Reporting Category 3

04.29.15

TEK 7A Analyze and evaluate how evidence

of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin, who is famous for his trips to the

Galapagos Islands where he observed finches and other animals, wrote “The origin of Species”

His theory includes: 1. variation exists among individuals in a

species 2. individuals of species will compete for

resources 3. some competition would lead to death

of some individuals while other would survive

4. individuals that had advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection The process he described came to be

known as Natural Selection The favorable variations are called

adaptations

Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures- structures that came

from the same embryonic tissue, but serve different functions

Vestigial structures-organs or other structures that are not used; may have evolved over time to not need it

Analogous structures- structures in different organisms that look similar, or perform similar functions, but are not from the same ancestral source

Comparative Anatomy

Embryology Darwin

believed that uniformity seen in the embryos of organisms was evidence for evolution

As the embryos grow and develop, they become less and less similar

Geographic Isolation When a species is

geographically isolated, evolution can result in separate species largely due to genetic drift

This can eventually result in behavioral isolation as well

Example Questions

The organisms have developed from a common ancestor

TEK 7E Analyze and evaluate the

relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms(RIMs) Prevent successful breeding between different

species. They are barriers to gene flow The two main kinds: Prezygotic isolating mechanisms-act before

fertilization to prevent successful reproduction Habitat, temporal(time-based), behavioral, and

structural Postzygotic isolating mechanisms-act after

fertilization to prevent successful reproduction Hybrid inviablility(failure of zygote to develop) and

hybrid sterility, and speciation

Types of Speciation Allopatric- populations become

geographically separated, and develop RIMs

Sympatric-a population forms a new species within the same area as the parent species

Parapatric- the speciating populations are only partially separated geographically, so some individuals on each side are able to meet across a common boundary during the speciation process

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

Convergent Divergent

Species from different evolutionary branches may resemble each other if they have similar ecological roles

The diversification of an ancestral group into two or more species in different habitats

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

Convergent Divergent

Example Question

TEK 7FAnalyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination mechanisms of evolution

Genetic Drift Imagine that in one generation, two brown

beetles happened to have four offspring survive to reproduce. Several green beetles were killed when someone stepped on them and had no offspring. The next generation would have a few more brown beetles than the previous generation—but just by chance. These chance changes from generation to generation are known as genetic drift

Gene Flow Gene flow, aka migration, is any

movement of genes from one population to another. If genes are carried to a population where those genes previously did not exist, gene flow can be a source of genetic variation

Bottlenecks and Founder Effects Bottlenecks: occur when a

population’s size is reduced for at least one generation. This can reduce a population’s genetic variation by a lot

Founder effects: occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This can also reduce genetic variation

TEK 8BCategorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups

Modern Linnaean System Domain: the category domain is used to

recognize the most basic differences among cell types. Organisms are grouped into 1 of 3 domains

Kingdom: encompasses large groups such as plants, animals, or fungi. There are 6 kingdoms

Phylum: a subgroup within a kingdom; Humans belong to Chordata

Class: a subgroup within a phylum; Humans belong to mammalia

Order: a subgroup within a class; Humans belong to Primates

Modern Linnaean System Family: a subgroup within an order;

Humans belong to Hominidae Genus: a subgroup within a family ; species

in a genus are thought to be closely related; Humans belong to Homo

Species: a unique group of organisms united by heredity; Humans belong to sapiens Homo sapiens is recognized as the only living

primate species that walks upright and uses spoken language

Modern Linnaean System

Taxonomic Diagrams Phylogeny: the evolutionary

relationships among organisms; this shows divergent evolution over time

Taxonomic Diagrams Cladograms: expressing phylogeny in

order of divergence

Taxonomic Diagrams Dichotomous Keys: identify

organisms, and contain pairs of contrasting descriptions After each description, the key directs

the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism

Example Question 8B

TEK 7B Analyze and evaluate scientific

explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record

Fossils A fossil is any parts or impressions of

an organism that may survive after its death

A fossil record is an orderly array in which fossils appear in the layers, or strata, of sedimentary rocks

There are several methods scientists use to date fossils One example is Carbon 14 used to date

bone, shell, and charcoal

Gradual vs. Rapid Change Gradualism-the theory that evolution

occurs gradually over time Fits Darwin’s theory of evolution Supported by fossil records

Punctuated Equilibrium-the theory that species stay the same for long periods of time and then have short bursts of evolution that produce new species rapidly Also supported by fossil records

Gradual vs. Rapid Change

GradualismPunctuated Equilibrium

TEK 7C Analyze and evaluate how natural

selection produces change in populations, not individuals

Principles of Natural Selection Natural Selection is the “mechanism” that

leads to adaptations in a population(or individual)

The principles of Natural Selection are: 1. overproduction-species produce more young

than will survive to reproductive age

2. variation: individuals vary from one another in characteristics. Some variations are better suited

for the environment or conditions of the time

Principles of Natural Selection 3. selection- a trait may be “selected” if it

helps a species survive. Selection leads to adaptation. Aka survival of the fittest

TEK 7DAnalyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources result in differential reproductive success

Summary of Natural Selection Natural Selection will operate among any

entities that reproduce and show inheritance of characteristics

It may be directional, stabilizing or disruptive Directional: natural selection favors smaller

individuals Stabilizing: natural selection favors the middle

individuals Disruptive: natural selection favors the extremes

Variation that is created by genetic recombination and mutation is accidental, and adaptively random in direction

TEK 7GAnalyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning the complexity of the cell

Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes

Endosymbiosis Evidence

Structural Mitochondria & chloroplast resemble bacterial

structure Genetic

Mitochondria & chloroplast have their own circular DNA, like bacteria

Functional Mitochondria & chloroplast move freely within

the cell Mitochondria & chloroplast reproduce

independently from the cell

TEK 8A Define taxonomy and recognize the

importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community

Taxonomy The classification of organisms in a

hierarchical system based on shared characteristics or on phylogenetic relationships K

PCOFGS

KingdomPhylum

Class

OrderFamily

GenusSpecies

KingPhillipCame

Over

For

GoodSpaghetti

Who is this?

Scientific Name: Puma concolor

Common Names: CougarMountain lionAnd Puma

Binomial Nomenclature “2 name system” Consists of the Genus and species of

the organism Puma concolor

Benefits: Latin roots (scientists from other

countries can recognize) Avoid confusion of common

names(cougar/mountain lion) Shows relationships and classification

TEK 8C Compare characteristics of taxonomic groups,

including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals

The 6 kingdomsKingdom Cell Type Number of

CellsNutrition

Archaea 

     

Bacteria 

     

Protista 

     

Fungi 

     

Plantae 

     

Animalia