reported speech • grammar bachillerato 1 -...
TRANSCRIPT
Reported speech • Grammar Bachillerato 1
direct speech:
Annie said, "We are decorating our flat tomorrow."
(the speaker is using Annie's actual words)
reported speech: (a week later...)
Annie said (that) they were decorating their flat the following day.
(the speaker is using his/her own words to report what Annie said)
1 Verbal Changes. Use the tenses that are natural for the situation. As a
general rule these changes are as follow:
direct speech reported speech
do / does did
am/is/are doing was/were doing
did* did; had done
have/has done had done
was/were doing* was/were doing; had been doing
had done no change
future (shall/will) would
would no change
can could
may (possibility) might
may (permission) could
must (obligation) had to; must (if the obligation still applies)
could, might, should, ought to no change
* In written English past tenses usually change to past perfect but there are the
following exceptions:
1 Past tenses in time clauses do not normally change. The main verb of
such sentences can either remain unchanged or become the past
perfect:
"I often saw Ian when I lived in Paris," he said.
He said he often saw/ had often seen Ian when he lived in Paris.
2 A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the
speech is reported remains unchanged:
She said, "I did not buy the house because it was old."
She said that she hadn't bought the house because it was old.
2 Non-verbal Changes. Some other words may have to be changed:
direct speech reported speech
here there
now then / at that moment
this the / that (time expression)
today that day
yesterday the previous day / the day before
tomorrow the following day / the next day
the day before yesterday two days before
the day after tomorrow two days later
last week the previous week
next week the following week
a week ago a week before
3 BASIC PATTERNS
1 Statements
… said (+ to + object)+ (that) + S + V …
… told + OBJECT
"I can't go to the party," he said. = He said (that) he couldn't go to the party.
"I'll phone you later," she said. = She told me (that) she'd phone me later.
2 Commands, requests...
… told
+ OBJECT + (not) to-infinitive …… asked
= pedir
"Don't shout," I said to Jim. = I told Jim not to shout.
"Will you open the door, Tom?" she said. = She asked Tom to open the door.
3 Questions
… asked
= preguntar ( + object )
wh-word (+S) + V …
if / whether + S + V …
"What do you do?" he said. = He asked (me) what I did.
"Who is there?" he said. = He asked who was there.
"Did you buy the book?" Sue said. = Sue asked (me) if I had bought the book.
*Note: In a few expressions we can use tell without a personal object, eg, tell a
story, tell the time, tell the truth, tell a lie.