Writing Technical Reports

Essential Points

It is a formal statement of facts or information or an account of something.

It is presented in a conventional form. It is written for a specific audience. It includes information about the procedure of

collecting data and the significance of such data. It contains conclusion reached by the writer.

It often includes recommendations.

Types of Report

Oral Routine

Report Formal Informational

written

Interpretive

Informal

Routine Reports

Progress Reports Daily Production Reports Monthly Sales reports Annual Financial Reports

etc.

Informational Reports

Conference Reports Seminar Reports Trip Reports

etc.

Interpretive Reports

Project Reports Research Reports Technical Reports Investigative Reports

etc.

Parts of Report

Front Matter Main Body Back MatterCover Page Introduction Appendices

Frontispiece Discussion List of Ref.

Title Page Conclusion Bibliography

Preface Recommendation Glossary

Acknowledgement Index

Table of Contents

List of Illustration

Abstract/ summary

Cover Page Usually in

Soft/Natural colour.

Contains: Name of

Organization Address of

Organization Title of Report Date

Global Institute of Management & TechnologyNH -34, Palpara More, Krishnagar, Nadia – 741102.

A

Report on

How to make teaBY

Mr. Prasenjit Bhattacharjee.

2nd March, 2013

Frontispiece

A window to the report.

It may be a:

Picture

Drawing

Map etc.

Preface

It introduces the report [not the subject matter of the report] and offer it to the reader

It mentions the salient features and scope

PrefaceDo you know what a typical Indian mom would like to teach her grown up daughter? It is nothing other than how to make a cup of good tea. It is the first lesson in cooking that a mother may give her daughter. A girl may have hate entering the kitchen but her mother might insist that, "you should at least know how to make tea."

A cup of tea has its own niche in life of many people. For many it is impossible to start a day without having tea. No wonder, the cutting chai (half cup of tea) in Mumbai is big business. Many people think that if morning tea is bad, their day will be bad. Drinking tea is a special event everyday. Read on to know more about the refreshing cup of tea how to make it. My goal here is to make you knowledgeable of some facts and features of tea and how to make it.

Title Page Usually the 1st right

hand page

Contains: Name of Organization Address of

Organization Title of Report Sub-title [if any] Name of the author Name of the

Authority Approvals* Distribution list* Date

Guru Nanak Institute of Technology157/F Nilgunj road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114

A

Report on

How to make teaFor

Prasenjit BhattacharjeeAssistant Professor

Applied Science And Humanities Department

Technical Report Writing And Language Practice Laboratory

By

Rajesh SharmaStudent

Electronics and Communication Engineering

10 January 2010

Acknowledgement

It is a list of persons who you would like to thank for their advice, support or assistance of any kind.

It is not only customary but also necessary to acknowledge even the small help rendered by people

Acknowledgements

First of all I want to thank Mr. Prasenjit Bhattacharjee, Assistant Professor [English] of our college for encouraging me to write this report.

I would also like to thank Mr. Debashish Ghosh from Coffee House Kolkata and the websites: http://www.indiaparenting.com/nutrition/data/nutrition031.shtmlMy special thanks to Mr. Goutam Rakshit for printing the papers and the frontispiece.

Table of contents

It provides the reader an overall view of the report and help him locate a particular topic or subsidiary topic easily.

ContentsPreface iAcknowledgements iiSummary iii

Introduction1. History & Myth

Description2. Things you will need3. How to make tea4. Few more Tips5. Warnings6. Types of Tea

Conclusion

Recommendations

Appendix viList of Reference viiBibliography viiiIndex ix

List of Illustrations

It gives information about the number title and page reference of each illustration used in reports like:

Tables

Graph

Figures

Charts etc.

Tables/ Figures/ Maps/ Charts

Content Page no.

Pie Chart 1 Intake of Arabica & Robusta Coffee

6

Abstract/Summary It summarizes the

essential information in the report focusing on key facts, findings, observations, results, conclusions and recommendations.

Its length is usually not more than 5% of the length of the entire report

SummaryAlmost every Indian love Tea. They love it so much that I decided to report on how to make tea. Indian tea is great to taste and is a great cure to various diseases as well. And best of all its delicious.The report gives a complete in and out story of the types of tea, process of production, brewing and contribution towards health. Above all it’s a complete story about how to make it and some best known preparations.

Introduction The main function of the

introduction is to say: What the report is

about What work has already

been done on the subject

What new grounds are covered in the present study

It also provides: Background information Aims and objectives Scope and limitation of

the report

Introduction

Background:

According to a Chinese legend tea was discovered 5000 years back. It was discovered by an emperor named Shen Nung who was an expert in agriculture and medicine. He always used to drink boiled water and advice people to do so. Once when he asked his servants to boil water for drinking in his garden, some tea leaves accidentally fell in the water. When he tasted the drink he felt extremely refreshed. This is how the stimulating drink was introduced and is now a part of daily routine around the world.

A well-made cup of hot tea can warm the heart and soul of any tea lover, but it can be unpleasantly bitter or disappointingly tasteless when improperly steeped. A conscientious approach to tea preparation can maximize the flavor and health benefits provided by the tea bush, amellia sinensis.

Here's how to get it just right.

Discussion

Things You'l l Need Non-reactive tea kettle to boil the water Ceramic or porcelain tea pot A bowl to pour the leftover hot water from the tea pot Tea strainer or tea ball Sugar and creamer Tea cozy (optional) Tea

How to make tea? Step 1: Bring more than enough water to a boil in a non-reactive tea kettle.

The better tasting your water, the better tasting your tea. The best water is filtered or bottled (but not distilled).If using tap water, let it run cold for 10 seconds before using it for tea.

Step 2: Pre-heat the vessel. This will prevent the steeping water

from dropping in temperature as soon as it is poured in. Add a little boiling water to a ceramic or porcelain tea pot or the individual cups--wherever the tea will be steeped (ceramic and porcelain retain heat well). Cover the tea pot with the lid and a cozy, if you have one. Let stand until the vessel is warm, then pour out the water and proceed immediately to the next step.

Step 3: Put the tea in an infuser, strainer, or directly in the bottom of the tea pot.

Steeping without an infuser or strainer gives the tea more room to unfold and release additional flavor. Start with one heaped teaspoon per cup of tea to be made, unless you have instructions which say otherwise. The amount of loose tea you use will depend on the type and strength of the tea, as well as your individual taste, so a little experimentation may be in order.If using tea bags, the measuring has already been done for you - generally it's one tea bag per cup. However, make sure that the bags are fresh, since most commercially produced bags consist of small pieces of leaves that are susceptible to becoming stale faster than the loose leaf variety.

Step 4: Add hot water. Pour it over the tea. Use an amount in proportion to the quantity of tea you've added (e.g. 5 cups of water for 5 teaspoons of tea). The ideal water temperature varies based on the type of tea being steeped. The more oxidized (fermented) the tea (e.g. black tea) the hotter the water should be, whereas less oxidized teas (white, green) should be steeped in water that isn't as hot.

white or green teas, well below boiling (170-185 F or 76-85 C). When the water boils, turn off the heat and let the water cool for 30 seconds for white tea and 60 seconds for green tea before pouring it over the leaves

black teas, water must be at a rolling boil (212 F or 100 C) The most common mistake is to steep black tea with water that is not hot enough, which can prevent the active substances in black tea from developing.

Step 5: Let steep. Cover with the cozy to

retain warmth. Different teas require different steeping times. Check the box for guidance. If there are no instructions, steep for a minute or two, then taste frequently until it's flavorful but not bitter.

Step 6: Remove the tea leaves from the pot (if you have a strainer or infuser) or pour the liquid into another vessel (a cup or a pot, with a strainer to catch any tea leaves). Tuck the tea pot back inside a tea cozy if there is tea remaining in the pot after serving everyone.

This helps keep the tea hot longer.

Step 7: Infuse again. Many teas can be infused multiple times, so repeat the above steps, increasing the steeping time with each infusion, to get the most out of your tea. In some Chinese traditions, the tea is first steeped for 15-30 seconds to rinse any surface contaminants from the leaves, and the resulting liquid is also used to rinse any cups and utensils that will come in contact with the following infusions, which are the ones to be served.

Step 8: Serve the hot tea with milk, sugar, lemon or honey. Do not serve the tea with lemon and milk or the milk will curdle. Choose one or the other. If you use milk, add the milk to the cup first, then add the tea. This prevents the hot tea from scalding the milk by heating it up gradually. The milk will scald if you add the milk to the hot tea rather than the other way around.

Few more Tips Store tea in an airtight container to limit exposure to oxygen or moisture in a container

that won't impart flavor on the tea. Black tea has a longer shelf-life than green tea, while Pu-erh tea actually improves with age. If you might be storing the tea for an extended period of time, use desiccant packets or oxygen absorbing packets and vacuum seal.

If making tea from whole leaves, it can be enjoyable to steep them in a French press and watch the colors radiate from the unfolding leaves.

De-scale your kettle often to remove mineral deposits. Many people like their tea one way, unlike the exact way of anyone else. Find the way you

like tea the best -- some like it with only cream, others just sugar; some like honey instead of sugar, while others prefer an artificial sweetener; yet others prefer both cream and honey; some like nothing but lemon or lemon and honey.

Perhaps the most common way is with cream and sugar. Depending on if you want a strong tea flavor and a more watery tea or a creamier tea, you may want to adjust the amount of cream you put in, and how much sugar or sweetener you put in obviously depends on how sweet you want your tea.

For a sweet, creamy dessert-like tea, add half cream and half tea, and then add three hefty spoons of sugar.

A general rule of thumb for steeping time based on oxidation status is to brew black tea 4-4.5 min, green tea for 3-4 min, and white tea 3-4 min. As mentioned above, check for any instructions on your tea packaging.

Boiling water can damage tea leaves, make sure you check what temperature the tea you are using should have.

Warnings If you live in a mountainous, high-altitude area, the lower boiling point can make it

difficult to properly steep teas that require a high temperature (e.g. black, pu-erh). If you boil water in the microwave, take precautions to make sure the water doesn't

explode (a dangerous phenomenon known as superheating).

Different types of Tea: Now that we have become an expert in making tea, learn some more on various teas that

you can enjoy. We can start with a different type of tea each day. Lets check out the list of different types of teas and make it right in the kitchen. This will make our every day event more interesting.

Black tea Just add a little tea powder to a cup of hot water. Let it boil for few minute. You can add sugar if you want. Tea is ready. You can have it when you want to avoid milk.

White tea Its preparation is as simple as black tea. Add tea powder to milk and let it boil. Add sugar as per your taste. A pinch of cardamom powder will add on to the flavor of tea. You can also put crushed ginger and let it boil for sometime. This type of ginger tea is a good remedy for cough and cold.

Green tea If you are health conscious you can try green tea. Use a teaspoonful of green tea leaves for one cup of water. Place strainer over a cup with green tea leaves. Pour hot water over the leaves and steep the leaves. Do not steep the leaves for more than 2 minutes to avoid bitterness. An ideal green tea is ready to drink.

Lemon grass tea

Add a few strands of lemongrass to boiling white or black tea. You will get a nice lemon grass flavour in your tea. It tastes better in white tea. Lemon grass tea is good for coping with cold.

Ice tea

In hot and dry summers you can experiment with this tea for quenching your thirst. If your black tea is ready keep it in fridge to get chilled. Add a little lemon, litchi or peach syrup or squash. You can avoid sugar as it is already present in syrup. Garnish it with mint leaves or lemon slice

Spiced tea

Spiced tea is nothing but the popular 'Masala Chai' in India. For making this type of tea, a pinch of powdered mixture of spices like cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, cardamom and pepper is added to the black or white tea.

This tea is sold by the tea vendors from corners or road side, at restaurants, at coffee shops and even in five star hotels. You can enjoy this tea when rains are slashing down your windowpane. It tastes better when accompanied with hot pakodas (fritters), Samosas (Crispy potato snack) and Vadas (Soft spicy, round, fried Potato patty).

Already craving for some nice tea? Well, take a break and take a cup of tea. Surprise your mother one fine morning with a nice strong cup of tea. While your mother heaves a sigh of relief and asks you where you learnt it all, you can proudly make her log on to, you know where...

Conclusion Tea is the agricultural product of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of the

Camellia sinensis plant, prepared and cured by various methods. "Tea" also refers to the aromatic beverage prepared from the cured leaves by combination with hot or boiling water, and is the common name for the Camellia sinensis plant itself.

After water, tea is the most widely-consumed beverage in the world. It has a cooling, slightly bitter, astringent flavour which many enjoy.

The four types of tea most commonly found on the market are black tea, oolong tea, green tea and white tea, all of which can be made from the same bushes, processed differently, and, in the case of fine white tea, grown differently. Pu-erh tea, a post-fermented tea, is also often used medicinally.

The term "herbal tea" usually refers to an infusion or tisane of leaves, flowers, fruit, herbs or other plant material that contains no Camellia sinensis. The term "red tea" either refers to an infusion made from the South African rooibos plant, also containing no Camellia sinensis, or, in Chinese, Korean, Japanese and other East Asian languages, refers to black tea.

Recommendation

Tea-drinking is an institution. But drinking green tea is the best find of tea you could have.

However, Green tea has to be handled more delicately. There is an art to preparing green tea. The Chinese have many treatises on preparing and drinking tea and the Japanese have their Way of Tea.

With green tea, the water must not be boiling and the quantity used and time of infusion are much less than with ‘western’ teas. The taste must be delicate, light, subtle. Then it is incomparably the best drink in the world. In ‘The Importance of Living’, Lin Yutang offers us a better understanding of how and when to drink tea, as such a delicate, sensual enjoyment can be ruined by many things:

For tea is invented for quiet company, as wine is invented for a noisy party. There is something in the nature of tea that leads us into a world of quiet contemplation of life…. Since the Sung Dynasty, connoisseurs have generally regarded a cup of pale tea as the best, and the delicate flavour of pale tea can easily pass unperceived by one occupied with busy thoughts, or when the neighbourhood is noisy, or servants are quarrelling…