crap

e th

e ou

ter l

ayer

(7x)

. Boi

l th

e sc

rape

d pi

eces

w

ith 3

gla

sses

of w

ater

. D

rink

thric

e a

day

for

3 da

ys)

Kidn

ey d

isea

ses

Hyp

er t

ensi

onA

nti i

nflam

mat

ory,

an

alge

sic

bioa

ctiv

ityN

ovel

alk

aloi

dsCh

ines

e A

cade

my

of S

cien

ces,

Ch

ina56

Asc

lepi

as c

uras

savi

ca

L.Tr

opic

al

milk

wee

dSu

bane

n: G

apas

ga

pas

Bark

, roo

tsRo

ots

Extr

actio

nD

ecoc

tion

(Boi

l eno

ugh

root

s w

ith a

mpl

e am

ount

of w

ater

. Drin

k as

oft

en a

s ne

eded

.

Diffi

cult

y in

chi

ld la

bor

Am

oebi

asis

Ant

i bac

teria

lSe

cond

ary

met

abol

ites

Wol

lega

U

nive

rsity

, Et

hiop

ia57

Cath

aran

tus

rose

us

(L.)

G. D

onTs

itsiri

ka/

Periw

inkl

eVi

s: K

umin

tang

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n D

iabe

tes

Ant

i dia

betic

, ba

cter

icid

e,an

tihyp

er

tens

ive

Terp

enoi

d in

dole

al

kalo

ids

(TIA

s)A

lmag

ro e

t al

.58

Rauv

olfia

ser

pent

ina

(L.)

Kurz

Serp

entin

a/Sn

aker

oot

Baja

u: P

ait-

pait

Suba

nen:

A

mpi

on

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion

Infu

sion

Hyp

er t

ensi

on, “

kabu

hi”

Stom

ach

ache

, dia

rrhe

a

Ant

i Hyp

er t

ensi

ve,

tran

quili

zer

Flav

onoi

dsU

nive

rsity

Sch

ool

of E

nviro

nmen

t M

anag

emen

t,

New

Del

hi,

Indi

a59

Voac

anga

m

egac

arpa

Mer

r.-

Suba

nen:

The

pala

k M

ebag

alRo

ots

Juic

e (P

ound

eno

ugh

root

s an

d sq

ueez

e an

d ap

ply

the

sque

ezed

pl

ant

mat

eria

l)

To a

bate

ble

edin

g of

a fr

esh

wou

ndA

nalg

esic

, ant

i mic

robi

al,

antiu

lcer

, cyt

otox

ic,

antio

xida

nt, a

ntim

alar

ial

Indo

le a

lkal

oids

Uni

vers

ity o

f Sa

nto

Tom

as,

Man

ila,

Phili

ppin

es60

Ara

ceae

Alo

casi

a m

acro

rrhi

zos

(L.)

G.D

on

Elep

hant

ear

Suba

nen:

Big

aRh

i-zo

me

Slic

e, p

ound

and

app

ly

on t

he a

ffec

ted

part

.Ea

rly s

tage

of i

nflam

-mat

ion

Ant

ihyp

er g

lyce

mic

, an

tioxi

dant

, cyt

otox

icFl

avon

oids

, cy

noge

netic

gl

ycos

ides

Inte

rnat

iona

l Is

lam

ic

Uni

vers

ity

Bang

lade

sh61

Colo

casi

a es

cule

nta

L.G

abi/T

aro

Chav

: Gab

iVi

s: B

adya

ngLe

aves

Rub

the

fres

h le

aves

to

the

affe

cted

are

a.D

ecoc

tion

Poul

tice

Scab

ies

Bron

chiti

sA

thle

te’s

foot

Ant

i infl

amm

ator

y,

anal

gesi

c O

rient

in &

vite

xin

Paw

ar e

t al

.62

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants29H

omal

omen

a ru

besc

ens

(Rox

b.)

Kunt

h

Alip

ayo

Suba

nen:

Pha

yaw

Stem

Slic

e in

to p

iece

s, p

ound

, an

d sm

ell o

ften

.Co

lds

–

Ara

liace

ae

Osm

oxyl

on

dive

rsifo

lium

–Su

bane

n: G

ulo-

ulo

Stem

Dec

octio

n (S

crap

e st

em

(7x)

dow

n w

ard.

Boi

l w

ith e

noug

h w

ater

. D

rink

1/2

glas

s th

rice

a da

y fo

r 3 d

ays

Dys

me-

norr

hea,

men

no-

rhag

ia–

Pana

x gi

nsen

gG

inse

ng/

Kore

an

gins

eng

Baja

u: L

angk

awas

Frui

tsD

ecoc

tion

Mus

cle

pain

Ant

iagi

ng, a

nti d

iabe

tic,

antic

ance

r, w

ound

and

ul

cer h

ealin

g

Gin

se n

osid

es,

pept

ides

, pol

y ac

etyl

enic

alc

ohol

s,

fatt

y ac

ids

Ru e

t al

.63

Are

cace

ae/P

alm

ae

Cala

mus

sp.

–Su

bane

n: D

lebi

eSt

em

Juic

eCu

t st

em, g

athe

r jui

ce,

and

appl

y on

the

w

ound

oft

en.

Shin

gles

cau

sed

by H

erpe

s zo

ster

–

Coco

s nu

cife

ra L

.N

iyog

/ Co

conu

tBa

jau:

Coco

Taus

ug: L

ahin

gVi

s:Bu

tong

Frui

t O

il

Flow

er

(whi

te)

Bark

Flow

er,

leav

esFl

esh

and

the

juic

eRo

ot, b

ark

Oil

Extr

act

Infu

sion

for b

ath

Dec

octio

nSt

eam

Dire

ct e

atin

g an

d dr

inki

ng

Dec

octio

n

Mus

cle

Pain

, wou

nds

in t

he

head

Mea

sles

Abd

omin

al p

ain

Mea

sles

Det

oxify

ing

for u

rinar

y tr

act

infe

ctio

n.

Kidn

ey s

tone

s

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i in

flam

mat

ory

Phen

ols,

flav

onoi

ds,

glyc

osid

es, t

anni

ns,

alka

loid

s, s

apon

ins

Jaip

ur N

atio

nal

Uni

vers

ity,

Jaip

ur,

Raja

stha

n,

Indi

a64,6

5

Cory

pha

elat

a Ro

xb.

Talip

ot p

alm

Vis:

Buli

Root

s D

ecoc

tion

Phys

ical

rela

pse

–

Ari

stol

ochi

acea

e

Aris

tolo

chia

ph

ilipp

inen

sis

War

b.

Puso

-pus

oan

Suba

nen:

Bar

ubo

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n “B

ugha

t”, b

ody

pain

s–

Asp

arag

acea

e

Cord

ylin

e fr

utic

osa

(L.)

A. C

hev.

Bast

on d

e Sa

n Jo

seVi

s: M

akila

laYa

kan:

Kila

leSu

bane

n: G

uila

la

Leav

es

Youn

g le

af

Dec

octio

n

Eat

the

leav

es o

ften

unt

il ne

eded

.

Bloo

dy s

tool

s, m

enst

rual

cr

amps

, dys

me-

norr

hea

Hyp

er t

ensi

on

Ant

ioxi

dant

Phen

olic

com

poun

dsFo

uedj

ou e

t al

.66

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 30Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Dra

caen

a tr

ifasc

iata

Cylin

dric

al s

nake

pl

ant

Spad

a Le

aves

D

irect

che

win

gTe

tanu

s A

ntio

xida

ntTa

nnin

s, s

apon

ins,

te

rpen

oids

, ca

rdia

c gl

ycos

ides

, qu

inon

es

Uni

vers

iti S

ains

M

alay

sia67

Sans

evie

ria s

pp.

–Es

pada

-esp

ada

Who

le

plan

t Cr

ushe

d an

d ap

plie

d di

rect

lyW

ound

–

Sans

evie

ria

trifa

scia

ta P

rain

–Ti

gre-

tigre

Leav

es

Infu

sion

(in

effi

cas-

cent

oil)

Feve

r–

Asp

hode

lace

ae

Alo

e ba

rbad

ensi

s M

. (S

yn. A

loe

vera

(L.)

Burm

.f)

Alo

e ve

raCh

av: A

loe

vera

Le

aves

Extr

actio

n

Scra

ping

Dec

octio

n

Wou

nds,

dry

hai

r, in

flam

ma-

tion,

bur

nsBl

eedi

ng, u

lcer

Canc

er, p

aras

itic

wor

ms

Ant

ifung

al, a

ntio

xida

ntLi

gnin

and

sap

onin

sRa

ksha

et.

al.68

Ast

erac

eae/

Com

posi

tae

Art

emis

ia s

p.–

Baro

gbar

ogLe

aves

D

ecoc

tion

Stom

ach

ache

–

Art

emis

ia v

ulga

ris L

. D

amon

g m

aria

/M

aide

n w

ort

Chav

:Yer

ba S

ta.

Mar

iaVi

s:H

erba

Bue

naYa

kan:

Sta.

Mar

iaSu

bane

n:H

ilbas

Leav

es

Leav

es

Who

le

Plan

t

Infu

sion

Dec

octio

n

Infu

sion

Coug

hs a

nd c

olds

, ast

hma,

fe

ver,

pain

relie

f, ul

cer,

hype

r ten

sion

, hyp

er

acid

ityM

enst

rual

abn

orm

a-lit

ies,

st

omac

h ac

he, “

panu

hot”

, co

ugh

Infu

sion

Ana

lges

ic, h

yper

lipi

dem

ic

activ

ityTe

rpen

oids

, fla

vono

ids,

co

umar

ins

Aba

d et

al.69

B. b

alsa

mife

ra (L

.) D

CSa

mbo

ng/B

. ca

mph

orCh

av: L

engu

a de

ba

kaBa

jau:

Sam

bon

Vis:

Gab

onTa

usug

: Dak

lan-

bu

lan

Yaka

n: L

akad

-bul

anSu

bane

n: B

ubul

an

Leav

es

Leav

esLe

aves

Leav

es

Leav

es

Leav

esRo

ots

Dec

octio

n (d

rink)

Dec

octio

n (b

ath)

Poun

d th

e le

aves

and

put

in

the

fore

head

.Po

und

the

leav

es t

hen

drin

k th

e ex

trac

t.

Poul

tice

Infu

sion

Dec

octio

n

Coug

hs a

nd c

olds

, “pa

smo

sa k

usog

”, U

TI a

nd k

idne

y st

ones

, phy

sica

l rel

apse

, hy

per t

ensi

on, m

easl

es

stom

ach

ache

, dys

men

or-

rhea

& a

men

or-r

hea

Post

-par

tum

car

eFe

ver

Hig

h fe

ver,

coug

h, u

rinar

y tr

act

infe

ctio

n, s

tom

ach-

ac

heBo

dy p

ain,

“pa

nuho

t”, a

chin

g du

e to

“pi

ang”

Coug

hBl

eedi

ng

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

nti

infla

mm

a-to

ry, a

nti

spas

mod

ic

Flav

onoi

dsCh

ines

e A

cade

my

of T

ropi

cal

Agr

icul

ture

Sc

ienc

es 70

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants31Ch

rom

olae

na

odor

ata

(L.)

R.M

Ki

ng &

H.R

ob

Hag

onoy

/Dev

il W

eed

Vis:

Hag

onoy

Taus

ug: L

ahun

ayYa

kan:

Lah

uney

Suba

nen:

Gun

oySu

bano

n:

Sung

gono

y

Leav

es

Crus

h an

d ap

ply

dire

ctly

. W

ound

Ke

rati

nocy

te p

rolif

era-

tion

Flav

onoi

d, p

hyto

pr

osta

ne

com

poun

d in

clud

ing

chro

mo-

mor

ic a

cid

Sirin

thip

apor

n an

d Ji

raun

gkoo

r-sk

ul71

Chry

sant

hem

um s

p.M

ums

or

chry

sant

hsCh

rysa

n-th

emum

Root

s D

irect

app

lica-

tion

Toot

hach

e Cy

toto

xic,

ant

i bac

teria

l, in

hibi

tory

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sCe

ntra

l Ins

titut

e of

Med

icin

al

and

Aro

mat

ic

Plan

ts, I

ndia

72

Emel

lia s

onch

iflol

iaRe

d Ta

ssel

Flow

erPi

saw

-pis

awLe

aves

Leav

esLe

aves

Dec

octio

nPo

undi

ngEx

trac

tion

(Drin

k th

e ex

trac

t)

Feve

r, co

ugh

Cons

tipat

ion,

“ka

bag”

Coug

h, c

olds

, and

kid

’s fe

ver

Ant

imic

robi

al

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sCo

uto

et a

l.73

2011

Pseu

dele

phan

topu

s sp

icat

us (B

. Jus

s.

ex A

ubl.)

Roh

r. ex

C/

F. B

aker

Dila

ng-a

so/D

og’s

to

ngue

Vis:

Dila

-dila

sa

iroVi

s: K

ukug

-ban

ogSu

bane

n: K

okog

ba

nog

Root

s,

stem

, an

d le

aves

Dec

octio

nH

yper

aci

dity

, phy

sica

l re

laps

eA

ntia

cne,

ant

ioxi

dant

, cy

toto

xic

Hyd

roxy

l gro

ups,

ph

enol

ic

com

poun

d,

flavo

noid

s an

d ta

nnin

s

Lalis

an e

t al

.74

Spha

gnet

icol

a tr

iloba

ta (

L.)

Prus

ki

Trai

ling

dais

y–

Leav

esEx

trac

t To

otha

che

Ana

lges

ic, a

nti m

icro

bial

, an

ti in

flam

ma-

tory

pr

oper

ties

Tann

in, s

apon

ins,

fla

vono

ids,

phe

nol,

terp

enoi

ds

SV U

nive

rsity

, In

dia75

Spila

nthe

s ac

mel

la–

Suba

nen:

Dila

g-di

lag

Flow

er

App

lied

dire

ctly

Toot

hach

e A

nti m

icro

bial

Phyt

oche

mic

als

Prac

haya

sitt

i-

kul e

t al

.76

Trid

ax p

rocu

mbe

ns

Linn

.–

Suba

nen:

Kan

ding

-ka

ndin

gLe

aves

Cr

ushe

d an

d ap

plie

d di

rect

ly.

Wou

nd

Wou

nd h

ealin

g, a

nti

coag

ulan

t, a

ntifu

ngal

Se

cond

ary

met

abol

ites

Mir

et a

l.77

Bals

amin

acea

e

Impa

tiens

bal

sam

ina

Kam

antig

ue/

Rose

bal

sam

Chav

: Kam

anti-

gue

Taus

ug: S

aung

gah

Leav

es,

stem

sLe

aves

an

d st

em

Extr

actio

nD

ecoc

tion

Infla

mm

a-tio

n, jo

int

pain

sU

rinar

y tr

act

infe

ctio

n A

nti m

icro

bial

, ant

idia

betic

Gly

cosi

des

Su e

t al

.78 2

012

Base

llace

ae

Base

lla a

lba

Mal

abar

spi

nach

/ M

alab

ar

nigh

tsha

de

Chav

: Alu

gbat

iLe

aves

Leav

esPo

und

and

appl

y di

rect

ly.

Dec

octio

nW

ound

s an

d bo

ils, f

ever

Hyp

er t

ensi

onA

ntic

ance

r, an

tioxi

dant

Sa

poni

n, x

anth

ones

Kum

ar e

t al

.79

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 32Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Bras

sica

ceae

Bras

sica

rapa

sub

sp.

chin

ensi

sPe

chay

Pech

ayLe

aves

Cook

dire

ctly

Ove

rall

heal

thA

nti h

yper

ten

sive

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sRa

iola

et

al.80

Bego

niac

eae

(1)

Bego

nia

sp.

Ang

el-w

ing

bego

nia

Bego

nia

Flow

erPo

ultic

eBu

rns,

sor

esA

nti p

rolif

era-

tive

activ

ity

tow

ards

tum

orCu

curb

itaci

nsSw

iss

Fede

ral

Inst

itute

of

Tech

nolo

gy

(ETH

) Zur

ich,

Sw

itzer

land

81

Bign

onia

ceae

Cres

cent

ia c

ujet

e Co

mm

on

cala

bash

tre

eCa

laba

sh t

ree

Frui

tFr

uit

Frui

tLe

aves

Dire

ct e

atin

gD

ecoc

tion

Juic

e Ex

trac

tion

Dec

octio

n

Dia

rrhe

a, c

olds

,Br

onch

itis

Coug

h, a

sthm

a, u

reth

ritis

Hyp

er t

ensi

on

Ant

i bac

teria

l, an

tidia

betic

Alk

aloi

ds, c

ardi

ac

glyc

osid

es,

flavo

noid

s,

phyt

oste

rol,

redu

cing

sug

ars,

sa

poni

ns, t

anni

ns,

trite

rpen

es

Billa

cura

and

La

ciap

ag

2017

82

Oro

xylu

m in

dicu

m

(L.)

Bent

h. e

x Ku

rzIn

dian

tru

mpe

t flo

wer

Suba

nen:

Bne

nloy

Youn

g le

aves

Poun

d en

ough

leav

es

and

add

littl

e am

ount

of

wat

er. P

ut o

n th

e he

ad o

r aff

ecte

d ar

ea

Body

pai

n, fe

ver

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

nti d

iabe

tic,

hepa

topr

otec

tive,

ant

i in

flam

ma-

tory

Flav

onoi

ds (c

hrys

in,

orox

ylin

-A,

scut

ella

rin,

baic

alei

n, q

uerc

itin)

Jam

ia H

amda

rd,

Indi

a 83

Rade

rmac

hera

sp.

–Su

bane

n: P

hele

bo-

naya

nTr

unk

Dec

octio

n (B

oil e

noug

h si

ze w

ith a

mpl

e am

ount

of

wat

er. D

rink

ofte

n.)

Dia

bete

s, h

yper

ten

sion

, co

ugh

–

Bixa

ceae

Bixa

ore

llana

Ach

iote

Chav

: Ats

uete

sYa

kan:

Ach

uete

Leav

esLe

aves

&

root

s

Infu

sion

Dec

octio

nN

ause

a, v

omiti

ng, f

ever

“Uga

m”

(thr

ush)

, cou

gh a

nd

cold

s, le

an b

ody

mas

s (L

BM)

Phyt

o th

erap

eutic

Phyt

o ch

emic

als

Vila

r et

al.84

Bom

baca

ceae

Dur

io z

ibet

hinu

s M

urr.

Dur

ian/

Cive

t fr

uit

Dur

ian

Bark

D

ecoc

tion

Itch

y ge

nita

lsA

ntip

rolif

erat

ive

effe

ctFl

avon

oids

(flav

anol

s,

anth

o cy

anin

s),

asco

rbic

aci

d,

caro

teno

ids

Uni

vers

iti S

ulta

n Za

inal

Abi

din,

M

alay

sia85

Bora

gina

ceae

Carm

ona

retu

sa

(Vah

l.) M

asam

. Ts

aang

gub

at/

Scor

pion

bus

hTs

aang

gub

atLe

aves

D

ecoc

tion

Dia

rrhe

a, s

tom

ach

ache

Ant

iIn

flam

ma-

tory

, ant

i ba

cter

ial,

anal

gesi

c

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sSh

ridev

i Ins

titut

e of

Eng

inee

ring

and

Tech

nolo

gy,

Tum

kur,

Indi

a86

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants33Co

rdia

dic

hoto

ma

Ano

nang

/Soa

p be

rry

Ano

nang

Ba

rkSu

bmer

ge in

hot

wat

er

and

drin

k“B

ugha

t”A

nti b

acte

rial,

antiv

iral,

antit

ussi

ve

Betu

lin, o

ctac

osan

ol

Jam

khan

de e

t al

.87

Hel

iotr

opiu

m

indi

cum

L.

Trom

pang

el

epan

te/

Indi

an h

elio

trop

e

Elep

ante

Le

aves

Stem

and

ro

ots

Dec

octio

n

Dec

octio

n

Phys

ical

rela

pse,

wou

nd

heal

ing

Wou

nd h

ealin

gCo

llage

nIn

stitu

te o

f Ph

arm

acy

and

Tech

nolo

gy,

Indi

a88

Brom

elia

ceae

Ana

nas

com

osus

Pine

appl

ePi

nya

Frui

tSh

oot

Juic

e Ex

trac

tion

Extr

actio

n (M

ix w

ith o

il th

en a

pply

as

poul

tice)

Hyp

er t

ensi

onSp

rain

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i bac

teria

lPh

enol

ic c

ompo

unds

Putr

i et

al.89

Cact

acea

e

Opu

ntia

co

chen

illife

raCa

ctus

/Coc

hine

al

nopa

l cac

tus)

Busa

y-bu

say

Leav

esG

rille

dTe

tanu

s–

Card

iopt

erid

acea

e

Citr

onel

la m

ucro

nata

Citr

onel

laCi

tron

ella

Leav

esG

et t

he e

xtra

ct a

nd m

ix

it w

ith c

ocon

ut o

il th

en

appl

y it

to a

ffec

ted

area

s

Dan

druf

f, rin

gwor

mA

nti i

nflam

mat

ory,

an

tican

cer,

antio

xida

nt,

anti

prol

ifera

tive,

ant

i m

icro

bial

Citr

al, v

itro

on

5-lip

oxy-

gena

se,

casp

ase-

3, a

- an

d b-

uns

atur

ated

al

dehy

de g

roup

s

Bhav

anira

m-y

a et

al.90

Cari

cace

ae

Caric

a pa

paya

L.

Papa

yaCh

av: P

apay

aBa

jau:

Kap

aya

Vis:

Kap

ayas

Leav

esFr

uit

Flow

er

Juic

e Ex

trac

tion

Dire

ct e

atin

gD

ecoc

tion

Den

gue

feve

r, m

alar

iaLB

M, c

onst

ipat

ion

Den

gue

feve

r

Ant

i bac

teria

l, cy

toto

xic

Chym

o pa

pain

, qu

erci

tinM

adjo

s an

d Lu

ceno

91

Chen

opod

iace

ae

Dys

phan

ia

ambr

osia

ides

(L.)

Mos

yaki

n an

d Cl

eman

ts

Wor

mse

ed/

Epaz

ote

Chav

: Apa

sote

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion

“Kab

ag”

(Gas

pai

n)La

xativ

e pr

oper

ties

Asc

arid

ole,

cym

ene,

ge

rani

ol

Koba

et

al.92

Com

bret

acea

e

Qui

squa

lis in

dica

L.

Niy

ug-n

iyog

anN

iyug

-niy

ogan

Seed

s D

irect

eat

ing

two

hour

s af

ter s

uppe

rPa

rasi

tic w

orm

sA

nti o

xida

nt, a

nti h

elm

inth

icFl

avon

oids

, phe

nolic

co

mpo

nent

sSh

ah e

t al

.93

Term

inal

ia c

atta

paIn

dian

alm

ond

Talis

ayD

ead

leav

esD

ecoc

tion

Seps

is

Ant

i mic

robi

alSe

cond

ary

met

abol

ites

Nai

r and

Cha

nda

94

Conv

olvu

lace

ae

Ipom

ea a

quat

ica

Fors

k.Ka

ngko

ng/W

ater

sp

inac

hKa

ngko

ng

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion

and

mix

ed

with

“ka

yum

a-ni

s” a

nd

“kam

bal-

sim

ang-

ko”

Feve

r, ov

eral

l hea

lth

Carm

ina-

tive

agen

t, a

nti

infla

mm

a-to

ryFl

avon

oids

Man

var a

nd

Des

ai95 (C

ontin

ued)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 34Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Ipom

oea

bata

tas

L.Ka

mot

e/Sw

eet

pota

toCh

av: K

amot

e Le

aves

Dec

octio

nCo

okin

gFe

ver,

anem

iaH

ypo

tens

ive,

hyp

o lip

idem

icIs

oflav

ones

Dew

ijant

i et

al.96

Jacq

uem

ontia

pa

nicu

lata

–H

imag

Ro

ots

Poun

ding

, mix

ing

Wou

nds

Laxa

tive,

ant

ioxi

dant

Alk

aloi

ds, fl

avon

oids

, sa

poni

ns, s

tero

ids,

ta

nnin

s, a

nthr

ax-

quin

ones

Clem

eña

and

Gal

arpe

97

Com

mel

inac

eae

Rhoe

o sp

atha

cea

(Sw

artz

) Ste

arn

Klap

a-kl

apa/

Bang

ka-

bang

kaan

Kapa

l-ka

pal

Leav

es

and

root

s

Extr

act

Toot

hach

e, h

eada

che

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i bac

teria

lPh

enol

ic c

onte

nt,

flavo

noid

co

mpo

nent

s

Tan

et a

l.98

Cost

acea

e

Cham

aeco

stus

cu

spid

atus

Cost

us o

r spi

ral

flag

Insu

lin p

lant

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n D

iabe

tes,

hyp

er t

ensi

onA

nti d

iabe

tic p

rope

rtie

sSe

cond

ary

met

abol

ites

Chal

apat

hi

Inst

itute

of

Phar

mac

eu-

tical

Sci

ence

s,

Gun

tur99

Cost

us ig

neus

In

sulin

pla

ntIn

sulin

Plan

tLe

aves

an

d sh

oots

Was

h th

e le

aves

and

sh

oots

the

n di

rect

ly

cons

ume

it

Dia

bete

s, a

nem

ia, s

trok

e,

hype

r ten

sion

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i dia

betic

, hy

po li

pide

mic

, diu

retic

, an

ti m

icro

bial

Trite

rpe-

noid

, al

kalo

ids,

tan

nins

, sa

poni

ns,

flavo

noid

s, s

tero

id,

appr

ecia

ble

amou

nts

of t

race

el

emen

ts

Hed

ge e

t al

.100

Clus

iace

ae/G

utti

fera

e

Gar

cini

a m

ango

stan

a L.

Man

gost

an/

Man

gost

een

Baja

u: M

angi

sYa

kan:

Man

gost

anFr

uit

peel

s,

bark

Dec

octio

nTu

berc

u-lo

sis,

dia

bete

s,

diar

rhea

, sto

mac

h ac

he,

anem

ia

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i pro

lifer

a-tiv

e, p

ro a

popt

otic

, ant

i in

flam

mat

ory,

ant

i car

cino

ge

nic,

ant

i mic

robi

al

Xant

hone

s, fl

avon

oids

, tr

iterp

enoi

-dan

d-be

nzo

phen

ones

Faill

a an

d G

utie

rrez

–O

rozc

o101

Cras

sula

ceae

Bryo

phyl

lum

pi

nnna

tum

Lam

. (S

yn. K

alan

choe

pi

nnat

a)

Kata

ka-t

aka/

Mira

cle

plan

tCh

av: H

anda

lika/

Siem

pre

viva

Vis:

Kat

aka-

taka

Yaka

n: K

arita

naSu

bane

n: H

anlil

ika

Leav

es

Leav

esLe

aves

Smas

h th

e le

aves

and

ap

ply

on t

he a

ffec

ted

area

.In

fusi

onD

ecoc

tion

Wou

nds

and

infla

mm

a-tio

n,

boils

Toot

hach

ePh

ysic

al re

laps

e

Strin

gent

, ant

isep

tic,

hem

osta

tic, a

nti

Infla

mm

ator

y

Alk

aloi

ds, t

riter

pene

s,

glyc

osid

es,

flavo

noid

s, s

tero

ids

Gup

ta e

t al

102 ;

Fern

ande

s et

al

.103

Cucu

rbit

acea

e

Mom

ordi

ca c

hara

ntia

L.

Am

pala

ya/B

itter

go

urd

Baja

u: P

aliy

aSu

bane

n: P

alya

Leav

esLe

aves

Frui

ts

Dec

octio

n an

d dr

ink

Was

h in

hyg

ieni

c pa

rtCo

okin

g (v

iand

)

Dia

bete

s, F

ever

, LBM

Post

part

um c

are

Ane

mia

, dia

bete

s

Ant

i dia

betic

, hyp

ogly

-ca

emic

eff

ect

Trite

rpen

e, p

rote

id,

ster

oid,

alk

aloi

d,

phen

olic

com

poun

ds

Budr

at a

nd

Shot

ipru

k104

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants35La

gena

ria s

icer

aria

(M

olin

a) S

tand

l.–

Mira

cle

Plan

t Le

aves

Frui

tsD

ecoc

tion

Dire

ct e

atin

g Ca

ncer

, kid

ney

ston

eH

yper

ten

sion

Emet

ic, p

urga

tive,

diu

retic

Ster

ols,

ter

peno

ids,

fla

vono

ids,

sa

poni

ns

Praj

apat

i et

al.10

5

Luff

a ac

utan

gula

Ro

xb.

Pato

la/S

pong

e go

urd

Suba

nen:

Tik

wa

Leav

esH

eat

enou

gh le

aves

un

til b

urnt

. App

ly a

nd

chan

ge w

hen

dry.

Early

sta

ge o

f infl

amm

a-tio

nA

nti d

iabe

tic, h

epat

o pr

otec

tive,

ant

iulc

er,

antic

ance

r, an

ti m

icro

bial

, an

alge

sic,

ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ry

Flav

onoi

ds, a

nthr

ax-

quin

ones

, pro

tein

s,

fatt

y ac

ids,

sap

onin

, tr

iterp

ene,

vol

atile

co

mpo

nent

s

Scho

ol o

f Ph

arm

acy

and

Tech

nolo

gy

Man

agem

ent,

In

dia10

6

Sech

ium

edu

le

(Jac

q.) S

w.

Chay

ote

Vis:

Say

ote

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n H

yper

ten

sion

Ant

ioxi

dant

Poly

phe

nols

, ca

rote

noid

sVi

eira

et

al.10

7

Cype

race

ae

Cype

rus

kylli

ngia

M

utha

/Nut

gra

ss

Suba

nen:

Kuk

emot

W

hole

pl

ant

Infu

sion

D

iarr

hea,

feve

r A

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, ant

i di

abet

ic, a

nalg

esic

St

arch

, alk

aloi

ds,

flavo

noid

s Ba

jpay

et

al.10

8

Kylli

nga

mon

ocep

hala

Bosi

kad

Bosi

kad

Stem

and

le

aves

So

akin

g in

wat

er d

urin

g ni

ght-

time

and

drin

k th

e w

ater

in t

he

mor

ning

Hea

dach

e, m

uscl

e pa

in, f

ever

Ana

lges

icFl

avon

oids

, tan

nins

, ph

enol

ic

com

poun

ds

Am

or e

t al

.109

Dill

enea

ceae

Dill

enia

phi

lippi

nens

is

Rolfe

Katm

on/

Elep

hant

ap

ple

Suba

nen:

D

lhem

bog

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion

(boi

l sev

en

leav

es w

ith 1

.5 g

lass

of

wat

er. O

nce

luke

war

m,

drin

k a

half-

glas

s on

ce)

Dia

rrhe

a an

d vo

miti

ngA

nti m

icro

bial

Tr

iterp

enes

De

La S

alle

U

nive

rsity

110

Dip

tero

carp

acea

e

Shor

ea a

styl

osa

Yaka

lYa

kal

Bark

deco

ctio

nPh

ysic

al re

laps

e (“

bugh

at”)

–

Euph

orbi

acea

e

Brey

nia

cern

ua (P

oir.)

M

ull.

Arg

.–

Suba

nen:

The

tulo

gSt

em

Leav

es

Use

a t

hin

sect

ion

of t

he

stem

as

a to

othp

ick.

Poun

d ha

ndfu

l of l

eave

s.

Sque

eze

the

juic

e on

th

e af

fect

ed a

rea.

Toot

hach

e pr

even

tion

Ope

n w

ound

–

Euph

orbi

a hi

rta

L.Ta

wa-

taw

a/A

sthm

a pl

ant

Chav

: Taw

a-ta

wa

Baja

u: P

atik

-pat

ikYa

kan:

Pat

ik-p

atik

Vis:

Man

gaw

-nga

wSu

bane

n: T

emat

ik

Who

le

plan

t

Leav

esSa

p

Dec

octio

n

Juic

e ex

trac

tion

Dire

ct a

pplic

a-tio

n

Den

gue

feve

r, co

ugh,

st

omac

h ac

he, p

hysi

cal

rela

pse

(“bu

ghat

”), m

alar

ia,

mea

sles

Wou

nds,

tum

or, p

usSo

re e

yes

Ant

i bac

teria

l, an

tifun

gal,

anti

mal

aria

l, an

ti sp

asm

odic

, hem

osta

tic

Gal

lic a

cid,

que

rcet

in,

alka

loid

s, e

ssen

tial

oils

, phe

nols

, ste

rol,

flavo

nes

and

fatt

y ac

ids

Gho

sh e

t al

.111

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 36Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Euph

orbi

a pu

lche

rrim

a W

illd.

Chris

tmas

flow

erPo

inse

ttia

Leav

esEx

trac

tion

Feve

r A

nti b

acte

rial

Terp

enoi

ds,

flavo

noid

s,

alka

loid

s, s

apon

in,

ster

oids

Baye

ro U

nive

rsity

, Ka

no, N

iger

ia

112

Codi

aeum

va

riega

tum

(L.)

Rum

ph.e

x. A

. Jus

s

San

Fran

cisc

oSa

n Fr

anci

sco

Leav

es

Poul

tice

Swel

ling

Ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ryA

lkal

oids

, gly

cosi

des,

st

eroi

ds, fl

avon

oids

Bije

kar a

nd

Gay

atri

113

Jatr

opa

curc

asTu

ba-t

uba/

Phys

ic

nut

tree

Tuba

-tub

aLe

aves

Root

s an

d le

aves

Leav

es

Poul

tice/

Smok

ing

(“ha

mpo

l “or

app

lied

as p

oult

ice)

Dec

octio

n

Poun

d an

d us

e lik

e a

band

age

or a

re d

irect

ly

appl

ied

on s

kin

like

a lin

imen

t;St

eam

and

pou

ltic

e

Flat

ulen

ce, s

prai

n, s

tom

ach

ache

, “ka

bag”

, fev

er

Dia

rrhe

a, in

sect

repe

llent

, “p

anuh

ot”

Frac

ture

d bo

ne, b

ody

ache

s,

spra

in

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

ntic

ance

rA

lkal

oids

Patil

et

al.11

4

Jatr

opha

pod

agric

a–

Gin

seng

Ro

ots

Crus

hed

and

appl

ied

dire

ctly

Wou

nd

–

Mac

aran

ga t

anar

ius

(L

.) M

uell.

-Arg

Binu

nga/

El

epha

nt’s

ear

Su

bane

n: B

inun

gaLe

aves

Ex

trac

tion

Wou

nds

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i mic

robi

al,

anti

infla

mm

a-to

ryFl

avon

oids

Mag

adul

a115

Mal

lotu

s flo

ribun

dus

(Blu

me)

Mue

ll.-A

rg.

Tula

-tul

a/Bl

ue

blad

eSu

bane

n: T

ula-

tula

Root

s D

ecoc

tion

Kidn

ey d

isea

ses

–

Man

ihot

esc

ulen

ta

Cran

tzKa

mot

eng

kaho

y/Ca

ssav

a

Chav

: Kam

antin

gSu

bane

n:

Bala

ngho

y

Leav

esTu

bers

Dec

octio

nD

ecoc

tion

Swel

ling

Furu

ncle

A

nti-

infla

mm

a-to

ry, a

nti

mic

robi

al

Flav

onoi

ds, s

apon

ins

and

vita

min

CTa

o et

al.11

6

Mel

anol

epis

m

ultig

land

ulos

a Re

inw

. Ex

Blum

e

Alim

Vis:

Alo

mSu

bane

n: G

hale

mLe

aves

Leav

esBa

rk

Dec

octio

nPo

ultic

ePo

ultic

e

Para

sitic

wor

ms

Flat

ulen

ceSo

re t

hroa

t

Ant

i hel

min

thic

Tara

xery

l fat

ty a

cid

este

rs, s

qual

ene

Apo

stol

et

al.11

7

Rici

nus

com

mun

is L

.Ta

ngan

-ta

ngan

/Cas

tor

bean

Tang

an-t

anga

nLe

aves

Stea

mIn

jurie

sA

nti i

nflam

mat

ion,

an

tican

cer

Alk

aloi

dsPa

til e

t al

.114

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants37

Faba

ceae

/Leg

umin

osae

Afz

elia

rhom

boid

ea

(Bla

nco)

Vid

alM

alac

ca t

eak

Suba

nen:

Glo

nghi

giTr

unk

Juic

e ex

trac

tion

(Scr

ape

trun

k (3

x) a

nd s

quee

ze

the

juic

e. A

pply

on

the

head

aft

er s

ham

poo.

Le

ave

for h

alf a

n ho

ur.

Rins

e.)

To g

et ri

d of

lice

–

Ara

chis

hyp

ogae

a M

ani/P

eanu

tM

ani

Seed

s Cr

ushe

d an

d ap

plie

d di

rect

lySo

re

Ant

i bac

teria

lFl

avon

oids

, phe

nols

, al

kalo

ids,

tan

nins

Al-

Aza

wil

and

Has

san11

8

Caes

alpi

nia

sapp

an L

.Sa

ppan

woo

dSi

buka

wBa

rk

Root

s

Bark

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n

Dec

octio

n (d

rink

as

need

ed)

Infu

sion

with

coc

onut

oil

Dec

octio

n

Dia

rrhe

a, fe

ver,

rheu

mat

ism

ar

thrit

is, a

nem

iaPh

ysic

al re

laps

e, c

ough

, tu

berc

ulos

isFr

actu

res,

mus

cle

pain

, ph

ysic

al re

laps

e, fl

uTu

berc

u-lo

sis

Ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ryH

aem

atei

n,

flavo

noid

sJe

ong

et a

l.119

Cass

ia a

lata

L.

Aca

pulc

o Ta

usug

: And

alan

Yaka

n: K

wit

subo

ng/p

itsub

oSu

bane

n: A

sunt

ing

Leav

esRo

ots,

le

aves

Poun

ding

Dec

octio

nSc

abie

s, fu

ngal

infe

ctio

n,

athl

ete’

s fo

ot, T

inea

flav

a,

ringw

orm

Cyst

, fun

gal i

nfec

tions

Ant

i mut

agen

ic, a

ntifu

ngal

, an

alge

sic,

ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ry, h

ypog

ly-c

emic

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sVi

llase

ñor e

t al

.120

Clito

ria t

erna

tea

L.Pu

king

an/

Butt

erfly

pea

flo

wer

Yaka

n: B

alog

balo

gLe

aves

Root

s an

d Ba

rkFl

ower

Poul

tice

Infu

sion

Extr

actio

n

Swol

len

join

tsKi

dney

dis

ease

Hyp

er t

ensi

on

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

ntip

yret

ic,

anti

infla

mm

a-to

ry,

anal

gesi

c, d

iure

tic,

anes

thet

ic, a

nti h

yper

gl

ycem

ic, a

nti h

yper

lip

idem

ic

Alk

aloi

ds, fl

avon

oids

, fr

ee a

min

o ac

ids,

gl

ycos

ides

, phe

nols

, pr

otei

ns, r

educ

ing

suga

rs, s

tero

ids,

an

d ta

nnin

s

Al-

Snafi

121

Der

ris e

llipt

ica

(Wal

l.)

Bent

h.Tu

bli/T

uba

root

Su

bane

n: T

hoba

Leav

esPo

und

plen

ty le

aves

and

ap

ply

until

itch

ines

s su

bsid

es.

Itch

ines

sCy

toto

xic

Rote

none

Zuba

iri e

t al

.122

Des

mod

ium

ca

pita

tum

–M

ani-

man

iLe

aves

A

pply

dire

ctly

in t

he

stom

ach

For p

regn

ant

wom

en–

Des

mod

ium

pu

lche

llum

–G

aan-

gaan

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n Ph

ysic

al re

laps

eCy

toto

xic

Alk

aloi

dsIn

stitu

te o

f N

atio

nalit

y M

edic

ine,

Ch

ina12

3 (Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 38Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Flem

ingi

a st

robi

lifer

a (L

.) W

. F. A

lton

Pana

pana

-ra

han/

Wild

ho

ps

Suba

nen:

Kol

ipes

Root

s

Root

s

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n(bo

il w

ith w

ater

an

d Ta

ke re

gula

rly.

Taki

ng fr

esh

wat

er is

pr

ohi-

bite

d).

Dec

octio

n (p

ound

en

ough

root

s an

d bo

il w

ith h

alf g

lass

of

wat

er. D

rink

thric

e a

day

for 3

day

s.)

Poun

d 7

leav

es a

nd a

pply

on

the

infla

med

are

a.

Tube

rcul

osis

Dia

bete

s

Infla

mm

atio

n

Ant

i mic

robi

alN

ew fl

avan

one

Ham

dard

U

nive

rsity

, In

dia12

4

Glir

icid

ia s

epiu

m

(Jac

q.) W

alp.

Mad

re d

e ca

cao/

St. V

ince

nt

Plum

Chav

: Mad

re d

e ca

cao

Taus

ug: M

adri

kaka

oVi

s: K

akaw

ate

Stem

Leav

es

Leav

es

Leav

es

Extr

actio

nPo

undi

ng

Dec

octio

n

Poul

tice

(pou

nd t

he

leav

es, a

dd v

ineg

ar

then

rub

all o

ver t

he

body

)

Swol

len

wou

nd, “

panu

hot”

Scab

ies,

fung

al in

fect

ion,

ra

shes

Skin

alle

rgy,

“pa

nuho

t”,

swel

ling

Conv

ulsi

on d

ue t

o hi

gh fe

ver

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

ntis

cabi

es,

antiv

iral

Form

osin

, for

mon

o-ne

tinKu

mar

and

Si

mon

125

Leuc

aena

le

ucoc

epha

la

(Lam

.) de

Wit

–Ip

il-ip

il Le

aves

Ch

ewin

gPa

rasi

tic w

orm

sA

nti h

elm

inth

icFl

avon

oids

King

Sau

d U

nive

rsity

, Ri

yadh

, Sau

di

Ara

bia12

6

Mim

osa

pudi

ca L

.M

akah

iya/

Se

nsiti

ve p

lant

Taus

ug: S

ipug

-sip

ugSu

bane

n: S

elom

-pa

tay/

Mah

arlik

a

Root

s

Leav

es

and

root

sRo

ots

Dec

octio

n

Dec

octio

n

Dire

ct a

pplic

atio

n

Fert

ility

, myo

ma,

abd

omin

al

pain

UTI

, phy

sica

l rel

apse

, “pa

smo”

. Toot

hach

e

Ana

lges

ic, a

nti

depr

essa

nt,a

nti a

sthm

atic

, ap

hrod

isia

c

Flav

onoi

ds, a

lkal

oids

, no

n-pr

otei

n am

ino

acid

(mim

osin

e)

Ahm

ad e

t al

. 20

12 12

7

Prem

na

odor

ata

Blan

coA

laga

w/F

ragr

ant

Prem

naA

bgau

Leav

esRo

ots

Bath

ing

Dec

octio

n“P

anuh

ot”

Myo

ma,

tum

orA

nti m

icro

bial

, ant

ioxi

dant

, an

ti in

flam

ma-

tory

, cy

toto

xic

Flav

onoi

ds, i

ridoi

d gl

ycos

ides

, di

terp

enoi

d

Uni

vers

iti

Keba

ngsa

an

Mal

aysi

a,

Kual

a Lu

mpu

r, M

alay

sia12

8

Pter

ocar

pus

indi

cus

Nar

ra/B

urm

ese

rose

-woo

dN

arra

Ba

rk

Dec

octio

n (d

rink

on a

n em

pty

stom

ach)

Post

-par

tum

car

e, L

BM,

hem

orrh

age

Ant

i mic

robi

alTe

rpen

oids

De

La S

alle

U

nive

rsity

, Ph

ilipp

ines

129

Phyl

lodi

um

pulc

hellu

mPa

yang

-pay

ang/

Ang

el lo

cks

Suba

nen:

Gaa

n-ga

anRo

ots

Dec

octio

n Ph

ysic

al re

laps

e A

nti h

elm

intic

, ant

i dia

rrhe

a A

lkal

oids

, buf

oten

in

Cai e

t al

.123

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants39Se

nna

alat

a (L

.) Ro

xb.

–A

sunt

ing

Leav

esLe

aves

D

ecoc

tion

Stea

mKi

dney

pro

blem

sTi

nea

vers

icol

orA

nti b

acte

rial,

antio

xida

nt,

antif

unga

l, an

tican

cer,

antiv

iral

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

s (t

anni

ns, a

lkal

oids

, fla

vono

ids,

an

thra

x-qu

inon

e,

sapo

nins

, phe

nolic

s

Ola

deji

et a

l.130

Sesb

ania

gra

ndifl

ora

(L.)

Pers

.Ka

tura

y/W

est

indi

an p

eaSu

bane

n: T

hori

Trun

kIn

fusi

on (S

crap

e th

e tr

unk

(7x)

and

boi

l w

ith e

noug

h w

ater

.D

rink

the

infu

sion

oft

en

until

wel

l)

Dia

rrhe

aTh

rom

bo-l

ytic

and

m

embr

ane

stab

ilizi

ng

activ

ities

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sLa

boni

et

al.13

1

Tam

arin

dus

indi

caSa

mpa

lok/

Tam

arin

dVi

s: S

amba

gLe

aves

Frui

t an

d le

aves

Dec

octio

n of

the

leav

es

for t

akin

g a

bath

.D

irect

eat

ing/

Extr

actio

n

Mea

sles

Gas

tro

inte

stin

al s

yste

m a

nd

rela

ted

diso

rder

s

Ant

i dia

betic

, ant

i mic

robi

al,

anti

veno

mic

, ant

ioxi

dant

, la

xativ

e, a

mel

io ra

tive

Esse

ntia

l am

ino

acid

s,

pota

ssiu

m, m

alic

ac

id, t

arta

ric a

cid

Kuru

132

Vign

a ra

diat

a (L

.) R.

Wilc

zek

Mon

ggo/

Mon

go

bean

Mon

ggo

Frui

tsCo

okin

gA

nem

iaA

nti h

yper

ten-

sive

, ant

i ca

ncer

, im

mun

o m

odul

ator

y ac

tiviti

es

Poly

phen

ol (v

itexi

n an

d is

ovite

xin)

Hou

et

al.13

3

Lam

iace

ae

Calli

carp

a to

men

tosa

Mal

abar

ho

ary/

Tiga

wSu

bane

n: T

igau

Youn

g le

aves

A

pply

dire

ctly

. To

otha

che

Ana

lges

ic, d

iure

tic

Gly

cosi

des,

flav

onoi

ds,

tann

ins

Shan

kar e

t al

.134

Cole

us b

lum

ei (S

yn.

Plec

tran

thus

sc

utel

lario

ides

(L.)

R.Br

.)

May

ana/

Cole

usCh

av: L

ampu

yaLe

aves

Leav

es

Leav

esLe

aves

Poun

ding

and

dire

ct

appl

icat

ion

Dec

octio

nSt

eam

and

app

lied

as

poul

tice.

Extr

actio

n

Swel

ling,

boi

ls

Feve

r, co

ugh

Feve

r

Wou

nds,

pos

t-pa

rtum

cl

eans

ing,

boi

ls

Ana

lges

ic, a

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, ant

i mic

robi

alA

lkal

oids

O

bena

135

Gm

elin

a ar

bore

a Ro

xb.

Gm

elin

aG

mel

ina

Taus

ug: J

ibili

naLe

aves

Leav

es

Leav

es

Youn

gle

aves

Dire

ct a

pplic

atio

n.Po

ultic

e

Hea

t le

aves

the

n ap

ply

dire

ctly

to

the

affe

cted

ar

ea.

Put

3 le

aves

on

the

area

.A

lway

s ch

ange

whe

n dr

ied.

Feve

r, co

lds

Art

hriti

s, in

flam

mat

ion,

fla

tule

nce

Hea

dach

e, fr

actu

re,

“pan

uhot

”

Back

pai

n

Ant

i bac

teria

l, an

tioxi

dant

, an

tidia

betic

Et

hano

l, n-

buta

nol,

ethy

l ace

tate

N

ayak

et

al.13

6

Men

tha

cord

ifelia

Yerb

a bu

ena

Yerb

a bu

ena

Leav

es

Sap

extr

actio

n, t

hen

mas

sage

to

affe

cted

pa

rt w

ith e

ucal

yptu

s.

Hea

dach

e, m

uscl

e pa

in,

arth

ritis

, rhe

umat

ism

Ana

lges

icM

enth

a-la

cton

eU

P-D

ilim

an,

Phili

ppin

es13

7

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 40Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Oci

mum

afr

ican

umBa

lano

y/Sw

eet

Basi

lCh

av: A

lbah

aca

Baja

u: S

ulas

e/M

amba

-win

gSu

bane

n: S

angi

g

Leav

esLe

aves

Root

sRo

ots

and

leav

es

Dec

octio

nEx

trac

tion

Dec

octio

nD

ecoc

tion

Skin

dis

ease

sFe

ver,

polio

, new

born

car

eA

sthm

aPo

st-p

artu

m c

are

Ana

lges

ic, a

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, ant

i mic

robi

alA

lkal

oids

, phe

nols

, ta

nnin

s, s

apon

ins,

fla

vono

ids,

ste

roid

s,

terp

enoi

ds

Pand

ey e

t al

.138

Orig

anum

vul

gare

L.

(Syn

. Col

eus

arom

atic

us B

enth

.)

Ore

gano

Chav

: Mar

jora

mVi

s: K

alab

oTa

usug

: Orig

ano

Suba

nen:

Glig

anu

Leav

esLe

aves

Youn

g le

aves

Dec

octio

nEx

trac

tionS

team

Po

und

enou

gh le

aves

an

d ex

trac

t th

e ju

ice.

G

ive

half

tsp

to a

chi

ld

twic

e a

day.

Ast

hma,

cou

gh, c

olds

Pneu

mon

iaKi

d’s

coug

h

Ant

i mic

robi

al a

ctiv

ityM

etha

nol,

dich

loro

m

etha

ne a

nd c

yclo

he

xane

, phe

nolic

co

mpo

unds

Sing

leta

ry13

9

Ort

hosi

phon

ar

ista

tus

Cat’s

whi

sker

sCh

av: B

arba

s de

gat

oVi

s:Ba

lbas

pus

aSu

bane

n:

Wac

hich

ao

Leav

es

Leav

es

Infu

sion

Dec

octio

n

Pain

s, d

iabe

tes,

urin

ary

trac

t in

fect

ion,

kid

ney

ston

esCo

ugh

Ant

i infl

amm

ator

yU

rsol

ic a

cid

Hsu

et

al.14

0

Pogo

stem

on

auric

ular

isCa

t’s t

ail

Bunt

ot p

usa

Suba

nen:

Bun

tot

sa

iring

Leav

es

and

flow

ers

Dec

octio

n U

TICy

toto

xic

Alk

aloi

ds, t

anni

n,

glyc

osid

es,

sapo

nins

, phe

nolic

, fla

vono

ids,

flav

on

glyc

osid

es

PG a

ndRe

sear

ch D

ept

of B

otan

y,

Tiru

chira

p-pa

lli-1

, Tam

il na

du, S

outh

In

dia14

1

Prem

na o

dora

ta

Blan

co–

Ala

gaw

Root

sLe

aves

D

ecoc

tion

Bath

ing

Myo

ma,

tum

or“P

anuh

ot”

Cyto

toxi

c, a

ntih

yper

gl

ycem

ia, a

nti m

icro

bial

, an

tioxi

dant

, ant

i in

flam

mat

ory,

imm

une

mod

ulat

ory

Flav

onoi

ds,

dite

rpen

oid

Dia

nita

and

Ja

ntan

, 201

7128

Vite

x ne

gund

o L.

Lagu

ndi/F

ive-

leav

ed c

hast

e tr

ee

Lagu

ndi

Leav

es

Youn

g le

aves

Dec

octio

n (B

oil 7

leav

es

with

one

gla

ss o

f w

ater

)Po

und

and

extr

act

the

juic

e. D

rink

1 tb

sp.

ofte

n.

Coug

h, a

sthm

a, fe

ver,

stom

ach

ache

, hea

dach

e,

feve

rCo

ugh

Ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ry,

anal

gesi

c, c

ytot

oxic

ef

fect

s

Phyt

o ch

emic

al

seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

s

Sri S

athy

a Sa

i U

nive

rsity

, In

dia14

2

Laur

acea

e

Cinn

amom

um

mer

cado

i Ci

nnam

onLi

tik-l

itik

Shoo

ts

Get

the

ext

ract

and

filt

er

it, t

hen

drin

k.Co

ver t

he le

aves

with

ba

nana

leav

es, p

lace

it

in a

mild

fire

the

n ge

t th

e ex

trac

t fr

om it

.

Coug

h fo

r kid

s A

nti b

acte

rial,

antio

xida

nt1,

1-di

phen

yl-2

-pi

cryl

hydr

azyl

(D

PPH

)-ra

dica

l sc

aven

ging

phe

nols

Kum

ar e

t al

.143

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants41Li

tsea

glu

tinos

a (L

our.)

C. B

. Rob

.Pu

so-

puso

/Ind

ian

laur

el

Yaka

n: P

usoh

bai

hSa

ma:

Lak

dan

bula

n

Leav

es,

stem

Dec

octio

nLB

M, p

ost-

part

um c

are

Cyto

toxi

c, a

nti

Hel

min

thic

, ant

ioxi

dant

Ph

enol

ic,

flavo

noid

s,

tann

in

Khw

aja

Yunu

s A

li U

nive

rsity

, Ba

ngla

desh

144

Pers

ea a

mer

ican

a M

ill.

Abo

kado

/ A

lliga

tor

Pear

Abo

kado

Leav

es

Frui

tsLe

aves

Dec

octio

n

Shak

e (b

lend

)Po

ultic

e

LBM

, sto

mac

h ac

he, c

ough

, U

TIH

yper

ten

sion

, dia

bete

sFe

ver

Ant

i-ox

idan

t, a

nti-

infla

m-

mat

ory

Etha

nol,

phen

olic

co

m-p

ound

sO

wol

abi e

t al

.145

Lecy

thid

acea

e

Barr

ingt

onia

Asi

atic

aFi

sh p

oiso

n tr

eeBi

toon

-bito

onLe

aves

Hea

ted

and

exte

rnal

ly

appl

ied

as p

oult

ice

Wou

nds,

sto

mac

h ac

he,

rheu

mat

ism

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

nalg

esic

Am

ides

, alk

aloi

ds,

ligna

ns, fl

avon

es

Um

aru

et a

l.146

Lilia

ceae

Alli

um a

scal

onic

um

–Si

bujin

gW

hole

pl

ant

Dec

octio

n Fe

ver

–

Liliu

m s

p.–

Suba

nen:

Niy

og-

niyo

gBu

lbD

ecoc

tion(

Slic

e in

to 7

pi

eces

and

boi

l with

3

glas

ses

of w

ater

.D

rink

the

deco

ctio

n of

ten

until

nee

ded.

)

Kidn

ey t

roub

le, i

nter

nal

illne

ss, t

uber

-cul

osis

, vo

mits

blo

od

–

Lyth

race

ae

Lage

rstr

oem

ia

spec

iosa

Bana

ba/Q

ueen

’s

Flow

erBa

naba

Leav

esTr

unk

&

root

sLe

aves

&

bark

Infu

sion

, Dec

octio

nD

ecoc

tion

Mix

ing

of e

xtra

cts

Dia

bete

s an

d ki

dney

dis

orde

rBo

dy a

ches

, UTI

Ove

rall

heal

th

Ant

i Hyp

er li

pide

mic

, an

tioxi

dant

, ant

ivira

l ac

tivity

Coro

solic

aci

d, g

allic

ac

id, e

llagi

c ac

id

Dep

t. o

f Ph

arm

aceu

-tic

al C

hem

istr

y,

Vign

an

Phar

mac

y Co

llege

, In

dia14

7,14

8 Cha

n et

al.,

201

8)

Mal

vace

ae

Abe

lmos

chus

es

cule

ntus

(L.)

Moe

nch.

Okr

a/La

dy’s

fin

gers

Okr

aFr

uits

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion

Dec

octio

nSt

omac

hac

he L

BMCa

rdio

pro

tect

ive,

rena

l pr

otec

tive,

neu

ro

prot

ectiv

e, a

ntic

ance

r, an

alge

sic,

ant

i ulc

er, a

nti

bact

eria

l, an

ti fa

tigue

Flav

onoi

ds, p

olys

ac-

char

ides

, vita

min

sD

uraz

zo e

t al

.149

Bide

ns p

ilosa

L.

Begg

ar-

ticks

/Spa

nish

ne

edle

Vis:

Tuw

ay-t

uway

Suba

nen:

Tul

ay-

tula

y

Root

s D

ecoc

tion

Hig

h fe

ver,

over

fatig

ue,

phys

ical

rela

pse

Ant

i mic

robi

al, c

ytot

oxic

, an

tioxi

dant

Phen

olic

com

poun

dsSi

ngh

et a

l.150

Cam

ptos

tem

on

phili

ppin

ense

(V

idal

) Bec

c.

-G

apas

-gap

as

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n D

iabe

tes

-

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 42Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Ceib

a pe

ntan

dra

(L.)

Gae

rtn.

Kapo

kTa

usug

: Kap

ukYa

kan:

Kay

oBa

rkLe

aves

Leav

es

Infu

sion

Dec

octio

nPo

und

7 le

aves

and

app

ly

on t

he in

flam

ed a

rea.

Feve

rA

rthr

itis,

hyp

er t

ensi

onIn

flam

mat

ion

Ana

lges

ic, a

nti m

icro

bial

, di

uret

ic, a

phro

disi

acFl

avon

oids

, is

oflav

ones

Osu

ntok

un e

t al

.151

Corc

horu

s ol

itoriu

s Ju

te m

allo

w

Salu

yot

Leav

es

Leav

esLe

aves

Get

the

leav

es a

nd d

ry

it. A

fter

dry

ing,

pou

r ho

t w

ater

to

the

drie

d le

aves

like

a t

eaD

ecoc

tion

Cook

ing

Hyp

er t

ensi

on

Hyp

er t

ensi

on, d

iabe

tes

Feve

r

Ant

ican

cer,

antio

xida

nt, a

nti

infla

mm

a-to

ry, a

nalg

esic

, an

tipyr

etic

, ant

i mic

robi

al

Poly

phen

ol, b

utan

ol

extr

act,

eth

yl

acet

ate,

cou

mar

ic

acid

, fer

ulic

, van

illic

, hy

drox

yl-b

enzo

ic,

vani

llic

acid

s

Has

an a

nd

Kadh

im15

2

Hib

iscu

s ro

sa-

sine

nsis

G

umam

ela/

Hib

iscu

sG

umam

ela

Flow

erEx

trac

tion

thro

ugh

poun

ding

(App

ly a

s po

ultic

e)

Hea

dach

e, b

oils

, sw

ellin

g an

d co

ughs

, wou

nds

Ant

i bac

teria

l, an

tioxi

dant

, an

tipyr

etic

Flav

onoi

ds, p

ro

anth

ocya

-nid

ins

Sing

h et

al.15

3

Pach

ira a

quat

ica

Mal

abar

ch

estn

utM

oney

tre

e pl

ant

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion

“Pas

mo”

–(on

ly t

o se

eds)

Pter

ocym

bium

tin

ctor

ium

Mer

r.Ta

loto

Suba

nen:

The

lloto

Trun

kPo

ultic

e (S

crap

e th

e tr

unk

thric

e, p

ut o

n th

e w

ound

and

sec

ure

with

a b

anda

ge o

r cl

oth)

Fres

h w

ound

–

Sida

acu

ta B

urm

. f.

Esco

bang

hab

a/br

oom

wee

dVi

s:Si

ligon

Suba

nen:

Esk

uban

g m

ayaw

is

Leav

esRo

ots

Poul

tice

Dec

octio

n St

omac

h ac

hePh

ysic

al re

laps

eA

nti a

sthm

a, a

nti i

nflam

ma-

tion,

ant

iulc

erA

lkal

oids

and

st

eroi

dal

com

poun

ds

Karo

u et

al.15

4

Theo

brom

a ca

cao

L.Ca

cao

Caca

oLe

aves

Youn

g fr

uit

Poul

tice

Crus

hed

and

appl

ied

dire

ctly

Boils

Infla

mm

atio

nA

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, an

tican

cer

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sBa

haru

m e

t al

.155

Mel

iace

ae

Lans

ium

do

mes

ticum

Corr

ea

Lans

ones

Yaka

n: B

ulah

anSu

bane

n: B

uwah

anFr

uit

peel

sBa

rkTr

unk

Dec

octio

nD

ecoc

tion

Infu

sion

(Scr

ape

the

trun

k 3x

and

put

¾

glas

s w

ater

and

let

it st

ay fo

r hal

f an

hour

. D

rink

3x a

day

with

or

with

out

mea

l. D

o th

is

as n

eede

d.)

UTI

Mal

aria

Hyp

er t

ensi

on

Ant

ican

cer,

cyto

toxi

c,

apop

totic

Se

cond

ary

met

abo-

lites

Chia

ng M

ai

Uni

vers

ity,

Chia

ng M

ai,

Thai

land

156

Sand

oric

um k

oetj

ape

(Bur

m.f.

) Mer

r.Sa

ntol

Vis:

Sant

olTa

usug

: San

tul

Bark

&

leav

esFr

uit

peel

sLe

aves

Dec

octio

n

Dec

octio

nD

ecoc

tion

Dia

rrhe

a, w

ashi

ng g

enita

ls

durin

g po

st-p

artu

m c

are

LBM

Swel

ling

Ant

i infl

amm

a-tio

nLi

mon

oids

Pa

ncha

roen

et

al.15

7

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants43Sw

iete

nia

mac

roph

ylla

Kin

gM

ahog

any

Taus

ug: M

ahug

ani

Seed

s D

ecoc

tion

& t

aken

ora

llyCo

ugh,

sto

mac

h ac

heA

nti m

icro

bial

, ant

i in

flam

ma-

tory

, an

tioxi

dant

, ant

i m

utag

enic

, ant

ican

cer,

antit

umor

, ant

idia

betic

Lim

onoi

ds a

nd it

s de

rivat

ives

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

alay

a, K

uala

Lu

mpu

r M

alay

sia15

8

Men

ispe

rmac

eae

Tino

spor

a ru

mph

ii Bo

erl

Mak

abuh

ay/

Hea

venl

y el

ixir

Baja

u: P

itaw

ali

Yaka

n: P

ait-

pait

Vis:

Pan

yaw

anSu

bane

n: P

ataw

ali

Stem

/ Vi

nes

Dec

octio

n

Get

the

ext

ract

the

n m

ix it

with

can

dle

wax

to

mak

e it

like

an o

intm

ent,

the

n m

assa

ge t

he b

ody

usin

g it.

Dec

octio

nPo

undi

ng

Poul

tice

Birt

h co

ntro

l, he

patit

is,

diab

etes

, fev

er, “

bugh

at”,

“p

asm

o” m

alar

ia,

coug

h, p

rost

ate

canc

er,

tube

rcul

osis

Art

hriti

s, s

kin

alle

rgie

s, h

yper

te

nsio

n, s

trok

e

LBM

, dia

bete

sSt

omac

h ac

he, h

eada

che,

do

g bi

tes

Ecze

ma

–

Tilia

cora

tia

ndra

Yana

ngTa

usug

: Jan

nang

Root

sD

ecoc

tion

Mou

th u

lcer

, fev

erA

ntio

xida

ntCa

rote

noid

, phe

nolic

co

mpo

unds

Ubo

n Ra

tcha

than

i U

nive

rsity

, Th

aila

nd15

9

Mor

acea

e

Art

ocar

pus

hete

roph

yllu

s La

m.

Jack

frui

tN

angk

aLe

aves

Leav

esBa

rk

Dec

octio

nPo

ultic

eSa

p ex

trac

tion

Hyp

er a

cidi

ty, a

sthm

aSo

reW

ound

s

Ant

iIn

flam

ma-

tory

Flav

onoi

dsU

nive

rsiti

Te

knol

ogi

Mal

aysi

a,

Mal

aysi

a160

Ficu

s el

astic

a Ro

xb.

ex H

orne

m.

–Ba

lite

na d

ako

Yaka

n: G

oma

Leav

es,

root

sPo

ultic

e, d

ecoc

tion

Coug

h, ra

shes

, can

cer

Ant

itum

or, a

ntio

xida

nt,

cyto

toxi

cFl

avon

oids

Haw

ary

et a

l.161

Ficu

s be

njam

ina

L.Ba

lete

/wee

ping

fig

Balit

e na

gam

aySu

bane

n: N

unok

Root

sPo

ultic

e/po

undi

ng/

crus

hing

/pul

veri-

zing

Br

oken

bon

esA

nti m

icro

bial

, ant

ioxi

dant

Ph

enol

ic c

ompo

unds

Imra

n et

al.16

2

Ficu

s he

tero

poda

Miq

–Su

bane

n: T

heta

nek

Trun

kIn

fusi

on (S

crap

e th

e tr

unk

man

y tim

es a

nd p

ut in

a

glas

s of

wat

er. T

ake

the

infu

sion

regu

larly

.)In

fusi

on (S

oak

smal

l sl

ices

in a

gla

ss o

f w

ater

for s

ever

al

min

utes

. Drin

k on

ly

once

.)

Tube

rcu-

losi

s

Ant

ibio

tic a

fter

ble

edin

g

–

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 44Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Ficu

s pu

mila

L.

–Ba

lite

na s

anga

Root

sD

ecoc

tion

Impo

tenc

e, m

enst

rual

di

sord

ers

- (le

aves

onl

y)

Ficu

s se

ptic

a Bu

rm.f.

Hau

iliLa

gnob

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n Ph

ysic

al re

laps

e, s

trok

eCy

toto

xic,

ana

lges

icSe

cond

ary

met

abol

ites

De

La S

alle

U

nive

rsity

163

Ficu

s sp

.–

Suba

nen:

Men

aol

Leav

es

Poul

tice

Mild

frac

ture

s, fl

atul

ence

–

Mor

inga

ceae

Mor

inga

ole

ifera

Lam

.M

alun

ggay

/H

orse

radd

ish

Vis:

Kam

ung-

gay

Leav

es

Leav

esLe

aves

Bark

Frui

tsSe

eds

Poun

ding

/cru

shin

g/

pulv

eri-

zing

whe

n dr

ied

Lum

ps, b

ruis

es, c

ontu

sion

, an

tifun

gal

Wou

ndFe

ver,

hype

r ten

sion

, art

hriti

s,

hype

r cho

lest

e-ro

lem

ia,

diab

etes

, can

cer

Dog

bite

s, w

ound

sD

iabe

tes

Hea

dach

e, t

ooth

ache

Ant

i infl

amm

atio

n, c

ytot

oxic

Vita

min

s, p

heno

lic

acid

s, fl

avon

oids

, is

othi

o cy

anat

es,

tann

ins,

sap

onin

s

Verg

ara-

Jim

enez

et

al.16

4

Mun

ting

iace

ae

Mun

tingi

a ca

labu

ra L

.A

ratil

es/C

herr

y tr

eeD

atile

sSu

bane

n:

Man

sani

tas

Leav

es

Frui

ts

Dec

octio

n

Dire

ct E

atin

g

Blee

ding

, kid

ney

infe

ctio

n,

ulce

r, m

yom

a, U

TI, h

yper

te

nsio

n tu

berc

ulos

isD

iabe

tes

Cyto

toxi

c, a

ntio

xida

nt, a

nti

infla

mm

a-to

ry, a

ntip

yret

icFl

avon

oids

, phe

nolic

co

mpo

unds

De

La S

alle

U

nive

rsity

, Ph

ilipp

ines

(R

agas

a et

al

.165 )

Mus

acea

e

Mus

a sp

p.Sa

ging

/Ban

ana

Sagi

ngTa

usug

: Say

ing

Leav

es

Chew

ing,

pou

ltic

eO

pen

wou

nds

–(on

ly t

o flo

wer

s, p

eels

, and

tru

nk)

Mus

a ac

umin

ata

Bana

naSa

ying

Sap,

bra

ctEx

trac

tion

Feve

r –

Mus

a sa

pien

tum

Sagi

ng/B

anan

aSa

ging

Youn

g le

aves

Wra

p ar

ound

the

chi

ld’s

bo

dy. C

hang

e w

hen

dry.

Hig

h gr

ade

feve

r in

child

ren

–(on

ly t

o flo

wer

s, p

eels

& t

runk

)

Mus

a sa

pien

tum

L.

var.

cine

rea

(Blc

o.)

Teod

.

Latu

ndan

/ Ba

nana

Suba

nen:

Sol

ibad

yuFr

uit

Leav

esEa

t in

clud

ing

the

fiber

Poun

d pl

enty

leav

es a

nd

appl

y on

the

aff

ecte

d pa

rt o

ften

.

Hea

rt fa

ilure

Shin

gles

–

Mus

a te

xtili

s N

eeA

baka

/Man

ila

hem

pA

baka

Trun

kSt

emW

ater

y sa

p ex

trac

tion

Hea

t a

smal

l por

tion

of

the

stem

and

roll

over

on

the

par

alyz

ed p

art.

Wou

nds

Para

lysi

s–

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants45M

yrta

ceae

Psid

ium

gua

java

L.

Baya

bas/

Gua

vaBa

yaba

sLe

aves

Leav

es

Leav

es

Frui

ts

Poun

d an

d ap

ply

dire

ctly

, de

coct

ion

Prep

ared

as

quid

thr

ough

or

al m

astic

atio

nD

ecoc

tion

& d

irect

dr

inki

ngD

irect

eat

ing

Wou

nds,

Ras

hes,

too

thac

he

Indu

ce p

rope

r dig

estio

n

Dia

rrhe

a, p

ost-

part

um c

are,

LB

M, f

ever

, cou

gh, r

ashe

sLB

M

Ant

i dia

rrhe

al, a

ntis

eptic

, an

ti sp

asm

odic

, an

tioxi

dant

, ant

i mic

robi

al,

anti

infla

mm

a-to

ry

Alk

aloi

ds, fl

avon

oids

, gl

ycos

ides

, sa

poni

ns a

nd

tann

ins

Uni

vers

ity o

f G

rana

da,

Spai

n166

Syzy

gium

cum

ini (

L.)

Skee

lsIn

dian

ber

ries

Lom

boy

Youn

g le

aves

Seed

s

Dire

ct e

atin

g

Dec

octio

n

Type

II

Dia

bete

s

Gas

tro

ente

ritis

Dia

stat

ic c

onve

rsio

n of

st

arch

into

sug

arA

ntho

cya

nins

, gl

ucos

ide,

alk

aloi

d,

jam

bosi

ne,

glyc

osid

e, ja

mbo

lin,

antim

ellin

Ayy

anar

&

Suba

sh-B

abu16

7

Syzg

ium

mal

acce

nse

(L.)

Mak

opa/

Mal

ay

appl

eSu

bane

n: T

ual

Trun

kW

ash

the

inne

r par

t an

d ea

t un

til n

eede

d.Ch

ew a

ort

ion

of t

he

inne

r par

t of

the

tru

nk.

Swal

low

the

juic

e.

Coug

hA

ntio

xida

nt

Phen

olic

s, a

ntho

cy

anin

s (c

yani

din

3-gl

ucos

ide)

Nun

es e

t al

.168

Och

nace

ae

Och

na s

erru

lata

Mic

key

mou

se

bush

Ta

usug

: San

ting

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion

Phys

ical

rela

pse

Ant

i mic

robi

alBi

flavo

noid

Don

gguk

U

nive

rsity

, Ko

rea16

9

Ole

acea

e

Jasm

inum

sam

bac

L.Sa

mpa

guita

/A

rabi

an

jasm

ine

Sam

pagu

itaSt

emD

ecoc

tion

Birt

h co

ntro

lA

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, an

tican

cer,

antio

xida

nt,

antid

iabe

tican

ti m

icro

bial

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sJa

ya P

rakk

ash

et

al.17

0

Oxa

lidac

eae

Aver

rhoa

bili

mbi

L.

Kam

ias/

Cu

cum

ber

tree

Iba

Vis:

Bal

imbi

ngFr

uits

Frui

ts

Dec

octio

nD

irect

eat

ing/

Juic

e ex

trac

tion

Art

hriti

sCh

roni

c he

adac

he, f

ever

, co

ugh,

gas

tro

ente

ritis

Ant

i mic

robi

alA

lipha

tic a

cids

, oxa

lic

acid

, vita

min

C

Alh

assa

n an

d A

hmed

171

Biop

hytu

m

sens

itivu

m (L

.) D

C-

Suba

nen:

Guy

eng-

ham

Leav

esSp

read

and

mix

leav

es

with

the

see

dlin

gs p

rior

to p

lant

ing.

Spre

ad t

he le

aves

all

over

th

e fie

ld a

nd c

rops

pr

ior t

o ha

rves

t.

Ritu

al o

n pl

antin

g an

d ha

rves

ting

rice

Ant

i ulc

er, a

nti b

acte

rial,

antio

xida

nt a

ntitu

mor

, an

tipyr

etic

, im

mun

o-m

odul

ator

yant

idia

betic

Seco

ndar

y m

etab

olite

sBh

arat

i and

Sa

hu17

2 (Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 46Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Pand

anac

eae

Pand

anus

am

aryl

lifol

usPa

ndan

Pand

anTa

usug

: Pan

gdan

m

agih

Leav

es

and

root

s

Dec

octio

n ca

n be

use

d fo

r bat

hRh

eum

a-tis

m, h

yper

ten

sion

, pa

in re

lieve

rA

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, an

tioxi

dant

Pa

nda

mar

ine

B an

d pa

ndal

izin

e C

and

D

Chen

g173

Pand

anus

sp.

Frag

rant

scr

ew

pine

Rom

lon

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n Fe

ver

Ant

i oxi

dant

Ph

enol

ic c

onte

ntJi

mta

ison

g an

d Kr

isda

phon

g174

Peda

liace

ae

Sesa

mum

indi

cum

L.

Ling

a/Se

sam

eBa

jau:

Lun

gaSe

eds

Extr

actio

n an

d ap

plie

d as

po

ultic

eSk

in it

ch, w

ound

sA

nti-

oxid

ant,

che

latin

g ca

paci

ty

Prot

eins

(lys

ine,

tr

ypto

phan

&

met

hion

ine)

Mira

j and

Kia

ni17

5

Phyl

lant

hace

ae

Phyl

lant

hus

niru

ri L.

Sam

pa-

sam

palu

kan/

Gal

e of

the

w

ind

Sam

bag-

sam

bag

Suba

nen:

Tul

og-

tulo

g

Leav

esRo

ots

Extr

actio

nD

ecoc

tion

Burn

sH

igh

feve

r –

Pipe

race

ae

Pipe

r adu

ncum

L.

Spik

ed p

eppe

rSu

bane

n: T

halo

n-th

alon

Root

s

Youn

g le

aves

Dec

octio

n(Bo

il 3

piec

es

of 7

inch

es ro

ots

with

en

ough

wat

er. G

argl

e so

me

and

drin

k th

e re

mai

ning

Poun

d an

d sq

ueez

e th

e ju

ice

on t

he w

ound

on

ly o

nce.

Toot

hach

e

Fres

h w

ound

Ant

i mic

robi

alEs

sent

ial o

ilsM

onzo

te e

t al

.176

Pipe

r bet

le L

. (Sy

n.

with

Pip

er b

etel

Bl

anco

)

Bete

lBu

yoYa

kan:

Tek

key

Suba

nen:

Tha

lon

Leav

esLe

aves

Leav

es

Chew

ing

Poul

tice

Extr

actio

n an

d m

ix

with

rubb

ing

alco

hol,

appl

ied

dire

ctly

Den

tal c

arie

s“P

anuh

ot”

“Bin

at”,

can

cer

Ant

ican

cer,

Ant

i bac

teria

lA

lkal

oids

, tan

nins

, st

eroi

ds, c

havi

beto

l, ch

avic

ol

Dw

ived

i and

Tr

ipat

hi17

7

Pipe

r int

erru

ptum

-Su

bane

n: T

halo

n ge

kbek

Leav

esPo

und

leav

es, m

ix w

ith

lime

pow

der a

nd a

pply

on

the

aff

ecte

d ar

ea

ofte

n.

Ring

wor

mEm

ollie

nt, a

nti r

heum

atic

, di

uret

ic, s

timul

ant,

ant

i in

flam

ma-

tory

, ant

i ba

cter

ial,

antif

unga

l

Alk

aloi

dsG

utié

rrez

et

al.17

8

Pepe

rom

ia p

ellu

cida

Ula

sim

ang

bato

Chav

: Alu

mbr

eVi

s: S

inaw

-sin

awTa

usug

: Lan

sang

-la

nsan

g

Leav

esEx

trac

tion

& d

irect

ap

plic

a-tio

nW

ound

dre

ssin

g, h

eada

che,

to

otha

che

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

ntio

xida

nt,

anti

infla

mm

a-to

ry,

anal

gesi

c

Alk

aloi

ds, fl

avon

oids

, sa

poni

ns,

terp

enoi

ds, s

tero

ids

and

glyc

osid

es

Ragh

aven

dra

&

Pras

hith

179

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants47Po

acea

e

Bam

busa

bam

bos

(L.)

Voss

.Ka

uaya

n-tin

ik/

Spin

y Ba

mbo

oCh

av:K

ania

Leav

esBu

rn t

he le

aves

and

the

as

hes

will

be

appl

ied

on t

he a

ffec

ted

area

as

pou

ltic

e

Scab

ies

Ant

iIn

flam

ma-

tory

, ant

i m

icro

bial

Alk

aloi

ds, s

tero

ids,

ta

nnin

s, g

lyco

side

s,

flavo

noid

s

Thap

a et

al.18

0

Cym

bopo

gon

citr

atus

Lem

on g

rass

Chav

: Tan

glad

Baja

u: S

aiy

Taus

ug: S

aiYa

kan:

Sal

eySu

bane

n: T

henl

ad

Stem

and

le

aves

Dec

octio

nN

ause

a, h

yper

-ten

sion

; sor

e th

roat

Ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ry,

antic

ance

r, an

ti ba

cter

ial,

anal

gesi

c ac

tivity

Esse

ntia

l oil

com

pone

nts

MSU

-IIT

181–

184

Cyno

don

dact

ylon

-

Berm

uda

Who

le

plan

tD

ecoc

tion

Hai

r fal

l, ki

dney

sto

nes

-

Eleu

sine

indi

ca (L

.) G

aert

nPa

ragi

s/G

oose

gr

ass

Bila

-bila

Suba

nen:

Su

lapi

d/Sh

elap

id

Leav

es/

Root

s D

ecoc

tion

Myo

ma,

cys

ts, c

ance

r, fe

ver

Ant

ibio

tic a

nd a

ntic

ance

rSa

poni

ns, c

yano

geni

c gl

ycos

ides

, un

satu

rate

d la

cton

es, g

luco

sino

la

tes

Al-

Zuba

iri e

t al

.185

Impe

rata

cyl

indr

ica

(L.)

Raeu

sch.

Cogo

n gr

ass

Kugo

nSu

bane

n: G

egi

Root

s D

ecoc

tion

Nos

eble

ed

–

Sacc

haru

m

offic

inar

um L

.Su

garc

ane

Tubo

Suba

nen:

The

buSt

emRo

aste

d an

d ea

ten

Coug

hA

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, an

alge

sic,

ant

ihyp

er

glyc

emic

, diu

retic

, and

he

pato

pro

tect

ive

Fatt

y ac

id, a

lcoh

ol,

phyt

oste

rol,

high

er t

erpe

noid

s,

flavo

noid

s,

glyc

osid

es, p

heno

lic

acid

s

Tayl

or18

6

Sacc

hariu

m

viol

acei

um T

ussa

cTu

bo/S

ugar

can

eSu

bane

n: T

hebu

m

enub

oSt

emEa

t th

e st

em/f

ruit

ofte

n.H

epat

itis

Ant

ioxi

dant

act

ivity

, ch

oles

tero

l-lo

wer

ing

prop

ertie

s

Vario

us fa

tty

acid

, al

coho

l, ph

ytos

tero

l, hi

gher

ter

peno

ids,

fla

vono

ids,

-O

- an

d -C

-gly

cosi

des,

ph

enol

ic a

cids

Sing

h et

al.18

7

Zea

may

sM

ais/

Corn

Mai

sFr

uit grai

nsD

irect

Coo

king

Dia

bete

sH

ypo

glyc

emic

, ant

ioxi

dant

Ph

enol

ic c

onte

nt

(TPC

), an

tho

cyan

ins

Fabi

la-G

arca

et

al.18

8

Poly

podi

acea

e

Asp

leni

um s

p.Bi

rd’s

nes

t fe

rnKa

bkab

on

Fron

d ex

trac

tIn

fusi

on/D

ecoc

tion

Labo

r pai

ns, “

bugh

at”

(phy

sica

l rel

apse

)A

ntic

ance

r, an

tioxi

dant

, ant

i m

icro

bial

Flav

onoi

dsJa

rial e

t al

.189

Rubi

acea

e

Coff

ea a

rabi

ca L

.Co

ffee

Kape

Seed

s D

ecoc

tionp

ound

ing

Lung

can

cer

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

ntio

xida

nt

Chlo

ro-g

enic

aci

d an

d ca

ffei

neU

nive

rsity

of

Phay

ao, P

haya

o,

Thai

land

190

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 48Ta

ble

1. (

Cont

inue

d)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Mor

inda

citr

ifolia

L.

Apa

tot/

Non

i fru

itBa

jau:

Ban

gkor

oLe

aves

, fr

uit

Dec

octio

nFr

actu

res,

can

cer

–

Psyc

hotr

ia v

elut

ina

Elm

er-

Suba

nen:

Dle

balu

dTr

unk

Root

s

Dec

octio

n (S

crap

e th

e in

ner p

art

and

boil

with

wat

er. D

rink

until

th

e bl

eedi

ng s

tops

.W

ash

a sm

all r

oot a

nd e

at.

Repe

at th

e pr

oced

ure

until

the

blee

ding

sto

ps.

Hem

or-r

hage

Hem

or-r

hage

–

Ruta

ceae

Citr

ofor

tune

lla

mic

roca

rpa

Cala

man

siKa

lam

ansi

Leav

esFr

uits

Dec

octio

nJu

ice

extr

actio

n of

frui

t an

d m

ix w

ith w

arm

w

ater

Dia

bete

sLo

wer

s bl

ood

chol

este

rol,

coug

h

Ant

i mic

robi

al, a

ntio

xida

nt

Flav

onoi

d, v

itam

in C

De

La S

alle

U

nive

rsity

191

Citr

us m

axim

a (B

urm

.) M

err.

Pom

elo

Boon

gon

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n G

as p

ain,

“pa

nuho

t”A

nti-

derm

ato-

phyt

ic a

nd

fung

icid

al a

ctiv

ityEs

sent

ial o

ilsVi

jayl

aksh

mi&

Ra

dha19

2

Citr

us li

mon

(L.)

Osb

eck

Lem

onLe

mon

Frui

ts

Infu

sion

, Ext

ract

ion

Canc

er, b

acte

rial i

nfec

tions

, co

ugh

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i mic

robi

alEs

sent

ial o

ils

(lim

onen

e, g

eran

ial,

and

nera

l)

Hoj

jati

&

Barz

egar

193

Citr

us m

icro

carp

a Bu

nge

Cala

man

siKa

lam

ansi

Frui

ts

Juic

e ex

trac

tion

Coug

hA

nti o

xida

nt, a

nti m

icro

bial

Flav

onoi

d, v

itam

in C

De

La S

alle

U

nive

rsity

191

Sapo

tace

ae

Chry

soph

yllu

m

cain

ito L

.St

ar a

pple

Caim

itoLe

aves

D

ecoc

tion

Dia

bete

s, e

xces

sive

ble

edin

g,

LBM

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ry, h

ypo

tens

ive,

ant

i m

icro

bial

Poly

phe

nolic

ant

i ox

idan

ts, q

uerc

etin

, m

yric

itrin

Lou

et a

l.194

Syns

epal

um

dulc

ificu

mM

iracl

e fr

uit

Mag

ic fr

uit

Frui

t D

irect

eat

ing

Kidn

ey d

isea

ses

Ant

i oxi

dant

, glu

cosi

dase

in

hibi

tion

Aca

rbos

e, M

FP-S

, M

FP-L

, pol

y sa

ccha

rides

Jian

et

al.19

5

Schi

zaea

ecea

e

Lygo

dium

sp.

–Su

bane

n: N

itoan

m

iha

Root

sW

ash

root

s an

d ea

t re

gula

rly“P

agan

”–

Sela

gine

lla d

elic

atul

a (D

esv.

ex.

Poi

r.)–

Suba

nen:

D

endu

nay

Leav

esH

eat

enou

gh le

aves

unt

il bu

rnt.

App

ly p

owde

r ar

ound

the

wou

nd.

Seve

re w

ound

on

the

brea

st,

shin

gles

–

Sim

arou

bace

ae

Eury

com

a lo

ngifo

lia

Tong

kat

ali/L

ong

jack

Yaka

n: T

ungk

at a

liLe

aves

D

ecoc

tion

Hea

dach

e Er

goge

nic

effe

ct

Alk

aloi

dsU

nive

rsiti

Sai

ns

Mal

aysi

a196

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants49Sm

ilace

ae

Smila

x br

acte

ata

Pres

l.Sa

rsap

arill

a vi

neSu

bane

n: B

anag

Root

sD

ecoc

tion(

Boil

with

en

ough

root

s an

d dr

ink

ofte

n)

“Pag

an”

–

Sola

nace

ae

Caps

icum

ann

uum

L.

Sili

Sili

Frui

tsPo

undi

ngTo

otha

che

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ana

lges

icCa

psai

-cin

, car

ote-

noid

s lu

tein

, as

corb

ic a

cid

Ana

nd a

nd B

ley19

7

Caps

icum

frut

esce

ns

L.Si

li/Re

d pe

pper

Sili

Leav

es

Stea

m

Feve

r A

nalg

esic

, ant

ioxi

dant

Lute

in, a

scor

bic

acid

, cap

saic

in,

caro

teno

ids

Ana

nd a

nd B

ley19

7

Dat

ura

met

el L

.Ka

tsu-

bong

/Tho

rn

appl

e

Suba

nen:

Gin

te-

long

Seed

sH

eat

the

seed

s in

a p

ot

cove

red

with

coc

onut

sh

ell w

ith a

hol

e. S

ip

the

fum

e th

roug

h a

stra

w a

nd s

pit

on a

pa

per a

fter

war

ds

Toot

hach

e-

Lyco

pers

icon

es

cule

ntum

Mill

.Ka

mat

is/T

omat

oKa

mat

isLe

aves

Dire

ct C

hew

ing

Coug

hA

nti o

xida

tive,

ant

i pro

lifer

a-tiv

e, a

ntic

ance

r, an

ti in

flam

ma-

tory

Flav

onoi

dsCh

audh

ary

et

al.19

8

Sola

num

mel

onge

naTa

long

/ N

ight

shad

eCh

av: P

aton

g-pa

tong

Entir

e pl

ant

Infu

sion

Pain

relie

ver,

mus

cle

rela

xer,

coug

hA

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, an

tioxi

dant

Alk

aloi

ds, s

olan

ine

Dep

artm

ent

of

Phys

iolo

gy a

nd

Phar

ma-

colo

gy,

Rom

e, I

taly

199

(Di S

otto

et

al.,

2018

)

Sola

num

nig

rum

Blac

k ni

ghts

hade

Taus

ug: A

ntut

u-ng

awW

hole

pl

ant

Infu

sion

of t

he w

hole

yo

ung

plan

tFe

ver

Ant

i oxi

dant

, ant

i infl

amm

a-to

ry, a

ntip

yret

ic a

gent

, an

ti tu

mor

igen

ic

Gly

co-a

lkal

oids

(s

olam

ar g

ine,

so

laso

nine

, so

lani

ne)

Jain

et

al.20

0

Tilia

ceae

Triu

mfe

tta

bart

ram

ia

L.–

Suba

nen:

Dal

upan

gFl

ower

Cr

ushe

d an

d ap

plie

d di

rect

lyFu

runc

le

–

Urt

icac

eae

(3)

Leuc

osyk

e ca

pite

llata

(P

oir)

Wed

d.–

Suba

nen:

G

lom

bila

n/A

laga

siSt

emEa

t a

smal

l por

tion

until

ne

eded

Coug

h–

Pipt

urus

asp

erD

alun

otSu

bane

n: H

anda

la-

may

Leav

esPo

ultic

eA

llerg

y–

(Con

tinue

d)

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 50

Tabl

e 1.

(Co

ntin

ued)

Fam

ily/

Scie

ntif

ic

nam

e (I

ncl.

Aut

hor)

Com

mon

na

me(

loca

l +

Engl

ish)

Indi

geno

us n

ame

Plan

t pa

rt

used

Mod

e of

pre

para

tion

Folk

lori

c us

e

Lite

ratu

re r

evie

wR

esea

rch

done

by

Ins

titu

tion

(R

efer

ence

s)B

io-a

ctiv

itie

sA

ctiv

e is

olat

es

Urt

ica

dioi

caSt

ingi

ng n

ettl

eA

linga

tong

Leav

es

and

root

s

Dec

octio

nFo

r som

e ca

ncer

ailm

ents

, “h

ilo”

Ant

i-ox

idan

t, a

nti m

icro

bial

, an

ti in

flam

ma-

tory

, an

tivira

l, an

tiulc

er

Esse

ntia

l am

ino

acid

s, fa

tty

acid

s, c

arot

enes

, te

rpen

oids

, po

ly p

heno

lic

com

poun

ds

Adh

ikar

i et

al.20

1

Verb

enac

eae

Lant

ana

cam

ara

L.Ko

roni

tas/

Stin

k gr

ass

Vis:

War

ak/B

aho-

baho

Suba

nen:

Kan

ding

-ka

ndin

g

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n LB

MA

ntic

ance

rEs

sent

ial o

ilsZa

ndi-

Soha

ni e

t al

.202

Stac

hyta

rphe

ta

jam

aice

nsis

(L.)

Vahl

Kand

ila-

kand

ilaan

/Blu

e po

rter

wee

d

Yaka

n: B

ilu-b

iluSu

bane

n: D

lom

pe-

reng

Leav

es

Dec

octio

n Br

east

cys

t A

nti m

icro

bial

, ant

ifung

al

Verb

as-c

osid

eLi

ew a

nd Y

ong20

3

Vit

acea

e

Tetr

astig

ma

hem

sley

anum

Ayo

/Alu

pida

nSu

bane

n: T

apar

akBa

rk, s

ap

Poun

d, p

oult

ice

Wou

nd

Rheu

ma-

tism

, hep

atiti

s A

lkal

oids

, phy

to

ster

oids

Kr

ishn

a et

al.20

4

Zing

iber

acea

e

Cost

us s

peci

osus

(J.

Koen

ig) S

m.

Spira

l gin

ger

Suba

nen:

Tiw

asi

Leav

esD

ecoc

tion(

Boil

2 gl

asse

s of

leav

es w

ith a

mpl

e w

ater

. Drin

k of

ten.

)

Coug

h, d

iabe

tes

–

Curc

uma

long

a L.

Turm

eric

Dul

awSu

bane

n: D

luya

Them

baga

Rhi-z

omes

D

ecoc

tion

Use

the

infu

sion

as

eyed

rops

Myo

ma,

hep

atiti

s, p

hysi

cal

rela

pse

Sore

eye

s, s

tye

Ant

i-ox

idan

t, a

nti-

ulce

rA

lkal

oids

, ter

peno

ids,

cu

rcum

i-no

ids

Dep

artm

ent

of

Med

icin

e, T

he

Uni

vers

ity o

f A

rizon

a, T

ucso

n,

AZ20

5

Kaem

pfer

ia g

alan

ga

L.G

isol

/Res

urre

c-tio

n lil

ySu

bane

n: G

isol

Rhi-z

omes

Poul

tice

Dee

ply

punc

ture

d–

Zing

eber

offi

cina

le

Rosc

oeG

inge

rLu

y-a

Suba

nen:

Taw

asi

Rhi-z

omes

Dec

octio

nSo

re t

hroa

t, h

eada

ches

, col

ds,

naus

ea, e

mes

isA

nti o

xida

nt, a

nti i

nflam

ma-

tory

, ant

i mic

robi

al,

antic

ance

r, an

tiem

etic

ac

tiviti

es

Phen

olic

com

poun

ds

(gin

gero

ls a

nd

shog

aols

), te

rpen

es,

Mao

et

al.20

6

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants51

is followed by V. negundo (Family Lamiaceae) and P. guajava (Family Mrytaceae). On the other hand, Annona muricata (guyabano) of the Family Annonaceae, is the most frequently utilized plant in treating diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.

The leaf part is the most frequently utilized plant part in a decoction process since they are easily collected and stored.31Leaves are also the sites of production and storehouse of many chemical compounds (tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids) generating important phytochemicals for effective healing ability .39 In terms of the mode of preparation, the decoction is the most common process in preparing herbal medicines. This preparation involves the boiling of the plant materials for an extended period, so the hard material of the plants will soften and release its active components.207

Figures 2 and 3 show the graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the

species and families of medicinal plants utilized based on ethnobotanical studies and systematic reviews, respectively.

In terms of the ethnobotanical practices, the Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, comprised the highest number of utilized medicinal plants (50) from 32 families being. According to De Guzman et al.,31 Visayans are resourceful enough to utilize plants as alternative medicine (commonly called “Binisayang tambal”). B. tambal practice serves as the local primary health care, especially in rural areas and patients claimed that it is effective. In terms of systematic reviews, the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, comprised the highest number of medicinal plant species (89) from 41 families. Bellen,207 in their study wrote that “they regard that the knowledge on the use of plants for medicines are bestowed through a dream and the practice of utilizing these medicinal plants are passed on throughout generations.”

Figure 2 Graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the species and families of medicinal plants utilized based on ethnobotanical studies.

Figure 3 Graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the species and families of medicinal plants utilized based on systematic reviews.

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 52

Literature reviews from the different published research reveal important bioactivities and bioisolates of the medicinal plants utilized. Among all ethnolinguistic groups, the following 52 medicinal plants need further investigations for their active bioisolates and bioactivities: P. aquatica, O. cochenillifera, T. rumphii, M. citrifolia, kayumanis and kambal-simangko, C. utan, S. trifasciata, Artemisia sp., I. cylindrica, C. philippinse, Ficus sp., F. pumila, M. acuminata bract, S. astylosa bark, F. latifolia, H. rubescens, O. diversifolium, Calamus sp., Radermachera sp., B. cernua, A. rhomboidea, Lilium sp., P. tinctorium, F. heteropoda, M. textilis, M. sapientum, M. sapientum L. var. cinerea, P. velutina, Lycodium sp., S. delicatula, S. bracteata, D. metel, S. tarpheta jamaicensis, C. speciosus, K. galanga, C. elata, A. philippinensis, M. floribunchus, P. ninuri, H. colorata, E. ambionensis, H. vulgaris, Sansevieria spp., P. spicatus, J. podagrica, M. floribunda, D. capitatum, A. ascalohicum, C. dactylon, T. bertramia, and L. capitellata.

While all the ethnolinguistic groups utilized medicinal plants to cure common respiratory diseases to critical diseases, they also have unique traditional practices in treating locally termed conditions. Table 2 shows the variations in terms of the seven locally termed conditions and associated rituals among the different ethnolinguistic groups.

Among the locally termed diseases of the different ethnolinguistic groups, “bughat” occupies the topmost (9), followed by “pasmo” (6), and “panuhot” (5). The Subanens of Margostubig exhibits the highest of these locally termed diseases, five of which are: bughat, kabag, panuhot, pasmo, and piang that lack scientific support yet. Many locals believe in these even today. In the preceding discussions, these are described based on literature reviews:

BUGHAT (PHYSICAL RELAPSE)

This condition is usually experienced by women who perform heavy physical activity post pregnancy. The woman suffering

from physical relapse feels weak, very tired, and sometimes has flu-like symptoms. According to Millondaga,208 “bughat” is often perceived as a natural reaction of women to pregnancy and childbirth in some rural areas of the Philippines. However, the word "relapse," refers to the state of deterioration of health after recovery.31

BUTOD SA TIYAN (GAS PAIN DUE TO ABDOMINAL DISTENTION)

Symptoms include bloating and irritable bowel syndrome. The pathophysiology of bloating and abdominal distention is complicated and incompletely understood.209On the other hand, butod sa tiyan caused by “impasto” (indigestion) may lead to infantile colic. According to Sung,210infantile colic refers to excessive crying of unknown causes in infants.

KABUHI

This is an indescribable feeling in the epigastric region of the abdomen. The symptoms include rapid palpitation that causes dizziness and cold sweats. The remedy according to folkloric treatment, is to apply pressure at the point of origin. There are many other treatments from different regions of the Philippines, but historically they just apply pressure on the gastric area and wrap the waist with a piece of cloth, making it like a belt.

HILO

The Visayans of Dapitan and Subanen believed in “hilo.” According to Elago et al.,23 some folks died or were sick because of saled (hilo). Feelings of physical malaise, indescribable overfatigue, with untreated cough are often experienced by folks diagnosed with hilo. Saled or poison is a practice to make someone ill or die. This is still in practice, by the all the folks. In an interview with a “timuay,” the transmission of “hilo” can either be accidental or intentional.

Table 2 Variations in terms of locally termed diseases and associated rituals among the different ethnolinguistic groups. [AQ2]

Locally termed diseases

Total per locally- termed disease

Ethnolinguistic groups

1 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9 10 11* 12# 13# 14# 15#

1. Bughat 9 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2. Butod sa tiyan 2 √ √

3. Kabuhi 1 √

4. Hilo 2 √ √

5. Panuhot 5 √ √ √ √ √

6. Pasmo 6 √ √ √ √ √ √

7. Piang 2 √ √

Total per tribe 3 1 3 2 1 1 – 3 – 5 3 – 1 1 3

Legend: 1 – Chavacanos of ZC 8 – Visayans of Ipil & Siay, Zambo. Sibugay 2 – Bajaus of ZC 9 – Subanens of Titay & Diplahan, Zambo. Sibugay 3 – Visayans of Dapitan City 10 – Subanens of Margosatubig, Zambo. Sur 4 – Visayans of Dipolog City 11 – Subanons of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte 5 – Tausugs of Isabela City, Basilan 12 – Subanens of Dumingag, ZDS39

6 – Yakans of Isabela City, Basilan 13 – Subanens of Lapuyan, Zambo. Sur 40

7 – Sama of Isabela City, Basilan 14 – Traditional practitioners of RM41

15 – Tribal healers of Pagadian City, ZDS30

* With unique traditional ritual related to folkloric medicinal use. # Based on systematic reviews. √ Observed in the tribe

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants53

Accidental is through food while intentional is done by an expert “manghiloay.”

They conspire because they are jealous of somebody’s growth, or do not want others to be ahead of them in terms of wealth, wisdom, or even in physical appearance. Saled is also a way of defending oneself from enemies or possible allies and is not advisable as it is dangerous.

Figure 4 shows the medicinal plant used to fight against “hilo” and the “lana” made by a “balian” (traditional healer).

The medicinal plant known as “gua” is used by the Subanon to fight hilo. Their root parts are directly chewed as medicine. The individual attacked by a “manghiloay,” will feel the following symptoms: sore throat, cough, muscle pain, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and the indescribable feeling of malaise. Chewing this medicinal root will counteract the effect of hilo. If the individual feels a bitter taste, this confirms the attack by hilo and vice versa.

In a similar manner, the “lana”, made by a balian can cure “hilo” and is considered as a “sulukupan” (multi-purpose medicinal plant). This comprises the roots of 3 medicinal plants that are under molecular analyses for their identification. This root mixture is infused with coconut oil and applied on the head or any areas that need treatment or a teaspoonful of it can also be orally taken. The folks caution that a not properly stored mixture can be ineffective.

PANUHOT

“Panuhot” is another illness reported by the Visayans, which occurs when wind enters the body’s nerves and tissues, causing pain and swelling in areas where they have consolidated.211

PASMO

“Pasmo” occurs when a person is over working beyond his physical capacities without adequate rest. The symptoms are body malaise, muscle jerking, and spasms evident on the extremities, accompanied by headache and dizziness.212

PIANG

“Piang” is a sprain or dislocation of nerves or tissues, affecting any part of the body brought about by a fall or mishandling of the child. 211 These result in cough mainly when they affect the chest, back, or underarm.

The folk etiology also reports that, cold wind can enter the “piang” site causing the cough termed “gipanuhot ang piang.”

211 Only a manghihilot (masseur) can treat this condition; midwives or physicians are not capable of managing “piang.” “Piang” as a significant cause of cough is widespread in many areas of the Philippines.213

All the locally termed diseases among different ethnic groups are diagnosed based on their local traditional healers, which can be influenced by the individual’s health-seeking behavior and the healer choices. Table 3 shows the factors influencing the health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices.

The outcomes of Table 3 show that all the respondents (100 %) revealed that the effectiveness of the treatment based on their personal experiences influenced their health-seeking behavior to ethnobotanical practices. Effectiveness refers to the extent to which specific treatments can relieve or cure certain ailments. This is followed by the availability/accessibility of the medicinal plants within the locality (94.85%). This is attested by the defined field sampling conducted. A fact sheet of the WHO (dated December 2015) stated that one of the topmost reasons why 80% of the population in some Asian and African countries depends on traditional medicine is because of the easy availability of medicinal plants and geographical constraints versus health care facilities.

Some folkloric groups perform rituals before the use of the medicinal plant for enhanced effective disease treatment. According to them a ritual is a communicative means for uniting spiritual and material, scientific and special, daily expectations, past and present, and other principle structures contributing to the development of an individual’s life.214 Only few studies are reported with rituals because of the challenges encountered to sustain these practices.215The present study has documented the rituals performed by the three ethnolinguistic tribes (the Subanon of Zamboanga del Norte, Bajau of Zamboanga City, and Visayan of Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay) with photo and video evidences.

Subanon (same with Subanen but different pronunciation) is one of the tribal groups in Mindanao, the Philippines, which performs various rituals,218 their traditional folkloric healing knowledge in the Zamboanga Peninsula area is minimal. The challenges encountered to sustain these practices include the barrier in transmitting this tradition to the next generation. The link https://youtu.be/WO2OQ62tGIw documents the video performed by the “balian” of Subanon in Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte, with medicinal plant usage. Imbing220mentioned

Table 3 Factors influencing the health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices (N=330).

Factors Total Percentage (%)

Effectiveness of treatment based on personal experience

330 100

Testimony from other users (pass on) 228 69.09

Availability/accessibility 313 94.85

Affordability 36 10.91

Nil side effects 18 5.45

Figure 4 (a) Medicinal plant (gua) used to fight against hilo. (b)The lana made by a balian (traditional healer).

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 54

this ritual as “Gbeklug Mangenawa” which is performed for healing of the ill.

Informed consent was obtained from the “Timuay” or tribal chieftain to document it, and was approved by the “Gulang gokum” (highest among chieftain among the seven rivers based on political subdivision/eldest timuay). The NCIP was also informed before publishing the evidence. Figure 5 shows the rituals performed by a balian of Subanon in Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte, while Table 4 summarizes the materials used in the traditional healing ritual of the Subanon of Sibuco and its symbolism.

Balians are the only ones who can perform the tribal ritual. They are also believed to be the one who can see and communicate with supernatural entities or creatures, both good and evil.29 The ritual is usally performed on a full moon day because it enhances their abilities to see and communicate with the supernatural entities.

In the study of Mabini et al.215 the “balian” usually uses the eggs in identifying the disease by performing “Tigi-tigi” in treating or healing such diseases. In this process, the egg are placed for few minutes on the particular r part of the person’s body that has the illness, ache, or discomfort. The white egg is a primary ingredient in performing different rituals since it is believed to attract spirits.

In the Subanen tribe of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, some medicinal plants such as E. indica (paragis), Lygodium sp., and S. bracteata (banag) are used for “pagan” meaning folkloric use. This is a religious belief that in the goddesses of the sea/god of the land.

Unique to the Visayans is the practice of “toob” especially during fever which utilizes smoke from certain medicinal plants and that are inhaled by the patient in a closed compartment .31 In the study of Bucol,216 “toob” is practiced by folk healers or herbolarios in Siquijor Island in Central Philippines for curing toothache. Mansueto et al.,212 showed that the management of certain diseases through “toob.” Here a heated pot was placed under the chair and the person sits down covered with blanket including the head. Later, the pot would be slowly opened. The person uncovers his/her head from time to time during the treatment process. However, the practice of “toob” in treating diseases are not yet scientifically explored.31 Figure 6 shows the ritual done by a Visayan herbolario (faith healer).

Figure 7 shows the materials used during the healing ritual with medicinal plants among the Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau Village, Maasin, Zamboanga City. Here, medicinal plants with liniment are applied to a patient’s body. On the other hand, the use of kamangyan (incense) and a musical instrument made of goat’s skin were utilized by the Bajaus during the healing ritual.

In summary, ethnolinguistic groups of the country play an essential role because they possess broad knowledge of their localities.217Exploring and documenting their knowledge and practices on ethnobotany may enlighten other people about their way of life and their customary beliefs or culture on

Table 4 Materials used in the traditional healing ritual of the Subanon of Sibuco and its symbolism.

Material(native term) English term Symbolism

Itlog bisaya Native white egg To attract spirits and serves as viand for the spirits. They are placed on top of a large leaf.

Bugas Rice This serves as the food to the spirits/gods/goddesses; A fistful of it is also placed on top of the leaf with the native egg.

Kamangyan Incense Used to call the attention of the spirits and transmit their messages to them; are lighted during the actual offering of prayers.

Sinsilyo Coins To return the favor asked, it should be hard as old coins; A cupful of coins is placed below the leaf as seen in Figure 5.

Tabako Tobacco To attract mercy and to strengthen the effect of herbal practice; they are placed on the sides of the rice and native egg.

Sulunsang (kahoy na ibugsok sa silangan)

- – To provide a venue for praying which should be facing in the East direction (sun rises). In their tradition and belief, this direction is the creator. It is made up of 4 poles strategically placed.

Kilala plant – To recognize good spirits; a type of plant with leaves (Fig. 5 right image).

Puti nga tela White cloth To attract good spirits as they only recognize cleanliness.

Figure 5 Rituals performed by a “balian” of Subanon in Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte.

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants55

folkloric medicinal plants. As supported by Elmedulan Jr.,218 providing a platform to convey the information to the next ethnic generation is a way to preserve the culture. Further, the preservation of intangible cultural heritage provides a tribe with a sense of identity and continuity and promotes respect for cultural diversity.

Documentation of this traditional knowledge and practices will provide a framework for future drug discovery; opportunities for community biodiversity management; and promotes cultural preservation. Further, the process of identifying and appraising all published reviews allows researchers to describe the quality of the evidence-based practices, summarize and compare the strength of the conclusion.219

CONCLUSIONA total of 208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74 families were utilized by the ethnolinguistic groups, of which18 species belonged to Family Fabaceae. The Visayan tribe of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, had the highest number of medicinal plants utilized based on ethnobotanical studies. While the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur recorded the more medicinal plants based on systematic reviews.

Almost all ethnic tribes utilized one or more of the 10 DOH-approved medicinal plants, with B. balsamifera (sambong) as the most frequently utilized herbal plant (100%) in treating common diseases such as cough and colds. Leaves are the topmost utilized plant parts through the process of decoction. Physical relapse (bughat) is the commonly cited illness among the locally termed diseases of the different ethnolinguistic groups. Having documented some tribal rituals related to ethnobotanical practices preserves intangible cultural heritage. Field samplings attested the availability of medicinal plants as the second topmost health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe researchers are grateful for the funding assistance of Western Mindanao State University through the Research Development and Evaluation Center (RDEC) under the office of the Vice President for RESEL (Research, Extension Services and External Linkages). The authors also extend their gratitude to the National Research Council of the Philippines for the publication fee assistance through its Research Dissemination in Local and International Platforms (RDLIP) program.

FUNDINGThis research was supported by the Research Development and Evaluation Center of the Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest.

REFERENCES1 Olowa LF, Nuñeza OM. Brine shrimp lethality assay of the

ethanolic extracts of three selected species of medicinal plants

from Iligan City, Philippines. Int Res J Biol Sci. 2013;2(11):74–7.

2 Rauf A, Jehan N. The folkloric use of medicinal plants in public

health care. In: Public health. SM Group; 2018. 1–12 p. Accessed

at www.smgebooks.com.

3 Parthiban R, Vijayakumar S, Prabhu S, Yabesh JGEM. Quantitative

traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat livestock

diseases from Kudavasal taluk of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu,

India. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2016;26:109–21.

4 Kodoh J, Mojiol AR, Lintangah W, Gisiu F, Maid M, Chiang LK.

Traditional knowledge on the uses of medicinal plants among

the ethnic communities in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. IJAFP. 2017:

5:79–85.

5 Karakaya S, Polat A, Aksakal O, Sumbullu YZ, İncekara U. An

ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants in South of

Erzurum (Turkey). Ethnobot Res Appl. 2019;18(13):1–17.

6 Lone FA, Lone S, Aziz MA, Malla FA. Ethnobotanical studies in the

tribal areas of District Kupwara, Kashmir, India. Int J Pharma Bio

Sci. 2012;3(4):399–411.

7 Balangcod TD, Balangcod KD. Ethnomedicinal Plants in Bayabas,

Sablan, Benguet Province, Luzon, Philippines. Electron J Biol.

2015;11(3):63–73.

Figure 7 Materials utilized during the ethnobotanical healing ritual among the Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau Village, Maasin, Zamboanga City.

Figure 6 Ritual performed by a Visayan herbolario (faith healer).

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 56

8 Eldeen IMS, Effendy MAW, Tengku-Muhammad TS. Ethnobotany:

Challenges and future perspectives. Res J Med Plant.

2016;10:382–7.

9 Kassim DHA, Raduan SZ, Abdul Aziz MWH, Chelum A, Morni AAM,

Wahab RA. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants

used and its implication towards health-seeking behavior

among the Melanau in Pulau Bruit, Sarawak, Malaysia. JARSS.

2016;4(2):136–45.

10 Butler MS. The role of natural product in chemistry in drug

discovery. J Nat Prod. 2004;67:2141–53.

11 Dias DA, Urban S, Roessner U. A historical overview of natural

products in drug discovery. Metabolites. 2012;2(2):303–36.

12 World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western

Pacific. Guidelines for the Appropriate use of Herbal Medicines;

Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific;

1998. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/207021.

13 Alpuerto A, Bangaysiso T, Galang A, Maquiling V, Taylor L,

Ugat GJ. Level of awareness and extent of utilization of the

ten medicinal plants approved by the Department of Health.

J Asian Sci. 2010;2:73–92.

14 Lahlou M. The success of natural products in drug discovery.

J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;4:17–31.

15 Dapar ML, Demayo CG. Folk medical uses of lunas Lunasia amara

blanco by the Manobo people, traditional healers and residents

of Agusan Del Sur, Philippines. Sci Int. 2017;29(4):823–6.

16 Buot Jr I. An ethnobotanical study of the plant biodiversity of Mt.

Mayon, Bicol Peninsula, Albay, Philippines. PSSN. 2009;8(1):1–10.

17 Paguntalan LM, Jakosalem PG, Lagerqvist JN, Fernandez G,

Dela Cruz M, Baysa A. Bird observations on the Zamboanga

Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines. Forktail. 2011;27: 15–22.

18 Dapar MLG, Alejandro JGD, Meve U, Liede-Schumann.

Quantitative ethnopharmacological documentation and

molecular confirmation of medicinal plants used by the Manobo

tribe of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed.

2020;16(14):1–60.

19 Veeresham C. Natural products derived from plants as a source

of drugs. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2012;3(4):200–1.

20 Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council For

Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD). Tuklas Lunas

(Drug Discovery and Development Program). Taguig, Philippines;

2017. Available from: http://drugdiscovery.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/

21 Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016. Philippine Cinema and

the Cultural Economy of Distribution. Accessed at www.neda.

gov.ph/2013/10/21/philippine-development-plan-2011-2016/.

22 Dapar MLG, Demayo CG, Meve U, Liede-Schumann S,

Alejandro JGD. Molecular confirmation, constituents and

cytotoxicity evaluation of two medicinal Piper species used by

the Manobo tribe of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. Phytochem Lett.

2020;36: 24–31.

23 Elago M, Dando R, Pizon J, Galang R, Sia I. Phase II

Documentation of Philippine Traditional Knowledge and

Practices on Health and Development of Traditional Knowledge

Digital Library on Health for Selected Ethnolinguistic Groups:

The SUBANON people of Mandih, Sindangan, Zamboanga del

Norte; 2013. Available from: http://www.tkdlph.com/index.php/

ct-menu-item-3/ct-menu-item-5/150-phase-ii-documentation-

of-philippine-traditional-knowledge-and-practices-on-health-

and-development-of-traditional-knowledge-digital-library-on-

health-for-selected-ethnolinguistic-groups-the-subanon-people-

of-mandih-sindangan-zamboanga-del-norte

24 Rebollos G, Ramos C, Echem R. Health status and research

priorities in Region IX. 2004. Accessed at https://www.scribd.

com/document/420125738/nuhra-region9-agenda-pdf

25 McRae J, Yang Q, Crawford R, Palombo W. Review of the methods

used for isolating pharmaceutical lead compounds from

traditional medicinal plants. Environmentalist. 2007;27:165–74.

26 Penton-Arias E, Haines DD. Immune Rebalancing. Elsevier;

Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2016. Natural Products: Immuno-

Rebalancing Therapeutic Approaches; pp. 229–249. Accessed at

http://www.sciencedirect.com.

27 Petticrew M, Roberts H. Systematic reviews in the social sciences:

A practical guide. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.

28 Uman, LS. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Can Acad

Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20(1):57–59.

29 Hapalla JGH. An introduction to Subanen culture. Culture and

peace studies. ADZU. 2002;2(1):1–11.

30 Agapin JSF. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in

Pagadian city, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. Philipp J Sci.

2020;149(1):101–7.

31 De Guzman AA, Jamanulla CEVA, Sabturani AM, Madjos GG.

Ethnobotany and physiological review on folkloric medicinal

plants of the Visayans in Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay,

Philippines. Int J Herb Med. 2020;8(3):8–16.

32 Molina RA, Esperat PEL, Garcia Jr AA. Traditional healing practices

in Zamboanga City, Philippines. EPRA. 2020;6(5):81–7.

33 Jumalla F. From moorage to village: A glimpse of the changing

lives of the Sama Dilaut. Philippine Q Cult Soc. 2011;39(2):87–131.

34 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. Bisaya. Encyclopedia

Britannica, February 5, 2016. https://www.britannica.com/topic/

Bisaya.

35 National Commission on Indigenous People Administrative

Order (NCIP-A.O. 01, series of 2012). The Indigenous Knowledge

Systems and Practices (IKSPs) and Customary Laws (CLs)

Research and Documentation Guidelines of 2012. Available from:

https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ph/ph190en.pdf.

36 Philippine Genealogy (2018). Available from: https://www.

familysearch.org/wiki/en/Basilan_Province,_Philippines_

Genealogy

37 Alebie G, Urga B, Worku A. Systematic review on traditional

medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia:

Trends and perspectives. Malar J. 2017;16(307):1–13.

38 Njue LM. Geological field mapping. Presented at Short Course V

on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP,

GDC and KenGen, at Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha, Kenya;

2010, Oct. 29-Nov19.1–8 pp.

39 Morilla, LJ, Sumaya NH, Rivero H, Madamba MRS. Medicinal Plants

of the Subanens in Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines.

International Conference on Food, Biological and Medical

Sciences (FBMS-2014); 2014, Jan 28-29. Bangkok, Thailand.

Accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C0114577.

40 Pizon JRL, Nuñeza OM, Uy MM, Senarath WTPSK. Ethnobotany of

medicinal plants used by the Subanen of Lapuyan, Zamboanga

del Sur. Bull Env Pharmacol. 2016; 5(5):53–67.

41 Morilla LJ, Demayo CG. Medicinal plants used by traditional

practitioners in two selected villages of Ramon Magsaysay,

Zamboanga del Sur. Pharmacophore. 2019;10(1):84–92.

42 Kavitha K, Sridevi KS, Sangeetha K, Sujatha S. Phytochemical and

pharmacological profile of Justicia gendarussa Burm f. - Review. J

Pharm Res. 2014;8(7):990–7.

43 Imam H, Riaz Z, Azhar M, Sofi G, Hussain A. Sweet flag (Acorus

calamus Linn.): An incredible medicinal herb. Int J Green Pharm.

2013;7(6):288–96.

44 Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. A review on

ethnopharmacological applications, pharmacological activities,

and bioactive compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango). Evid

Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;6949835.

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants57

45 de Almeida CLF, Brito SA, de Santana TI, Costa HBA,

de Carvalho Júnior CHR, da Silva MV, et al. Spondias purpurea L.

(Anacardiaceae): Antioxidant and antiulcer activities of the leaf

hexane extract. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;6593073.

46 Moghadamtousi SZ, Fadaeinasab M, Nikzad S, Mohan G, Ali HM,

Kadir HA. Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A review of its

traditional uses, isolated acetogenins and biological activities. Int

J Mol Sci. 2015 Jul 10;16(7):15625–58.

47 Prajitha V, Thoppil JE. Cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of

extract of Amaranthus spinosus L. in Allium cepa and human

erythrocytes. Cytotechnology. 2017;69:123–33.

48 Reyadul-Ferdous Md, Shahjahan S, Tanvir S, Mukti M. Present

biological status of potential medicinal plant of Amaranthus

viridis: A comprehensive review. AJCEM. 2015;3(5-1):12–7.

49 Bora KS, Sharma A. Phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential

of Allium cepa Linn.– A review. Pharmacog Rev. 2009;3(5):170–

80.

50 Jayaraj R, Lal R. Medicinal importance of Allicin - A bioactive

component from Allium sativum L (garlic). In: Prasad S, Tyagi AK,

editors. Cancer preventive and therapeutic compounds: Gift from

mother nature. Sharjah, UAE: Bentham Science; 2017.20–31p.

51 Zeng Y, Li Y, Yang J, Pu X, Du J, Yang X, et al. Therapeutic role

of functional components in alliums for preventive chronic

disease in human being. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.

2017;9402849.

52 Lawthienchai N, Asavasanti S, Tongprasan T, Yasurin P. Chemical

profile and bioactivity of Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Rottl.

Ex Spreng) crude extracts under different solvent extractions. Int

J Adv Biotechnol Res. 2016;7(4):2209–21.

53 Caesar LK, Cech NB. A review of the medicinal uses and

pharmacology of Ashitaba. Planta Med. 2016;82:1236–

1245.

54 Gohil KJ, Patel JA, Gajjar AK. Pharmacological review on Centella

asiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010

Sep;72(5):546–56.

55 Ahmad T, Cawood M, Iqbal Q, Ariño A, Batool A, Tariq RMS, et al.

Phytochemicals in Daucus carota and their health benefits—

Review article. Foods. 2019 Sep 19;8(9):424.

56 Cai XH, Shang JH, Fenga T, Luo XD. Novel alkaloids from Alstonia

scholaris. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 2010;65(9). http://

dx.10.1515/znb-2010-0918

57 Reddy SH, Chakravarthi M, Chandrashekara KN, Naidu CV.

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies on leaf and

root extracts of Asclepias curassavica (L). IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci.

2012; 2(1): 39–44.

58 Almagro L, Fernández-Pérez F, Pedreño MA. Indole alkaloids from

Catharanthus roseus: Bioproduction and their effect on human

health. Molecules. 2014;20:2973–3000.

59 Sourabh P. Ethnomedicinal uses and cultivation of

Rauvolfia serpentina. https://www.researchgate.net/

publication/323656792_Ethnomedicinal_Uses_and_Cultivation_

of_Rauvolfia_serpentina

60 Macabeo APG, Alejandro GJD, Hallare AB, Vidar WS, Villaflores

OB. Phytochemical survey and pharmacological activities of the

indole alkaloids in the genus Voacanga Thouars (Apocynaceae) –

An update. Pharmacogn Rev. 2009;3(5):132–42.

61 Rahma MM, Hossain MA, Siddique SA, Biplab KP, Uddin MH.

Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities

of Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) rhizome extract. Turk J Biol.

2012;36:574–9.

62 Pawar HA, Choudhar PD, Kamat SR. An overview of traditionally

used herb, Colocasia esculenta, as a phytomedicine. JMAP.

2018;7(4):1–7.

63 Wang D, Xu Y, He X, Sun YE, Qian L, et al. Chemical constituents

and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey.). Drug Discov Ther.

2015 Feb;9(1):23–32.

64 Ajeet A, Aggarwal B, Sharma, P, Lambha HS. Various

pharmacological aspects of Cocos nucifera - A review. 2017.

Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/

publication/317587945_Various_Pharmacological_Aspects_of_

Cocos_nucifera-A_Review

65 Lima EB, Sousa CN, Meneses LN, Ximenes NC, Santos Júnior MA,

Vasconcelos GS, et al. Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A

phytochemical and pharmacological review. Braz J Med Biol Res.

2015 Nov;48(11):95364.

66 Fouedjou RT, Teponno RB, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Petrelli D,

Vitali LA, et al. Steroidal saponins from the leaves of Cordyline

fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. and their cytotoxic and antimicrobial

activity. Phytochem Lett. 2014;7:62–8.

67 Ong MG, Aishah SN, Yusuf M, Lim V. Pharmacognostic and

antioxidant properties of Dracaena sanderiana leaves.

Antioxidants. 2016;5(28):1–9.

68 Raksha B, Pooja S, Babu S. Bioactive compounds and

medicinal properties of Aloe vera L.: An update. J Plant Sci.

2014;2(3):102–7.

69 Abad MJ, Bedoya LM, Apaza L, Bermejo P. The Artemisia

L. genus: A review of bioactive essential oils. Molecules.

2012;17:2542–66.

70 Pang Y, Wang D, Chen X, Yu F, Hu X, Wang K, Yuan L. Blumea

balsamifera – A phytochemical and pharmacological review.

Molecules. 2014;19(7): 9453–77.

71 Sirinthipaporn A, Jiraungkoorskul W. Wound healing property

review of Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata. Pharmacogn Rev.

2017;11(21):35–8.

72 Kumar A, Singh SP, Bhakuni R S. Secondary metabolites of

Chrysanthemum genus and their biological activities. Curr Sci.

2005; 89(9):1489–1501.

73 Couto VM, Vilela FC, Dias DF, Dos Santos MH, Soncini

R, Nascimento CG, et al. Antinociceptive effect of extract of

Emilia sonchifolia in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134(2):348–

53.

74 Lalisan JA, Nuñeza OM, Uy MM. Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina)

Bioassay of the medicinal plant Pseudelephantopus spicatus from

Iligan City, Philippines. IRJBS. 2014;3(9):47–50.

75 Sai PK, Jyothi RG, Kiran M, Thyaga RK. Biological activities and

phytochemical constituents of trailing daisy Trilobata: A review.

JDDT. 2019;9(4-s):888–92.

76 Prachayasittikul V, Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S,

Prachayasittikul V. High therapeutic potential of Spilanthes

acmella: A review. EXCLI J. 2013;12:291–312.

77 Mir SA, Jan Z, Mir S, Dar AM, Chitale G. A concise review on the

biological activity of Tridax procumbens Linn. Org Chem Curr Res.

2017;6(1):1–4.

78 Su B, Zeng R, Chin J, Chen C. Antioxidants and antimicrobial

properties of various solvent extracts from Impatiens balsamina

L. stems. J Food Sci. 2012;77(6):1–8.

79 Kumar BR, Anupam A, Dhara S. Identification and characterization

of bioactive phenolic constituents, anti-proliferative, and anti-

angiogenic activity of stem extracts of Basella alba and rubra. J

Food Sci Technol. 2018;55(5):1675–84.

80 Raiola A, Errico A, Petruk G. Monti DM, Barone A, Rigano MM.

Bioactive compounds in Brassicaceae vegetables with a role

in the prevention of chronic diseases. Molecules. 2017;23:1–10.

81 Frei B, Heinrich M, Herrmann D, Orjala JE, Schmitt J, Sticher O.

Phytochemical and biological investigation of Begonia

heracleifolia. Planta Med.1998;64:385–6.

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 58

82 Billacura MP, Laciapag GCR. Phytochemical screening,

cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anthelmintic property of the

various extracts from Crescentia cujete Linn. Fruit. Sci Int.

2017;29(2):31–35.

83 Ahad A, Ganai AA, Sareer O, Naj MZ, Kausar MA, Mohd, M, et al.

Therapeutic potential of Oroxylum indicum: A review. J Pharm

Res Opin. 2012;2(10):163–72.

84 Vilar D, Vilar M, Moura T, Raffin F, Oliveira M, Franco C, et al.

Traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities

of Bixa orellana L.: A review. Sci World J. 2014; 2014: 857292.

85 Aziz NAA, Jalil AMM. Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and

potential health benefits of indigenous durian (Durio zibethinus

Murr.): A review. Foods. 2019;8(96): 1–18.

86 Chandrappa CP, Govindappa M, Anil Kumar NV, Channabasava R.

In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Carmona retusa (Vahl).

World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;2(5):3991–7.

87 Jamkhande PG, Barde SR, Patwekar SL, Tidke PS. Plant profile,

phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cordia dichotoma

(Indian cherry): A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed.

2013;3(12):1009–12.

88 Dash GK, Murthy PN. Studies on wound healing activity of

Heliotropium indicum Linn. leaves on rats. ISRN Pharmacol.

2011;847980.

89 Putri D A, Ulfi A, Purnomo AS, Fatmawati S. Antioxidant and

antibacterial activities of Ananas comosus peel extracts. Mal J

Fund Appl Sci. 2018;14(2):307–11.

90 Bhavaniramya S, Vishnupriya S, Al-Aboody MS, Vijayakumar R,

Baskaran D. Role of essential oils in food safety: Antimicrobial

and antioxidant applications. Grain Oil Sci Technol. 2019;2(2):49–

55.

91 Madjos GG, Luceno A. Comparative cytotoxic properties of

two varieties of Carica papaya leaf extracts from Mindanao,

Philippines using brine shrimp lethality assay. Bull Env Pharmacol

Life Sci. 2019;8(2):113–8.

92 Koba K, Guyon C, Raynaud C, Chaumont JP, Sanda K, Laurence N.

Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of Chenopodium

ambrosiodes L. essential oil from togo. Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res.

2009;44(4):435–40.

93 Shah A, Khan Z, Saleem S, Pak SF. Antioxidant activity of an

ethnobotanically important plant Quisqualis indica Linn. J Pharm

Sci. 2019;32(1):95–102.

94 Nair R, Chanda S. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia

catappa, Manilkara zapota and Piper betel leaf extract. Indian J

Pharm Sci. 2008;70(3):390–3.

95 Manvar MN, Desai TR. Phytochemical and pharmacological

profile of Ipomoea aquatica. Indian J Med Sci. 2013 Mar-

Apr;67(3-4):49–60.

96 Dewijanti ID, Banjarnahor S, Triyuliani F, Meilawati L. Antioxidant

activity, phenolic and flavonoids total of ethanolic extract of

Ipomoea batatas L. leaves (white, yellow, orange, and purple).

AIP Conf Proc. 2017; 1904 (1). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011877

97 Clemeña JJA, Galarpe VRKR. Phytochemical profile of bark and

leaf extracts of Jacquemontia paniculata (Convolvulaceae). Int J

Biosci. 2017;11(3):95–101.

98 Tan JBL, Lim YY, Lee SM. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity

of Rhoeo spathacea (Swartz) Stearn leaves. J Food Sci Technol.

2015;52(4):2394–400.

99 Jyothi AN, Priyanka E, Tony DE, Nadendla RR. Chamaecostus

cuspidatus – A short review on anti-diabetic plant. Indo Am J

Pharm Sci. 2015;2(7):1–4.

100 Hedge PK, Rao HA, Rao PN. A review on insulin plant (Costus

igneus Nak). Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;8(15):67–72.

101 Failla M, Gutierrez-Orozco F. Mangosteen xanthones:

Bioavailability and bioactivities. In: Yahia EM, editor. Fruit and

vegetable phytochemicals: Chemistry and human health. 2nd

ed. Hokboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2017. 165–182p.

102 Gupta R, Lohani M, Arora S. Anti-inflammatory activity of the

leaf extracts/fractions of Bryophyllum pinnatum Saliv. Syn. Int J

Pharm Sci Rev res. 2010;3(1):16–18.

103 Fernandes J, Cunha L, Azevedo E, Lourenco E, Fernades-

Pedrosa M, Zucolotto S. Kalanchoe laciniata and Bryophyllum

pinnatum: An updated review about ethnopharmacology,

phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Rev Bras

Pharmagon. 2019;29:529–58.

104 Budrat P, Shotipruk A. Extraction of phenolic compounds

from fruits of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) with

subcritical water extraction and antioxidant activities of these

extracts. Chiang Mai J Sci. 2008;35(1):123–30.

105 Prajapati RP, Kalariya M, Parmar SK, Sheth NR. Phytochemical and

pharmacological review of Lagenaria sicereria. J Ayurveda Integr

Med. 2010;1(4):206–72.

106 Shendge PN, Belemkar S. Therapeutic potential of Luffa

acutangula: A review on its traditional uses, phytochemistry,

pharmacology and toxicological aspects. Front Pharmacol.

2018;9(1177):1–14.

107 Vieira EL, Pinho O, Ferreira I, Delerue-Mato C. Chayote (Sechium

edule): A review of nutritional composition, bioactivities and

potential applications. Food Chem. 2019;275(1):557–68.

108 Bajpay A, Nainwal RC, Singh D, Tewari SK. Medicinal value

of Cyperus rotundus Linn: An updated review. J Med Plants.

2018;10(3):165–70.

109 Amor EC, Quanico JP, Perez GG. Analgesic activity of extracts of

Kyllinga monocephala. Pharm Biol. 2009;47(7):624–7.

110 Ragasa CY, Alimboyoguen AB, Shen C. Antimicrobial triterpenes

from Dillenia philippinensis. Philipp Sci. 2009;46:78–86.

111 Ghosh P, Ghosh C, Das S, Das C. Botanical description,

phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties

of Euphorbia hirta Linn: A review. Int J Health Sci Res.

2019;9(3):273–86.

112 Sharif HB, Mukhtar MD, Mustapha Y, Lawal AO. Preliminary

investigation of bioactive compounds and bioautographic studies

of whole plant extract of Euphorbia pulcherrima on Escherichia

coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas

aeruginos. Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2015;1–15.

113 Bijekar SR, Gayatri MC. Phytochemical profile of Codiaeum

variegatum (L.) Bl. Int J Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2014;2(3):22–31.

114 Patil D, Roy S, Dahake R, Rajopadhye S, Kothari S, Deshmukh R,

et al. Evaluation of Jatropha curcas Linn. leaf extracts for its

cytotoxicity and potential to inhibit hemagglutinin protein of

influenza virus. Indian J Virol. 2013;24(2):220–26.

115 Magadula, JJ. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus

Macaranga: A review. J Med Plant. 2014;8(12):489–503.

116 Tao H, Cui B, Zhang H, Bekhit AE, Feijie L. Identification and

characterization of flavonoids compounds in cassava leaves

(Manihot esculenta Crantz) by HPLC/FTICR-MS. Int J Food Prop.

2019; 22(1):1134–45.

117 Apostol PG, De Los Reyes MM, Altena IAV, Ragasa CY. Chemical

constituents of Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. Ex Blume).

Int J Pharm Clin Res. 2016;8(12): 1666–8.

118 Al-Azawil AH, Hassan ZH. Antibacterial activity of Arachis

hypogaea seed coat extracts cultivated in Iraq. Pakistan J

Biotechnol. 2017;14(4):601–5.

119 Jeong Y, Jin C, Park Y, Lee H, Choi D, Byun M, et al. Anti-

inflammatory activity of an ethanol Extract of Caesalpinia

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants59

sappan L. in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. J Food Sci Nutr.

2008;13:253–8.

120 Villaseñor IM, Canlas AP, Pascua MP, Sabando MN, Soliven LA.

Bioactivity studies on Cassia alata Linn. leaf extracts. Phytothe

Res. 2002;1:S93–6.

121 Al-Snafi AE. Pharmacological importance of Clitoria ternatea – A

review. IOSR J Pharm. 2016;6(3):68–83.

122 Zubairi SI, Sarmidi MR, Aziz RA. Biological activity on the extract

of Derris elliptica: An optimization approach to investigate the

effect of processing parameters on mortality of Artemia salina.

Adv Environ Biol. 2014;8(10):918–24.

123 Cai L, Wang C, Huo X, Dong P, Zhang B, Zhang H, et al.

Effect of alkaloids isolated from Phyllodium pulchellum

on monoamine levels and monoamine oxidase activity

in rat brain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.

2016;2016:6826175.

124 Madan S, Singha GN, Kumar Y, Kohli K, Singh RM, et al.

A new flavanone from Flemingia strobilifera (Linn) R. Br. and

its antimicrobial activity. Trop J Pharm Res. 2008;7(1):

921–7.

125 Kumar N, Simon N. In vitro antibacterial activity and

phytochemical analysis of Gliricidia sepium (L.) leaf extracts. J

Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2016;5(2):131–3.

126 Zayed MZ, Sallam SMA, Shetta ND. Review article on Leucaena

leucocephala as one of the miracle timber trees. Int J Pharm

Pharm Sci. 2017;10(1):1–7.

127 Ahmad H, Sehgal S, Gupta R. Mimosa pudica L. (Laajvanti): An

overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(12):115–124.

128 Dianita R, Jantan I. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and

pharmacological aspects of the genus Premna: A review. Pharm

Biol. 2017;55(1):1715–39.

129 Ragasa CY, De Luna RD, Hofilena JG. Antimicrobial terpenoids

from Pterocarpus indicus. Nat Prod Res. 2005;19(4):305–309.

130 Oladeji OS, Adelowo FE, Oluyori AP, Bankole DT. Ethnobotanical

description and biological activities of Senna alata. Evid Based

Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Feb 20;2020:2580259.

131 Laboni FR, Karim S, Uddin J, Labu ZK. Bioactivities and chemical

profiling of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. leaves growing in

Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci. 2016;15(2):173–6.

132 Kuru P. Tamarindus indica and its health related effects. Asian

Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(9):676–81.

133 Hou D, Yousaf L, Xue Y, Hu J, Wu J, Hu X, et al. Mung Bean (Vigna

radiata L.): Bioactive polyphenols, polysaccharides, peptides, and

health benefits. Nutrients. 2019;11(1238):1–28.

134 Shankar R, Mudaiya RK, Lale SK, Gaur SK, Dhiman, KS. Exploration,

conservation and cultivation of medicinal plants in Balrampur,

Gonda and Shravasti, Districts of Uttar Pradesh. World J Pharm

Res. 2014;5(10):549–71.

135 Obena RAP. Biological activities of sterols and triterpenes from

the leaves of Coleus blumei Benth [master's thesis]. Diliman,

Quezon City: University of the Philippines; 2001.

136 Nayak BS, Dinda SC, Ellaiah P. Evaluation of diuretic activity of

Gmelina arborea Roxb. fruit extracts. Asian J Pharm Clin Res.

2013;6(1):111–13.

137 Villaseñor IM, Sanchez AC. Menthalactone, a new analgesic from

Mentha cordifolia Opiz. leaves. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung.

2009;64(11-12):809–12.

138 Pandey AK, Singh P, Tripathi NN. Chemistry and bioactivities of

essential oils of some Ocimum species: An overview. Asian Pac J

Trop Biomed. 2014;4(9):682–94.

139 Singletary K. Oregano: Overview of the literature on health

benefits. Food Sci. 2010;45(3):129–38.

140 Hsu C, Hong B, Yu Y, Yen G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory

effects of Orthosiphon aristatus and its bioactive compounds.

J Agr Food Chem. 20105;8(4): 2150–6.

141 Kamaleswari K, Nandagopalan V. Phytochemical screening

of Pogostemon auricularis (L.) Hassk.of Lamiaceae. Bio Dis.

2016;7(1):7–10.

142 Vishwanathan AS, Basavaraju R. A review on Vitex negundo L. – A

medicinally important plant. J Biol Sci. 2010;3(1):30–42.

143 Kumar S, Kumari R, Mishra S. Pharmacological properties and

their medicinal uses of Cinnamomum: A review. J Pharm.

Pharmacol. 2019;71:1735–1761.

144 Shahria N, Karmakar UK, Shill MC, Sadhu SK. Antioxidant,

cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anthelmintic investigations of

bark and leaves of Litsea glutinosa. J Pharm Res. 2017;11(6):

617–24.

145 Owolabi MA, Coker HAB, Jaja SI. Bioactivity of the

phytoconstituents of the leaves of Persea americana.

J Med Plant Res. 2010;4(12):1130–5.

146 Umaru IJ, Badruddin FA, Assima ZB, Umaru HA, Thagriki D.

Antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies of Barringtonia asiatica.

Anatomy Int J Plant Physiol Biochem. 2018;5(3):1–4.

147 Koduru RL, Babu PS, Varma IV, Kalyani GG, Nirmala P. A review

on Lagerstroemia speciosa. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2017;8(11):

4540–5.

148 Chan EWC, Tan LN, Wong SK. Phytochemistry and pharmacology

of Lagerstroemia speciosa: A natural remedy for diabetes. Int J

Herb Med. 2018;2(1):81–7.

149 Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Novellino E, Souto EB, Daliu P, Santini A.

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.): Bioactive components’ beneficial

properties - Focused on antidiabetic role for sustainable health

applications. Molecules. 2019;24(38):1–13.

150 Singh G, Passsari AK, Singh P, Leo VV, Subbarayan S, Kumar B,

et al. Pharmacological potential of Bidens pilosa L. and

determination of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-QqQLIT-

MS/MS and GC/MS. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Nov

16;17(1):492.

151 Osuntokun OT, Ayodele A, Adeoye MI, Odufunwa AE. Assessment

of antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of crude leaf

and bark extracts of Ceiba pentandra on selected clinical

isolates found in Nigerian teaching hospital. J Bacteriol Mycol.

2017;4(1):17–23.

152 Hasan HT, Kadhim EJ. Phytochemical investigation of Corchorus

olitorius L. leaves cultivated in Iraq and its in vitro anti-viral

activity. Iraqi J Pharm Sci. 2018;27(2):115–22.

153 Singh SS, Gupta A, Kumari A, Verma R. Antimicrobial and

antioxidant potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. in Western

Himalaya. Biol Forum. 2019;11(1):35–40.

154 Karou SD, Nadembega WMc, Ilboudo DP, Ouermi D,

Gbeassor M, De Souza C, et al. Sida acuta Burm.f.: A

medicinal plant with numerous potencies. Afr J Biotechnol.

2007;6(25):2953–9.

155 Baharum Z, Akim AM, Yap T, Hin Y, Hamid RA, Kasran R.

Theobroma cacao: Review of the extraction, isolation, and

bioassay of its potential anti-cancer compounds. Trop Life Sci

Res. 2016; 27(1):21–42.

156 Manosroi A, Jantrawut P, Sainakham M, Manosro W,

Manosroi J. Anticancer activities of the extract from

Longkong (Lansium domesticum) young fruits. Pharm Bio.

2012;50(11):1397–407.

157 Pancharoen O, Haboonme P, Taylor WC. Chemical

constituents from the leaves of Sandoricum koetjape. Acta

Hortic.2005;677:51–5.

Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 60

158 Moghadamtousi SZ, Goh BH, Chan CK, Shabab T, Kadir HA.

Biological activities and phytochemicals of Swietenia macrophylla

King. Molecules. 2013;18:10465–83.

159 Singthong J, Oonsivilai R, Oonmetta-aree J, Ningsanond S.

Bioactive compounds and encapsulation of yanang (Tiliacora

triandra) leaves. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern. Med.

2014;11(3):76–84.

160 Lathiff SMA, Jemaon N, Abdullah SA, Jamil S. Flavonoids

from Artocarpus anisophyllus and their Bioactivities. Nat Prod

Commun. 2015;10(3): 393–6.

161 Hawary SS, Wassel GM, El-Menshawi BS, Mahmoud K,

Ayoub MM. Anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activity of Ficus

elastica Roxb. and Ficus bengalensis Linn. Family Moraceae.

World Appl Sci J. 2012;19(11):1532–9.

162 Imran M, Rasool N, Rizwan K, Zubair M, Riaz M, Zia-Ul-Haq M,

et al. Chemical composition and biological studies of Ficus

benjamina. Chem Cent J. 2014;8(12):1–10.

163 Ragasa CY, Macuha MR, De Los Reyes MM, Mandia EH, Altena IAV.

Chemical constituents of Ficus septica Burm. F. Int J Pharm Clin

Res. 2016;8(11):1464–9.

164 Vergara-Jimenez M, Almatraf M, Fernandez ML. Bioactive

components in Moringa oleifera leaves protect against chronic

disease. Antioxidants. 2017; 6(4):1–13.

165 Ragasa CY, Tan MCS, Chiong ID, Shen C. Chemical constituents

of Muntingia calabura L. Der Pharma Chem. 2015;7(5):

136–41.

166 Diaz-de Cerio ED, Verardo V, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Fernández-

Gutiérrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Health effects of Psidium

guajava L. leaves: An overview of the last decade. Int J Mol Sci.

2017;18(897):1–31.

167 Ayyanar M, Subash-Babu P. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: A review

of its phytochemical constituents and traditional uses. Asian Pac

J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(3):240–6.

168 Nunes PC, Aquino Jde S, Rockenbach II, Stamford TL. Physico-

chemical characterization, bioactive compounds and antioxidant

activity of Malay apple [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.

Perry]. Plos One. 2016 Jun 28;11(6):e0158134.

169 Bandi AK, Lee DU, Tih RG, Gunasekar D, Bodo B. Phytochemical

and biological studies of Ochna species. Chem Biodivers. 2012

Feb;9(2):251–71.

170 Jaya Prakkash MA, Ragunathan R, Jesteena J. Evaluation of

bioactive compounds from Jasminum polyanthum and its

medicinal properties. J. Drug Deliv Ther. 2019;9(2):303–10.

171 Alhassan M, Ahmed QU. Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.: A review of its

ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. J

Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2016;8(4):265–71.

172 Bharati AC, Sahu AN. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and

pharmacology of Biophytum sensitivum DC. Pharmacogn Rev.

2012;6(11):68–73.

173 Hu HC, Cheng YB, Chang FR. Studies on the chemical constituent

and bioactivities of Pandanus amaryllifolius. Planta Med.

2015;81(16):PM_129.

174 Jimtaisong A, Krisdaphong P. Antioxidant activity of Pandanus

amaryllifolius leaf and root extract and its application in topical

emulsion. Trop J Pharm Res. 2013;12(3): 425–31.

175 Miraj S, Kiani S. Bioactivity of Sesamum indicum: A review study.

Der Pharm Lett. 2016; 8(6):328–34.

176 Monzote L, Scull R, Cos P, Setzer WN. Essential oil from Piper

aduncum: Chemical analysis, antimicrobial assessment, and

literature review. Medicines. 2017;4(49):1–14.

177 Dwivedi V, Tripathi S. A review study on potential activity of Piper

betle. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;3(4):93–8.

178 Gutiérrez RMP, Gonzalez AMN, Hoyo-Vadillo C. Alkaloids from

Piper: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Mini Rev

Med Chem. 2013;13:1–30.

179 Raghavendra H, Prashith K. Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry

and pharmacological activities of Peperomia pellucida: A review.

Int J Pharm Phar Sci. 2018;10(2):1–8.

180 Thapa N, Lamichhane J, Gauchan DP. Phytochemical,

antioxidant, antimicrobial and micropropagation study of

Bambusa species. Int J Res. 2018;5(21):77–8.

181 Ganjawela D. Cymbopogon essential oils: Chemical compositions

and bioactivities. IJEOT. 2009;3:56–65.

182 Olorunnisol SK, Asiyanbi HT, Hammed AM, Simsek S. Biological

properties of lemongrass: An overview. Int Food Res J.

2014;21(2):455–62.

183 Agua AR, Olowa LM. Medicinal plants used by the Subanen

tribe in selected barangays of Sindangan, Zamboanga del

Norte, Philippines. 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/

publication/274958708.

184 Meena S, Kumar SR, Venkata Rao DK, Dwivedi V, Shilpashree

HB, Rastogi S, et al. De Novo sequencing and analysis of

lemongrass transcriptome provide first insights into the

essential oil biosynthesis of aromatic grasses. Front Plant Sci.

2016;7(1129):1–15.

185 Al-Zubairi AS, Abdul AB, Abdelwahab SI, Peng CY, Moha S,

Elhassan MM. Eleucine indica possesses antioxidant, antibacterial

and cytotoxic properties. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.

2011;965370.

186 Taylor RP. Discovery of bioactive natural products from sugarcane

[master’s thesis]. Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW; 2018.

187 Singh A, Lal UR, Mukhtar HM, Singh PS, Shah G, Dhawan RV.

Phytochemical profile of sugarcane and its potential health

aspects. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015; 9(17):45–54.

188 Fabila-Garca P, Dublán-García O, Gómez-Oliván LM, Baeza-

Jiménez R, López-Martínez, LX. In vitro antioxidant and

bioactive properties of corn (Zea mays L.). Arch Latinoam Nutr.

2017;67(4):3008.

189 Jarial R, Thakur S, Sakinah M, Zularisam AW, Sharad A,

Kanwar SS, et al. Potent anticancer, antioxidant and antibacterial

activities of isolated flavonoids from Asplenium nidus. J. King

Saud Univ Sci. 2018;30:185–92.

190 Duangjai A, Suphrom N, Wungrath J, Ontawong A,

Nuengchamnong N, Yosboonruang A. Comparison of antioxidant,

antimicrobial activities and chemical profiles of three coffee

(Coffea arabica L.) aqueous pulp extracts. Integr Med Res.

2016;5:324–31.

191 Ragasa CY, Sia JE, Rideout JA. Antimicrobial flavonoid of Citrus

microcarpa. CVSU. 2006;20(1&2):16–9.

192 Vijaylakshmi P, Radha R. An overview: Citrus maxima.

J Phytopharmacol. 2015;4(5): 263–7.

193 Hojjati M, Barzegar H. Chemical composition and biological

activities of lemon (Citrus limon) leaf essential oil. Nutr Food Sci

Res. 2017; 4(4):15–24.

194 Lou XD, Basile MJ, Kennel EJ. Polyphenolic antioxidants from

Chrysophyllum cainito L. (star apple). J Agri Food Chem.

2002;50(6):1379–82.

195 Jian H, Qiao F, Chen J, He N. Physicochemical characterisation

of polysaccharides from the seeds and leaves of miracle fruit

(Synsepalum dulcificum) and their antioxidant and İ-glucosidase

inhibitory activities in vitro. J Chem. 2017;1–9.

196 Muhamad AS, Keong CC, Kiew OF, Abdullah MR. Eurycoma

longifolia Jack: Medicinal properties and its effect on endurance

exercise performance. Asian J Exerc Sports Sci. 2009;6(1):1–5.

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants61

197 Anand P, Bley K. Topical capsaicin for pain management:

Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of the

new high-concentration capsaicin 8% patch. Br J Anaesth.

2011;107(4):490–502.

198 Chaudhary P, Sharma A, Singh B, Nagpal AK. Bioactivities

of phytochemicals present in tomato. J Food Sci Technol.

2018;55(8):2833–49.

199 Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S, Amatore D, Locatelli M, Vitalone A,

Toniolo C, et al. A polyphenol-rich extract from Solanum

melongena L. DR2 peel exhibits antioxidant properties and anti-

herpes simplex virus type 1 activity in vitro. Molecules. 2018;

23(2066):1–25.

200 Jain R, Sharma A, Gupta S, Sarethy IP, Gabrani R. Solanum

nigrum: Current perspectives on therapeutic properties. Alt Med

Rev. 2011;6(1):78–85.

201 Adhikari BM, Bajracharya A, Shrestha AK. Comparison of

nutritional properties of stinging nettle (Urtica Dioica) flour

with wheat and barley flours. Food Sci Nutr. 2015;4(1):

119–24.

202 Zandi-Sohani N, Hojjati M, Carbonell-Barrachina AA. Bioactivity of

Lantana camara L. essential oil against Callosobruchus maculatus

(Fabricius). Chil J Agric Res. 2012;72(4):502–6.

203 Liew PM, Yong YK. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl: From

traditional usage to pharmacological evidence. Evid Based

Complement Alternat Med. 2016;1–7.

204 Krishna ATP, Raj SVN, Juliet S, Nair SN, Ravindran R, Sujith S.

Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and proximate

contents of the ethanolic leaf extract of Tetrastigma

leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alstone (Vitaceae) found in Western

Ghats of Kerala, India. Res J Pharm Sci. 2013;2(10):1–6.

205 Wright LE, Fryea JB, Gortia B, Timmermannb BM, Funka JL.

Bioactivity of turmeric-derived curcuminoids and

related metabolites in breast cancer. Curr Pharm Des.

2013;19(34):6218–25.

206 Mao Q, Xu XY, Cao SY, Gan RY, Corke H, Beta T, et al. Bioactive

compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale

Roscoe). 2019; 8(185):1–21.

207 Bellen RC. Medicinal plants and herbs use by the Subanun of

Limpapa, Zamboanga City, Philippines; 2008. https://www.

researchgate.net/publication/274958708_Medicinal_Plants_

Used_by_the_Subanen_Tribe_in_Selected_Barangays_of_

Sindangan_Zamboanga_del_Norte_Philippines

208 Millondaga KJ. Mothers, wives, and farmers: Stories of women

‘gone mad’. Asian J. Women's Stud. 2018;24(3):396–412.

209 Lacy BE, Gabbard SL, Crowell MD. Pathophysiology, evaluation,

and treatment of bloating: hope, hype, or hot air? Gastroenterol

Hepatol. 2011;7(11):729–39.

210 Sung V. Infantile colic. Aust Prescr. 2018;41(4):105–10.

211 Tallo VL. Piang, panuhot or the moon: The folk etiology of cough

among Boholano mothers. PSMID. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/

viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.489.2385&rep=rep1&type=pdf

212 Mansueto JB, Sia IC, de la Pena M. Pasmo sa kusog (overworked).

Philippine Traditional Knowledge Digital Library on Health;

2014. Available from: http://www.tkdlph.com/index.php/

ct-menu-item-3/ct-menu-item-15/conditions-illnesses/657-

pasmo-sa-kusog-overworked.

213 Nichter M. Acute respiratory illness: popular health culture

and mother's knowledge in the Philippines. Med Anthropol.

1994;15:353–75.

214 Yazdani S, Shahbazi M, Amoozchi, P. An anthropological

perspective: The impact of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh on the rituals

of the Iranian tribes. J Curr Res Sci. 2016;4(1): 80.

215 Mabini MAT, Quilo QS, Tamiroy NPO, Panerio FJ, Mendoza MJA.

Indigenous knowledge and practices in response to natural disaster:

The case of Subanen in Brgy. Guinicolalay, Dinas, Zamboanga del

Sur; 2014. Accessed at http://philippinesociology.com/wp-content/

uploads/2014/08/Q U I L O _Subanen-IKP-Article.pdf

216 Bucol AA. Toothache relief using toob: An investigation of folk

medicine in Siquijor Island, Philippines. SJ. 2008;49(2):125–8.

217 Gadgil M, Berkes F, Folke C. Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity

conservation. Ambio. 1993; 22(2/3):151–6.

218 Elmedulan Jr. AM, Villanueva HD. Subanen rituals on communal

gatherings in selected communities of Misamis Occidental and

Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. J Multidiscip Stud. 2017;6(2):61–75.

219 Smith V, Devane D, Begley CM, Clark M. Methodology in conducting

a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare

interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11(15):1–6.

220 Imbing VL. The Subanen becklog: Lapuyan description.

Culture and peace studies. Ateneo de Zamboanga University.

2002;2(1):23–30.

221 Basilan Province Official Website (2018). Accessed at www.

basilan.gov.ph/basilan/

222 DILG Region IX (2014). DIPLAHAN. Retrieved November 25, 2018,

http://region9.dilg.gov.ph/index.php/lgu/lgu-profile/zamboanga-

sibugay/512-diplahan

223 Census of Population, 2015. Philippine Statistics Authority.

Accessed at https://psa.gov.ph.

224 Lu J. Tribal fever. American Theatre. 2005;22(5):74–75.