“research and development of - the south african...

“Research and Development of Next Generation Technology for

Energy Infrastructure.”

Workshop – Infrastructure for green energy and the role of PGM beneficiation with a focus on platinum

Nov. 25th, 2014

Society of Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy*

*URL: http://legacy.iae.or.jp/scste/index.html

Kenji Oda,

Dr. of chemical engineering science

Nov. 25th, 2014 SCSTE 1

http://legacy.iae.or.jp/scste/index.html

http://legacy.iae.or.jp/scste/index.html

Content


Introduction Research of solar fuel Challenge to concentrating solar power Application of concentrating solar thermal energy to industrial heat

Society of concentrating solar thermal energy Summary

What is solar thermal energy (STE)?

Temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF), e.g. air, water- steam, oil or molten salt. T < 100 oC: Solar panel, food processing, solar cooking, house heating, etc. T > 100 oC; Concentrating solar thermal energy.


Solar panel heating not steam but water Ref. UR-net, Nagoya JAPAN.

Concentrating solar thermal energy (CSTE)

Archimedes may have used mirrors acting collectively as a parabolic reflector to burn ships attacking Syracuse, B.C. 212.

Solar light is focused on board through magnifying glass [R].


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_reflector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_reflector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily


Application of CSTE

i. Thermal energy Low T (100 ~ 300oC): Industrial heat, Middle T (300 ~ 600oC): Power, solar augmentation, integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC), and High T (600 ~ oC); Solar fuel.

ii. CSP = electricity Independent/grid connection, Dispatchable with thermal storage, Hybrid system with wind or biomass to supply night time, Stable electric current for mechanical and thermal inertia of the system, and Lower cost with storage than PV with battery in future.

100 ～ 300 ℃

Chemical reaction: reform,

synthesis, transform

Power generation

Waste energy

Solar fuel: Hydrogen,

synthetic gas

CSP: Off/on grid electricity

Industrial heat: Desalination, process heat,

cooling system, enhanced oil recovery, etc.

600 ℃ ～

Beam down

Parabola dish

Solar tower

Parabola trough

Linear Fresnel

300 ～ 600 ℃

Parts ～ System ～ Application

Reflector:

Glass, metal, polymer

Motion controller

Thermal storage

Storage material

Receiver

Heat transfer

fluid: air, water,

oil, molten salt

Nov. 25th, 2014 SCSTE

7

Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. (AGC): Distinguished mirror technology

CSP mirror and extra clear glass. • Specular and high reflectance flat mirror. • Long term durable mirror. • High transmittance glass for parablic trough mirror. • Mechcanically bendable mirror. Non - Pb paint mirror for green environment. Thermally durable mirror for high temperature use.


By courtesy of Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding.


Introduction

Research of solar fuel (SF) Solar fuels is solar derived thermochemical process, and include Energy carrier: Conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels

that can be stored long term and transported long-range. Two dominant processes are production of hydrogen by water splitting (a carbon-free process) and synthesis gas (syngas) from carbonaceous feedstock.

Chemical or material commodities: Use of solar energy for processing energy-intensive, high temperature materials, i.e. metals and cement.

Thermochemical storage Ref. Jan van Ravenswaay, T. Roos, K. Surridge-Talbot and S. Xosa, “Development of a Solar Fuels Roadmap for South Africa”, 2014.


Ref. M. Onozaki, “R&D Activities in Japan for Coal Derived Fuels”, IASS: Sustainable Methanol, Nov. 2011.

SF: Coal derived fuels by solar energy

SF: Domestic consumption and export of the fuel


Ref. M. Onozaki, “R&D Activities in Japan for Coal Derived Fuels”, IASS: Sustainable Methanol, Nov. 2011.

SF: Water to hydrogen


Ref. T. Kodama, “Development of Thermochemical Water-Splitting Hydrogen Production System utilizing Concentrated Solar High-Temperature Heat,” Niigata Univ.

SF; Energy carrier project


Ref. Cabinet Office (CAO), “Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP)”

Renewable

energy

Renewable

energy


Introduction Research of solar fuel

Challenge to Concentrating solar power (CSP) Application of concentrating solar thermal energy to industrial heat


System of CSP

↑Parabolic trough (PT) Linear Fresnel (LF)↑ ↓Solar tower (ST) Solar dish (SD)↓

http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/csp-systems-research-and-development Nov. 25th, 2014 SCSTE 15

http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/csp-systems-research-and-development










Nov 25th, 2014 SCSTE Confidential 16

Mitsubishi Hitachi Power System (MHPS): Hybrid solar tower system (HSTS)

Contracted project by Ministry of the Environment (MOE)

Target: The development and verification of a low-cost solar thermal collecting system, development of optimal technology for the total system with power generation equipment, and element verification of the high-temperature heat storage system. When and where; The period of development is from 2014 till 2016, commencement of test “operation” of HSTS is planned in 2016, and the facility is constructed at MHPS's Yokohama Works (Honmoku Area).

What is HSTS?: The system utilizes a Fresnel type solar collector through the water evaporation stage, and subsequent saturated steam heating is performed by concentrating sunlight on to a receiver in the small solar tower's upper section with heliostats.

Minami Awaji, CSP Test Power Station

Selected by Ministry of the Environment (MOE) for research and development. Commenced on Aug 22nd, 2014. Now, testing i. Solar collectors, ii. Binary power generation, iii. Biomass boiler, and iv. Integrated control system. Two types of trough: The largest in the world and small troughs.

This system is built in Awaji Island, west of Osaka .

Toshiba Corporation, Power Systems Company


Introduction Research of solar fuel Challenge to concentrating solar power

Application of CSTE to industrial heat


Hitachi Zosen (Hitz): Hitz Super Low Profile Fresnel (HSLPF)

Cooperated with the Saline Water Conversion Corporation of Saudi Arabia. Location: Al-Jubail 31951, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Test period: Mar, 2013 – Mar, 2014. Major specifications of demonstration plant; • Collector area: W 12.7 m (east-west) x L 103.0 m (north-south), • Total reflector area: 662 m2 (6 rows of 23 frames, and each size is 1.2 W x 4.0 L x 1.2 H m), • Tube absorber height: 3.8 m, • Projected solar concentration ratio: 80 times, • Projected heat recovery capacity: 390 kWth.




Society of concentrating solar thermal energy (SCSTE) Summary

Current status of Japanese government, academy and industry

Government: Cabinet Office (CAO) and Ministry of the Environment (MOE) restarted financial support for CSTE R&D. Ref. USA “Sunshot” project, EU FP7.

Academy: Niigata University and Miyazaki university continue to research future application of CSTE with foreign institutes. Ref. Germany DLR, Fraunhofer.

Industry: Society of concentrating solar thermal energy is established in 2012. Ref. South Africa “SASTELA”, Germany “DCSP”.


Society of Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy (SCSTE)

Established in June, 2012. Technology platform in Japan. Window to receive and deliver information from overseas. Network domestic & foreign government, academy and industry. Support Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) for IEC- TC 117 of standardization with Japan electrical manufacturers’ association (JEMA), and communicate with Japanese business alliance for smart energy worldwide (JASE-W).


SCSTE: Organization, 2014


JEMA*: Standardization, JASE-W**; Business mission.

Technology platform

Business consortium, national project

SCSTE

Line focus

Chairman Oda (AGC), Vice-chairman Ezawa,

Secretariates Yoshida (IAE)

Steering committee

Working Group

Thermal storage Solar tower

23

Ministry of Economy, Trade

and Industry

*Japan electrical manufacturers’ association, ** Japanese business alliance for smart energy worldwide.

SCSTE: Value chain

Trade corporation

Parts supplier Technology provider

EPC System user

Toyota Tsusho AGC Hitz JGC Electric power development Co., Ltd

Metal One Asahi Kasei MES Chiyoda JX-Nippon Oil & Energy

FUJIFILM Mitaka Kohki MHPS ENERES

Konica Minolta

IHI Hitachi Fuji Zerox

Soken Tecnix SHI MHI

Univance Toshiba

Nabtesco

Tokyo Ohka

Trade corporation

Parts supplier Technology provider

EPC System user


Long term outlook of CSTE in Japan


Preheat

Application to decomposition & gasification

Solar tower, thermal storage for medium T from 300 to 600 oC, ~ 2020.

Solar fuel: Dry coal →Thermal decomposition → Gasification → hydrogen, synthetic gas.

High T > 600 oC, 2020 ~.

Collector and thermal storage for low T from 100 to 300 oC,

~ late 2010.

Transport fuel from overseas: Chemical production, Energy carrier production, Electricity/Steam production, or Metal production. Major target: Export energy infrastructure Minor use: Domestic application. Chemical production, Energy carrier production, Gas reforming, or Electricity/Steam production. Industrial heat; Desalination, Process heat, Cooling system, Enhanced oil recovery, Food and textile processing, or Chemical production.

Subject of technology development Target


Introduction Research of solar fuel Challenge to CSP Application of concentrating solar thermal energy to industrial heat

Society of concentrating solar thermal energy

Summary


South Africa: DNI-map, including main perennial rivers.

Ref. Adriaan J. Meyer and Johannes L. van Niekerk, “ROADMAP FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER IN SOUTH AFRICA”.

CSP projects in South Africa?


Window (MW)

Developer Project MW Technology (Storage [hr])

Abengoa Khi solar One 50 ST (2)

Abengoa Kaxu sola rone 100 PT (3)

ACWA power/ SolAfrica Bokpoort CSP 50 PT (9)

Abengoa XINA solar one 100 PT (5)

3 (200) Emvelo Ilangalethu CSP one 100 PT

3 Karoshoek Consortium 100

ESKOM ESKOM CSP 100 ST (9-12)

3.5 (200) ACWA and Solar Reserve Redstone 100 ST

GDF Suez Kathu 100 PT

Emvelo Ilanga II 100 PT


Concentrating solar thermal energy is developed for various application. Japan government directs toward energy mix, including renewable energy. Japanese manufacturers need opportunity to demonstrate and commercialize own technology in emerging market. South Africa is an advantageous country of solar and natural resources.


Thank you for your attention.

Appendix-1: Approaches of industry to market.


I. JGC Corporation (JGC) II. Chiyoda Corporation (Chiyoda) III. Mitsubishi Hitachi Power System (MHPS) IV. Toshiba Corporation (Toshiba) V. Hitachi Zosen (Hitz) VI. Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding (MES) VII. Mitaka Kohki (Mitaka) VIII. Nabtesco IX. Yokogawa Electric Corporation (Yokogawa) X. Soken Tecnix Co., Ltd. (Soken) XI. Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. (AGC)


Ⅰ. JGC Corporation (JGC)

Core Business is Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC) of Energy & chemical and Industries & security, and Front End Engineering Design.

HQ: Yokohama World Operations Center, 2-3-1, Minato Mirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-6001, Japan. Tel： 81-45-682-1111, Fax： 81-45-682-111

Ref. 2nd JAPAN-INDIA Networking Forum

JGC: Commercial CSP plants with Abengoa


In the Cordoba Region of Spain, JGC is working on a project to develop two commercial solar thermal power plants that will sell power to the Spanish grid. The plants, which each have a capacity of 50 MW, are in operation since 2012. This is 1st commercial solar thermal power project invested in by a Japanese company, ref. World future energy summit, 2014.

Two 50 MW CSP plants in El Carpio (Córdoba). No.1(L) & No.2(R)

Ⅱ. Chiyoda Corporation (Chiyoda)

HQ: Minatomirai Grand Central Tower, 4-6-2, Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-8765, Japan.

Tel: +81-45-225-7777.

Chiyoda will make the most of our technology in such demanding projects as i. Floating LNG, ii. Ocean energy, iii. Concentrating solar power (CSP) generation, and iv. The hydrogen supply chain. Chiyoda will develop engineering functions to meet the needs of the social infrastructure required by rapid urbanization, such as airports, railways, power generation, smart grids and a disaster-resistant environmental community.


Chiyoda: Demonstration to commercialize

Chiyoda Corporation (Chiyoda) and Archimede Solar Energy (ASE) celebrate the inauguration of Molten-Salt Parabolic Trough – Concentrated Solar Power (MSPT-CSP) demonstration plant in Massa Martana, Italy on July, 2013. The new system incorporating molten salt will improve the efficiency of

electricity generation. Molten salt is adopted both as a heat transfer fluid and as a heat-storage medium which allows an operating temperature of up to 550 oC.

Chiyoda and ASE aim to establish an economically and technologically optimized system through the demonstration to achieve a stable supply of “Green Electricity”, which will even be available during the hours of darkness.


Chiyoda: New molten salt PT system


Conventional PT(L) Molten salt PT (R)

Chiyoda Corporation (Chiyoda) and Archimede Solar Energy (ASE) celebrate the inauguration of Molten-Salt Parabolic Trough – Concentrated Solar Power (MSPT-CSP) demonstration plant in Massa Martana, Italy on July, 2013. The new system incorporating molten salt will improve the efficiency of electricity generation. Molten salt is adopted both as a heat transfer fluid and as a heat-storage medium which allows an operating temperature of up to 550 oC.


Ⅲ. Mitsubishi Hitachi Power System, Ltd. (MHPS)

The company formed in 1st February 2014 integrating the thermal power generation systems businesses of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) and Hitachi, Ltd. Major products and operations: i. GTCC (Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plants), ii. IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Plants), iii. Boiler & Turbines Generation Plants, iv. Geothermal Power Plant, v. Gas Turbines, Boilers, Steam Turbines, vi. Generators, vii. Power Generating Plant Peripheral Equipment, viii.Fuel Cells (SOFC)

HQ: Mitsubishijuko Yokohama Bldg., 3-1, Minatomirai 3-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-8401, Japan. Tel: +81-45-200-6100, fax; +81-45-200-7989.


Mitsubishi Hitachi Power System (MHPS): Hybrid solar tower system (HSTS)

Contracted project by Ministry of the Environment (MOE)

Target: The development and verification of a low-cost solar thermal collecting system, development of optimal technology for the total system with power generation equipment, and element verification of the high-temperature heat storage system. When and where; The period of development is from 2014 till 2016, commencement of test “operation” of HSTS is planned in 2016, and the facility is constructed at MHPS's Yokohama Works (Honmoku Area).

What is HSTS?: The system utilizes a Fresnel type solar collector through the water evaporation stage, and subsequent saturated steam heating is performed by concentrating sunlight on to a receiver in the small solar tower's upper section with heliostats.

Ⅳ. Toshiba Corporation


Business domains: Energy & Infrastructure, Community Solutions, Healthcare Systems & Services, Electronic Devices & Components and Lifestyle Products & Services. i. Energy & Infrastructure: In order to ensure stable supply of

electricity, we offer hydro, solar, geothermal and wind power generation facilities in the renewables space, as well as thermal, hydroelectric and nuclear power generation systems, and

ii. In addition to energy systems, the company is a source of social infrastructure solutions in fields ranging from transportation and security to automation and telecommunications.

HQ: 1-1, Shibaura 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8001, Japan. Tel: +81-3-3457-4511, fax; +81-3-3456-1631

Toshiba: Outline of parabolic trough system, test facility in Japan

Toshiba starts the experimental study of the first CSP power station with parabolic trough systems under Electricity Enterprises Law in Japan.

The system is based on an existing 1.5MW WTG in combination with a new CSP system and biomass binary power generating system

This system is built in Awaji Island, west of Osaka . Selected by Ministry of Environment for Research and Development against Global Climate Change. Two types of trough: The largest in the world and small troughs.

Minami Awaji, CSP test power station

Toshiba: CSP test power station

Toshiba: Configuration of solar thermal test loop

Power and Heat

Commenced on August 22, 2014. Now Testing ・Solar collectors ・Binary power generation ・Biomass boiler ・Integrated control system Stable hybrid Solar power with Biomass assist. Verify control system for absorption of short-term wind power variation. Multiple energy supply of power and heat.

Ⅴ. Hitachi Zosen

HQ: 7-89, Nankokita 1-chome, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-8559, Japan Phone: +81-6-6569-0001, Facsimile: +81-6-6569-0002

Business domains: i. Green Energy* ii. Social Infrastructure Development, and iii. Disaster Prevention *Energy-from-waste, wind farm, photovoltaic/solar thermal power generation and other technologies.


Hitz: Super Low Profile Fresnel CSP (HSLPF)

Started test operations in cooperation with the Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), 2013. The tests aim to collect basic data such as the performance of HSLPF, operation techniques according to fluctuations in insolation, and plant durable toward the construction of full-scale solar thermal power generation plants.

HSLPF has the following features. • In contrast to conventional Fresnel reflectors, which have a flat or fixed-

curve shape, HSLPF reflectors can be controlled in both angle and curvature so as to follow the sun’s position and collect light efficiently.

• This improves the solar concentration ratio from 50 times, a challenge of conventional Fresnel reflectors, to as much as 70 times, equivalent to parabolic troughs. *Solar concentration ratio = Effective reflector collection area/Absorber collection area.

• HSLPF significantly reduces the height requirement of the tube absorber, thereby further enhancing the benefits of Fresnel reflectors: wind resistance and ease of maintenance.


Hitz: HSLPF

Cooperated with the Saline Water Conversion Corporation of Saudi Arabia Location: Al-Jubail 31951, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Test period: March 2013 – March 2014. Major specifications of demonstration plant: • Collector area: W 12.7 m (east-west) x L 103.0 m (north-south), • Total reflector area: 662 m2 (6 rows of 23 frames, and each size is 1.2 W x 4.0 L x 1.2 H m), • Tube absorber height: 3.8 m, • Projected solar concentration ratio: 80 times, • Projected heat recovery capacity: 390 kWth.


Ⅵ. Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding (MES)

Three (3) main business segments: i. Ship & Ocean, ii. Machinery & Systems: Provides marine diesel engines and cranes, and iii. Engineering; EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) service

to construct petrochemical and environmental plant.

HQ: 6-4, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8439, Japan. Tel: +81-3-3544-3266


MES constructed the facility, and transferred to MASDAR City, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.

MES: Experimental facility of beam down


MES is developing of solar tower system and heliostat of 30 m2.

MES: Solar tower and heliostat


MES; Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC)

MES has proposed ISCC to MENA country. Combined system of GTCC Plant (gas turbine combined cycle thermal

power station, upper right in below figure) with CSP (left lower in the figure).

CSP plant supplies augmented steam to GTCC daytime to reduce gas. Existing GTCC is operated all the time.

GTCC

CSP


Ⅶ. Mitaka Kohki

HQ: 18-8, 1-chome, Nozaki, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-0014, JAPAN Phone: +81-422-49-1491, Fax: +81-422-49-111

Business: i. Astronomical telescopes ⇒ ii. Medical instrument iii. Industrial instrument iv. Space observation devices⇒ v. Solar energy instrument

(Heliostat)


Mitaka: Beam down system

Second mirror of elliptic shape 1st Focal point 2nd Focal point Multi Segmented Concentrator

Receiver Heliostat (primary mirror)


Mitaka: Ongoing project

Principle of beam down Reflected light from HS passes on the first focal point of secondary reflector and light reflected on secondary reflect passes on the second focal point. Concentrated light is transformed to thermal energy, which is applied to produce new energy of hydrogen. System • Secondary reflector: 16 mH and mirror of elliptic shape, 4.3 mφ. • Heliostat: Equipped with 10 pieces mirror of 500 mφ. • 88 HS are deployed on the solar field. • Each HS has sensor to track accurately. Approach DNI is high in Miyazaki prefecture. Miyazaki university contracted with Niigata university about joint R&D, who started experiment of hydrogen generation. Niigata univ. provided the equipment.


Mitaka: Beam down in Miyazaki university


Contents Ⅷ. Nabtesco


HQ: JA Kyosai Bldg., 7-9, Hirakawacho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, TEL:+81-3-5213-1133 FAX:+81-3-5213-1171

Supplier of motion control technology: Transportation (railroad vehicles, aircraft, automobiles, etc.), industry, livelihood-related fields and the environment (robots, construction machinery, automatic doors, etc.). Solar tracking equipment for use in heliostats (reflectance mirrors) installed at solar thermal power plants. By applying the technologies used to create highly precise, rigid, and efficient reduction gears for the industrial robotics sector, the company has developed high-precision and highly shock-resistant solar tracking equipment to support the stability of solar thermal power generation.

54

Nabtesco: Solar tracking equipment

The tracking unit drives the heliostat to follow the movement of the sun in order to reflect sunlight onto the central tower, enabling the maximum amount of thermal energy to be captured. The unit must be resistant to external shocks, such as gusty winds, as solar thermal power plants tend to be constructed in deserts. It uses only a small amount of electricity and is maintenance-free, helping to reduce the life cycle cost of solar thermal power generation.


Ref. Solar Reserve: Crescent Dunes Thermosolar Power Plant (CSP), NV USA.

CSP plant of 110 MW equipped with a molten salt storage system, which make it possible to generate electricity at night. There are about 10,000 heliostats on the field of about 1.6 kilometers radius.


Ⅸ. Yokogawa Electric Corporation (Yokogawa)


HQ: 2-9-32, Nakacho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8750, Japan Tel: +81-422-52-5637 Fax: +81-422-52-6672

Field Wireless CENTUM VP (DCS) DTSX3000 (Distributed Temperature Sensor)

Business Segments: i. Industrial Automation and Control,

DCS (Distributed Control Systems), Analyzers / Sensors, Field Instruments, and so on.

ii. Test and Measurement, and iii. Services and other businesses.

Yokogawa HXS10; Solar tracking controller


The HXS10 is a controller dedicated to solar tracking application. Its built-in solar position algorithm (SPA) developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) assures accurate solar tracking while its low power design (5W or less) and wide operating temperature (- 20 to 70゜C) allow usage in a fanless box in the field.

HXS10 (Solar Tracking Controller)

Ⅹ. Soken Tecnix Co., Ltd.


Main businesses are in the chemical industry and related sectors. By fusing our unique techniques in chemical process design, equipment diagnosis and maintenance, we support clients comprehensively by improving the safety, environmental performance, thermal efficiency, productivity, and equipment life of their facilities.

HQ: Takada 3-29-5, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8531, Japan. Tel: +81-3-3983-3177, Fax: +81-3-3983- 7415.

i. Design, architectonics, procurement, and renewal construction for chemical plant.

ii. Equipment diagnosis, maintenance, equipment improvement, and renewal construction.

iii. Architectonics, manufacturing and sales of Heat Transfer Fluids and hot oil heaters.

iv. Production and sale of chemical industrial and pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment and related parts.

v. Research and development for future techniques and related services.

Soken; Heat transfer fluids from - 80 to 600 oC with sophisticated services.


Fluoro-chemicals

Munich football stadium, covered with ETFE

plastic film.

Nov. 25th, 2014 61 SCSTE

HQ: 1-5-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8405, Japan Tel.+81-3-3218-5741, Fax.+81-3-3218-7815

Automotive glass

•Float & Figured glass, Coated glass, Laminated glass.

•Processed Glass.

•Glass tube

･Flat panel display

・Ceramics

・Refractory

・Solar thick/ thin mirror.

・Chemical tempered glass.

・Photovoltaic (PV) glass and module

•Laminated glass

•Tempered glass

Building glass

Chlor-Alkalis

Urethane and others

Display glass

Electronic Materials

iv. Others i. Glass iii. Chemicals ii. Electronics & Display

Industrial glass

ＸＩ. Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. (AGC) AGC is continuing global deployment focusing on industries such as flat glass,

automotive glass, display, electronics & energy, and chemicals.

http://www.agc.com/english/company/map01.html















Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.: Distinguished mirror technology

CSP mirror and extra clear glass. • Specular and high reflectance flat mirror. • Long term durable mirror. • High transmittance glass for parablic trough mirror. • Mechcanically bendable mirror. Non - Pb paint mirror for green environment. Thermally durable mirror for high temperature use.


By courtesy of Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding.

AGC: Primary mirror Energetic reflectance (ER)

Thickness d

(mm)

Energetic reflectance

(ISO 9050 – v. 2003)

～ Direct Normal Irradiance

0.95 95.1 ± 0.5 %

2.1 94.8 ± 0.2 %

3.0 93.6 ± 0.5 %, cf. Interior mirror 85%

3.9 92.9 ± 0.5 %


Optical thickness = 2d x absorption coefficient Glass Ag Cu Back paint

Pb paint in overseas and Non-Pb paint in Japan.

AGC: Thermally durable mirror of 3mm thickness, Long term durability at 400 oC

Variation of Energetic Reflectance [%] with time [h]

90

92

94

96

98

100

0 200 400 600 800


Appendix-2: CSP market and technology


Installed capacity and the forecast


GW GW/a reference

~ 2011 1.8

~ 2012 2.74 energetica INTERNATIONAL Nº 131, MAY13

~ 2013 4.0 IRENA, Energy Storage Workshop, Mar 2014

2011 ~ 2015 +1.01 AREVA, 2013

2015 6.02 (= 4.0 + 1.01 x 2)

2016 ~ 2020 +1.56 AREVA, 2013

2020 13.8 (= 6.02 + 1.56 x 5)

2030 40 IEA, WEO [new policy]

ex. Crescent Dunes: 110 MW with storage

CSP: Market growth


CSP: Market growth in country/region

* Prediction from CSP today, 2013

Country Power 2022

(MW)* CAGR

(2014~2022) %* Current projection

USA 8,058 20 DOE Sunshot R&D program: Cost reduction to 6 cent/kW competitive with existing power.

Spain 4,003 6 Stopped FIT.

MENA 3,233 46 Saudi Arabia (K.A. CARE) will install 25 GW CSP by 2032.

India 4,855 60 CSP may be revived by new government. PV is overflow.

China 2,170 38 Development of commercial plant is delayed for several reasons.

Australia Weather condition is appropriate, but government is negative. R&D and industry intend to collaborate with EU, USA and Japan.

South Africa 1,603 152 Rapid increase of number and scale of projects.

ROW 575 30 Single but big project in middle/south America. Rapid growing of solar (PV and CSP) in Chili.

Global 24,497 22


CSP: Market shifting from advanced countries to developing countries .

Direct normal irradiance (DNI), dark: low and light; high, [kWh/m2/a]


Abengoa Spain merges Rioglass (mirror manufacturer), and Rioglass acquires Sollel (collector) from Siemens.

ACWA Saudi Arabia has taken over Flabeg (mirror manufacturer).

BrightSource connects with Guardian (glass and mirror manufacture).

AGC is capable of supplying not only extra clear glass but thin & thick flat mirror.

CSP: Changes in players


Major development is thermal storage system and heat transfer fluid for dispatchability, which PV cannot promise.

Solar Tower (ST) and linear Fresnel (LF) for high temperature are continued to develop.

The combination of ST with LF may have advantage in efficiency.

Thermally bended (thick) mirror for PT is partly replaced by mechanically bended (thin) mirror.

Emerging market requires anti-dust coating and cleaning of mirror to reduce cost of O&M.

CSP: Changes in technology


CSP; Technology shifting from PT to ST, 2013 2Q.

Announced + Planning + Development: PT(4.5 GW) < ST (5.9GW),

2014~2017, ref. CSP today.

Appendix-3: Resources in South Africa (SA)


SA: Transmission network map, including areas with annual DNI above 2400 kWh/m2 and 30 km buffer around substations.



SA: Viable short-term CSP-sites





SA: Viable CSP locations for waterless CSP-plants.

http://www.miningreview.com/the-easy-pickings-mostly-gone-in-southern-africa-s-coalfields/


SA: Coal field

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