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Unit TR 2.1.1

Technical Rescue Awareness

Chapter 6 – Structural Collapse

The Connecticut Fire Academy

Recruit Firefighter Program

Instructors Guide

Slide 1

Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program

Rescue Technician Awareness

1

June 2013

Slide 2


Rescue Technician

Awareness

Connecticut Fire Academy

Recruit Program

Slide 3


STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE

RESCUE

Rescue Technician

Slide 4


Awareness Capabilities

Awareness level responders can perform:

• Size Up

• Site Control

• Hazard ID

• Surface rescue of victims

•The awareness level responder is extremely limited

in his actions

•It is important to limit the ability of civilians to

enter the collapse area

•Isolate & deny entry

•Set up action zones

•Turn off any utilities


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 5


Incident Area Size Up

Consider all 6 sides

Check adjacent structures

Accessibility

•Don’t tunnel vision on the collapsed building.

•Look at potential collapse from other

nearby buildings

Slide 6


Building Conditions

Age, type, and

occupancy

Localized or extensive

collapse

Potential for

secondary collapse

Number of

structures

•Thorough knowledge of building construction will

help to predict the hazards

Slide 7


Surface Victims

Remove accessible

victims

Interview to determine

the number of victims

•Many surface victims are removed by bystanders

before FD arrival

•First companies must coordinate and take over these

efforts

•Ask witnesses / bystanders how many people are

usually in the building

Slide 8


Mutual Aid / Outside Assistance

USAR can be a valuable resource

Response needs should

be preplanned

•Any outside aid can take time to coordinate and

respond

•CT USAR is the only state agency with full

structural collapse capabilities


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 9


Typical Hazards

• Electrical

• Natural gas / propane

• Water

• Sewer

Haz-Mat may be present

•Electrical hazards need to be controlled by the

power company

•Contact gas company to shut off gas in the street

•Water flowing uncontrolled can increase collapse

potential, add additional electrical hazard, or create gas

hazards by extinguishing pilots

Slide 10


F.A.S.T. V.O.I.D.S

F- Fire Suppression

A- Additional collapse potential

S- Structure type and condition

T- Trapped victims

V- Void Types

O- Occupancy type

I- Immediate utility shutdown

D-Day or night

S- Situation

•Fire Suppression- Fire or potential fire

•Additional collapse potential- Building still

moving? Loose / hanging debris

•Structure type and condition- old, new, vacant,

under construction?

•Trapped victims- confirmed, viable?

•Void types- location and number

•Occupancy type- residential, commercial, etc?

•Immediate utility shutdown- shut off what we can,

call utility company

•Day or night- may indicate number of potential

victims

•Situation- cause of collapse (explosion, collision,

terrorism?)

Slide 11


CAUSES OF COLLAPSE

Structural Collapse Awareness


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 12


Natural Disasters

Earthquakes

Wind

Floods

•Earthquakes are not a concern we regularly have in

Connecticut

•Winds, heavy snowfall, and flooding conditions can

all cause structural collapse

Slide 13


Overloaded Structural Components

Snow & Water

Accumulation

Construction Problems

•Poor workmanship

•Snow & water buildup

•Vandalized structure

Slide 14


Structural Aging

Age and

Maintenance

Materials &

Workmanship

Structural Decay

•Insect and water damage can weaken supports

•Lack of maintenance of the property can add to

collapse hazard

Slide 15


Explosion

Accidental Intentional

•Gas leaks can cause unintentional explosions

•Domestic terrorism can lead to intentional

explosions

•Beware of secondary devices


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 16


Fire

•As we deal with regularly, fire damage will weaken

a structure

•Sometimes, our actions can lead to the collapse also

Slide 17


Collision

Vehicles

Construction Equipment

Debris & Materials

•Vehicles striking homes is a common occurrence

•Be able to recognize bearing vs. non-bearing walls

•Vehicle extrication in a auto vs. building collision

can be extremely difficult

Slide 18


Terrorism

Preplan Target Hazards

Consider Secondary Devices

•Towns and cities may have existing pre-plans for

possible terrorist targets

Slide 19


SECONDARY COLLAPSE

INDICATORS



Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 20


Leaning Walls

•Leaning walls can collapse outward or inward, and

cause interior collapse

Slide 21


Sounds

•Listen for creaking or cracking

Slide 22


Aftershocks

•Unpredictable, but extremely rare in our area

Slide 23


Sagging

•Sagging trusses are almost at failure

•Sagging roofs and floors can come down in a

domino effect


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 24


Separating Walls

•Non-bearing walls can separate from the building

•A collapse of these walls can still cause

injury

Slide 25


Racked Windows & Doors

•Doors and windows that no longer open or close

freely indicate that the building has shifted

•Cracked glass is also an indicator

Slide 26


PHASES OF RESPONSE


Slide 27


Spontaneous Rescuers

Unskilled neighbors,

witnesses

Contribute to high

survival rates

Typically rescue

surface victims

•These rescuers generally have the highest rate of

successful rescue

•Hey must be coordinated after companies arrive


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 28


Planned Responders

Community responders

Typically perform

non-technical

rescues

Mitigate hazards

• Fire

• Gas

• Electrical

• Water

•May be able to do some light lifting to free partially

trapped victims

•Local CERT teams can be of assistance

Slide 29


Void Space Rescue

Trained rescue

teams

May perform

breaching and

light shoring

•These are the “operational” level responders

•Basic training on shoring and breaching non

reinforced materials

Slide 30


Technical Rescue / USAR

Specially trained

teamsSpecialized

equipment

Heavy

construction

equipment

•Highest levels of training

•Access to the most technical equipment

Slide 31


CATEGORIES OF

CONSTRUCTION



Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 32


Light Frame Construction

Typically wood

framed

May have masonry veneer

walls and chimneys

Typically 1-4 stories and

up to 100 living units

•High flexibility

•Be cautious of chimney failures

Slide 33


Heavy Wall Construction

Typically no skeletal

frame but may have

internal framework

May be tilt up

construction

Typically masonry /

concrete

•Inherently rigid construction

•Tilt up typically 1-3 stories

•Heavy walls provide support for floors and roof

assemblies

•Masonry may be reinforced or non-reinforced

Slide 34


Heavy Floor Construction

Cast in place

concrete

May have pre- or

post- tensioned

reinforcement

Substantial weightMay be steel or

concrete framed

•Vertical supports can be steel columns, concrete

columns, or concrete enclosed steel frames

•Exterior walls can be veneer or curtain walls

Slide 35


Pre-Cast Construction

Modular precast components

• Floors

• Walls

• Columns

Embedded metal

rod & wire mesh

•Connection points are the greatest failure areas


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 36


COLLAPSE PATTERNS


Slide 37


Light Frame Collapse Patterns

Referred to as “Skin

and Bones”

Skin resists

lateral forces

Usually many

void spaces after

collapse

Slide 38


Heavy Wall Collapse Patterns

Usually partial

collapses

Un-reinforced masonry does not

fall full height from the building

•Bricks tend to fall in a pile next to the building

Slide 39


Heavy Wall Collapse Patterns

Roof & floor collapse often

creates accessible voids

Areas next to walls typically

have few survivors


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 40


Pancake Collapse

Voids are created

by debris

•Low chance of survivability

•Contents create the only voids

Slide 41


Lean-To Collapse

Survivable victims

may be found near

the supported wall

•Survivable victims on top of the debris or against

the intact wall

Slide 42


“V” Collapse

Heavy loads cause floors

to fail in the middle

Survivable victims

found near the

supported walls

•Victims found on top of the debris or close to the

supporting walls

Slide 43


Cantilever Collapse

Most dangerous

type of collapse

•Prone to additional collapse


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 44


“A” Frame Collapse

Survivable victims

found near center

supporting wall

Slide 45


Tilt Up Heavy Wall Collapse

Normally fall full

height away

from the building

Beam and column

connections may

be pulled out

•Injuries can occur the full wall height away from the

building

Slide 46


Heavy Floor Collapse Patterns

Caused when columns are

unable to support floors

Form thin void

spaces

Slide 47


Soft First Story Collapse

Common in “taxpayer”

building

Open first floor is

prone to collapse

•Stable, survivable, and easily searched


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 48


Pre-Cast Collapse Patterns

Usually occurs when parts

become disconnected

Voids can be difficult

to access

•Most components are made of reinforced masonry

•May be pre or post tensioned

Slide 49


FEMA & USAR MARKING

SYSTEMS


Slide 50


Sharing Critical Information

Important communication

to other rescuers

•These symbols are common among all USAR teams

Slide 51


Identify Individual Buildings

210 220

221211 231

230

311

310

131

130

Use existing street numbers

•Incident commanders should make a diagram of the

street and all affected buildings

•If street address numbers are not readily

apparent, the IC should make up a number and

mark the building with the same number as his

diagram


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 52


Building Layout

Quadrant

“B”

Quadrant

“D”

Quadrant

“C”

Quadrant

“A”

Quadrant

“E”

Side “C”

Sid

e “D

”Sid

e “B

”

Side “A”

•Exterior marked as sides

•Interior marked as quadrants

Slide 53


Structural Triage

Structure Type

Occupancy

Collapse Mechanism

Time of Day

Prior Intelligence

Structural Condition

Resources Available

•Occupancy- What is done in the building

•Structure Type- type of materials involved

•Collapse Mechanism- how the building failed

•Time of Day- factor in determining number and

location of victims

•Prior Intelligence- information regarding trapped

victims

•Search & Rescue Resources Available- does the

building require resources above our capability?

•Structural Condition- can we search with minimal

stabilization?

Slide 54


No-Go Conditions

Fire Haz-Mat

•Presence of fire or Hazmat are a definite no-go

situation until they are mitigated


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 55


Structure Marking System

Safe for S&R Significantly Damaged Not Safe

Safest Entry Haz-Mat

HM

•These mark the structure during triage

•These are generally done by first responders

•2’X2’ Box made with spray paint

Slide 56


Typical Mark

18 July 12HM- Nat. GasEngine 4

•This mark means no entry until the gas is shut off.

•Once mitigated, a line should be drawn through the

haz-mat

•Mark the new date and crew

Slide 57


Search Markings

Eng – 418 July 121730

Mark while search in

progress

Eng – 418 July 121730

18 July 121800

RATS

1-L3-D

Completed Search

Marking

•These are made during and after the search of the

structure

•These are generally made by rescuers

performing the searches

•Left side- company, starting date and time

•Top- finished date and time

•Right- hazards

•Bottom- victims L for live, D for deceased

Slide 58


Victim Markings

ENG-4

3

ENG-4

3

ENG-4

3

ENG-4

3

Potential Victims

Victims

RemovedDead Victims

Confirmed Victims

•“V” shape is 2 feet high


Unit TR 2.1.1





Instructors Guide

Slide 59


INITIAL COMPANY

OPERATIONS


Slide 60


Initial Actions Review

1• Rapid size up

2• Determine & mitigate hazards

3• Scene control

4• Recon the structure

•Size up

•Size, type, and occupancy

•Collapse mechanism

•Weather

•Exposures

•Time of day

•Victims and location

•Determine & mitigate hazards

•Gas

•Electric

•Water

•Haz-mat

•Scene control

•Isolate & deny entry

•Fire line tape, cones, police

•Set up collapse zones

•Recon

•Survey all 6 sides

•Find entry points

•Consider secondary collapse

Slide 61


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