Reports from WWSand

Status and Plans of Physics and Detector Activities in Asia

Hitoshi YamamotoTohoku University

IHEP Beijing, 2006/1

- In the context of global efforts -

ILC Physics

e.g. Higgs coupling measurements

SM Higgs : coupling mass

Higgs Couplings : Deviations from SM(By S. Yamashita)

SUSY (2 Higgs Doulet Model)

Extra dimension(Higgs-radion mixing)

ILC Detector Performance Goals

■ Vertexing ~1/5 rbeampipe,~1/30 pixel size (wrt LHC)

■ Tracking ~1/6 material, ~1/10 resolution (wrt LHC)

■ Jet energy (quark reconstruction) ~1/2 resolution (wrt LHC)

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σ ip = 5μm ⊕10μm / psin3 / 2 θ

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σ(1/ p) = 5 ×10−5 /GeV

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σE / E = 0.3/ E(GeV)

(http://blueox.uoregon.edu/~lc/randd.pdf)

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(h → bb ,cc ,τ +τ −)

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(e+e− → Zh → l +l −X; incl. h → nothing)

Or better

PFA (Particle Flow Algorithm)

■ Many other important modes have 4 or more jets : e.g. Higgs self-coupling : 6 jets

Top Yukawa coupling : 8 jets

WW* branching fraction of Higgs : 4 jets+missing

■ How to achieve for jet ?■ Basic idea : PFA

Use trackers for charged particles Use ECAL for photon The rest is assumed to be neutral hadrons (ECAL+HCAL)

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e+e− → Zhh → (qq )(qq )(qq )

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σE / E = 0.3/ E€

e+e− → tt h → (bqq )(b qq )(qq )

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e+e− → Zh → (qq )(qq )(l ν )

Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron

e+

e-

Z→qq (by T. Yoshioka)

- Gamma Finding

Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron

gamma

- Track Matching

Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron

Remaining hits are assumedto be neutral hadrons.

Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron

PFA : major soruce = confusion

■ Using typical values

■ ... and ignoring confusion,

■ Confusion is dominant even for the goal of

■ → fine segmentation , large radius, large B : cost!

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σ jet2 = σ ch

2 + σ γ2 + σ nh

2 + σ confusion2

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σ ch << σ γ ,nh , σ γ / Eγ =11% / Eγ , σ nh / Enh = 34% / Enh

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σ jet / E jet =12% / E jet

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σE / E = 30% / E

■ Increase ECAL radius (Rin) to separate clusters Charged track separation B Rin

2

Neutral separation Rin

Neutral separation not helped by B

→　 Large ECAL radius

GLD Detector Concept

■ Large ECAL radius, moderate B field■ Asian studies of ILC physics and detector are

focused around GLD (Global LC Detector)■ Active international leadership

Mike Ronan, Graham Wilson Mark Thomson, Ron Settles Hwanbae Park, HY

■ One of the three major detector concepts recognized by WWS

■GLD Executive boardS. Yamashita - detector optimizationA. Miyamoto - software/reconstructionY. Sugimoto - vertexingH.-J. Kim - intermediate trackersR. Settles - central trackerT. Takeshita - calorimetersT. Tauchi - MDIH. Yamaoka - magnet/supportP. LeDu - DAQM. Thomson - space/band-width watch dog

Major Detector Concept Studies(the parameters are the current defaults - may change)

■ SiD (American origin) Silicon tracker, 5T field SiW ECAL 4 ‘coordinators’ (2 Americans, 1 Asian, 1 European)

■ LDC (European origin) TPC, 4T field SiW ECAL (“medium” radius) 6 ‘contact persons’: (2 Americans, 2 Asians, 2 Europeans)

■ GLD (Asian origin) TPC (+Silicon IT), 3T field W/Scintillator ECAL (“large” radius) 6 ‘contact persons’: (2 Americans, 2 Asians, 2 Europeans)

+ vertexing near IP

ECAL/HCAL inside coil

GLD

Detector Concepts

■ 4th concept proposed at Snowmass 05 Based on dual-readout compensating cal.

■ Requests from WWS for new concept (as of 2006,1)

Contact person(s) Provide representatives for panels (R&D panel, MDI panel, Costing panel) Produce “detector outline document” by LCWS Bangalore, March 2006

WWS (Worldwide Study on Physics and Detectors)

■ Started in 1998 (Vancouver ICHEP)■ 6 committee members from each of 3 regions■ 3 co-chairs - now members of GDE

C. Baltay → J. Brau D. Miller → F. Richard S. Komamiya → HY

■ Tasks (in short) Recognize and coordinate detector concept studies Register and coordinate detector R&Ds Interface with GDE Organize LCWS (1 per year now)

Detector Outline Document■ Document that precedes DCR (detector

concept report)■ Contents (~100 pages total)

Introduction Description of the concept Expected performances for benchmark modes Subsystem technology selections Status of on-going studies List of R&Ds needed Costing Conclusion

Detector Timeline

(2005 end) Acc. Baseline

Configuration Document (BCD)

Detector R&D report

(2006,3) “Detector outline documents” (one for each detector concept)

(2006 end) Acc. Reference Design Report (RDR)

Detector Concept Report (DCR :

one document)

(~2008) LC site EOI Collaborations form

~Site selection + 1yr Global lab selects experiments.

Accelerator Detector

WWS Panels

WWS

parameter

R&D

MDI

benchmark

#det/#IR

software

........

done

done

done

Benchmark panel charge

Detector concept studies for ILC are now moving from basic concepts to optimization of detector parameters. The aim of the benchmark panel is to aid this process by proposing a minimum set of physics modes that cover capabilities of detector performance such as vertexing, tracking, calorimetries, muon system, machine-detector interface, and overall issues of particle flow and hermeticity, such that concept studies can use these modes to evaluate and optimize given detector designs. For such evaluations to be effective, benchmark panel may suggest important backgrounds to be taken into account and other assumptions used in evaluating the benchmark modes.

Benchmark Panel

■ Document produced by the benchmark panel (WWS). (Obtainable from Snowmass05 web sites)

■ Short list :

#det/#IR panel

20mrad xing simpler and better understood now Two BDSs →More constraints on linac One BDS with 14mrad xing? Machine simulation : more background for 2mrad Detector simulation : more background for 20mrad

#IR, #detectors■ Roughly in rising/falling order of preference for acc./det. p

eople, (iIR: instrumented IR, nIR: non-instrumented IR)

2 iIRs/ 2 detectors     1 iIR/ 2 detectors (push-pull) + 1 nIR 1 iIR/ 2 detectors (push-pull) 1 iIR/ 1 detector (push-pull capability) 1 iIR/ 1 detector + 1 nIR 1 iIR/ 1 detector

■ #det/#IR panel of WWS (chair: J. Brau)

Produced a report (http://blueox.uoregon.edu/~lc/wwstudy) Baseline configuration is 2IR 2det : still open

R&D Panel■ Charge:

Survey and prioritize R&Ds needed for ILC experiments (NOT individual proposals)

Inputs are from R&D collaborations and concept studies

Register and facilitate regional review processes■ Chair: C. Damerell (also on R&D board of GDE) ■ Outputs:

Web links to R&Ds https://wiki.lepp.cornell.edu/wws/bin/view/Projects/WebHo

me Detector R&D report (about to be public)

Horizontal and Vertical collaborationsIt is something like this : (detail may not be accurate)

Vertexing 1 train = ~3000 bunches in 1ms, 5 Hz Typical pixel size ~ (20m)2 → occupancy is too high if integrate

over 1 train. No proven solution to bunch id each hit so far. Then what?

■ Readout during train ( ~20 times) Standard pixel size - MAPS, CPCCD, DEPFET, SOI

■ Readout between train Standard pixel size ( ~20 time slices stored on-pixel)

◆ Store in CCD - ISIS◆ Store in capacitors - FAPS

Fine pixel size (~1/20 standard)◆ No Bunch id - FPCCD ◆ Bunch id - CMOS (double pixel sensor)

No demonstrated solution yet. (apology for not covering all...)

CPCCD (column-parallel CCD)

■ RAL■ Readout each column separately■ 50MHz would readout 5cm 20

times per train■ Diffusion : multi hit while shifting

→ fully depleted CCD?■ Prototype sensor (CPC1) tested w/

>25 MHz readout.■ Clock drive is challenging.■ Readout chip made (CPR1)

Operation verified (w/bugs to fix)■ New sensor/readout fabricated

(CPC2/CPR2) and under tests.

MAPS (Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor)

■ IReS,GSI,CEA (+SUCIMA coll.)■ Use the epi-layer of commercia

l processes - small signal (a few 10s e)

■ 1Mrad OK (SUCCESOR1)■ 1012n/cm2 OK, 1013e/cm2 OK (MIMOSA9)■ 3 sensors thinned to 50m

■ CP,CDS works(MIMOSA8), but not fast - readout transversely.

■ Also try FAPS-like scheme (MIMOSA12)

5mm 2mm

Inner layer

sensor ADC/clusterng

ADC count 55Fe

Before&after 1Mrad

ISIS (In-situ Storage Image Sensor)

RALSmall CCD on each pixel (~20 cells) - charge is

shifted into it 20 times per trainImmune to EMITechnology exists as ultra-high-speed cameraPrototype now being made (E2V)

To column load

Source followerReset transistor Row select transistor

p+ shielding implant

n+buried channel (n)

storage

pixel #1

storage

pixel #20 sense node (n+)

Charge collection

row select

reset gate

VDD

p+ well

reflected charge

reflected charge

photogate

transfer

gate

output

gate

High resistivity epitaxial layer (p)

FAPS (Flexible Active Pixel Sensor)

Pixels 20x20 m2

10 storage cells per pixel

(20 in the real sensor)First prototypes in 2004Source test done

FPCCD (KEK)

■ Fine-pixel CCD (5m)2 pixel Fully-depleted to suppress

diffusion Immune to EMI CCD is an established technology Baseline for GLD

Fully-depleted CCD exists (Hamamatsu : astrophys.)

Background hits can be furhter reduced by hit pattern (~1/20)

No known problems now Want to produce prototype in 2

006

CMOS (double pixel sensor)

■ Yale, Oregon■ 2 pixel sensors on top of each ot

her - 5x5m2 (micro) and 50x50m2 (macro)

■ Macro pixel triggers and times (bunch id) hits - up to 4 hits stored on pixel.

■ Micro pixels store analog signal.■ Time and ADC data are read out

between trains. ■ Only micro pixels under hit macr

o pixels are queried.■ Two sensors in one silicon, or bump-bonded.■ Conceptual design being worked

with Sarnoff.50m

Status and Plan on Vertexing

■ FPCCD is the baseline for GLD Established technology No known problems Needs funding!

■ SOI (Silicon on insulator) and monolithic active pixel sensors being pursued as ageneral R&Ds (e.g. w/ super-B)

Trackers

■ Two main candidates TPC - central tracker for GLD, LDC

◆ ~200 hits/track σm/hit Silicon strip - central tracker for SiD

◆ ~5 hits/track with much better σ m)◆ Also used as

◆ Inner/forward tracker for GLD, LDC◆ Endcap tracker for GLD◆ Outer tracker (of TPC) for LDC (GLD?)

TPC■ Endplate detectors

Wires - conventional◆ Amplification at wires only◆ Signal is induced on pads - slow collection◆ Strong frame needed - endplate material◆ Wires can break

MPGD (Multi-pixel Gas Detector) - R&D items◆ Amplification where drift electrons hit (w/i ~100m)◆ Directly detect amplified electrons on pads - fast◆ Ion feeback suppressed

◆ GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier)◆ 2-3 stages possible - discharge-safer(?)

◆ MicroMEGAS (Micro Mesh Gas detector)◆ 1 stage only - simpler

MicroMEGAS

■ Micromesh with pitch~50m■ Pillar height ~ 50-100m■ Amplification between mesh an

d pads/strips■ Most ions return to mesh.

S1

S2

σ

~50m

GEM■ Two copper foils on both sides

of kapton layer of ~50m thick■ Amplification at the holes■ Gain~104 for 500V■ Can be used multi-staged■ Natural broadening can help ce

nter-of-gravity technique.

p~140m

p~60m

ILC TPC R&D groups (LCTPC)~70 active people worldwide

DESY

Aachen

Victoria

MPIKEK

Sacley-Orsay

KerlsruheBerkeleyNovosibirskCarletonCornell.....

Interconnected

TPC R&D results

• Now 3 years of MPGD experience gathered. MPGDs compared with wire

• Gas properties rather well understood (dirft velocity, diffusion effect ~ MC)

• Diffusion-limited resolution seems feasible

• Resistive foil charge-spreading demonstrated

• CMOS RO chip demonstrated• Design work starting for the

Large Prototype (funded by EUDET)

GEM vs wire

Charge spreading by resistive foil

Silicon Tracker R&Ds■ DSSD in-house fabrication in Kor

ea Characterized. S/N = 25 Radiation test in progress RO Hybrid is produced

■ Long-ladder R&D (SantaCruz) Readout chip LSTFE for long and

spaced bunch train. Being tested.

Backend architecture defined Long ladders being assembled

■ SILC collaboration 10-60cm strip length S/N = 20-30 for 28cm (Sr90), O

K New front end chip being tested ~OK. Next : power cycling Ladder assembly prototype soon

Status and Plans for Tracking

■ TPC We are a part of LCTPC collaboration EUDET

◆ large prototype (field cage) : made to fit inside our superconducting magnet (D=85cm,1.2 Tesla)

Produce MPGD endplates for the large prototype■ Si trackers

Korean groups in close contact with SILC Endcap Tracker and outer tracker (outside of TPC)

not yet studied well

Calorimeters

E

%40~

■ Critical part of PFA

■ ‘Realistic’ PFA Full shower simulation Clustering Photon finding Track matching Achieved ~40%/E1/2 for the 3 concepts

■ Starting to be useful for detector optimization Analog vs digital HCAL readout Segmentation However, not quite mature yet to be

conclusive (high-energy jets)

■ Large international collaboration : CALICE GLD Jet energy resolution at Z→

qq(realistic simulation)

ECAL■ Silicon/W

High granularity (~1cm2 or less) and stable gain. Cost : $2-3/cm2 for Si. How far can it go down?

CALICE prototype (1cm2 cell) beam test SLAC/Oregon/UCDavis/BNL silicon wafer (4x4mm2)

ECAL■ Scintillator/W

Cheaper and larger granurarity (3x3 - 5x5cm2) Scintillator strips may be cost-effective way for granurarity (1cm x Ycm : Y~5cm) Read out by fibre + PMT or SiPM/MPPC

Japan/Korea/Russia Colorado : staggered cells (5x5cm2)

■ SiPM (invented in Russia) ~1000 cells in 1mm2

Limited Geiger mode High B field (5T) OK Gain ~ 106 ; no preamp Fast σ ~ 50ps Quite cheap Noisy? Temperature dependence Steep bias valtage dependenc

e

HAMAMATSU MPPC(Multipixel Photon Counter)Sees ~60 pe’s at room temp.

HCAL

■ Analog : Scintillator (CALICE) Modest granurarity (3x3cm2 u

p) SiPM readout MINICAL prototype tested with

100 SiPM - Same resolution as PMT

2 cm steel

0.5 cm active

HCAL■ Digital (CALICE)

Fine granurarity (~1x1cm2) 1 bit readout GEM and RPC w/ pad readout Common readout electronics Understood well - ready for 1m3

prototype

Signal PadMylar sheet

Mylar sheet Aluminum foil

1.1mm Glass sheet

1.1mm Glass sheet

1.2mm gas gap

-HV

GND

GEMRPC

Calorimeter R&Ds

■ Si-Scintillator hybrid for ECAL Cost-performance optimization

■ Crystal for ECAL Focus on energy resolution

■ DREAM Dual readout of dE/dx (scintillat

or) and Cerenkov (quartz fibre) Ideal compensation to obtain ve

ry good hadron energy resolution Basis for the 4-th concept Challenge : ILC implementation

Status and Plans on Calorimeters■ ECAL large prototype in progress

Sci-strip type

■ HCAL large prototype needs funding!

■ SiPM/MPPC promissing and testing in progress

■ More PFA study painfully needed Optimization for high-energy jets (granularity) Scintillator strip design works?

More missing items■ Muon system is probably easy in concept but difficult in practice (large s

ystem - support, etc.) - Missing R&D item!

■ Solenoid and compensation coil (DID - for large xing angle) : non-trivial problem to realize, and DID is a problem to solve for trackers and bkg.

■ Forward regions (endcap regions) are important for t-channel productions such as

■ Very forward regions (FCAL, BCAL) are critical for tagging electrons for SUSY pair creations : recently attacked by Korean groups (thanks!)

■ With the long train, DAQ is not a trivial problem (now P. LeDu alone for GLD)

■ Needs more people for beam background simulations

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e+e− → νν h