1

Required Instruments(and what they tell us)

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Instruments Required for Instrument Flight

• DECKRAT–Directional gyro

–Electrical source

–Clock with seconds displayed

–Kolsman-sensitive altimeter

–Radios and navigation equipment, as required for the flight

–Attitude indicator

–Turn coordinator with inclinometer)

3

DECKRATDirectional Gyro / Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

Compass card

Heading bug knob

Compass card adjustment knob

Lubber LineHeading bug

180° index – e.g, Where am I coming from

4

DECKRATDirectional Gyro

5

DECKRATElectrical Source

Most common electrical sources are a generator or alternator. Most modern light aircraft use alternators.

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DECKRATClock and Altimeter

Must be checked every24 months

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DECKRATComm and Nav Radios

Comm Radio

Nav Radio

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DECKRATAttitude Indicator

10° 20°

30°

45°

90°

Bank Scale

5°

10°

Level / Artificial Horizon

Horizon Adjustment Knob

Pointer

Pitc

h Sc

ale

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DECKRATAutomatic Direction Indicator (ADI)

Key difference is how the pointer works

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DECKRATTurn Coordinator

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IFR Instruments

D

E

C K

R

A

T

DECKRAT

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VFR Day Instrument Requirements• A – airspeed indicator• T – tachometer (for each engine)• O – oil pressure gauge (for each engine using a pressure system)• M – manifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine)• A – altimeter• T – temperature gauge (for each liquid cooled engine)• O – oil temperature gauge (for each air cooled engine)• F – fuel gauge• L – landing gear position indicator• A – anti collision lights (for aircraft certified after March 11th 1996)• M – magnetic compass• E – ELT• S – safety belts

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VFR Day Instrument RequirementsA2

T1

O1 & 2

A1

F

A3

M2

A Tomato Flames

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VFR Night Instrument Requirements

• A TOMATO FLAMES plus FLAPS• F – fuses (one complete spare set)• L – landing light (only if you are flying for hire)• A – anti collision lights• P – position lights• S – source of electricity (alternator, generator)

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Instrument Errors• Gyroscopic Instruments

– Precession - check with magnetic compass every 15 minutes and after aggressive maneuvers

– Loss of vacuum or electrical power • Barometric Pressure Instruments

– Temperature – Hot to cold, look out below– Should be within 75’ of field elevation– Altimeter delay in response

• Magnetic compass– Deviation– Variation– Lead / lag (south leads) - “Overshoot when turning to South, undershoot when

turning to North”– Acceleration errors - (On an east or west heading, ANDS: Accelerate turns to the

North, Decelerate turns to the South)

Questions

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Disclaimer• Instrument flight can be dangerous. Do not rely solely on

this presentation – PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION IS REQUIRED

• The foregoing material should not be relied upon for flight.

• ALTHOUGH THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE SUCH INFORMATION HAS NOT BEEN VERIFIED, AND NO EXPRESS REPRESENTATION IS MADE NOR IS ANY TO BE IMPLIED AS TO THE ACCURACY THEREOF, AND IT IS SUBMITTED SUBJECT TO ERRORS, OMISSIONS, CHANGE.