requirements engineering techniques for eliciting requirements (lecture slides)
TRANSCRIPT
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Requirements Engineering
Techniques for Eliciting
Requirements
Prof. Dr. Dagmar Monett DíazComputer Science Dept.
Faculty of Cooperative Studies
Berlin School of Economics and Law
Europe Week, 2nd – 6th March 2015
90 Minutes
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Dilbert
Scott Adams
At http://dilbert.com/strip/1997-05-09/
(Educational/Classroom usage permission is granted by Universal Uclick. All Rights Reserved)
Sometimes it happens…
2
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 3
Main topics
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 4
Main topics
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 5
Next topics…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 6
©
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Software Requirements
Karl Wiegers and Joy Beatty
3rd Edition, 672 pp.
Microsoft Press, 2013
ISBN-13: 978-0-7356-7966-5
(See more at
http://aka.ms/SoftwareReq3E/files)
7
Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Software Engineering
Ian Sommerville
9th Edition, 792 pp.
Addison-Wesley, 2010
ISBN-13: 978-0137035151
(10th Edition: April 2015. See more at
http://iansommerville.com/software-
engineering-book/)
8
Sommerville
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 9
The traditional software
development process:
Perceptions, communication patterns
and interests…
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 10Cartoon http://projectcartoon.com/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 11Cartoon http://projectcartoon.com/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 12
Requirements and
Requirements Engineering
– An Overview –
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 13
Requirement: A definition
According to Wiegers & Beatty:
“[A requirement is a] statement of a
customer need or objective, or of a condition
or capability that a product must possess to
satisfy such a need or objective. A property
that a product must have to provide value to
a stakeholder.”
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for more on this topic!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Requirements Engineering
Definition according to Wiegers & Beatty:
Requirements engineering is the subdiscipline of
systems engineering and software engineering that
encompasses all project activities associated with
understanding a product's necessary capabilities and
attributes. Includes both requirements development
and requirements management.
14
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for more on this topic!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 15
Subdisciplines of
Requirements Engineering
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 16
Subdisciplines of Requirements Engineering
Requirements
Engineering
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for more on this topic!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 17
Subdisciplines of Requirements Development
Elicitation
Requirements
Engineering
Analysis Specification Validation
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for more on this topic!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 18
Subdisciplines of Requirements Management
Tracking
Requirements
Engineering
Managing Controlling Tracing
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for more on this topic!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 19
Topics of other related lectures
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 20
Subdisciplines of Requirements Engineering
Elicitation
Requirements
Engineering
Analysis Specification Validation
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
All are topics of lecture:
“A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis”
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 21
Subdisciplines of Requirements Development
Requirements
Engineering
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Elicitation Analysis Specification Validation
Topic of (this) lecture
“Requirements Engineering Techniques for Eliciting Requirements”
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 22
Subdisciplines of Requirements Development
Requirements
Engineering
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Elicitation Specification Validation
Topics of lecture
“Requirements Engineering Methods for Documenting Requirements”
Analysis
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 23
Subdisciplines of Requirements Development
Requirements
Engineering
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Elicitation Analysis Specification Validation
Also topic of lecture
“Modelling Software Requirements. Important diagrams and templates”
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 24
Subdisciplines of Requirements Development
Requirements
Engineering
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Elicitation Analysis Specification Validation
Topic of lecture
“Methods for Validating and Testing Software Requirements”
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 25
A Requirements Development
process framework
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 26
Subdisciplines of Requirements Development
Elicitation
Requirements
Engineering
Analysis Specification Validation
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
RD process framework
27
Elicitation
Analysis
Specification
Validationre-evaluate
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
identifying, discovering
evaluating,
verifying
documenting, SRS
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
RD: Requirements Development
SRS: Software Requirements Specification
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for details!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 28
A structured approach to
Requirements Development
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 29
A structured approach to RD
(1) Define stakeholders!
Who is interested in the system?
Who makes decisions?
Who are the users, managers, developers, etc.?
In other words, WHO has influence on the software requirements?
(2) Define goals!
Stakeholders have goals (define coarse goals!)
These goals can be divided into more specific goals (define granular goals!)
In other words, WHAT should be implemented or achieved?
(3) Define requirements!
Goals can be derived into concrete requirements
How to get to the requirements? (goal-based!)
Model those requirements using diagrams, templates, etc.
In other words, HOW will the goals be achieved?
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 30
A structured approach to RD
Granular goals
CG3
CG2CG1
Coarse goals
Define
stakeholders
Define
goals
Define
requirements
DiagramsTemplates
Models
WHO
WHAT
HOW
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for details!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 31
So far…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 32
Next topics…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 33
Requirements Elicitation
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
RD process framework
34
Elicitation
Analysis
Specification
Validationre-evaluate
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
identifying, discovering
evaluating,
verifying
documenting, SRS
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
RD: Requirements Development
SRS: Software Requirements Specification
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
RD process framework
35
Elicitation
Analysis
Specification
Validationre-evaluate
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
identifying, discovering
evaluating,
verifying
documenting, SRS
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
RD: Requirements Development
SRS: Software Requirements Specification
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Elicitation: Definition
36
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Elicitation
“[Elicitation is the] process of identifying,
discovering requirements from various sources
through interviews, workshops, focus groups,
observations, document analysis, and other
mechanisms.”
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 37
Key actions in elicitation
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Key actions
38
Acc. to Wiegers & BeattyE
licit
ati
on
Identifying the product’s expected user classes and
other stakeholders.
According to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Key actions
39
Acc. to Wiegers & BeattyE
licit
ati
on
Identifying the product’s expected user classes and
other stakeholders.
Understanding user tasks and goals and the
business objectives with which those tasks align.
According to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Key actions
40
Acc. to Wiegers & BeattyE
licit
ati
on
Identifying the product’s expected user classes and
other stakeholders.
Understanding user tasks and goals and the
business objectives with which those tasks align.
Learning about the environment in which the new
product will be used.
According to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Key actions
41
Acc. to Wiegers & BeattyE
licit
ati
on
Identifying the product’s expected user classes and
other stakeholders.
Understanding user tasks and goals and the
business objectives with which those tasks align.
Learning about the environment in which the new
product will be used.
Working with individuals who represent each user
class to understand their functionality needs and
their quality expectations.
According to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 42
WHO
– The stakeholders –
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 43
A structured approach to RD
Granular goals
CG3
CG2CG1
Coarse goals
Define
stakeholders
Define
goals
Define
requirements
DiagramsTemplates
Models
WHO
WHAT
HOW
See lecture “A Structured Approach to Requirements Analysis” for details!
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 44
A structured approach to RD
Granular goals
CG3
CG2CG1
Coarse goals
Define
stakeholders
Define
goals
Define
requirements
DiagramsTemplates
Models
WHO
WHAT
HOW
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 45
Stakeholder: A definition
According to Wiegers & Beatty:
“[A stakeholder is an] individual, group, or
organization that is actively involved in a
project, is affected by its process or
outcome, or can influence its process or
outcome.”
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 46
Examples potential stakeholders
Outside the developing organisation
Developing organisation
Developing team
Project manager
Business analyst
Data modeller
Process analyst
Documentation writer
Database administrator
Hardware engineer
Quality assurance staff
Tester
Designer
Developer
Product owner
Development manager
Marketing
Company owner
Sales staff
Executive sponsor
Training staff
Manufacturing
Operational support staff
Installer
Maintainer
Usability expert
Portfolio architect
Direct user
Indirect user
Legal staff
Auditor
Consultant
Certifier
Software supplier
Venture capitalist
Beta Tester
General public
Government agency
Program manager
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Dilbert
Scott Adams
At http://dilbert.com/strip/2009-04-05/
(Educational/Classroom usage permission is granted by Universal Uclick. All Rights Reserved)
Busy stakeholders…
47
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 48
The customer
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 49
Customer: A definition
According to Wiegers & Beatty:
“[A customer is an] individual or
organization that derives either direct or
indirect benefit from a product. Software
customers might request, pay for, select,
specify, use, or receive the output generated
by a software product.”
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 50
Expectation gap
Time
Customer contact points
Expectation
gap without
customer
engagement
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 51
Expectation gap
Time
Customer contact points
Expectation
gap with
customer
engagementExpectation
gap without
customer
engagement
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 52
Classifying users
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Differentiating user classes
access privilege or security level (admin/guest/...)
tasks performed (during business operations)
features used
frequency of product use
experience, expertise (application domain,
computer systems)
platforms and devices used (desktop/laptop PC,
tablet, smartphone, etc.)
native language
interaction with the system (direct/indirect)
53
According to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
A possible hierarchy
54
Stakeholders
Customers
Direct and indirect users
Favoured
user classes
Disfavoured
user classes
Ignored
user classes
Other
user classes
Other customers
Other stakeholders
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
User classes
55
According to Wiegers & Beatty
Favoured
user classes
Disfavoured
user classes
Ignored
user classes
Other
user classes
Their satisfaction is most closely aligned with
achieving the project’s business objectives.
Preferential treatment!
They are not supposed to use the product for
legal/security/safety reasons.
Build in features to deliberative make that hard!
They will use the product, but you don’t specifically
build it to suit them.
Others other than favoured, disfavoured or ignored.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 56
Reaching agreements
– Sign-off –
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 57
Is a consensus possible?
Image © Stuart Miles @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Reaching agreements
Customers agree that the requirements address
their needs.
Developers agree that they understand the
requirements and that they are feasible.
Testers agree that the requirements are
verifiable.
Management agrees that the requirements will
achieve their business objectives.
58
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Sign-off but be open for changes! (Agile)
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 59
But not like this…
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 60
WHAT and HOW
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 61
A structured approach to RD
Granular goals
CG3
CG2CG1
Coarse goals
Define
stakeholders
Define
goals
Define
requirements
DiagramsTemplates
Models
WHO
WHAT
HOW
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
identifying, discovering
documenting, SRS
+
+
evaluating, verifying+
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 62
A structured approach to RD
Granular goals
CG3
CG2CG1
Coarse goals
Define
stakeholders
Define
goals
Define
requirements
DiagramsTemplates
Models
WHO
WHAT
HOW
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
identifying, discovering
documenting, SRS
+
+
evaluating, verifying+
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 63
Product vision
and project scope
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 64
Aligning the goals…
Image © arztsamui @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 65
Product vision
It is what the product is about and what it
ultimately could become.
Usually stable
“[The product vision is a] statement that
describes the strategic concept or the ultimate
purpose and form of a new system [and that]
will achieve the business objectives.”
According to Wiegers & Beatty:
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 66
Project scope
It draws the boundary between what's in and
what's out for a project.
Usually variable
“[The project scope is the] portion of the
ultimate product vision that the current project
will address.”
According to Wiegers & Beatty:
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 67
So far…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 68
Next topics…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 69
Techniques for eliciting
requirements
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Dilbert
Scott Adams
At http://dilbert.com/strip/2002-02-20/
(Educational/Classroom usage permission is granted by Universal Uclick. All Rights Reserved)
Gathering requirements…
70
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Interviews
71
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Asking users: most obvious way to
find out what they need!
Mechanism to get direct user
involvement.
Appropriate for eliciting business
requirements from “busy”
executives.
Questions should be carefully
prepared in advance.
Image © Ambro @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Interviews: Useful tips
72
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Image © Ambro @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
Establish rapport: introduce yourself,
review the agenda, remind session
objectives, address preliminary concerns.
Stay in scope: keep discussion focused.
Prepare questions and straw man models
ahead of time.
Suggest ideas and alternatives creatively.
Listen actively: active listening and
paraphrasing.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Workshops
73
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Meeting with multiple stakeholders and formal
roles.
Several types of stakeholders participate.
Encourage stakeholder collaboration in defining
requirements concurrently.
Facilitator plays critical role.
A scribe assists by capturing
points.
Can be resource intensive.
Image © stockimages @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Workshops: Useful tips
74
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Establish and enforce ground rules: Starting/ending on time,
silencing electronic devices, one conversation at a time, etc.
Fill all of the team roles: Facilitator, note taking, time keeping,
scope management, ground rule management, scribe.
Stay in scope: Refer to business requirements, keep focused.
Use parking lots for items for later consideration.
Plan agenda ahead of time.
Timebox discussions.
Keep everyone engaged.
Team small but with the rightstakeholders.
Image © stockimages @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Focus groups
75
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Image © Ambro @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
Representative group of users.
Must be interactive: chance for all users to voice
their thoughts.
Useful for exploring users’ attitudes, impressions,
preferences and needs.
Must be facilitated.
Subjective feedback that can
be further evaluated.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Observations
76
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Observing exactly how users perform their tasks.
Time consuming; time should be limited.
Multiple user classes and important or high-risk
tasks should be selected.
Can be silent (busy users cannot be interrupted) or
interactive (asking questions allowed).
Observed information should be
documented for further analysis.
Image © stockimages @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Questionnaires
77
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Image © Jeroen van Oostrom @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
Way to survey large groups of users to understand
their needs.
Inexpensive, geographically independent.
Also used for feedback about products.
Biggest challenge: preparing
well-written questions!
Analysed results can be used
as input to other elicitation
techniques.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Questionnaires: Useful tips
78
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Image © Jeroen van Oostrom @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
See “Creating Questionnaire Questions” from
the Colorado State University for useful tips!
http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/page.cfm?pageid=1410&guideid=68
Important issues:
- Open-ended vs. closed-ended
- Format
- Wording
- Content
- Order of questions
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Document analysis
79
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Examining existing documentation for potential
software requirements.
Past documentation can reveal functionality that
might need to be retained.
Reduces the elicitation meeting time needed.
Can reveal information people
“don’t tell”.
Risk: documents up to date?
Image © nuttakit @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
System interface analysis
80
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Examining the systems to which your system
connects.
It reveals functional requirements regarding data
and services exchange between systems.
Identifying functionalities that may lead to
requirements.
Image © nuttakit @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
User interface analysis
81
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Image © stockimages @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
Studying existing systems to discover user and
functional requirements.
Uses screen shots if no direct interaction possible.
Helps learning common steps by navigating
existing user interfaces.
Helps understanding how an
existing system works.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 82
Active learning exercise
Image © renjith krishnan at http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Quiz
83
In the elicitation process for a new product version, you
receive from the customer the user’s guides and the
reference manuals of all products developed by her
company in the past. Which eliciting technique would be
more appropriate to start with?
(A) Observation.
(B) Interviews.
(C) Document analysis.
(D) Workshops.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 84
Planning elicitation
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Elicitation plan
85
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
Elicitation plan
Elicitation objectives
Elicitation strategy and planned techniques
Schedule and resource estimates
Documents and systems needed
Expected products of elicitation efforts
Elicitation risks
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 86
So far…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 87
Next topics…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 88
Activities for a single
requirements elicitation session
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 89
Elicitation activities
Decide on
elicitation
scope and
agenda
Prepare
resources
Prepare
questions
and straw
man models
Preparefor
elicitation
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 90
Preparing for elicitation
Decide on
elicitation
scope and
agenda
Prepare
resources
Prepare
questions
and straw
man models
Preparefor
elicitation
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
Plan session scope and agenda (available time?).
Prepare resources(room, tech, participants,
documentation).
Learn about the stakeholders (relevant ones?).
Prepare questions (“What do you need to do?”, “Why?”,
“What happens when…?”, etc.).
Prepare straw man models (drafts of analysis models).
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 91
Elicitation activities
Decide on
elicitation
scope and
agenda
Prepare
resources
Perform
elicitation
session
Preparefor
elicitation
Performelicitation
activities
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
Prepare
questions
and straw
man models
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 92
Performing elicitation
Performelicitation
activities
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
Educate stakeholders, teach them about your elicitation
approach.
Take good notes with help if necessary (attendees,
decisions made, actions to be taken, responsibilities,
outstanding issues, key discussions).
Prepare questions ahead to keep conversation going.
Exploit the physical space e.g. to draw diagrams.
Perform
elicitation
session
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 93
Elicitation activities
Perform
elicitation
session
Organise and
share notesDocument
open issues
Preparefor
elicitation
Performelicitation
activities
Follow upafter
elicitation
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
Decide on
elicitation
scope and
agenda
Prepare
resources
Prepare
questions
and straw
man models
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 94
Following up
Follow upafter
elicitation
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
Organise and share the notes.
Consolidate the input from multiple sources.
Share and ask for review.
Document open issues to be further explored.
Organise and
share notesDocument
open issues
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 95
Elicitation activities
Decide on
elicitation
scope and
agenda
Prepare
resources
Prepare
questions
and straw
man models
Perform
elicitation
session
Organise and
share notesDocument
open issues
Preparefor
elicitation
Performelicitation
activities
Follow upafter
elicitation
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 96
Active learning exercise
Image © renjith krishnan at http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Quiz
97
Which is a right sequence of activities in a single
requirements elicitation session?
(A) Decide on scope, prepare questions, perform
elicitation, document open issues.
(B) Prepare questions, decide on agenda, perform
elicitation, prepare models.
(C) Share notes, perform elicitation, prepare resources,
document open issues.
(D) Decide on agenda, organise notes, prepare
questions, perform elicitation.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 98
Classifying customer input
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 99
Organise categories
Image © Ambro @ http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
Business
requirementsUser
requirements
Business
rules
Functional
requirements
Quality
attributes
External
Interface
requirements
Constraints
Data
requirements
Solution
ideas
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 100
How do you know you are done?
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Dilbert
Scott Adams
At http://dilbert.com/strip/2002-04-04/
(Educational/Classroom usage permission is granted by Universal Uclick. All Rights Reserved)
When done?
101
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
When done?
No more use cases or user stories.
New scenarios, but no new functional
requirements.
Repetition of issues already covered.
Out of scope new features, user requirements, or
functional requirements.
New requirements are all low priority.
New capabilities “nice to have some time in the
future” rather than “in the specific product we’re
talking about right now.”
Few questions from developers and testers who
review the requirements.
102
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 103
So far…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 104
Next topics…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 105
Some cautions about elicitation
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Some cautions
Balance stakeholder representation: few product
champions by representative user classes.
Define scope appropriately: modify product vision
and project scope if necessary.
Avoid the “requirements vs. design” argument:
Focus on the ‘what’, but also on the ‘how’.
Research within reason: Prototyping in case new
issues? Incremental development for exploring?
106
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 107
Good practices:
Requirements elicitation
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Good practices (i)
Define product vision and project scope.
Identify user classes and their characteristics.
Select a product champion for each user class.
Conduct focus groups with typical users.
Work with user representatives to identify user
requirements.
Identify system events and responses.
Hold elicitation interviews.
Hold facilitated elicitation workshops.
108
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Good practices (ii)
Observe users performing their jobs.
Distribute questionnaires.
Perform document analysis.
Examine problem reports of current systems for
requirement ideas.
Reuse existing requirements.
109
Acc. to Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 110
So far…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 111
Active learning exercise
Image © renjith krishnan at http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 112
The content so far
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 113
Next topics…
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 114
To take away…
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Key actions
115
Acc. to Wiegers & BeattyE
licit
ati
on
Identifying the product’s expected user classes and
other stakeholders.
Understanding user tasks and goals and the
business objectives with which those tasks align.
Learning about the environment in which the new
product will be used.
Working with individuals who represent each user
class to understand their functionality needs and
their quality expectations.
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 116
A structured approach to RD
Granular goals
CG3
CG2CG1
Coarse goals
Define
stakeholders
Define
goals
Define
requirements
DiagramsTemplates
Models
WHO
WHAT
HOW
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
identifying, discovering
documenting, SRS
+
+
evaluating, verifying+
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 117
Elicitation techniques
Images © http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 118
Elicitation activities
Decide on
elicitation
scope and
agenda
Prepare
resources
Prepare
questions
and straw
man models
Perform
elicitation
session
Organise and
share notesDocument
open issues
Preparefor
elicitation
Performelicitation
activities
Follow upafter
elicitation
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 119
What comes next?
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 120
Subdisciplines of Requirements Development
Requirements
Engineering
Requirements
Development
Requirements
Management
Elicitation Specification Validation
Topics of lecture
“Requirements Engineering Methods for Documenting Requirements”
Analysis
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
RD process framework
121
Elicitation
Analysis
Specification
Validationre-evaluate
Adapted from Wiegers & Beatty
identifying, discovering
evaluating,
verifying
documenting, SRS
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
RD: Requirements Development
SRS: Software Requirements Specification
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 122
A structured approach to RD
Granular goals
CG3
CG2CG1
Coarse goals
Define
stakeholders
Define
goals
Define
requirements
DiagramsTemplates
Models
WHO
WHAT
HOW
classifying,
representing,
deriving,
negotiating
identifying, discovering
documenting, SRS
+
+
evaluating, verifying+
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 123
Other references
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Requirements-Engineering
und -Management: Aus der
Praxis von klassisch bis agil
Chris Rupp & die SOPHISTen
6th Edition, 570 pp.
Carl Hanser Verlag München, 2014
ISBN-13: 978-3-446-43893-4
In German
(Chapters and related topics in English are
available for free at https://www.sophist.de/)
124
Rupp & The SOPHISTs
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Other books
125
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Further reading
Ch. Rupp, R. Joppich, Ch. Wünch (2010): “Molecular
Requirements Engineering: The Blueprint of a Perfect
Requirement”.
Ch. Rupp (2010): “In medias RE”.
Ch. Rupp, E. Wolf (2011): “The SOPHIST Set of
REgulations”.
Ch. Rupp, R. Joppich (2010): “Templates – Construction
Plans for Requirements and for More”.
All available at https://www.sophist.de/en/information-
pool/downloads/open-download-area/
126
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Further reading
IREB - International Requirements Engineering
Board e.V.
http://www.ireb.org/en/service/downloads.html
127
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Conference sites…
21st International Working Conference on
Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software
Quality (REFSQ 2015), Essen, Germany
http://refsq.org/2015/
128
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Conference sites…
23rd IEEE International Requirements Engineering
Conference (RE’15), Ottawa, Canada
http://re15.org/
129
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 130
Homework:
“Reflect on the topics that were
covered so far and write down
your own notes and conclusions!”
Image © renjith krishnan at http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 131
The traditional software
development process:
Perceptions, communication patterns
and interests…
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 132Cartoon http://projectcartoon.com/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 133
The ideal, perfect, still possible
software development process:
Perceptions, communication patterns
and interests…
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 134Adapted from cartoon http://projectcartoon.com/
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield 135
Done!
Where does the major content come from?
Requirements Engineering and Requirements
Development: An Overview
Requirements Elicitation
- Key actions in elicitation
- Who, what and how?
Techniques for eliciting requirements. Planning
Activities for a single elicitation session
Some cautions and good practices
What’s next? Further reading, sources of inspiration
D. Monett – Europe Week 2015, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
Requirements Engineering
Techniques for Eliciting
Requirements
Prof. Dr. Dagmar Monett DíazComputer Science Dept.
Faculty of Cooperative Studies
Berlin School of Economics and Law
Europe Week, 2nd – 6th March 2015
monettdiaz@dmonett