research article design and investigation of differential-fed...

Research ArticleDesign and Investigation of Differential-Fed Ultra-WidebandPatch Antenna with Polarization Diversity

Yanfang Wang1 Fuguo Zhu2 and Steven Gao3

1College of Computer and Information Hohai University Nanjing 211100 China2Science and Technology on Antenna and Microwave Laboratory Nanjing 210039 China3School of Engineering and Digital Arts University of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NT UK

Correspondence should be addressed to Fuguo Zhu zhufuguohotmailcom

Received 24 July 2016 Revised 16 October 2016 Accepted 26 October 2016

Academic Editor Miguel Ferrando Bataller

Copyright copy 2016 Yanfang Wang et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

A novel single- or dual-polarized ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antenna fed by coupled feedingmechanism is proposedThe single-polarized antenna consists of a square ring patch and two Γ-shaped patches which are coupled to the radiating patch The verticalportions of the Γ-shaped patches are connected to the microstrip lines which are printed on the bottom layer of the groundedFR4 substrate To realize the differential feeding mechanism for enhancing the polarization purity a tapered balun is employed toexcite the antenna Further to provide dual linear orthogonal polarizations another pair of Γ-shaped patches is added in the single-polarized UWB antennaThe dual-polarized UWB antenna prototype can achieve two orthogonal polarizations with an impedancebandwidth (|119878

11| le minus10 dB) of 113 and isolation of over 25 dB across the entire frequency band

1 Introduction

The development of UWB radars has received significantinterests particularly after the Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC) designated the frequency band from 31to 106GHz for unlicensed use as high-resolution sensingand imaging can be realized due to the large bandwidthUWBradars can be applied for indoor and outdoor environmentsincluding medical imaging for cancerous tissue detectiondetection of human beings behind the wall and groundpenetrating radar for mine detection [1 2] Moreover dual-polarized UWB antennas have substantial advantages incomparison with linearly polarized antennas as the perfor-mance of the UWB radar can be improved by using anappropriate polarimetric method [3] For radar applicationsthe proper antennas are required to achieve awide impedancebandwidth with dual orthogonal polarization high port-to-port isolation stable directional patterns and compact size

It is well known that patch antennas have been widelyutilized in wireless communication systems and radar sys-tems mainly due to their characteristics of low profile easyfabrication and low-cost However patch antennas can onlyoperate in a limited frequency bandwidth which can not

satisfy the FCC allocated UWB bandwidth Consequentlyvarious methods have been proposed for enhancing thebandwidth of dual-polarized patch antennas The most usedmethods include optimizing the shapes of feeding probes [4ndash6] multiple radiating patches [7 8] and aperture-coupledfeeding mechanism [9ndash11] The dual-polarized magnetoelec-tric dipole antenna in [6] is fed by four Γ-shaped probesand can achieve stable radiation characteristics across a widefrequency range However the relative operating bandwidthsof the listed dual-polarized patch antennas [4ndash11] are lessthan 40 Recently a popular method for designing a dual-polarized antenna is developed from the uniplanarmonopoleantenna which can work from 3 to 10GHz The planar dual-polarized antenna is obtained by employing two identicalmonopoles with one rotated by 90∘ [12] However theantenna achieves doughnut-shaped patterns with omnidirec-tional radiation in the H-plane and bidirectional radiation inthe E-plane thus leading to low antenna gain In additionthe pattern is split at higher frequencies and unstable acrossthe entire frequency band though the impedance bandwidthcan meet UWB regulations Another promising design is toemploy two Vivaldi antennas with cross-shaped configura-tion to achieve a wide bandwidth [13] while it requires a large

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Antennas and PropagationVolume 2016 Article ID 4254830 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520164254830

2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Port 1

Ground

Square ring patch

d

L1 L2l1

w1

w

g

Γ-shaped patch

(a)

Port 1

Via

Balun

Foam

Ground FR4

Hl1t1

wl2

w2

h1

h2

Γ-shaped patch

(b)

GroundBalun

Port 1

FR4

Foam

Square ring patch

Feed line

(c)

Figure 1 Geometry of the proposed single-polarized UWB patch antenna (a) top view (b) side view and (c) front view 1198711= 65mm 119871

2=

45mm 1198971= 18mm 119908

1= 113mm 119905

1= 14mm 119889 = 22mm 119892 = 01mm 119908 = 15mm 119908

2= 31mm and 119897

2= 20mm119867 = 9mm ℎ

1= 32mm

and ℎ2= 08mm

space for accommodating the structure A differential-fedslot-loaded patch antenna proposed in [14] can operate acrossthe FCC UWB band with dual orthogonal polarizations andthe impedance matching can be tuned by adjusting the tiltangle between the triangular feeders and the ground planeGood impedance matching is obtained when the tilt angle isvery small thus leading to a large groundplane for supportingunidirectional radiation

In this paper a novel coupled-fed single- or dual-polarized patch antenna is proposed The coupled feeds areapplied for ensuring good impedance matching across theUWB frequency rangeThe proposed dual-polarized antennaachieves an impedance bandwidth of over 110 (|119878

11| le

minus10 dB) and port-to-port isolation of above 25 dB by adoptingthe differential feeding technique The rest of the paper isorganized as follows the design of the single-polarized UWBpatch antenna is demonstrated in Section 2 The parametricstudy of three key parameters has also been carried out in thissection to understand the operating principles and choosethe proper values of the dimensions Section 3 presents thedesign of the dual-polarized UWB patch antenna and bothsimulation and measurement results are given A conclusionis drawn in Section 4

2 Single-Polarized UWB Antenna Design

The configuration and geometry of the proposed single-polarized UWB patch antenna are presented in Figure 1As shown in Figure 1(a) the radiating square ring patch iscoupled by two identical Γ-shaped patches which are sym-metrically located with respect to the center of the structureEach Γ-shaped patch is formed by a horizontal rectangularpatch and a vertical isosceles trapezoidal patch The squarering patch has an outer side with length of 119871

1and an inner

side with length of 1198712 It is worth mentioning that the lowest

operating frequency of the antenna is mainly determinedby the dimensions of the radiating patch Moreover theimpedance matching is tuned by adjusting the dimensions ofthe Γ-shaped patches and the gap between the inner sides ofthe radiating patch and top sides of the Γ-shaped patches Apair of microstrip lines are fabricated on the backside of thegrounded FR4 substrate with thickness of ℎ

2and connected

to the bottom sides of the Γ-shaped patches by a conductingvia In addition a piece of Rohacell foam with thicknessof ℎ1is attached on the ground to isolate and support

the vertical parts of the Γ-shaped patches Furthermore atapered balun [14] is applied to feed the antenna and playa role as differential feed to suppress cross-polarization and

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus30

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)L1 = 60mmL1 = 65mmL1 = 70mm

|S11|

(dB)

Figure 2 Effect of the outer side of the radiating patch 1198711on the

reflection coefficient

enhance port-to-port isolation As illustrated in Figure 1(b)the balun is fabricated on a 16mm thick FR4 substrate andperpendicular to the ground planeThe top sides of the balunare attached to the microstrip lines while the bottom sidesare soldered to a 50Ω SMA connector Figure 1(c) can alsoshow that the feeding balun is mounted perpendicularly tothe ground plane and parallel to the vertical parts of the Γ-shaped patches

Since the dimensions of the square ring patch and Γ-shaped patches are the main factors in affecting the operatingfrequency range of the proposed antenna the three param-eters 119871

1 119892 and 119905

1are selected to implement the sensitivity

study and understand the operating principles The AnsoftHFSS 150 using Finite Element Method has been applied toimplement the simulation and optimization of the proposeddesign The effects of the three parameters on the reflectioncoefficient of the design are simulated and shown in Figures2ndash4 Figure 2 exhibits the influence of the outer side of thesquare ring patch 119871

1on the reflection coefficient versus fre-

quency As expected the proposed UWB antenna can workacross the frequency range from around 3 to 11 GHz and thelowest operating frequency is shifted from 325 to 308GHzwhen the length of the outer side increases In addition theimpedance matching in the lower band is improved whilekept unchanged in the upper band In this work the dimen-sion of 119871

1is chosen to cover the required lowest operating

frequency The effect of the gap between the inner side of thesquare ring patch and the top part of the Γ-shaped patch isshown in Figure 3 It is noted that the impedancematching inthe lower band can be improved and the reflection coefficientis reduced as the gap decreases from 21 to 01mm Also itis observed that when the gap is removed (119892 = 0mm) thereflection coefficient from 4 to 7GHz is further loweredwhileit becomes large abruptly in the band from 3 to 4GHz Forachieving good impedance matching across the whole fre-quency band the dimension of 119892 is selected as 01mm when

0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus303 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

g = 01mmg = 11mm

g = 21mmg = 0mm

1003816 1003816 1003816 1003816S111003816 1003816 1003816 1003816

(dB)

Figure 3 Effect of the gap 119892 on the reflection coefficient

0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus30

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)t1 = 10mmt1 = 13mmt1 = 16mm

1003816 1003816 1003816 1003816S111003816 1003816 1003816 1003816

(dB)

Figure 4 Effect of the bottom side of the Γ-shaped patch 1199051on the


considering the fabrication tolerance Figure 4 presents theeffect of the bottom side of the Γ-shaped patch 119905

1on the reflec-

tion coefficient It is observed that it can change the reflectioncoefficient in both lower and upper bands The reflectioncoefficient decreases in the lower band and increases in theupper band when 119905

1changes from 10 to 16mm

3 Dual-Polarized UWB Antenna Design

Based on the design and analysis of the single-polarizedUWB patch antenna in previous section a compact UWBantenna with dual orthogonal polarizations is obtained byadding another pair of Γ-shaped patches As illustrated inFigure 5 the four Γ-shaped patches are symmetrical withrespect to the center of the dual-polarized UWB antenna and


Port 1 Port 2

Ground

Square ring patch

Feed line

V pol

H pol

L1L2 l1

w1

d

g

w

w

Γ-shaped patch

(a)

Port 1 Port 2

Via

BalunFeed line

Foam

Ground

Γ-shaped patchH

h1

h2

l1

t1

wl2

w2

(b)

(c)

Figure 5 Construction of the proposed dual-polarized UWB antenna (a) top view (b) side view and (c) 3D view 1198711= 65mm 119871

2= 45mm

1198971= 18mm 119908

1= 113mm 119905

1= 14mm 119889 = 22mm 119892 = 01mm 119908 = 15mm 119908

2= 31mm and 119897

2= 20mm119867 = 9mm ℎ

1= 32mm and ℎ

2=

08mm

(a) Top view (b) Side view (c) Bottom view

Figure 6 Photo of the fabricated prototype

coupled to the square ring patch The bottom sides of the Γ-shaped patches are soldered to the four microstrip lines byvias through via holes in the conducting ground plane Asobserved Port 1 is excited for horizontal polarization whilePort 2 is for vertical polarization The optimized values ofthe dimensions for the proposed design are also presentedin Figure 5 Figure 6 presents the photo of the fabricatedprototypeThe square ring patch and the four horizontal partsof the Γ-shaped patches are fabricated on a single 0127mmthick Duroid 5880 substrate while the vertical parts of the

Γ-shaped patches are fabricated by using four independentDuroid 5880 substrates Then the top sides of vertical partsare attached to the horizontal parts of the Γ-shaped patchesusing copper tape Both the feeding lines on the back sideof the ground plane and baluns are fabricated by employingthe FR4 substrates respectively The bottom of the verticalparts are connected and soldered to the feeding lines on theback of the ground plane with conducting posts To avoid thetouch between the Γ-shaped patches and the ground planea piece of Rohacell foam is inserted between them Finally


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

Spa

ram

eter

(dB)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816

Figure 7 Simulated and measured results of 119878-parameters for the dual-polarized UWB antenna

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

E-co (3GHz)H-co (3GHz)E-co (6GHz)

H-co (6GHz)E-co (9GHz)H-co (9GHz)

(a)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(b)

Figure 8 Measured copolarized radiation patterns at three different frequencies (a) Port 1 is excited and Port 2 is terminated with a 50Ωload (b) Port 2 is excited and Port 1 is terminated with a 50Ω load

the baluns are mounted to center of the feeding lines andperpendicularly to the ground plane

A prototype has been fabricated andmeasured to validatethe proposed design principle The simulated and measured119878-parameters of the proposed antenna are presented inFigure 7 The measured results confirm that Port 1 has over115 impedance bandwidth (from 27 to 101 GHz) for |119878

11| le

minus10 dB while Port 2 achieves an impedance bandwidth of113 (from 3 to 108GHz) It is also noted that the measuredmutual coupling between the two ports is less than minus25 dB

across the entire frequency range and the simulation is lessthan minus30 dB Ideally the top sides of the feeding balunsshould be precisely attached to ends of the feeding lineson the ground plane However the fabrication may lead tosome tolerances which will deteriorate the performance ofthe baluns This is coherent with the phenomenon that themeasured isolation is larger than the simulation as shown inFigure 7Themeasured copolarized patterns at three differentfrequencies in both principal planes are illustrated in Fig-ure 8 As noticed both polarizations exhibit similar radiation


10

8

6

4

2

0

minus2

minus4

Real

ized

gai

n (d

Bi)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

Port 1 (simulation)Port 2 (simulation)

Port 1 (measurement)Port 2 (measurement)

Figure 9 Simulated and measured realized gain versus frequency

characteristics Relatively consistent unidirectional patternsover the operating frequency band have been obtained TheFront-to-Back Ratio (FBR) is around 15 10 and 8 dB at 36 and 9GHz respectively The decrement of FBR againstfrequency is caused by two factors One is that the electricallength of the feeding balun is comparable to thewavelength athigher frequency thus it may cause backward radiation Theother one is that the vertical parts of the Γ-shaped patchesmay support unwanted radiation adding to the main radi-ation of the antenna The simulated and measured realizedgains of the proposed antenna are shown in Figure 9 Thesimulation implicates that the realized gain at Port 1 changesfrom 673 to 472 dBi and from648 to 105 dBi at Port 2 versusfrequency respectively while the measurement shows thatthe realized gain at Port 1 varies from 668 to 332 dBi andfrom 632 to 17 dBi at Port 2 from 3 to 10GHz respectivelyThe electrical length between the vertical portions of the Γ-shaped patches varies versus frequency thus inducing signif-icant side lobes at high frequencies and gain drop at 10GHz

4 ConclusionsThe investigation and design of single- or dual-polarizedUWB patch antennas have been shown in this paper Theproposed dual-polarized UWB antenna achieves a widefrequency band over 3ndash10GHz with dual polarizations andthe port-to-port isolation is above 25 dB

Competing InterestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests

AcknowledgmentsThe project is supported by the funding from the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China (Grant no 61502145)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesof China (2014B13114) Surrey Space Centre University ofSurrey UK Department of Computing University of Surrey

UK and School of Engineering and Digital Arts Universityof Kent UK Some measurements were carried out at theanechoic chamber of the Antenna Group at University ofBradford UK The authors would like to thank ProfessorRaed A Abd-Alhameed and Dr Chan See for their helpduring the measurement

References

[1] T Sugitani S Kubota A Toya X Xiao and T Kikkawa ldquoAcompact 4 times 4 planar UWB antenna array for 3-D breast cancerdetectionrdquo IEEE Antennas andWireless Propagation Letters vol12 pp 733ndash736 2013

[2] F Fioranelli S Salous I Ndip and X Raimundo ldquoThrough-the-wall detection with gated FMCW signals using optimizedpatch-like and Vivaldi antennasrdquo IEEE Transactions on Anten-nas and Propagation vol 63 no 3 pp 1106ndash1117 2015

[3] A Elsherbini J Wu and K Sarabandi ldquoDual polarized wide-band directional coupled sectorial loop antennas for radarand mobile base-station applicationsrdquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 63 no 4 pp 1505ndash1513 2015

[4] J-J Xie X-S Ren Y-Z Yin and J Ren ldquoDual-polarised patchantenna with wide bandwidth using electromagnetic feedsrdquoElectronics Letters vol 48 no 22 pp 1385ndash1386 2012

[5] J Zhang X Q Lin L Y Nie J W Yu and Y Fan ldquoWidebanddual-polarization patch antenna array with parallel strip linebalun feedingrdquo IEEEAntennas andWireless Propagation Lettersvol 15 pp 1499ndash1501 2016

[6] L Siu H Wong and K-M Luk ldquoA dual-polarized magneto-electric dipole with dielectric loadingrdquo IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation vol 57 no 3 pp 616ndash623 2009

[7] J Huang Z Hussein and A Petros ldquoA wide-band dual-polarized VHF microstrip antenna for global sup sensing ofsea ice thicknessrdquo in Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas andPropagation Society International Symposium vol 2 pp 684ndash687 Washington DC USA July 2005

[8] J L Vazquez-Roy V Krozer and J Dall ldquoWideband dual-polarization microstrip patch antenna array for airborne icesounderrdquo IEEEAntennas and PropagationMagazine vol 54 no4 pp 98ndash107 2012

[9] S C Gao L W Li P Gardner and P S Hall ldquoWideband dual-polarised microstrip patch antennardquo Electronics Letters vol 37no 20 pp 1213ndash1214 2001

[10] Q Fang L Song M Jin Y Han and X Qiao ldquoDual polarisedaperture-coupled patch antenna using asymmetrical feedrdquo IETMicrowaves Antennas and Propagation vol 9 no 13 pp 1399ndash1406 2015

[11] M Barba ldquoA high-isolation wideband and dual-linear polar-ization patch antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 56 no 5 pp 1472ndash1476 2008

[12] R V S S Krishna and R Kumar ldquoA dual-polarized square-ringslot antenna for UWB imaging and radar applicationsrdquo IEEEAntennas and Wireless Propagation Letters vol 15 pp 195ndash1982016

[13] M Sonkki D Sanchez-Escuderos V Hovinen E T Salonenand M Ferrando-Bataller ldquoWideband dual-polarized cross-shaped Vivaldi antennardquo IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation vol 63 no 6 pp 2813ndash2819 2015

[14] K Zhang F Zhu and S Gao ldquoDifferential-fed ultra-widebandslot-loaded patch antenna with dual orthogonal polarisationrdquoElectronics Letters vol 49 no 25 pp 1591ndash1593 2013

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Active and Passive Electronic Components

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of



RotatingMachinery


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration


Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in



Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics


Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SensorsJournal of


Modelling amp Simulation in EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation



DistributedSensor Networks



Port 1

Ground

Square ring patch

d

L1 L2l1

w1

w

g

Γ-shaped patch

(a)

Port 1

Via

Balun

Foam

Ground FR4

Hl1t1

wl2

w2

h1

h2

Γ-shaped patch

(b)

GroundBalun

Port 1

FR4

Foam

Square ring patch

Feed line

(c)

Figure 1 Geometry of the proposed single-polarized UWB patch antenna (a) top view (b) side view and (c) front view 1198711= 65mm 119871

2=

45mm 1198971= 18mm 119908

1= 113mm 119905

1= 14mm 119889 = 22mm 119892 = 01mm 119908 = 15mm 119908

2= 31mm and 119897

2= 20mm119867 = 9mm ℎ

1= 32mm

and ℎ2= 08mm

space for accommodating the structure A differential-fedslot-loaded patch antenna proposed in [14] can operate acrossthe FCC UWB band with dual orthogonal polarizations andthe impedance matching can be tuned by adjusting the tiltangle between the triangular feeders and the ground planeGood impedance matching is obtained when the tilt angle isvery small thus leading to a large groundplane for supportingunidirectional radiation

In this paper a novel coupled-fed single- or dual-polarized patch antenna is proposed The coupled feeds areapplied for ensuring good impedance matching across theUWB frequency rangeThe proposed dual-polarized antennaachieves an impedance bandwidth of over 110 (|119878

11| le

minus10 dB) and port-to-port isolation of above 25 dB by adoptingthe differential feeding technique The rest of the paper isorganized as follows the design of the single-polarized UWBpatch antenna is demonstrated in Section 2 The parametricstudy of three key parameters has also been carried out in thissection to understand the operating principles and choosethe proper values of the dimensions Section 3 presents thedesign of the dual-polarized UWB patch antenna and bothsimulation and measurement results are given A conclusionis drawn in Section 4

2 Single-Polarized UWB Antenna Design

The configuration and geometry of the proposed single-polarized UWB patch antenna are presented in Figure 1As shown in Figure 1(a) the radiating square ring patch iscoupled by two identical Γ-shaped patches which are sym-metrically located with respect to the center of the structureEach Γ-shaped patch is formed by a horizontal rectangularpatch and a vertical isosceles trapezoidal patch The squarering patch has an outer side with length of 119871

1and an inner

side with length of 1198712 It is worth mentioning that the lowest

operating frequency of the antenna is mainly determinedby the dimensions of the radiating patch Moreover theimpedance matching is tuned by adjusting the dimensions ofthe Γ-shaped patches and the gap between the inner sides ofthe radiating patch and top sides of the Γ-shaped patches Apair of microstrip lines are fabricated on the backside of thegrounded FR4 substrate with thickness of ℎ

2and connected

to the bottom sides of the Γ-shaped patches by a conductingvia In addition a piece of Rohacell foam with thicknessof ℎ1is attached on the ground to isolate and support

the vertical parts of the Γ-shaped patches Furthermore atapered balun [14] is applied to feed the antenna and playa role as differential feed to suppress cross-polarization and


0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus30

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


|S11|

(dB)





1 119892 and 119905







0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus303 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

g = 01mmg = 11mm

g = 21mmg = 0mm

1003816 1003816 1003816 1003816S111003816 1003816 1003816 1003816

(dB)


0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus30

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


1003816 1003816 1003816 1003816S111003816 1003816 1003816 1003816

(dB)




1on the reflec-






Port 1 Port 2

Ground

Square ring patch

Feed line

V pol

H pol

L1L2 l1

w1

d

g

w

w

Γ-shaped patch

(a)

Port 1 Port 2

Via

BalunFeed line

Foam

Ground

Γ-shaped patchH

h1

h2

l1

t1

wl2

w2

(b)

(c)


2= 45mm

1198971= 18mm 119908

1= 113mm 119905

1= 14mm 119889 = 22mm 119892 = 01mm 119908 = 15mm 119908

2= 31mm and 119897

2= 20mm119867 = 9mm ℎ

1= 32mm and ℎ

2=

08mm






0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

Spa

ram

eter

(dB)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(a)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(b)




11| le




10

8

6

4

2

0

minus2

minus4

Real

ized

gai

n (d

Bi)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)









References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus30

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


|S11|

(dB)





1 119892 and 119905







0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus303 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

g = 01mmg = 11mm

g = 21mmg = 0mm

1003816 1003816 1003816 1003816S111003816 1003816 1003816 1003816

(dB)


0

minus5

minus10

minus15

minus20

minus25

minus30

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


1003816 1003816 1003816 1003816S111003816 1003816 1003816 1003816

(dB)




1on the reflec-






Port 1 Port 2

Ground

Square ring patch

Feed line

V pol

H pol

L1L2 l1

w1

d

g

w

w

Γ-shaped patch

(a)

Port 1 Port 2

Via

BalunFeed line

Foam

Ground

Γ-shaped patchH

h1

h2

l1

t1

wl2

w2

(b)

(c)


2= 45mm

1198971= 18mm 119908

1= 113mm 119905

1= 14mm 119889 = 22mm 119892 = 01mm 119908 = 15mm 119908

2= 31mm and 119897

2= 20mm119867 = 9mm ℎ

1= 32mm and ℎ

2=

08mm






0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

Spa

ram

eter

(dB)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(a)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(b)




11| le




10

8

6

4

2

0

minus2

minus4

Real

ized

gai

n (d

Bi)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)









References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Port 1 Port 2

Ground

Square ring patch

Feed line

V pol

H pol

L1L2 l1

w1

d

g

w

w

Γ-shaped patch

(a)

Port 1 Port 2

Via

BalunFeed line

Foam

Ground

Γ-shaped patchH

h1

h2

l1

t1

wl2

w2

(b)

(c)


2= 45mm

1198971= 18mm 119908

1= 113mm 119905

1= 14mm 119889 = 22mm 119892 = 01mm 119908 = 15mm 119908

2= 31mm and 119897

2= 20mm119867 = 9mm ℎ

1= 32mm and ℎ

2=

08mm






0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

Spa

ram

eter

(dB)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(a)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(b)




11| le




10

8

6

4

2

0

minus2

minus4

Real

ized

gai

n (d

Bi)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)









References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

Spa

ram

eter

(dB)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S111003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S221003816100381610038161003816

Simulated 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816

Measured 1003816100381610038161003816S211003816100381610038161003816


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(a)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus30

minus20

minus10

0

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330



(b)




11| le




10

8

6

4

2

0

minus2

minus4

Real

ized

gai

n (d

Bi)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)









References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










10

8

6

4

2

0

minus2

minus4

Real

ized

gai

n (d

Bi)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Frequency (GHz)









References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation









research article design and investigation of differential-fed...

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