reporter:chen-kun lin adviser:cheng-chien wang 2011.06.28
TRANSCRIPT
• Epoxy resins have dimensional stability, satisfactory mechanical properties, so that they are widely used as coating, adhesion, lamination, casting and electronic encapsulation materials.
• However, the flammability of epoxy resins is a major problem in applications where high thermal and flame resistance are needed.
• Many approaches have been used to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy-resin composites.
Introduction
• A feasible way to reduce flammability of epoxy-resin composites is the utilization of flame-retardant agents or fire-resistant curing agents.
• Still commonly used are halogenated flame retardants, which appear to function principally by reacting with radicals produced during combustion (mainly H+ and OH-), generating less-reactive halogen radicals.
• However, these reactions result in the release of toxic, corrosive, halogenous gases, such as hydrogen chloride.
Introduction
• Consequently, low or zero use of halogen in flame retardants is the current trend.
• Increasing use is being made of phosphorus-containing flame retardants.
• The objective of this investigation is to reduce flammability of epoxy-resin composites using an anhydride with a pendent phosphorus and halogen-free group.
Introduction
Materials
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)
Itaconic acid
Hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) and phthalic anhydride (PA)
N-Benzyldimethylamine (BDMA)
Tetrahydrofuran and n-hexane
Experimental
Synthesis of (9 ,10 -dihydro -9 -oxa -10 -phosphaphenanthrene -10 -oxide ) methyl succinicanhydride (DMSA)
Experimental
Curing of epoxy networks
The mixture was continuously stirred and then placed in an oven at the desired curing temperature (130 ).℃The samples were cured in a hot press at 130 for 3 hr followed by ℃2 hr post-cure at 170 .℃
• An aryl phosphinate anhydride (DMSA) was synthesizedby the addition and dehydration reaction of DOPO with itaconic acid.
• The a major degradation of those epoxy-resin composites took place in the same temperature range (350-450 ),and the initial ℃decomposition temperature was not significantly shifted.
• Epoxy resins cured with DMSA exhibit higher LOI values and char yields compared with those cured by commercial curing agents, such as PA and HHPA.
Conclusions
• Furthermore, the LOI value and the char yield of the epoxy-resin composites increased with increasing phosphorus content.
• The utilization of appropriate amounts of DMSA in the epoxy systems would give good flame retardancy.
Conclusions
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 50010
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% T
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Wavenumbers/cm-1
DOPO Rubber
FTIR