reptiles: the first amniotes
DESCRIPTION
Reptiles: The First Amniotes. Amniotic egg. Have embryonic membranes that protect the embryo from desiccation, cushion the embryo, promote gas transfer and store waste materials - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reptiles: The First Amniotes
![Page 2: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Amniotic egg
• Have embryonic membranes that protect the embryo from desiccation, cushion the embryo, promote gas transfer and store waste materials
• Have leathery or hard shells that protect the embryo, albumen that cushions and provides moisture and nutrients fro the embryo, has a yolk that supplies food to the embryo
• Distinguishes the reptiles, birds and mammals from other vertebrates
![Page 3: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Amniotic egg• Amnion: encloses the embryo in a fluid filled sac and
protects against shock and desiccation• Chorion: aids in gas exchange• Allantois: stores N-waste• Yolk: embryo develops at the surface
![Page 4: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
7 examples of reptiles
![Page 5: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Subclass #1: Anapsida
• Turtles represent this lineage• Form of their skull and shell is recognizable
in 200-million year old fossils and as far back as 245 million year old rocks in South Africa
![Page 6: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Galapagos Tortoise• Vulnerable• Can be up to 880 lbs and 6
ft long• Can live up to 100 yrs in
the wild and 170 yrs in captivity
• #s are decreasing due to hunting, habitat destruction and the introduction of non-native species
![Page 7: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Subclass #2: Diapsida• Include modern snakes, lizards and tuataras
(Lepidosauromorpha)• Archosauromorpha (a subgroup) includes dinosaurs and
most are extinct• Archosaurs: Include crocodilians and birds (dinosaurs
closest living relatives)
![Page 8: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Subclass #3: Synapsida
• No members of this group survive today• Important because therapsids (a group of
synapsids) gave rise to the mammals
![Page 9: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Characteristics of reptiles
• Dry skin with keratinized epidermal scales• Keratin is a resisitant protein used for
protectiveness and prevents water loss• Live on all continents except Antartica
![Page 10: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Order Testudines
• Turtles• 300 species of turtles• Have long life spans• Large tortoises may live in excess of 100
years• Tortoises are entirely terrestial
![Page 11: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Order Testudines• All turtles are oviparous (lay eggs that develop outside of
the body)• Females use their hindlimbs to excavate nests in the soil• They lay and cover with soil clutches of 5 to 100 eggs• Development takes 4 weeks to a year and the parent does
not attend to the eggs during the time
![Page 12: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Snapping turtle• One of the largest freshwater
turtles• Makes a hissing sound when in
danger or feels threatened• Has a powerful jaw and a
highly mobile head• Live up to 47 yrs in captivity
and up to 30 years in the wild• Omnivores• Live in shallow ponds, lakes
and streams• A popular ingredient in turtle
soup
![Page 13: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Alligator snapping turtle• Vulnerable• Largest freshwater turtle
in North America• Can be up to 249 lbs • Average is 175 lbs and 26
in in length• http://dsc.discovery.com/v
ideos/dirty-jobs-snappy-snapping-turtles.html
![Page 14: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sea Turtles• Endangered• Marine reptiles• Found everywhere
except in the Artic• Almost always
submerged so they have an anaerobic system for breathing
• Hawksbill sea turtle
![Page 15: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sea Turtle continued• Have large lungs so they
can have rapid gas exchange
• Emerge from the water to breed
• The female will lay eggs under the sand
• The temp of the sand determines the gender of the offspring
• Green sea turtle
![Page 16: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
More sea turtles
• The lighter the sand, the increase of temperature, the lower the incubation time females
• Immune to the sting of the box jellyfish
• Flatback sea turtle
![Page 17: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Lights, Camera, Sea Turtles• http://video.nationalgeogr
aphic.com/video/player/news/animals-news/leatherback-sea-turtle-buoyancy-vin.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/turtles-and-tortoises/crittercam-leatherback-turtle.html
![Page 18: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
More Sea Turtle videos• http://video.nationalgeogr
aphic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/turtles-and-tortoises/loggerhead-turtle-predation.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/turtles-and-tortoises/crittercam-black-turtle.html
![Page 19: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
More sea turtles• http://video.nationalgeogr
aphic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/turtles-and-tortoises/turtles-baby-predation.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/news/animals-news/us-oil-spill-turtle-relocation-vin.html
![Page 20: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
American Boxing turtles
• Usually kept as pets• Can live up to 50
years• Omnivores• Dig holes to winter in• Eat invertebrates and
vegetation
![Page 21: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Turtles vs. Tortoises
• Webbed feet with long claws• Found in Africa & America• Flat shells• Dwells in water• 20-40 years• Kept as pets
• Short and sturdy feet with bent legs• Found in asia and africa• Large dome shells• Dwells on land• 80-150 years• Not kept as pets
![Page 22: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Turtles vs. tortoises
![Page 23: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Carapace, plastron
Carapace: the dorsal portion of the shell, keratin cover the bones of the carapace
Plastron: the ventral portion of the shell, keratin cover the bones of the plastron
![Page 24: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Alligator facts• Transparent third eyelid gives underwater protection. • 80 teeth; 40 top, 40 bottom • Teeth are conical; used for grabbing and holding, not for cutting. • Young alligators can replace teeth every year or so. • Mother 'gators will care for their young for up to two years. • Use feet to swim slow and to keep balance in water; use tail to swim
fast • 4-chambered heart • Integumentary sense organs on jaws, nose, around eyes and on upper
palate • Egg tooth; a toughened bit of epidermis on the tip of a hatchling’s
nose, which allows it to break out of its egg; it is absorbed a few weeks after hatching
![Page 25: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Alligator vs. Crocodile
• Hibernate• Males up to 14 ft• More docile• Rounded snout• Show fewer teeth when the mouth is closed• Fresh water• Grayish black
• Don’t hibernate• Males 19+ ft• More aggressive• Pointed snout• Show more teeth when the mouth is closed• Brackish water• Light tan to brown
![Page 26: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Alligators vs. Crocodiles
![Page 27: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Order Sphenodonitda• Tuaturas• Superficially unchanged from their extinct relatives that
were present at the beginning of the Mesozoic era• Present only on remote offshore islands and are protected
by New Zealand law• Feed on insects or occasionally small invertebrates at dusk
and dawn
![Page 28: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Order Squamata• Ovipoarous: organism lays eggs that develop outside the
body of the female• Ovoviviparous: organisms lay eggs that develop within the
female reproductive tract and that are nourished by food stored in the egg
• Viviparous: organisms with eggs that develop within the female reproductive tract and are nourished by the female
![Page 29: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Order SquamataSuborder Sauria: The lizards
• Usually have 2 pairs of legs• Vary from a few cm to 3 m• Geckos: short and stout/ nocturnal/ adapted
for night vision/ have adhesive disks to aid in clinging to trees and walls
![Page 30: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Order SquamataSuborder Sauria-iguanias
• Robust bodies, short necks, and distinct heads
• Marine iguanas in the Galapagos and the flying dragons of Southeast Asia
![Page 31: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Flying Dragon
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/lizards/flying_reptiles.html
![Page 32: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Chameleons• Live mainly in Africa and India• Adapted to aboreal lifestyles• Use a long, sticky tongues to capture insects• Can change color in response to illumination, temperature
or their behavioral state
![Page 33: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Gila monsters
• Gila monsters and the Mexican beaded lizard are the only venomous lizards
• Venom is released into grooves on the surface of teeth and introduced into prey as the lizard chews
![Page 34: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Suborder Serpentes—The snakes
• About 2900 species• About 300 species are venomous• Most are oviparous• Upper and lower jaws are loosely joined so
that each half can move independently of each other
![Page 35: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
King Cobras
• World’s longest venomous snakes
• Can be up to 18.5 feet and 13 pounds
• Skin: olive green, tan or black
• Cream belly and smooth scales
![Page 36: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
King cobras
• Can live up to 20 years
• Use their forked tongue to pick up the scent of prey then finds its location by flicked its tongue and using its eye sight
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/cobra-vs-mongoose-predation.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/cobra_eatsratsnake.html
![Page 37: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
More king cobras• Cobra swallows its prey
whole• Venom can kill a healthy
human in 30-45 minutes• Reproduction: female
builds a nest to incubate its eggs (20-40) when they are about to hatch the female leaves and gets prey so that it is not tempted to eat the young
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/cobra_reproduction.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/lizards/cobra_repelsmonitorlizard.html
![Page 38: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
King Cobras
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/cobra_babyhunt.html
![Page 39: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Garter Snake• Most widely distributed snake
in North America• Meat eaters• Follow pheremone scented
trails to find other snakes• Reproduction: stop eating for 2
weeks before mating, the female attracts male with pheremones, the female can store the males sperm for years, the young incubate in the lower abdomen and snakes give birth to live young, 3-80 are born at a time
![Page 40: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Sidewinder rattlesnake
• Venomous• Move in a J-shape• Nocturnal in the hot
months• Diurnal all the rest of
the year• Homeothermy when
first born
![Page 41: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sidewinder
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/snake_rattle_mating.html
![Page 42: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Boas
• Example: anaconda– Large nonvenomous
snakes– Aquatichttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/mouse_escapingfromboa.html
![Page 43: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Anacondas
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/anaconda_stalkscapybara.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/anaconda_bitesman.html
![Page 44: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
pythons
• Nonvenomous snakes• Ambush predators• Constrictors• Lay eggs
![Page 45: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Vipers
• Venomous snakes• Long hinged fangs
which are used to inject venom into their prey
• Nocturnal• Ambush• Give birth to young
![Page 46: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Snake videos
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/mammals-animals/otters-and-meerkats/meerkat_challengingadder.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/mammals-animals/otters-and-meerkats/meerkat_challengingadder.html
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/animals/reptiles-animals/snakes/cobra_reproduction.html
![Page 47: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Suborder Amphisbaenia—Worm Lizards
• About 135 species• Specialized burrowers that live in soils in Africa, South
America, the Caribbean and the Mideast• Legless and their skulls are shovel shaped• Feed on worms and small insects and are oviparous
![Page 48: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Tyrannosaurus Rex• Found in western north
America• 67 to 65.5 million years
ago• Bipedal carnivore• 42 ft in length and 68
metric tons• Skulls up to 5 ft in length• Endothermic• Could eat 500 pounds of
meat in one bite
![Page 49: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Maiasaurs• Live in herds• Bipedal or quadpedal• Herbivores• 3-4 tons• Eats 200 lbs of food per
day• 25-30 feet• Duck billed • Lived 74 million years
ago• Found in what is now
Montana
![Page 50: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Eoraptor
• Small meat eater• 231 million years ago• 22 pounds and 3 feet
long• omnivore
![Page 51: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Seismosaurus
• 110 feet long• 154-144 million years
ago• Walked on 4 legs• Found in New Mexica• “earth shaking lizard”
![Page 52: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Triceratops
• 65 million years ago• Herbivore• 3 horns
![Page 53: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Veloceraptors
• Bipedal carnivore• 75-71 million years
ago
![Page 54: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Troodon
• 75 – 65 million years ago
• “Wondering tooth”• 6.5 feet in length• 130 pounds• Found in Wyoming,
Texas, New Mexico
![Page 55: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Ankylosaurus
• 13,000 pounds• Armoured• 30 feet• 66-65 million years
ago
![Page 56: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Microraptor
• 2.2 pounds• 40 cm long• 4 winged
![Page 57: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Reptile skinNo respiratory functionsThick, dry and keratinized
![Page 58: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
EcdysisThe shedding of the reptilian skinGenerally begins in the head region and is shed in one pieceFrequency of ecdysis varies from one species to another
![Page 59: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
ChromatophoresFunction in sex recognition and thermoregulation
![Page 60: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Support and Movement
Secondary palate• Partially separates the nasal
passage from the mouth cavity.
• An adaptation for breathing when the mouth is full of food or water
• Longer snouts allow for a greater sense of smell
Secondary palate
![Page 61: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Support and Movement
Reptile Vertebrae• First two cervical vertebrae
provide greater movement for the head and facilitates nodding
• A variable number of other cervical vertebrae provide additional neck flexibility
Reptile Vertebrae
![Page 62: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Support and movement
Ribs• Highly modified• Ribs of snakes have
muscular connections to the large belly scales to aid locomotion
Ribs
![Page 63: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Support and Movement
• Tail loss• When lizards are grasped by the tail, caudal
vertebrae can be broken and a portion of the tail is lost
• The lizard can later regenerate the lost portion of the tail
• Autonomy
![Page 64: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Locomotion in reptiles
• In primitive reptiles, the body is slung low between paired, stocky appendages
• The limbs of other reptiles are more elongate and slender and are held closer to the body
• Many prehistoric reptiles were bipedal• http://www.arkive.org/smooth-snake/
coronella-austriaca/video-06.html
![Page 65: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
locomotion
• http://arkive.org/galapagos-giant-tortoise/geochelone-spp/video-00.html
![Page 66: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Digestion and nutrition
• http://www.arkive.org/parsons-chameleon/calumma-parsonii/video-08b.html
![Page 67: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Digestion and nutrition
• Most reptiles are carnivores• The tongues of turtles aid in swallowing• Some lizards and the tuatara have sticky tongues
for capturing prey• The tongue extension of chameleons exceeds their
body length• The bones of the upper jaw are movable in the
skull of the snake and ligaments loosely join the halves of the jaw so they can move independently of each other
![Page 68: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Feeding vipers
Possess hollow fangs in the upper jawThe fangs connect to venom glands that inject venom when the viper bitesMay strike organisms of any size
![Page 69: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Rear-fanged snakes
Possess grooved rear teethVenom is channeled into the grooves and worked into the prey to silence them during swallowingUsually do not strike
![Page 70: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Venom GlandsModified salivary glandsMixtures of neurotoxins and hemotoxinsNeurotoxins: Attack nerve centers and cause respiratory paralysisHemotoxins: break up blood cells and attack blood vessel linings
![Page 71: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Snake venoms and treatment for it
• The best treatment for a venomous snake bite is the get to the emergency room immediately
![Page 72: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Circulatory system in reptiles
• Based on the same as the amphibians• The blood must move under higher
pressures to reach distant body parts since they are larger then amphibians
![Page 73: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Gas Exchange
• Reptiles exchange gases across internal respiratory surfaces to avoid losing large quantities of water
• A larynx is present but no vocal cords• Lung chambers provide a large surface area
for gas exchange
![Page 74: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Lung ventilation
• Ribs move and the body wall expands the body cavity decreasing the pressure in the lungs drawing air into the lungs
• Air is expelled by elastic recoil of the lungs and forward movement of the ribs and the body wall which compress the lungs
• Turtles exhale and inhale by contracting their lungs
![Page 75: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Temperature regulation
• Most use external sources to regulate their body temps so they are ectotherm
• Lizards: to warm themselves it orients themselves at a right angle to the sun’s rays, burrows, etc. to reduce the conduction from warm surfaces…in hot climate they are nocturnal
• Chromatophores can regulate body temp• Enter into torpor to decrease metabolic rates
![Page 76: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Temperature regualtion
![Page 77: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Hibernacula
• A common site of hibernation for organisms that are usually solitary but hibernate in the winter together
• Body temp is not regulated• If winter is too cold, the reptile can freeze
and die
![Page 78: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Nervous system
• Larger then amphibians due to an improved sense of smell
• Optics lobes and cerebellum are enlarged due to a reliance on vision and coordinated muscle functions
![Page 79: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Chameleons and binocular vision
• Eyes swivel independently of each other
• Initially images are kept separate but when the prey is seen then they see is as one image
![Page 80: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Reptilian eyes
• Reptiles rely heavily on their sense of sight
• The have many cones in their eyes so they probably have well-developed colored vision
• Median eye can be used for differentiation of light and dark and used for orientation to the sun
![Page 81: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Reptile ears
• Ears of snakes detect vibrations
• Snakes can detect airborne vibrations
![Page 82: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Excretion and Osmoregulation
• Require kidneys capable of processing wastes with little water loss
• Excrete uric acid• Urinary bladder reabsorb water• Can store large quantities of water in
lymphatic spaces under the skin or in the urinary bladder
• Possess salt glands below the eyes for ridding the body of excess salt
![Page 83: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Reproduction
• Internal fertilization• Sperm may be stored for up to 4 yrs in
some turtles and up to 6 yrs in some snakes• Parthogenesis: no males have been found, a
form of asexual reproduction• Courtship: head bobbing reveals bright
colors on the throat, tail-waving displays
![Page 84: Reptiles: The First Amniotes](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081419/568164eb550346895dd75869/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
courtships
• Vocalization is only important in crocodiles• American alligators: if nest occurs at or
below 31.5 degrees then the result is a female and if the temps are between 32.5 and 33 then a male is the result