reported speech 2 medio

8/18/2019 Reported Speech 2 Medio

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ReportedENGLISH

REPORTEDSPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED)SPEECH. INTRODUCTION

There are two ways of relating what a person has said:direct and indirect.In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’sexact words:

He said, “I have lost my umbrella.” Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placedimmediately before the remark. irect speech is found in conversations in books, inplays and in !uotations.In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, withoutnecessarily using thespeaker’s exactwords:

He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted aftersay and tell " ob#ect. $ut it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain,object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversationis reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here to give a more dramatice%ect.&hen we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are

usually necessary.

PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES:CHANGES NECESSARY

'. (irst and second person pronouns and possessive ad#ectives normally changeto the third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words. )I * he,she+ me * him, her+ my * his, her+ mine* his, hers+ we * they...

She said, “he’s my son”. She said that he was h er son.“I’m ill”, she said. She said that s h e was ill.

$. THIS THESE

This used in time expressions usually becomes that.1

She said, “She’s coming t h is week”.

She said that she was coming

t ha t week.This and that used as ad#ectives usually change to the.

He said, “I bought t h is earl!t h e s e earls "or my mother”.He said that he had bought t h e earl!t h e earls "or his mother.

This, these used as pronouns can become it, theythem.He came back with two knives and said, “I "ound t h e s e beside theking’s bed”. Hesaid he had "ound them beside the king’s bed.

He said, “#e will discuss this tomorrow”.

He said that theywould discuss it (the matter) the ne$t day.

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH'. 'dverbs and adverbial phrases of time

change as follows:


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ReportedENGLISH

DIRECT I!DIRECT SPEECH

today that day yesterday the day be"ore

the day be"ore two days be"ore

tomorrow the ne$t day!the "ollowingthe day a"ter in two day’s time

ne$t week!year etc. the "ollowing week!year

last week!year etc. the revious week!year etc.

a year etc. ago a year be"ore!the revious


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“I saw her the day be"ore yesterday”, he said.

He said he’dseen her two days be"ore.“I’ll do it tomorrow”, he romised. He romised that he would do itthe ne$t day.

She said, “%y "ather died a year ago”.

She said that her "atherhad died a year be"ore!the revious year.

$. $ut if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes arenot necessary:

&t break"ast this morning he said, “I’ll be very busy today”. &t break"ast this morning he said that he would be very busy today.

-. here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant: &t the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”. He saidthat he’d be thereagain the ne$t day.

sually here has to be replaced bysome phrase:

She said, “'ou can sit here, om”. She told om that he could sit

beside her.

STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSECHANGES NECESSARY

'. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that ... This is usual when we are:

a. reporting a conversation that isstill going on b. reading a letter andreporting what it saysc. reading instructions and reporting themd. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. om saysthat he’ll never get

married.&hen the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense wecan report the direct

2 speech without any change of tense:/'0 )phoning from the station: I’m trying to get a ta$i.'11 )to 2ary, who is standing beside her: aul says heis trying to get a ta$i.

$. $ut indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. 3erbs inthe direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The

changes are shown in the following table.

DIRECT I!DIRECT SPEECH

Simple Pe!e"# “I never eat meat”, he e$lained.

Simple P$!# * He e$lained (that) he never ate

Pe!e"# C%"#i"&%&!“I’m waiting "or &nn”, he said.

P$!# C%"#i"&%&!* He said (that) he was waiting "or

Pe!e"# Pe'e# “I have "ound a "lat”, he said.

P$!# Pe'e# * He said (that) he had "ound a "lat.

Pe!e"# Pe'e# C%"#i"&%&!

He said, “I’ve been waiting "or ages”.

P$!# Pe'e# C%"#i"&%&!

* He said (that) he had been waitingSimple P$!# “I took it home with me”, she said.

P$!# Pe'e# * She said (that) he had taken it home

F&eHe said, “I will!shall be in aris on

C%"i#i%"$l * He said (that) he would be in aris on


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F&e C%"#i"&%&!“I will!shall be using the car mysel" onthe +h”,

C%"i#i%"$l C%"#i"&%&!* She said (that) she’d been using thecar hersel"

C%"i#i%"$l I said, “I would like to see it”.

C%"i#i%"$l * I said (that) I would like to see it.


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ReportedENGLISH

'll those changes represent the distancing effect of the reported speech.-ommon sense, together with the time aspect from the speaker’s point of view,are more important than the rules when making the usual changes.

*UESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

irect !uestion: He said, “#here is she going-” Indirect !uestion: He asked where she was going.

'. &hen we turn direct !uestions into indirect speech, the following changes arenecessary:

a. tenses, pronouns and possessive ad#ectives, and adverbs of time andplace change as in statements.

b. the interrogative form of the verb changes to thea%irmative form. c. the !uestion mark is omitted inindirect !uestions.

$. If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of in!uiry, e.g.

as", #onder, #ant to "no# etc.He said, “#here is the station-”

He asked where the station was.-. as" can be followed by the person addressed )indirect ob#ect:

He asked, “#hat have you got in your bag-” He asked (me) whatI had got in my bag.

$ut #onder and #ant to "no# cannot take an indirect ob#ect, so if we wishto report a !uestion where the person addressed is mentioned, we must useas" .

He said, ”%ary, when is the ne$t train-” He asked %ary when thene$t train was.

. If the direct !uestion begins with a !uestion word )when, where, who, how,

why etc. the !uestion word is repeated in the indirect !uestion:He said, “#hy didn’t you ut on the brake-”

He asked (her) whyshe hadn’t ut on the brake.

3She said, “#hat do you want-” She asked (them) what they wanted.

4. If there is no !uestion word, i$ or #hether must be used:“Is anyone there-” he asked He asked i"!whether anyone was there.

COMMANDS+ RE*UESTS+ ADVICE ININDIRECT SPEECH irectcommand: He said, “ie down,

om”. Indirect command: He toldom to lie down.Indirect commands, re!uests, advice are usually expressed by a verb ofcommand5re!uest5advice " ob#ect" infinitive.

'. The following verbs can be used: ad%ise, as", be&, command, order, remind,tell, #arn etc.

He said, “/et your coat, om0” He told om to get his coat.$. 1egative commands, re!uests etc. are usually reported by not " infinitive:

“1on’t swim out too "ar, boys”, I said

I warned!told the boys not to swimout too "ar.

EXCLAMATIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH4xclamations usually become statements in indirect speech. The

exclamation mark disappears. a. 4xclamations beginning 'hat (a) ***or Ho# *** can be reported by:

6 exclaimsay that:


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ReportedENGLISH

He said, “#hat a dread"ul idea0” or “How dread"ul0” Hee$claimed that it was a dread"ul idea!was dread"ul.

6 &i%e an exclamation o$ delight5disgust5horror5relief5surprise etc.6 if the exclamation is followed by an action we can use the

construction #ith an exclamation o$ delight5disgust etc. "heshe etc. " verb.


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b. 7ther types of exclamation such as +ood -ar%ellous SplendidHea%ens Oh .&h etc. can be reported as in )b or )c above:

8/ood0” he e$claimed. He gave an e$clamation o" leasure!satis"action.

“2gh0” she e$claimed, and turned the rogramme o3. #ith ane$clamation o" disgust she turned the rogramme o3.

c. 1otealso:

He said, “hank you0”

He thanked me.

He said, “/ood luck0”

He wished me luck.

He said, “Hay 4hristmas0”

He wished me a hay 4hristmas.

He said, “4ongratulations0” He

congratulated me. He said, “iar0”

Hecalled me a liar.He said, “1amn0” etc.

He swore.he notice said5 #647%6 7 #&6S0 he notice welcomedvisitors to #ales.

YES AND NO IN INDIRECT SPEECH

yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by sub#ect " appropriate auxiliary verb.He said, “4an you swim-” and I said “8o”

He asked (me) i" I couldswim and I said Icouldn’t.

He said, “#ill you have time to do it-” and I said “'es” He askedi" I would have time to do it and I said that I would.

OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH'. O//ERS

4 “Shall I bring you some tea-” could be reported He o3ered to bring

me some tea.$. S.++ESTIO!S“Shall we meet at the theatre- could be reported He suggestedmeeting at the theatre.

INDIRECT SPEECH: MIXED TYPESirect speech may consist of statement " !uestion, !uestion " command,command " statement, or all three together. 1ormally each re!uires its ownintroductory verb.

“I don’t know the way. 1o you-” he asked. He said he didn’t know theway and asked her

i" she did!i" she knew it.He said, “Someone is coming. /et behind the screen.”

He said thatsomeone was coming and told me to get behind the screen.

REPORTED SPEECH: OTHER POINTS'. -.ST0 after a past reporting verb, must does not usually change:

He said, “It must be retty late, I really must go”. He said that it mustbe retty late and he really must go.

had to is also possible in reported speech, but this is really the past of ha%e to,not must.

He said, “I have to go. I have an aointment in hal" an hour”

He saidthat he had to go because he had an aointment in hal" an hour.$. -OD12 3ER4S: /ast modal verbs )could, might, ought to, should, used to,

etc. do not normally change in reported speech.He said, “I might come”. He said that he might come.


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He said, “I would hel him i" I could”. He said that he would hel him i" he could.

He said, “'ou needn’t wait”.

He said that I needn’t wait.


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ReportedENGLISH

-. CO!DITIO!12S: -onditional sentences type two remain unchanged.He said, “I" my children were older I would

emigrate”. He said that i" his children were older he wouldemigrate.

SAY AND TELL AS INTRODUCTORY VER,S'. say and tell with directspeech.

5* say can introduce a statement or follow it.om said, “I’ve 9ust heard the news”. or “I’ve 9ust heard thenews”,om said.

Inversion of say and noun sub#ect is possible when say follows thestatement.

“I’ve 9ust heard the news”, said om.say 6 to 6 person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the

direct statement+ it cannot introduce it.“I’m leaving at once”, om said to me.Inversion is not possible here.

7* tell re!uires the person addressed.ell me. He told us. I’ll tell om.

4xcept with tell liesstoriesthe truththe time, when the personaddressed need not to be mentioned.

He told (me) lies. I’ll tell (you) a story.Tell used with direct speech must be placed after the direct statement:

“I’m leaving at once”, om told me.Inversion is not possible

with tell. $. say and tell withindirect speech

Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell " ob#ect. Say " to" ob#ect is possible but less usual than tell " ob#ect.

5He said he’d 9ust heard the news.

He told me that he’d 9ust heard the news.1ote also tell ***

ho#about:He told us how he had crossed themountains. He told us about crossingthe mountains.He told us about his 9ourneys.

,I,LIOGRAPHY 6 '. 9. Thomson and '.3. 2artinet, ' / r ac t ic al 4 n g lish ram m ar, 7xford niversity/ress, ;6 R. (ern?nde@ -armona, 4 n glish ra m mar A w it h e x erci ses , 0ongman, BCCC6 R. 2urphy, 4 n glish r a m mar in s e , -ambridge niversity /ress ;


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ReportedENGLISH

5* These people are sayin& these thin&s* Report them, usin& !$-! #$#.a. /aul: 8'tlanta is a wonderful city.Gb. Ruth: 8I go #ogging every morning.Gc. 'nna: 89enny isn’t studying for her exams.Gd. 'ndrew: 8I used to be very fat.Ge. e.6 9im: 8I can’t swim.G


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7* People made these statements* Report them, usin& !$i.a. 82ary works in a bankG, 9ane said.b. 8I’m staying with some friendsG, 9im said.c. 8I’ve never been to RussiaG, 2ike said.d. 8Tom can’t use a computerG, 4lla said.e. 84verybody must try to do their bestG, 9ill said.f. 89ane may move to a new flatG, Rachel said.g. 8I’ll stay at home on EundayG, $ill said.

9* Report #hat the &uests said at a #eddin& last Sunday*a. 2iss 2oore: 8They’ll make a lovely couple.Gb. 2r Emith: 8They’re going to live in $righton.Gc. 2rs 9ones: 8The bride and the groom are very nice young people.G

d. 2r Roberts: 8The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.G

e. 2r -larke: 8The couple’s parents look happy.G

f. 2iss 2ayall: 8The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.G

:* Chan&e the $ollo#in& statements into the reported speech*a. 8I have something to show youG, I said to her.

6 b. 8I’m going away tomorrowG, he said.

c. 8I’ve been in 0ondon for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the TowerG, saidRupert.

d. 8I’ll come with you as soon as I’m readyG, she replied.

e. 8&e have a lift but very often it doesn’t workG, they said.

f. 8I must go to the dentist tomorrowG, he said.

g. 8I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take itto the museum this afternoonG, he said.

;* 'rite these sentences in indirect speech*a. 8I’m very tiredG, she said.b. 8I’ll see them soonG, he said.c. 8I’m going to the cinemaG, she said.d. 8I see the children !uite oftenG, he said.e. 8I’m having a bathG, she said.f. 8I’ve already met their parentsG, she said.g. 8I stayed in a hotel for a few weeksG, she said.h. 8I must go home to make dinnerG, he said.i. 8I haven’t been waiting longG, she said.

#. 8I’m listening to the radioG, he said.k. 8I’ll tell them the news on EaturdayG, she said.l. 8I like swimming, dancing and playing tennisG, he said.


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ReportedENGLISH

m. 8I can driveG, she said.n. 8I walked home after the partyG, he said.o. 8I’m going to be sickG, she said.p. 8I must go out to post a letterG, he said.!. 8I spoke to 9ane last weekG, she said.

r. 8I’m trying to listen to the musicG, he said.s. 8I’ll phone the office from the airportG, she said.t. 8I can’t speak any foreign languagesG, he said.


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f. Das this ever happened beforeH

A* 'rite these sentences as reported @uestions usin& the #ords &i%en*a. 8&hat’s your nameHG, he asked. )wanted to know

b. 8o you like 2arlon $randonHG, she asked.

c. 8Dow old are youHG, she said. )asked

d. 8&hen does the train leaveHG, I asked.

e. 8're you en#oying yourselfHG, he asked.

f. 8Dow are youHG, he said. )asked

g. 8oes your father work hereHG, she asked.

h. 8o you live near your fatherHG, he asked.

i. 8&ho did you see at the meetingHG, my mother asked.

#. 8&hy did you take my walletHG, he asked.

8 k. 8Dow did you get to schoolHG, she asked.

l. 8're you a foreignerHG, she asked.

m. 8&here do you liveHG, the boy asked.

n. 8Dave you met anny beforeHG, he asked.

o. 8're you hungryHG, he asked.

p. 8&hy wasn’t 9udy at the partyHG, she asked.

!. 8&hy didn’t you telephoneHG, my father asked.

r. 8id you borrow my dictionaryHG, he asked.

s. 8&hy are you so lateHG, the teacher asked.

t. 8Dave you finished your examsHG, she asked.

u. 8id you invite 9udy and 2itchHG, he asked.

v. 8oes your brother live in 0ondonHG, she asked.

w. 8&hy didn’t the police report the crimeHG, the #udge asked.

x. 8o you know who broke the windowHG, he asked.


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ReportedENGLISH

y. 8&hy you won’t let me inHG, he shouted.

COMMANDS+ RE*UESTS AND ADVICEB* Re#rite these sentences in reported speech*

a. 82ake some coffee, $obG, -arol said.)ask

b. 8ou must do the homework soon, 9aneG, she said.)tell

c. 8Remember to buy a map, 'nnG he said.)remind

d. 8ou should see a doctor, 2rs -larkG, he said.)advise

e. 8Jeep all the windows closed, $illG they said.)warn

f. 8o home, /aulG, (rancis said.)tell

g. 8/lease stay for supper, $obG, he said.)try to persuade

5* Report the $ollo#in&sentences*

a. 8on’t try to befunny.G

b. 8&ait here till I come.G

9c. 8o to bed and don’t get up till you’re called.G

d. 8$e a good girl and sit !uietly for five minutes.G

e. 8&atch the milk and don’t let it boil over.G

f. 8on’t take your coat off.G

g. 8on’t forget to thank 2rs 9ones when you’re saying good bye to her.G

h. 8Etop that dog.G

55* 'rite the sentences in reported speech usin& the #ords &i%en*a. 8Eit down, 2ary.G )he told

b. 8&ould you pass my suitcaseHG )he asked

c. 8on’t go near the sea, children.G )the children’s mother warned

d. 8on’t be late, Tim.G )Tim’s father told

e. 8$e !uiet, children.G )the librarian told


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f. 8Dave your tickets ready, please.G )the inspector told us

SAY AND TELL57* .se the correct $orm o$ S1 and TE22 in these sentences*

a. Ehe meshe didn’t agree.b. De , 8Davewe met beforeHGc. I them I wasn’thappy with their work.d. Ehe smiled and to me, 8I’m verypleased to meet you.Ge. Ehe me a storyabout her parents. f. De, 8're you feeling 7JHG

g. I didn’t hear. &hat did heHh. -ould you methe time, pleaseHi. They me they weregoing to a meeting. #. Ithe police my address.k. I I wanted tobuy a [email protected]. De he wasn’tinterested in politics. m. -ould you

me your name againHn. o you think he isthe truthHo. &ould you him to comeearly tomorrowHp. If he that againthere’ll be trouble.!. I them it wasdangerous to swim here.

10 r. id you anything to him about your problem at

workH s. mewhat happened.t. I think he islies.u. The policemanthe man was lying.v. /hilip it wouldprobably rain tomorrow. w. Eusan, 80et’s go out for dinner tonight.G x. 9imme about the party last night.

y. 7ur teacher he waspleased with our work. @. EtopliesK

OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS


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59* Re#rite the sentences #ith the &erund or the in$initi%e and the inreported speech*

a. 8I’ll bring my -s to theparty.G

De promised to bring his 41s to the arty.b. 80et’s go to the cinema tonight,

shall weHEhe suggested

c. 8es, I stole thewallet.G

De admittedd. 8$e carefulK The water isboiling.G

Ehe warned use. 8ou must apologise to yourteacher.G

2y father insisted )onf. 8'll rightK I’ll share the expenseswith you.G

2y friend agreed

reported speech 2 medio

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