research article effects of different water ... - hindawi

Research ArticleEffects of Different Water Seasons on the ResidualCharacteristics and Ecological Risk of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons in Sediments from Changdang Lake China

Javid Hussain1 Zhenhua Zhao123 Yong Pang1 Liling Xia3

Ittehad Hussain4 and Xin Jiang2

1Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of EducationCollege of Environment Hohai University Nanjing 210098 China2State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture (Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences)Nanjing 210098 China3State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Nanjing University Nanjing 210046 China4College of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Zhenhua Zhao zzh4000126com and Yong Pang pangyonghhueducn

Received 21 October 2015 Revised 19 December 2015 Accepted 22 December 2015

Academic Editor Jun Wu

Copyright copy 2016 Javid Hussain et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

The sedimentsrsquo samples were collected fromChangdang Lake for the concentration of fourteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inMarch (dry season) June (wet season) and September (temperate season) 2013The highest average value ofsumPAHs was detectedas 29528 ngg dw in March followed by 24091 ngg dw in June and 16581 ngg dw in September Source characterization studiesbased on the analysis of diagnostic ratio (triangular plot method) suggested that the PAHs in sediments from Changdang Lakewere mainly from the mixed combustion source of biomass and petroleum and the origins of PAHs in different sampling siteshave a great deal of temporal and spatial variability during different water seasons Redundancy analysis was applied to identify theimpact factors and the possible relationship between PAHs and environmental parameters The predicted results showed that themain factors impacting PAHs temporal distribution were temperature dissolved oxygen pH and oxidation-reduction potentialwhile conductivity showed secondary impacts on the PAHs distribution Risk assessment of PAHs in sediments was carried outbased on the US Sediments Quality Guidelines (SQGs) By comparing the present study results with SQGs standard values resultsshowed that the adverse effects are not expected at the present levels of PAHs contamination observed in the sediments fromChangdang Lake

1 Introduction

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major groupof persistent organic pollutants and mainly produced byanthropogenic activities [1ndash3] Anthropogenic sources ofPAHs are of two types petrogenic and pyrogenic PetrogenicPAHs are generated from petroleum and its products whichare entered into aquatic environments through oil spillsaccidental leakages of marine and land pipelines anddomestic and industrial wastes [4ndash6] Pyrogenic PAHswhich are common in aquatic environment are generatedthrough incomplete combustion of organic matter (eg coalpetroleum and wood) and give rise to complex mixtures

of PAHs with 4ndash6 rings that include fluoranthene (Fla)pyrene (Pyr) benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) chrysene (Chy)benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF)benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) dibenzo[ah]anthracene (DahA)benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) and indeno[123(cd)]pyrene(InP) [7 8] Pyrogenic sources are regarded as morethermodynamically stable and toxic than petrogenic sourcesdue to their high concentrations of nonalkylated PAHs[9ndash11] A water body can act as a major sink for PAHs [12]and can be influenced by wet and dry deposition [13]

PAHs can be incorporated into the food web but PAHsultimately accumulate in sediments However this processcan be reversed when the equilibrium between sediments

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2016 Article ID 8545816 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520168545816

2 Journal of Chemistry

and the overlying water body is interrupted in which casesediments highly contribute toxic PAHs compounds to thefood web resulting in fundamental alterations of the ecosys-tems that may affect the human body [14 15] Due to theircarcinogenic and mutagenic effects on both terrestrial andaquatic organisms [16] the distribution and sources of PAHshave gathered significant environmental concern [17 18]Their potentially hazardous properties and persistence inthe environments prompted theUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency (USEPA) to include 16 PAHs within thepriority pollutants list [19]

The US EPA and International Agency for Research onCancer (IARC) classify seven PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene ben-zo[a]anthracene chrysene benzo[b]fluoranthene benzo[k]fluoranthene dibenzo[ah]anthracene and indeno[123-cd]pyrene) as possible human carcinogens (USEPA ClassB2) Other PAHs may also cause carcinogenic effects andshould not be considered as noncarcinogens [22] PAHsaffect cell division cause tumors and alter reproductionrates through enzymes induction process [23 24]

Source identification of PAHs has been a hot researchtopic and challenging field for the domestic and foreign scien-tists Ratios of PAHs are often used to be accurate and reliablediagnostic tools for sources identification of PAHs [25 26]As isomers of PAHs have similar thermodynamic and kineticcharacteristics and isomers from the same source undergothe same transformation process the ratio of different PAHscan determine the type of pollution sources [26] But whenusing a single ratio of PAHs for the source identificationit may result in an inaccurate estimate of PAH source inorder to avoid this situation we innovatively proposed asource identification method of PAHs using three kinds ofdiagnostic ratios of PAHs in a triangular plot The ratioof low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs(LH) and isomers are commonly used as a ratio method[27] These groups of compounds are of molecular weights178 (phenanthrene and anthracene) 202 (fluoranthene andpyrene) 228 (benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene) and 276(indeno[123-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene) In thepresent study the ratios of Ant(Ant + Phe) Fla(Fla + Pyr)and BaA(BaA +Chr) were used to identify the PAHs sourcesin sediment

The environmental parameters included in this study(temperature pH dissolved oxygen oxidation-reductionpotential and pH) are variables which are believed to affectthe PAHs residual characteristics differing from site to siteand regulate the process of biodegradation The relationshipbetween environmental parameters and PAHs was investi-gated through redundancy analysis (RDA) which was firstproposed by Rao [28]

This analysis method has been used by some researchersin geochemical studies and source analyses [29 30] TheCANOCO 45 software bundled with CanoDraw for Win-dows was used to perform redundancy analysis [31ndash33]In previous studies this software was used to investigatealiphatic hydrocarbon composition thereby partitioning var-ious petroleum sources (wastewater irrigation oil wells andatmospheric deposition) into different groups [34]

Ecological risk of PAHs was assessed by the United StatesldquoSediment Quality Guidelinesrdquo (SQGs) which is a usefulapproach to assess the sediments with a ranking of lesserto greater impacts SQGs provide a scientifically justifiablebasis for assessing the potential effects of sediment-associatedcontaminants on aquatic organisms [35ndash37] PAHs riskassessment has been reported in several studies in differentregions of the world [38 39] However due to the complexnature of sediments and the fact that risk assessment for PAH-contaminated sediments requires an estimate of the toxicityto aquatic organisms of the complex PAHs assemblage in thesediments it is difficult to find out the exact potential impactsposed by PAHs in sediments [40]

This study aims to explore the effects of different waterseasons on the distribution of PAHs to identify the possiblesources and to conduct an ecological risk assessment torecognize the possible adverse ecological effects of PAHs insediments from Changdang Lake

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Description Changdang Lake is located aboutnine kilometers away from the south of Jintan City ChinaJintan has amaritimemonsoon climate amild and humid cli-mate with distinct seasons The annual average temperatureis around 17∘CThe so-called Meiyu season meaning ldquohumidand rainfall abundantrdquo in China lasts about 2ndash4 weeks Jintanis crisscrossed by numerous rivers canals and lakes and thewater surface area occupies one-fifth of its size of the landThe natural resources mainly include salt coal and granitemines

Changdang Lake covers 8200 hectares (32 sq mi) It isone of the ten largest freshwater lakes in Jiangsu province Ithas always been an important source of drinkingwater supplyin Jintan City Maximum depth of lake is 131m with averagedepth of 110m and its storage capacity is about 098 times 108m3

Changdang Lake receives water from the west XuebuRiver Sudou River and flows into Taihu Lake throughHuangli River Beigan River and Zhonggan River which lieto the east of the lake Figure 1 illustrated the locations ofsampling sites in Changdang Lake Sites 1 2 and 3 wereselected from the northeast shore to the center of the lake site4 is the main outlet to Huangli River while sites 5 and 6were selected near the inlet from Xuebu River

22 Sample Collection and Pretreatment Surface sediment(0ndash20 cm) samples were collected from six sites in Chang-dang Lake using stainless steel grab sampler in March(dry season) June (wet season) and September (temperateseason) 2013 Each sediment sample consisted of central partsof 5 subsamples randomly collected at 5 points within thesampling area And each sampling site was positioned byusing GPS to ensure the consistency of sampling locationAfter collection samples were kept in aluminum trays driedin the shade cleaned from impurities and ground Driedsediments were sieved through 100120583m meshes stainlesssteel sieves with mechanical shaking (100 rpm 60min) Themechanical shaker used was throw-action sieving where thevertical throwing motion was overlaid with slight circular

Journal of Chemistry 3

Shanghai

Beijing

Sudou River

Beigan River

Huangli River

Zhonggan River

Xuebu River

Changdang Lake

1

2

4

5

3

6

2km

N

Figure 1 Study area map showing sampling sites in ChangdangLake

motion which helped the particles to distribute over andfall back as well to interact with the sieve mesh and passthrough the opening if the particles were sufficiently smallAfter sieving samples were stored in brown glass bottles andsealed by film Several reagents were used in the analysisthe petroleum ether acetone hexane methanol and copperpowders were analytical grade reagents anhydrous sodiumsulfate was guaranteed grade reagent (Nanjing ChemicalReagent Limited Company Nanjing China) Methylenechloride was pesticide residue level (China Chemical ReagentLimited Company Shanghai China) Neutral alumina waschromatographically pure (Shanghai LuduChemical ReagentPlant Shanghai China) C18-bonded silica gel and non-bonded silica gels were chromatographically pure (DalianInstitute of Chemical and Physics Dalian China) After theaddition of anhydrous sodium sulfate neutral alumina andsilica gel were baked for 3 h at 400∘C 3 distilled water wasthen added for deactivation Neutral alumina and silica gelwere placed in a desiccator to cool to room temperature afterwhich they were preserved in hermetically sealed containers

23 Extraction and Purification of Samples Three equal partsof 5 g sediment samples for each site were weighed each of5 g sediments sample was put into 50mL glass centrifugetube and mixed with 20 g anhydrous sodium sulfate 15mLof acetonepetroleum ether (vv = 12) was used as extractingagent to soak the sediment samples for 1 h and ultrasonic-extracted for 10 minutes and then the supernatant wastransferred into pear-shaped bottle The above process wasrepeated twice combining the supernatants together At lastthe extract liquid was concentrated to about 1mL under 40∘Cwith vacuum rotary evaporator for purifying

The Solid Phase Purification Column (SPPC) wasobtained by filling 05 g copper powder and 1 g anhydroussodium sulfate in the upper layer 1 cm of silica gel in themiddle and 1 cm of alumina pretreated in the bottom in a6mL empty column After the SPPCwas rinsed and activatedwith 5mL petroleum ether the concentrated extractingliquor was moved into the SPPC then 15mL n-hexane and10mL dichloromethane were used to elute The eluent wascollected into pear-shaped bottles concentrated to about1mL with vacuum rotary evaporator and finally the volumewas adjusted to 1mL with n-hexane for determination

24 Chromatographic Conditions All sediments sampleswere analyzed for fourteen PAHs congeners according tothe US EPA standard test method (1979) by Agilent1100HPLC with fluorescence and UV-adsorption detector (Agi-lent Technologies Palo Alto USA) A 250mm times 46mm times5 120583m reversed-phase C18 column (Agilent ZORBAX EclipseXDB-C18) served as the stationary phase Mixed solution ofacetonitrile and ultrapure water was delivered as the mobilephase in a gradient program at 075mLmin The initial vol-ume ratio of acetonitrile and water was 60 40 and then theratio of organic phase was increased to 100 0 till 60 minutesPAHs were quantified by using external standard solutionsobtained from Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg Germany) Data wasstatistically analyzed using theKruskal-Wallis test at119875 lt 005

Detection of wavelength was carried out time program-ming with FLD signals 0sim9min 120582Ex = 260 nm 120582Em =380 nm 9sim16min 120582Ex = 260 nm 120582Em = 340 nm 16sim18min120582Ex = 260 nm 120582Em = 380 nm 18sim21min 120582Ex = 260 nm120582Em = 380 nm 21sim23min 120582Ex = 289 nm 120582Em = 462 nm23sim30min 120582Ex = 320 nm 120582Em = 380 nm 30sim36min 120582Ex =266 nm 120582Em = 403 nm 36sim52min 120582Ex = 294 nm 120582Em =430 nm 52min 120582Ex = 290 nm 120582Em = 500 nm The inves-tigated fourteen PAHs in this study included naphtha-lene (Nap) phenanthrene (Phe) anthracene (Ant) flu-orene (Flu) fluoranthene (Fla) pyrene (Pyr) acenaph-thylene (Ace) chrysene (Chr) benzo[a]anthracene (BaA)benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF)benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) dibenzo[ah]anthracene (DahA) andbenzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP)

25 DataAnalysis To explore the relationship between PAHsand environmental parameters redundancy analyses (RDA)were performed using CANOCO 45 software (Microcom-puter Power Ithaca USA) CANOCO 45 is a softwarepackage for multivariate data analysis and visualizationwith an emphasis on dimension reduction (ordination)regression analysis and combination of the two constrainedordination Ordination triplot was drawn using CanoDraw(Microcomputer Power Ithaca USA) By comparing theRDA ordination results based on this technique the predom-inant environmental parameters and the dominant residualPAHs at different sampling sites were determined as shownin Figure 5

26 Quality Control In order to ensure the accuracy and pre-cision of experimental data replicate samples certified ref-erence materials HS-5 (sediments provided by NRC-IMB of


Table 1 Environmental parameters measured in Changdang Lake during the study period

Sampling sitesT DO COND ORP pH∘C mgL 120583scm mv

March June Sep March June Sep March June Sep March June Sep March June Sep1 132 291 235 37 57 44 3630 2870 2790 560 1040 930 88 83 762 147 288 255 41 86 47 3260 2900 4680 630 850 770 89 88 793 136 278 228 38 79 63 3890 3160 4800 670 890 750 88 88 844 131 275 231 68 60 55 3360 3160 4220 730 1200 900 87 85 825 132 28 245 73 79 54 3600 2420 4600 650 950 950 87 89 856 142 262 234 70 58 54 3780 1970 4870 620 1810 920 87 77 84Mean 137 279 238 54 70 53 3587 2746 4326 643 1123 87 88 85 82

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Resid

ues o

f PA

Hs i

n se

dim

ent (

nggminus

1 )

0

100

200

300

400

500

Nap2 rings

AceFluPheAnt

FlaPyrBaAChr

BbFBkFBaPBahA

BghiP3 rings

4 rings 5 rings 6 ringsSite 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6

Figure 2 The total average distribution of individual PAHs insediments from Changdang Lake

Canada) matrix spikes samples (sediment samples of knownPAH levels spiked with a mixture consisting of 1 120583g each ofPAHs) and procedural blanks were used as quality controlprocedures Analyses were run in batches of 10 samples plusfour quality controls (QCs) including one reagent blank onematrix blank one matrix spikes sample and one randomsample in duplicate The recovery efficiency of PAHs rangedfrom 89 to 111 for HS-5 and from 78 to 105 for thespiked samples with relative standard deviation (RSD) 32ndash106 The method detection limits were in the range of 05ndash20 ng gminus1 dry weight PAHs standard solution was dilutedwith acetonitrile six kinds of concentration of the mixedstandard were configured to quantify peak area by establish-ing a working curve with external standard method and thecorrelation of the standard curve was above 099 All of themeasurements were performed in triplicate the results werenot corrected according to the percent recovery of HS-5 andspiked samples and themeans were used for the calculations

27 PAHs Source Identification The isomer ratios ofAnt(Phe+ Ant) Fla(Fla + Pry) and BaA(BaA + Chr) were usedto identify sources of PAHs in sediments from ChangdangLake Molecular indices based on ratios of selected PAHsconcentrations are commonly applied to identify PAHs frompetrogenic and pyrogenic origins [41 42] A ratio of Ant(Ant+ Phe) lt 010 indicates dominance of petroleum while a gt010 ratio suggests combustion Meanwhile a Fla(Fla + Pry)lt 04 ratio suggests a petroleum source a ratio between 04and 05 indicates liquid fossil fuel combustion and a gt 050ratio suggests combustion of biomass and coal Furthermoreit indicates a petroleum source if the ratio of BaA(BaA+ Chr) is lower than 020 a source is from combustioncoal grass and wood if higher than 035 and petroleumcombustion (especially liquid fossil fuel vehicle and crudeoil) if between 020 and 035 [26]

3 Results and Discussion

31 Analysis of Environmental Parameters Five environmen-tal parameters including temperature (T) dissolved oxygen(DO) pH oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and conduc-tivity (COND) of the water were measured at the samplingsites in March June and September 2013 using SX751 seriesportable electrochemical meters (San-Xin InstrumentationInc Shanghai China) Environmental parameters measuredduring the study period are shown in Table 1

32 Concentration of PAHs in Sediments The residual char-acteristics of PAHs in the six selected sites are presentedin Figure 2 Results showed that the average concentra-tions of residual PAHs in March June and Septemberwere 29528 ngg (18066sim44126 ngg) 24091 ngg (16146sim29623 ngg) and 16581 ngg (9898sim23118 ngg) respec-tively Considering spatial distribution site 1 which is theintake for drinking water treatment plant has lower PAHsresidues than other sites In March (dry season) the residuallevel of PAHs especially the five-ring and six-ring PAHs withmore toxicity in sediments was higher than June (wet season)and September (temperate season) which might be relatedto the coal combustion in winter and spring Although PAHsfrom sites 4 to 6 which are the inlet and outlet of the lakeare significantly reduced in June and September the content


Nap11 Ace

3 Flu2

Phe6

Ant7

Fla18

Pyr11

BaA6

Chr11

BbF10

BkF7

BaP7

DahA1

BghiP0

Figure 3 The total average distribution of individual PAHs in sediment

of four-ring and five-ring PAHs was still high particularythe value of strong carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene content wasobserved as higher than 1968 ngg and considerably lowerthan the corresponding standard value of 150 ngg dryweight

The total percentage (119899 = 6) of 14 PAHs is shown inFigure 3 A clear dominance of middle molecular weightPAHs (Fla 18 Pyr 11 BaA 6 and Chr 11) in respectto low (Nap 11 Ace 3 Flu 2 Phe 6 and Ant 7) andhigher molecular weight (BbF 10 BkF 7 Bap 7 DahA1 and BghiP 0) was observed Numerous studies havebeen reported on PAHs level in the sediments of lakes inChina The average total PAHs concentration in ChangdangLake sediments was less than those levels observed in sedi-ments from Chaohu Lake (90850sim187810 ngg) [13] TaihuLake (29000sim48000 ngg) and Hongfeng Lake (293610sim528230 ngg) [43] but higher than those data reported fromErhai Lake (3190sim26900120583gg) [44] Poyang Lake (15700sim6320 ngg) [20] and Baiyangdian Lake (1899 ngg) [21]

33 Source Identification For source analysis the diagnosticratios of Ant(Ant + Phe) Fla(Fla + Pyr) and BaA(BaA +Chr) for the three kinds of water seasons are plotted inFigure 4The reference standards or threshold values of PAHsratio for source identification have been discussed by manyresearchers the discussion is based on the understanding ofthe relative discrimination ability (relative thermodynamicstability) of different parent PAHs the characteristics ofdifferent PAH sources and the changes in PAH compositionbetween source and sediment (the relative stability of dif-ferent PAH isomers and PAHs from different sources) [26]The isomeric ratios have been used to assess the pyrogenicor petrogenic sources of PAHs in sediments Ant(Ant +Phe) Fla(Fla + Pyr) and BaA(BaA + Chr) their thresholdvalues and the corresponding source are shown in Table 2[14 20 44] From Figure 4 and Table 2 we can see that theorigins of PAHs in different sampling sites have a great deal of

temporal and spatial variability based on three isomer ratiosof PAHs According to the analysis of single ratio of PAHsthe ratios of Ant(Ant + Phe) were higher than 010 thisindicates that the main PAHs source was pyrogenic source[14] The ratios of Fla(Fla + Pyr) at sites M1 M2 M3 M6and J6 were lower than 040 this indicates that themain PAHsourcemay originate frompetroleumproducts [45 46] thoseat sites J1 J4 J5 S1 S5 and S6 were between 040 and 050indicating that they originated from petroleum combustionthe other sites were higher than 050 this implies that thePAH source may be biomass combustion (grass wood) orcoal combustion [20 44]

The ratios of BaA(BaA + Chr) at sites M1 M4 S2 and S4were lower than 020 indicating that the main PAH sourcemay originate from petroleum products those of sites J4 andJ5 were between 020 and 035 indicating that they originatedfrom petroleum combustion the other sites were higher than035 this implies that the PAH source could be biomasscombustion (grass wood) or coal combustion [14]

The results mentioned above showed that some of thesources at some sites were contradictory this phenomenonhas also been observed by other scientists [21] so thesource identification using three ratios of PAHs can avoidthe misleading when using a single ratio of PAHs After acomprehensive analysis the dominative pollution source ofPAHs at sites S4 M1 and M4 mainly comes from petroleumproducts the PAHs source at sites J1 J4 J5 S1 S5 and S6may be petroleum combustion other sites mainly come frombiomass combustion (grass wood) or coal combustion Fromthe point of spatial and temporal variation themain pollutionsources of PAHs at site 1 (the intake for the drinking watertreatment plant) and site 4 (the lake outlet of ChangdangLake) derived from the mixed source of petroleum produc-tion and petroleum combustion sources this was related tothe channel in the lake near the two sites the leakage andburn of gasoline from the ship resulted in the accumulated inthe sediment The source of PAHs in both site 5 and site 6


M1

M2 M3

M4

M5M6

J1

J2J3

J4J5

J6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

000

020

035

050

075

100000

010

025

050

075

100000 025 040 050 075 100

M6

S3

S6

MarchJune

September

Combustion

Grass woodand coal

combustion

Grass w

ood

and c

oal

combu

stion

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petro

leum

combustion

Petro

leum

com

busti

on

BaA(BaA + Chr)

Ant(Ant + Phe) Fla(Fla + Pyr)

Figure 4 Isomer ratios of Ant(Ant + Phe) Fla(Fla + Pyr) andBaA(BaA + Chr)

mainly came from the mixed combustion source of biomassand petroleum the two sites located at the lake inlet of tworivers into the lake and the composition of PAHswas affectedby the inflow water of the rivers which mainly received thecombustion sources of biomass and petroleum because theriver passed though the village and highways Site 2 and site3 located at the heart of lake the source of PAHs dominatedby the PAHs derived from the combustion of biomass or coalduring different water seasons this might be attributed to theriver inputs and the dry andwet deposition the latter was alsoimpacted by the anthropogenic activities like straw burningbefore rice cultivation and postharvesting and heating withcoke oven in winter and spring These results are in line withthe actual situation of the scene and they also accord withpeoplersquos understanding on the source apportionment [13 2044] Therefore this source identification method is effective

34 Redundancy Analysis The sampling sites environmentalfactors and PAHs residual concentration could be welldivided into three groups (ellipse lines in Figure 5) basedon the redundancy analysis The predominant environmen-tal factors and the dominant residual PAHs at differentsampling sites were determined from the length of thearrows in Figure 5 As Table 3 shows the eigenvalues of thefirst two RDA axes were 06264 and 00498 respectivelyThe correlation coefficient between two species axes wasminus00420 showing that these axes were poorly correlatedThecorrelation coefficient of the two environmental axes was0 indicating that they were perpendicular to each otherThis demonstrates that the ordination results can reflect therelationships between PAHs and environmental factors in thestudy area

Group I was associated with the sampling sites in March(dry season) which had high content of Ace BaA Chr Flu

Phe Pyr Fla BbF BkF BaP DahA and BghiP with 3- to 6-ring PAHs and lower contents of Nap and Ant in these sitesFrom the projection point of PAHs species arrows fallingin the opposite direction of the arrows of T DO and ORPwe can deduce their significant negative correlation Besidesthe variation of pollutant source type in spring or winter ascompared to other seasons the environmental conditions ofcold weather and low ORP value in March may affect thedegradation and occurrence characteristics of PAHs in waterbody Meanwhile pH showed obvious positive correlationwith the first species axis with 3- to 6-ring PAHs in these sitesin March (119903 = 04280) it implied that high pH was conduciveto the residue of these PAHs in sediment

Group II was associated with the sampling sites in June(wet season) which had higher content of Nap and Ant with2- to 3-ring PAHs as compared to March (dry season) Fromthe projection point of PAHs species arrows falling in thesame direction of the arrows of T DO and ORP we canspeculate their significant positive correlation and the phe-nomenon of low-ring PAHs predominating in these samplingsites may be related to the variation of the environmentalcondition of high temperature and high ORP value in Junewhich is conducive to the residue and occurrence of Nap andAnt in sedimentsThedistribution characteristics of samplingsites in September (temperate season) have a high similaritywith those sites in June (wet season) But the sampling sitesin September were subjected to greater impact from theCOND so we divided the September sites into group III Therelationship between PAHs and the first species axis wasmoreobvious than that between PAHs and the second species axis(Table 3)

The correlation coefficients betweenAce BbF BkFDahAand BghiP and the first species axis were 04147 0906809133 09620 and 06439 respectively It can approximatethe correlation between PAHs and environmental variable(eg T and ORP) by the distance of the perpendicularprojection point of the species arrow-tips (eg PAHs) ontothe environmental variable arrows (eg T and ORP) fromthe coordinate origin (zero point) The longer the distancethe higher the correlation If the projection point lies in theopposite direction (eg BbF BkF DahA and BghiP) thentheir correlation is negative

As shown in Table 4 three environmental parameters(T DO and ORP) were negatively correlated with the firstspecies axis The correlation between the first species axisand T was the most significant (119903 = minus09168) The otherfactors had positive correlation with the first species axispH was the most remarkable positive correlation factor (119903= 04283) Most of the factors showed negative correlationwith the second species axis DO was the most remarkablecorrelation factor (119903 = 04435) From the arrow-line lengthsand the correlation analysis of environmental indexes andthe first two species axes we can infer that the main factorsimpacting PAHs distribution are T DO pH and ORP whileCOND had secondary impacts on PAHs distribution

35 Ecological Risk Assessment As China has not yet set anenvironmental standard for PAHs in sediment Therefore in


Table 2 The reference standard of PAHs source identification for ratio method

Petrogenic origin Petroleum combustion Combustion of biomass and coal ReferenceAnt(Ant + Phe) lt010 gt010 gt010 [14]Group of sites All of the sampling sitesFla(Fla + Pyr) lt040 050 gt 119877 gt 040 gt050 [20 21]Group of sites M1 M2 M3 M6 and J6 J1 J4 J5 S1 S5 and S6 Other sampling sitesBaA(BaA + Chr) lt020 035 gt 119877 gt 020 gt035 [14]Group of sitesS2 and S4 M1 M4 J4 and J5 Other sampling sites

Table 3 Eigenvalues for RDA axis and environmental indexes correlations

Axes 1 2 3 4 Total varianceEigenvalues 06264 00498 00856 00697 10000Explained variation (cumulative) 6264 6762 7618 8315Pseudocanonical correlation 09696 07022 00000 00000Explained fitted variation (cumulative) 8890 9597

Table 4 Correlation coefficients among environmental indexesPAHs and RDA ordination axes

Environmentalparameters andPAHs

Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Axis 4

T minus09168 01971 minus00032 minus00100DO minus01480 04435 minus01041 minus00849COND minus00670 minus04215 minus00379 00119Eh minus04481 04787 01015 00695pH 04283 00485 minus01642 minus00993Nap minus09123 02484 01718 01317Ace 08275 minus01742 minus00995 minus00572Flu 05027 minus02518 02936 01881Phe 07625 01703 01589 01373Ant minus01376 00238 minus04362 minus04289Fla 04212 minus00613 minus04515 minus00190Pyr 04617 minus00883 minus01105 minus02645BaA 05113 04609 minus02460 04079Chr 06575 01510 minus06108 minus02567BbF 09120 00016 minus00825 00379BkF 05064 04055 minus05969 04309BaP 05176 02502 02251 06458DahA 09604 00891 minus01500 00031BghiP 07529 minus00046 00493 minus01962

this study PAHs associated risk in sediments was assessedby applying the ldquoUS Sediment Quality Guidelinesrdquo (SQGs)[36 42] SQGs provide two effects-based sediment guidelinevalues effects range-low (ERL) and effects range-median(ERM) which quantitatively assess the adverse biologicaleffects in sediments [45] These two values establish threeconcentration ranges for PAHs PAHs will not be harmful

Environmental variablesPAHs

Sampling sites

minus08

10

RDA

axis2

RDA axis 1minus10 10

JuneII

I

BaA

Ace

BkFBaP Chr

PheDahA

Fla BghiP BbFpH

DOORP

TNap

Pyr

Ant

March

FluIII

September

COND

1998400

29984004998400

6998400

5998400

3998400

1

23

4

56

1998400998400

2998400998400

3998400998400

4998400998400

5998400998400 6

998400998400

Figure 5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) plot of the relationshipbetween environmental parameters and PAHs in March (dry sea-son) June (wet season) and September (temperate season)

to the environment and its biota when their concentrationsare lower than ERL while the concentrations are higher thanERM PAHs will show negative impacts frequently PAHswith concentrations between ERL and ERM are consideredto be harmful occasionally [36 45]

Concentrations of sumPAHs in sediments in all sites wereless than the ERL value of 4749 ngg dw (Table 5) But in Junethere was one constituent that might occasionally exceed theERL and pose biological impairment For example the maxi-mum concentration of naphthalene (Nap) was 21211 ngg dwin June and 16941 ngg dw in September which exceeded the


Table 5 Standard pollution criteria of PAH concentrations for sediment (ngg dw) (ERL effects range-low ERM effects range-median andNA not available)

Guidelines This studyPAHs March June September

ERL ERM Average Max Average Max Average MaxNap 160 2100 025 154 15135 21211 6196 16941Ace 44 640 1434 7628 15455 3259 147 2121Flu 19 540 1911 296 628 1075 966 1708Phe 240 1500 1911 4829 521 878 1053 2362Ant 853 1100 933 1629 1308 2093 582 2678Fla 600 5100 609 908 408 807 331 643Pyr 665 2600 1338 2874 573 1642 564 1126BaA 261 1600 1358 278 848 1423 25 1066Chr 384 2800 2621 3635 856 1619 295 1169BbF 320 1880 9617 13684 505 853 138 885BkF 280 1620 1982 3028 1305 2639 461 1384BaP 430 1600 691 1099 49 1968 738 1211DahA 634 260 4883 6928 183 1099 NA NABghiP 430 1600 1613 5269 NA NA NA NAsumPAHs 4749 24940 30931 57405 24308 40566 1305 33294

ERL value of 160 ngg dw InMarch acenaphthylene (Ace) andfluorene (Flu) maximum concentration was 7628 ngg dwand 2906 ngg dw respectively which exceeded the ERLvalues of 44 ngg dw and 19 ngg dw These results valuesindicated that the probability of ecological risk associatedwith these PAHs was below 10 and the adverse biologicaltoxicity effect would occur occasionally SQGs have beenused by several researchers around the world such as Cardel-licchio et al who used this approach to provide possibleecotoxicological risk estimations for benthic organisms atMar Piccolo in Taranto southern Italy [46] and Binelli etal who compared SQGs for toxicity assessment in the Bayof Bengal in India [47]

4 Conclusion

PAHs were systematically investigated in sedimentsfrom Changdang Lake The results indicated thataverage sumPAHs concentration in March (dry season)was higher (29528 ngg dw) than those in June (wetseason) (24091 ngg) and September (temperate season)(16581 ngg dw) Sources of PAHs were mainly from themixed combustion sources of biomass and petroleumand the origins of PAHs in different sampling sites havea great deal of temporal and spatial variability duringdifferent water seasons This studyrsquos results highlightedthat environmental parameters like temperature dissolvedoxygen pH and conductivity played a more significantrole in controlling the distributions of PAHs in sedimentsBy comparing the present study results with the US SQGsvalues PAHs associated risk is not high in the sedimentsfrom Changdang Lake However further attention should bepaid and preventive measures should be taken to save the

lake from further PAHs contamination This studyrsquos resultswill provide useful information to the local administrationabout PAHs level in sediments from Changdang Lake

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (41371307 51509129) the OpeningFunding of State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control andResource Reuse (PCRRF12010) the State Key Laboratory ofSoil and Sustainable Agriculture (Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Foundation (0812201228)) anda Project Funded by the PriorityAcademic ProgramDevelop-ment of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)

References

[1] E Lipiatou I Tolosa R Simo et al ldquoMass budget and dynamicsof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in theMediterranean SeardquoDeep-Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography vol44 no 3-4 pp 881ndash905 1997

[2] P Baumard H Budzinski and P Garrigues ldquoPolycyclic aro-matic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the WesternMediterranean seardquo Environmental Toxicology and Chemistryvol 17 no 5 pp 765ndash776 1998

[3] X Martınez-Llado O Gibert V Martı et al ldquoDistributionof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tributyltin(TBT) in Barcelona harbour sediments and their impact on


benthic communitiesrdquo Environmental Pollution vol 149 no 1pp 104ndash113 2007

[4] Z D Wang M Fingas Y Y Shu et al ldquoQuantitative char-acterization of PAHs in burn residue and soot samples anddifferentiation of pyrogenic PAH1 from petrogenic PAHsmdashthe1994mobile burn studyrdquoEnvironmental Science and Technologyvol 33 no 18 pp 3100ndash3109 1999

[5] B J Finlayso-Pitts and J J N Pitts ldquoTropospheric air pollutionozone airborne toxics polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons andparticlesrdquo Science vol 276 no 5315 pp 1045ndash1051 1997

[6] Q X Zhou F X Kong and L Zhu Ecotoxicology Science PressBeijing China 2004 (Chinese)

[7] Y Liu L ChenQ-HHuangW-Y Li Y-J Tang and J-F ZhaoldquoSource apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in surface sediments of the Huangpu River ShanghaiChinardquo Science of the Total Environment vol 407 no 8 pp2931ndash2938 2009

[8] C Riccardi P D Filippo D Pomata M D Basilio S Spicagliaand F Buiarelli ldquoIdentification of hydrocarbon sources incontaminated soils of three industrial areasrdquo Science of the TotalEnvironment vol 450-451 pp 13ndash21 2013

[9] M A Khairy M Kolb A R Mostafa A EL-Fiky and MBahadir ldquoRisk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsin a Mediterranean semi-enclosed basin affected by humanactivities (AbuQir Bay Egypt)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterialsvol 170 no 1 pp 389ndash397 2009

[10] J Beyer G Jonsson C Porte M M Krahn and F ArieseldquoAnalytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile a reviewrdquoEnvironmental Toxicology and Pharmacology vol 30 no 3 pp224ndash244 2010

[11] M Saha A Togo K Mizukawa et al ldquoSources of sedimentaryPAHs in tropical Asian waters differentiation between pyro-genic and petrogenic sources by alkyl homolog abundancerdquoMarine Pollution Bulletin vol 58 no 2 pp 189ndash200 2009

[12] R Lohmann E Jurado M B E B Q Pilson and J DachsldquoOceanic deep water formation as a sink of persistent organicpollutantsrdquoGeophysical Research Letters vol 33 no 22 pp 735ndash742 2006

[13] N Qin W He X Z Kong and X L Zhao ldquoDistributionpartitioning and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsin the water-SPM-sediment system of Lake Chaohu ChinardquoScience of the Total Environment vol 34 no 4 pp 445ndash4562011

[14] J I Wan A F Roth A O Bailey and N G Davis ldquoPalmitoy-lated proteins purification and identificationrdquoNature Protocolsvol 2 no 7 pp 1573ndash1584 2007

[15] W T Wang S L M Simonich M Xue et al ldquoConcentrationssources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons in soils from Beijing Tianjin and surrounding areasNorth Chinardquo Environmental Pollution vol 158 no 5 pp 1245ndash1251 2010

[16] D W Connel D W Hawker M J Warne and P P VowlesldquoPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)rdquo in Introductioninto Environmental Chemistry K McCombs and A W Stark-weather Eds CRC Press LLC Boca Raton Fla USA 1997

[17] W E Pereira F D Hostettler and J B Rapp ldquoDistributionsand fate of chlorinated pesticides biomarkers and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments along a contaminationgradient from a point-source in San Francisco Bay CaliforniardquoMarine Environmental Research vol 41 no 3 pp 299ndash314 1996

[18] R Boonyatumanond G Wattayakorn A Togo and H TakadaldquoDistribution and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in riverine estuarine and marine sediments in Thai-landrdquo Marine Pollution Bulletin vol 52 no 8 pp 942ndash9562006

[19] E Manoli C Samara I Konstantinou and T Albanis ldquoPoly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bulk precipitation andsurface waters of Northern Greecerdquo Chemosphere vol 41 no12 pp 1845ndash1855 2000

[20] M Lu D-C Zeng Y Liao and B Tong ldquoDistribution andcharacterization of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Poyang LakeChinardquo Science of the Total Environment vol 433 pp 491ndash4972012

[21] G Hu X Luo F Li et al ldquoOrganochlorine compounds andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment fromBaiyangdian Lake North China concentrations sources pro-files and potential riskrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol22 no 2 pp 176ndash183 2010

[22] I C T Nisbet and P K LaGoy ldquoToxic equivalency factors(TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)rdquo Regula-tory Toxicology and Pharmacology vol 16 no 3 pp 290ndash3001992

[23] Committee on Pyrene and Selected Analogues and Board onToxicology and Environmental Health Hazards Polycyclic Aro-matic Hydrocarbons Evaluation of Sources and Effects NationalService Center for Environmental Publications WashingtonDC USA 1983

[24] W L Lockhart R Wagemann B Tracey D Sutherland andD J Thomas ldquoPresence and implications of chemical contami-nants in the freshwaters of the Canadian Arcticrdquo Science of theTotal Environment vol 122 no 1-2 pp 165ndash243 1992

[25] M P Zakaria H Takada S Tsutsumi et al ldquoDistributionof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers andestuaries in Malaysia a widespread input of petrogenic PAHsrdquoEnvironmental Science amp Technology vol 36 no 9 pp 1907ndash1918 2002

[26] M B Yunker R W Macdonald R Vingarzan R H MitchellD Goyette and S Sylvestre ldquoPAHs in the Fraser River basin acritical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source andcompositionrdquoOrganic Geochemistry vol 33 no 4 pp 489ndash5152002

[27] S M Bamforth and I Singleton ldquoBioremediation of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons current knowledge and future direc-tionsrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology amp Biotechnology vol 80no 7 pp 723ndash736 2005

[28] C R Rao ldquoThe use and interpretation of principal componentanalysis in applied researchrdquo Sankhya A vol 26 no 4 pp 329ndash358 1964

[29] A M Kipopoulou E Manoli and C Samara ldquoBioconcentra-tion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grownin an industrial areardquo Environmental Pollution vol 106 no 3pp 369ndash380 1999

[30] MNadalM Schuhmacher and J L Domingo ldquoLevels of PAHsin soil and vegetation samples from Tarragona county SpainrdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 132 no 1 pp 1ndash11 2004

[31] J Leps and P SmilauerMultivariate Analysis of Ecological DataUsing CANOCO Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK2003

[32] C J F ter Braak and P Smilauer CANOCO Reference Man-ual and CanoDraw for Windows Userrsquos Guide Software for


Canonical Community Ordination (Version 45) Microcom-puter Power New York NY USA 2002

[33] S Ray P S Khillare T Agarwal andV Shridhar ldquoAssessment ofPAHs in soil around the International Airport in Delhi IndiardquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 156 no 1ndash3 pp 9ndash16 2008

[34] J Zhang J Dai H Chen X Du W Wang and R WangldquoPetroleum contamination in groundwaterair and its effectson farmland soil in the outskirt of an industrial city in ChinardquoJournal of Geochemical Exploration vol 118 pp 19ndash29 2012

[35] E R Long D D Macdonald S L Smith and F D CalderldquoIncidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chem-ical concentrations in marine and estuarine sedimentsrdquo Envi-ronmental Management vol 19 no 1 pp 81ndash97 1995

[36] D D MacDonald C G Ingersoll and T A Berger ldquoDevel-opment and evaluation of consensus-based sediment qualityguidelines for freshwater ecosystemsrdquo Archives of Environmen-tal Contamination and Toxicology vol 39 no 1 pp 20ndash31 2000

[37] K Pozo G Perra V Menchi et al ldquoLevels and spatial distribu-tion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sedimentsfrom Lenga Estuary central Chilerdquo Marine Pollution Bulletinvol 62 no 7 pp 1572ndash1576 2011

[38] C-W Chen and C-F Chen ldquoDistribution origin and potentialtoxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor Taiwanrdquo MarinePollution Bulletin vol 63 no 5ndash12 pp 417ndash423 2011

[39] A O Barakat A Mostafa T L Wade S T Sweet and N B ElSayed ldquoDistribution and characteristics of PAHs in sedimentsfrom the Mediterranean coastal environment of EgyptrdquoMarinePollution Bulletin vol 62 no 9 pp 1969ndash1978 2011

[40] W Jiao T Wang J S Khim et al ldquoPAHs in surface sedimentsfrom coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai andYellow Seas Chinardquo Environmental Geochemistry and Healthvol 34 no 4 pp 445ndash456 2012

[41] J-O Cheng F-C Ko C-L Lee and M-D Fang ldquoAir-waterexchange fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in thetropical coast Taiwanrdquo Chemosphere vol 90 no 10 pp 2614ndash2622 2013

[42] W X Liu J L Chen X M Lin and S Tao ldquoDistribution andcharacteristics of organic micropollutants in surface sedimentsfrom Bohai Seardquo Environmental Pollution vol 140 no 1 pp 4ndash8 2006

[43] J-Y Guo F-C Wu L Zhang et al ldquoScreening level of PAHs insediment core fromLakeHongfeng Southwest ChinardquoArchivesof Environmental Contamination and Toxicology vol 60 no 4pp 590ndash596 2011

[44] J Guo Z LiangH Liao Z Tang X Zhao and FWu ldquoSedimen-tary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake ErhaiSouthwest Chinardquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 23 no8 pp 1308ndash1315 2011

[45] E R Long and D D MacDonald ldquoRecommended uses ofempirically derived sediment quality guidelines formarine andestuarine ecosystemsrdquo Human and Ecological Risk Assessmentvol 4 no 5 pp 1019ndash1039 1998

[46] N Cardellicchio A Buccolieri S Giandomenico L LopezF Pizzulli and L Spada ldquoOrganic pollutants (PAHs PCBs)in sediments from the Mar Piccolo in Taranto (Ionian SeaSouthern Italy)rdquoMarine Pollution Bulletin vol 55 no 10ndash12 pp451ndash458 2007

[47] A Binelli S K Sarkar M Chatterjee et al ldquoA comparisonof sediment quality guidelines for toxicity assessment in theSunderban wetlands (Bay of Bengal India)rdquo Chemosphere vol73 no 7 pp 1129ndash1137 2008

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


and the overlying water body is interrupted in which casesediments highly contribute toxic PAHs compounds to thefood web resulting in fundamental alterations of the ecosys-tems that may affect the human body [14 15] Due to theircarcinogenic and mutagenic effects on both terrestrial andaquatic organisms [16] the distribution and sources of PAHshave gathered significant environmental concern [17 18]Their potentially hazardous properties and persistence inthe environments prompted theUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency (USEPA) to include 16 PAHs within thepriority pollutants list [19]

The US EPA and International Agency for Research onCancer (IARC) classify seven PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene ben-zo[a]anthracene chrysene benzo[b]fluoranthene benzo[k]fluoranthene dibenzo[ah]anthracene and indeno[123-cd]pyrene) as possible human carcinogens (USEPA ClassB2) Other PAHs may also cause carcinogenic effects andshould not be considered as noncarcinogens [22] PAHsaffect cell division cause tumors and alter reproductionrates through enzymes induction process [23 24]

Source identification of PAHs has been a hot researchtopic and challenging field for the domestic and foreign scien-tists Ratios of PAHs are often used to be accurate and reliablediagnostic tools for sources identification of PAHs [25 26]As isomers of PAHs have similar thermodynamic and kineticcharacteristics and isomers from the same source undergothe same transformation process the ratio of different PAHscan determine the type of pollution sources [26] But whenusing a single ratio of PAHs for the source identificationit may result in an inaccurate estimate of PAH source inorder to avoid this situation we innovatively proposed asource identification method of PAHs using three kinds ofdiagnostic ratios of PAHs in a triangular plot The ratioof low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs(LH) and isomers are commonly used as a ratio method[27] These groups of compounds are of molecular weights178 (phenanthrene and anthracene) 202 (fluoranthene andpyrene) 228 (benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene) and 276(indeno[123-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene) In thepresent study the ratios of Ant(Ant + Phe) Fla(Fla + Pyr)and BaA(BaA +Chr) were used to identify the PAHs sourcesin sediment

The environmental parameters included in this study(temperature pH dissolved oxygen oxidation-reductionpotential and pH) are variables which are believed to affectthe PAHs residual characteristics differing from site to siteand regulate the process of biodegradation The relationshipbetween environmental parameters and PAHs was investi-gated through redundancy analysis (RDA) which was firstproposed by Rao [28]

This analysis method has been used by some researchersin geochemical studies and source analyses [29 30] TheCANOCO 45 software bundled with CanoDraw for Win-dows was used to perform redundancy analysis [31ndash33]In previous studies this software was used to investigatealiphatic hydrocarbon composition thereby partitioning var-ious petroleum sources (wastewater irrigation oil wells andatmospheric deposition) into different groups [34]

Ecological risk of PAHs was assessed by the United StatesldquoSediment Quality Guidelinesrdquo (SQGs) which is a usefulapproach to assess the sediments with a ranking of lesserto greater impacts SQGs provide a scientifically justifiablebasis for assessing the potential effects of sediment-associatedcontaminants on aquatic organisms [35ndash37] PAHs riskassessment has been reported in several studies in differentregions of the world [38 39] However due to the complexnature of sediments and the fact that risk assessment for PAH-contaminated sediments requires an estimate of the toxicityto aquatic organisms of the complex PAHs assemblage in thesediments it is difficult to find out the exact potential impactsposed by PAHs in sediments [40]

This study aims to explore the effects of different waterseasons on the distribution of PAHs to identify the possiblesources and to conduct an ecological risk assessment torecognize the possible adverse ecological effects of PAHs insediments from Changdang Lake

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area Description Changdang Lake is located aboutnine kilometers away from the south of Jintan City ChinaJintan has amaritimemonsoon climate amild and humid cli-mate with distinct seasons The annual average temperatureis around 17∘CThe so-called Meiyu season meaning ldquohumidand rainfall abundantrdquo in China lasts about 2ndash4 weeks Jintanis crisscrossed by numerous rivers canals and lakes and thewater surface area occupies one-fifth of its size of the landThe natural resources mainly include salt coal and granitemines

Changdang Lake covers 8200 hectares (32 sq mi) It isone of the ten largest freshwater lakes in Jiangsu province Ithas always been an important source of drinkingwater supplyin Jintan City Maximum depth of lake is 131m with averagedepth of 110m and its storage capacity is about 098 times 108m3

Changdang Lake receives water from the west XuebuRiver Sudou River and flows into Taihu Lake throughHuangli River Beigan River and Zhonggan River which lieto the east of the lake Figure 1 illustrated the locations ofsampling sites in Changdang Lake Sites 1 2 and 3 wereselected from the northeast shore to the center of the lake site4 is the main outlet to Huangli River while sites 5 and 6were selected near the inlet from Xuebu River

22 Sample Collection and Pretreatment Surface sediment(0ndash20 cm) samples were collected from six sites in Chang-dang Lake using stainless steel grab sampler in March(dry season) June (wet season) and September (temperateseason) 2013 Each sediment sample consisted of central partsof 5 subsamples randomly collected at 5 points within thesampling area And each sampling site was positioned byusing GPS to ensure the consistency of sampling locationAfter collection samples were kept in aluminum trays driedin the shade cleaned from impurities and ground Driedsediments were sieved through 100120583m meshes stainlesssteel sieves with mechanical shaking (100 rpm 60min) Themechanical shaker used was throw-action sieving where thevertical throwing motion was overlaid with slight circular


Shanghai

Beijing

Sudou River

Beigan River

Huangli River

Zhonggan River

Xuebu River

Changdang Lake

1

2

4

5

3

6

2km

N













Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Resid

ues o

f PA

Hs i

n se

dim

ent (

nggminus

1 )

0

100

200

300

400

500

Nap2 rings

AceFluPheAnt

FlaPyrBaAChr

BbFBkFBaPBahA

BghiP3 rings









Nap11 Ace

3 Flu2

Phe6

Ant7

Fla18

Pyr11

BaA6

Chr11

BbF10

BkF7

BaP7

DahA1

BghiP0









M1

M2 M3

M4

M5M6

J1

J2J3

J4J5

J6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

000

020

035

050

075

100000

010

025

050

075

100000 025 040 050 075 100

M6

S3

S6

MarchJune

September

Combustion

Grass woodand coal

combustion

Grass w

ood

and c

oal

combu

stion

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petro

leum

combustion

Petro

leum

com

busti

on

BaA(BaA + Chr)






















Sampling sites

minus08

10

RDA

axis2


JuneII

I

BaA

Ace

BkFBaP Chr

PheDahA

Fla BghiP BbFpH

DOORP

TNap

Pyr

Ant

March

FluIII

September

COND

1998400

29984004998400

6998400

5998400

3998400

1

23

4

56

1998400998400

2998400998400

3998400998400

4998400998400

5998400998400 6

998400998400









4 Conclusion





Acknowledgments


References





























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Shanghai

Beijing

Sudou River

Beigan River

Huangli River

Zhonggan River

Xuebu River

Changdang Lake

1

2

4

5

3

6

2km

N













Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Resid

ues o

f PA

Hs i

n se

dim

ent (

nggminus

1 )

0

100

200

300

400

500

Nap2 rings

AceFluPheAnt

FlaPyrBaAChr

BbFBkFBaPBahA

BghiP3 rings









Nap11 Ace

3 Flu2

Phe6

Ant7

Fla18

Pyr11

BaA6

Chr11

BbF10

BkF7

BaP7

DahA1

BghiP0









M1

M2 M3

M4

M5M6

J1

J2J3

J4J5

J6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

000

020

035

050

075

100000

010

025

050

075

100000 025 040 050 075 100

M6

S3

S6

MarchJune

September

Combustion

Grass woodand coal

combustion

Grass w

ood

and c

oal

combu

stion

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petro

leum

combustion

Petro

leum

com

busti

on

BaA(BaA + Chr)






















Sampling sites

minus08

10

RDA

axis2


JuneII

I

BaA

Ace

BkFBaP Chr

PheDahA

Fla BghiP BbFpH

DOORP

TNap

Pyr

Ant

March

FluIII

September

COND

1998400

29984004998400

6998400

5998400

3998400

1

23

4

56

1998400998400

2998400998400

3998400998400

4998400998400

5998400998400 6

998400998400









4 Conclusion





Acknowledgments


References





























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of





Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Mar Jun

Sep

Resid

ues o

f PA

Hs i

n se

dim

ent (

nggminus

1 )

0

100

200

300

400

500

Nap2 rings

AceFluPheAnt

FlaPyrBaAChr

BbFBkFBaPBahA

BghiP3 rings









Nap11 Ace

3 Flu2

Phe6

Ant7

Fla18

Pyr11

BaA6

Chr11

BbF10

BkF7

BaP7

DahA1

BghiP0









M1

M2 M3

M4

M5M6

J1

J2J3

J4J5

J6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

000

020

035

050

075

100000

010

025

050

075

100000 025 040 050 075 100

M6

S3

S6

MarchJune

September

Combustion

Grass woodand coal

combustion

Grass w

ood

and c

oal

combu

stion

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petro

leum

combustion

Petro

leum

com

busti

on

BaA(BaA + Chr)






















Sampling sites

minus08

10

RDA

axis2


JuneII

I

BaA

Ace

BkFBaP Chr

PheDahA

Fla BghiP BbFpH

DOORP

TNap

Pyr

Ant

March

FluIII

September

COND

1998400

29984004998400

6998400

5998400

3998400

1

23

4

56

1998400998400

2998400998400

3998400998400

4998400998400

5998400998400 6

998400998400









4 Conclusion





Acknowledgments


References





























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Nap11 Ace

3 Flu2

Phe6

Ant7

Fla18

Pyr11

BaA6

Chr11

BbF10

BkF7

BaP7

DahA1

BghiP0









M1

M2 M3

M4

M5M6

J1

J2J3

J4J5

J6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

000

020

035

050

075

100000

010

025

050

075

100000 025 040 050 075 100

M6

S3

S6

MarchJune

September

Combustion

Grass woodand coal

combustion

Grass w

ood

and c

oal

combu

stion

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petro

leum

combustion

Petro

leum

com

busti

on

BaA(BaA + Chr)






















Sampling sites

minus08

10

RDA

axis2


JuneII

I

BaA

Ace

BkFBaP Chr

PheDahA

Fla BghiP BbFpH

DOORP

TNap

Pyr

Ant

March

FluIII

September

COND

1998400

29984004998400

6998400

5998400

3998400

1

23

4

56

1998400998400

2998400998400

3998400998400

4998400998400

5998400998400 6

998400998400









4 Conclusion





Acknowledgments


References





























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


M1

M2 M3

M4

M5M6

J1

J2J3

J4J5

J6

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

000

020

035

050

075

100000

010

025

050

075

100000 025 040 050 075 100

M6

S3

S6

MarchJune

September

Combustion

Grass woodand coal

combustion

Grass w

ood

and c

oal

combu

stion

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petro

leum

combustion

Petro

leum

com

busti

on

BaA(BaA + Chr)






















Sampling sites

minus08

10

RDA

axis2


JuneII

I

BaA

Ace

BkFBaP Chr

PheDahA

Fla BghiP BbFpH

DOORP

TNap

Pyr

Ant

March

FluIII

September

COND

1998400

29984004998400

6998400

5998400

3998400

1

23

4

56

1998400998400

2998400998400

3998400998400

4998400998400

5998400998400 6

998400998400









4 Conclusion





Acknowledgments


References





























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of












Sampling sites

minus08

10

RDA

axis2


JuneII

I

BaA

Ace

BkFBaP Chr

PheDahA

Fla BghiP BbFpH

DOORP

TNap

Pyr

Ant

March

FluIII

September

COND

1998400

29984004998400

6998400

5998400

3998400

1

23

4

56

1998400998400

2998400998400

3998400998400

4998400998400

5998400998400 6

998400998400









4 Conclusion





Acknowledgments


References





























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of






4 Conclusion





Acknowledgments


References





























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


























































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

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