Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy 2005

Philanthropy by Pakistani Diaspora in the USA

iP r e f a c e

This research project has been generously funded by a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation, USA through the Aga Khan Foundation U.S.A. and commissioned to the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy, Islamabad.

The findings and recommendations of the report are the author's and do not reflect the opinions of PCP, the Aga Khan Foundation U.S.A. or its affiliates, or The Rockefeller Foundation, USA.

Any reproduction of this report without prior permission is prohibited.

Printed by Colorline

Cover and design, copy-editing, desktop composition and production management: Sarah Pervez Afzal, Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy, Islamabad

The Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy was established in 2001 as a nonprofit support organization to enhance the volume and effectiveness of philanthropy as 'social investment'. The Centre's intellectual foundation rests upon an evidence-based approach contributing to knowledge and societal understanding of the nature and dimensions of philanthropy as a potential resource for social development in Pakistan. PCP's programmatic content and strategies derive from the seminal study on Indigenous Philanthropy conducted in 1998-99 by the Aga Khan Development Network as well as subsequent research undertaken by PCP on corporate philanthropy and on the nonprofit sector.

Civil society organizations including for profit and nonprofit entities are seen as vital partners in the drive for development and the Centre's efforts focus on creating productive and viable linkages between these and other stakeholders. In this context, the phenomenon of international and diaspora philanthropy has become a relevant area for interest and inquiry. Diaspora communities have increasingly become a valuable source of intellectual input and financial contribution towards the development of their countries of origin.

Our study reveals that the annual philanthropy of the Pakistani diaspora in the USA amounts to $1bn, $750 million in time volunteered, $200 million in money and $50 million in kind. Of the cash contributions $125 million is faith motivated philanthropy and $125 million is issue-motivated. There is an equal distribution between giving to Pakistani causes in Pakistan and to causes unrelated to Pakistan. This signifies a desire on the part of Pakistani-Americans to fulfill both

identities. The study also identifies the hurdles Pakistani-Americans face which limit both the volume and nature of their contributions; it documents their concerns and also presents their suggestions for actions to be taken by government, nonprofit organizations and the PCP.

PCP acknowledges the generous funding by The Rockefeller Foundation for this study and the coordination and support provided by the Aga Khan Foundation U.S.A. This indicates the seriousness of international interest in the phenomenon of diaspora philanthropy as a financial and non-financial citizen resource for addressing the challenges of under-development.

This seminal study is the product of a two-year social action research undertaken by Professor Adil Najam of the Fletcher School of Diplomacy, Tufts University USA and a dedicated, capable team of researchers who gave generously of their time well-beyond their contractual obligations. We also owe a debt of gratitude to the Pakistani-Americans who gave of their time and thoughts in 56 focus groups across the USA.

The Board of Directors of the Centre and I are privileged to place this report before the Pakistani and American audience as a primary document to inform public policy, citizen action within Pakistan and Pakistani diaspora initiatives in the USA. We believe that Pakistani-Americans are a powerful reservoir of positive energy with a potential that has not been sufficiently tapped to partner in Pakistan's development.

Dr. Shamsh Kassim-Lakha, H.I., S.I.

Chairman, Board of Directors, PCP President, Aga Khan University

Preface

Acknowledgements

It takes many people working in concert to develop a product of worth. This report is the labor of many enquiring minds, dedicated professionals, institutional inputs and volunteer researchers each individually making a priceless contribution to the effort.

To begin, I would like to thank The Rockefeller Foundation, USA whose generous financial contribution has allowed us this undertaking. PCP and the Aga Khan Foundation U.S.A. jointly initiated the idea of exploring the phenomenon of giving by the Pakistani diaspora in the United States. AKF U.S.A. was instrumental in securing funding from The Rockefeller Foundation and subsequently commissioned PCP to conduct and manage the study. In particular, Mr. Iqbal Noor Ali, Ms.Victoria Waimey and Ms. Patricia Scheid of AKF U.S.A. lent their full support in coordinating the research effort and pressing us forward.

The report benefitted considerably from the meticulous and expert review by Dr. Aliya Khan, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan as the National Reviewer and Ms. Paula Johnson of The Philanthropy Initiative (Boston) as the International Reviewer.

Mr. Mahomed J. Jaffer the chair of the PCP research committee and members Mr. Kamal Chinoy, Mr. Mueen Afzal, Mr. Shoaib Sultan Khan, Mr. Zaffar A. Khan, Syed Babar Ali and Mian Ahsan M. Saleem provided invaluable, reasoned input and spent countless hours in review sessions at critical junctures of the draft. PCP Chairman, Dr. Shamsh Kassim-Lakha contributed his indefatigable guidance and visionary leadership.

I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of PCP staff in the production of this report: the creative efforts of Ms. Sarah Pervez Afzal, for layout, design and copy-editing; Senior Program Managers Mr. Ahsan Rana and Mr. Eazaz Dar for meticulous review and editing; and Ms. Tasneem Saeed for the proof-reading.

I remember appreciatively the early impetus of Mr. Zubair K. Bhatti, Senior Program Manager who subsequently volunteered many hours of valuable time. I must also record the wise counsel of Mr. David Bonbright in the early phase of the study and his contribution in conceptualizing the design and placing the objective of this research in the context of PCP’s work to promote philanthropy.

Authored by Adil Najam, Associate Professor of International Negotiation & Diplomacy, The Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy, Tufts University, this pioneering study owes a great deal to his intellectual vision, meticulous research skills, perseverance and leadership of the research team.

Shahnaz Wazir AliExecutive Director Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy

This project has been a long, sometimes tiring, but always fulfilling exercise. Like so many labors of love, it grew into more than what had originally been planned and took far more time than I had anticipated. I must begin, therefore, with an apology to all those who have been so patient with me as I struggled to complete this report. I pray that I have not lost all their confidence and that the results of this long process meet their expectations.

Intellectually, this has been an amazing journey of exploration. One that has allowed me to study a topic that was not only intellectually challenging but which is important and timely for a community that I am myself a part of. For giving me the opportunity to conduct this study, I am grateful to the

and to the, which

coordinated the study through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. I am especially and personally indebted to

, the Executive Director of the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy, not only for her confidence in me but for her constant guidance, insight and patience with me. Members of the PCP Board, especially

were equally patient and supportive and the advice from the

helped shape the final structure of the report. PCP staff – including

and were helpful in many ways and at many critical junctures of the project. I am particularly grateful for the creative

Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy (PCP) Aga Khan Foundation-USA (AKF-USA)

Ms. Shahnaz Wazir Ali

Dr. Shamsh Kassim-Lakha and Mr. Mahomed J. Jaffer,

PCP Board and its Research Committee

Zubair Bhatti, Ali Raza, Ahsan Rana, Eazaz Dar, Tasneem Saeed

Bushra Asif

instincts and attention to detail from whose design and layout skills

have given added vibrance to this report. Comments from two external reviewers –

of the Quaid-i-Azam University (Islamabad, Pakistan) and Ms. Paula D. Johnson of The Philanthropic Initiative (Boston) and the Global Equity Initiative at Harvard University – were useful in refining the final draft. I am also thankful to of AKF U.S.A. whose gentle prodding made the completion of this project possible.

The team that worked with me on this research, many in a volunteer capacity, was an absolute inspiration and a manifest testimony to the dedication of Pakistanis in USA to contribute to the well-being of Pakistan. in particular, was a pillar of dedication and was extremely generous with his intellectual input, time and support. He conducted more than a third of the focus groups conducted for this project and Chapter #6 of this report is based on his original analysis and draft. However, his imprint on this report is both wider and deeper than just this and one can truly say that his advice and analytical insight has influenced every aspect of this report.

also made critical intellectual contributions to the project at various stages, including in the original conceptualization, in conducting a number of focus groups, and in the final analysis. Other members of the team that helped in the research in various included

Sarah Pervez Afzal

Dr. Aliya Khan

Ms. Victoria Waimey

Dr. Salal Humair,

Dr. Bilal Zuberi

Khurram Khan Afridi, Sabahat Ashraf, Durriya Farooqui, Ali Hasan, Momina Suleman Malik, Bilal Musharraf, Maha Qazi, Tariq Qureshi, Lama Rimawi, and Sumbula Safavi. Khalid Ali, In Pakistan,

A Word of Thanks

iiiA Wo r d o f T h a n k s

Shoaib Zahidi and Muhammad Zafar ul Malik

Seema Patel

Mr. Hasan Usmani

Shahid Ahmad Khan, Dr. Musadik Malik and Shahid M. Qureshi.

Mr. Mohammad Sadiq,

Aftab Ahmed, Dr. Nuzhat Ahmad, Riaz Ahmed, Ali Asghar, Aziz Ahsan, Ahmed Ali, Chaudhry Usman Ali, Dr. Saud Anwar, Imran Baqai, Rubina Byramji, Dr. Barkat Charania, Andaleeb Dawood, Prof. Ahmed Durrani, Akhtar M. Faruqui, Khadija Haqqi, Fariha Haque,

at epoor.org played a key role in developing the internet version of the survey form for data entry and analysis.

provided a fresh eye and some useful insights in her reading of various early drafts. was a key intellectual sounding board and advisor throughout the project. The project also received useful advice, especially in terms of the location and hosts for focus groups from

The Deputy Chief of Mission at the Pakistan Embassy in Washington DC, provided invaluable assistance and advice in a variety of ways, especially by providing the most current demographic data on Pakistanis in USA.

Above all, I am grateful to all those Pakistani-Americans who so generously gave us their time, knowledge and wisdom by attending our focus groups and filling out our survey forms. My special gratitude goes out to all those many who helped arrange our various meetings, who introduced us to potential hosts, who spoke out on our behalf when others doubted our intent, and without whom we could not have completed the 54 focus groups or collected the 461 survey forms that we did. There are, of course, too many people to thank here and I will nearly certainly embarrass myself later by forgetting to mention some; to those, I apologize in advance. The following were all amongst those who were particularly helpful in this regards (not including those already mentioned):

Khurram Hasan, Raza Hasan, Dr. Arjumand Hashmi, Musa Jaffar, Abdullah Jafri, Arshad Javed, Zaheer Khawaja, Arif Kazmi, Adnan Khan, Dr. Ejaz Khan, Jamshed Yar Khan, Seeme Hasan Khan, Dr. Shahnaz Khan, Dr. Wasiullah Khan, Zainab Khan, Kamran Kizilbash, Khalid Mahmood, Bano Makhdoom, Muzammil Malik, Suleman S. Malik, Dr. Sohail Masood, Huma Najam, Dr. Maqbool Qureshi, Prof. Malik K. Rahman, Mohammad Razvi, Dr. Ahmed Saeed, Malik Sarwar, Najmi Sarwar, Khurram Shahzad, Mudassir Sheikha, Shakeeb Syed, Saad Tabani, Syed Umar, Shahzad Warraich.

This work has benefitted from the wisdom, enthusiasm, ideas and generosity of time of many; too many to mention. To all of them, I am deeply indebted. Even though I hold responsibility for what follows and any mistakes within it, the ideas you see reflected in this report are the accumulated ideas of a community. It is to this community that I owe my greater debt of gratitude.

– Adil Najam

The analysis is based on a set of 54 focus group discussions conducted around the United States in 2003-04, an analysis of 461 completed survey questionnaires, interviews with community leaders, philanthropists, and representative Pakistani-Americans, and a review of the relevant literature. This is the first study on the philanthropy of Pakistani diaspora and has yielded a wealth of lessons that are detailed in the following chapters. In this overview we can only provide a summarized snapshot of some of the key findings. We invite the reader to peruse the entire study for a nuanced and detailed discussion of these and related issues.

reviews the context, constraints and criteria that define the parameters of this study. The chapter includes a discussion on why diaspora giving by Pakistanis in USA is a particularly important topic for Pakistan and for Pakistani-Americans today. The chapter also includes an open discussion of the methodological strengths and constraints of the research. The bulk of this chapter is devoted to an exposition of the demographic and other characteristics of the 54 focus groups and 461 survey questionnaires analyzed for this study.

focuses on the history, demography and institutional geography of Pakistanis in USA, is based on original research, and adds new information to our understanding of each of these. This chapter provides a new and original analysis of the history of the Pakistani diaspora in the USA, particularly focusing on the growth of the Pakistani-American community over the last half century. The

Chapter #1

Chapter #2

Overview

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This study seeks to understand the giving habits and impulses of Pakistanis in USA. We focus not only on what Pakistani-Americans 'return' to their country of origin, but also in the non-Pakistan-related giving practices of Pakistani-Americans. The study covers a broad range of giving practices, including giving to institutions as well as individuals and including giving in cash, in kind, and in time.

Pakistani-Americans are a generous, giving and active community

Key Findings

There is a strong preference for giving directly to individuals in need

People are motivated by faith, but mostly give to social issues

The philanthropy of Pakistani-Americans is not limited to Pakistan

9/11 made the Pakistani diaspora more vigilant, but not less-giving

There is significant potential for more giving, including more giving to Pakistan

There are serious hurdles that make it difficult to give more to Pakistan

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chapter identifies five distinct historical phases, starting with the pre-Pakistan phase and ending with the post-9/11 phase. The chapter synthesizes available official information to provide a systematic demographic snapshot of the Pakistani population in the United States. The chapter concludes, quite conservatively, that there are at least 500,000 Pakistanis in USA; the majority of them live along the East Coast of the USA; New York City has by far the largest number of Pakistani-Americans, while Houston, Washington DC, Chicago and Los Angeles also have very large concentrations of Pakistanis; comparatively smaller but sizeable populations of Pakistanis can now be found in just about every major metropolitan center in the USA.

Importantly, the chapter concludes that while the Pakistani diaspora in America is both young and new (relatively recent arrivals) two groups within this diaspora are of particular importance: (i) a first generation of Pakistani-Americans now retiring in the United States and (ii) a second-generation of younger Pakistani-Americans who were born and/or raised in the United States and now entering adulthood. The chapter also provides a detailed introduction to the very large and wide array of Pakistani institutions that operate in the United States. This points towards an active and involved community that invests large chunks of its time and resources to keep its essential 'Pakistani' identity intact. The chapter identifies five key categories of Pakistani institutions in America that are particularly relevant to the giving practices of this community. These include: (a) cultural identity and civic organizations; (b) professional and business associations; (c) religious institutions; (d) information and advocacy platforms; and (e) charitable and development initiatives.

Chapter #3

Chapter #4

presents the findings about the estimated total giving by Pakistanis in America. It is estimated that the total giving by the Pakistani diaspora in the United States is approximately US$ 250 million per year in cash and in kind and about 43.5 million hours per year of volunteered time. The dollar cost of the volunteered time is approximately US$ 750 million, which would imply that the total giving by Pakistanis in America is to the tune of US$ 1 billion per year. More importantly, the time volunteered by Pakistanis in America is the equivalent of 25,000 full-time employees and is a central component of the institutional infrastructure of the Pakistani-American community.

About 40 % of the monetary and in-kind giving is directed towards Pakistani causes in Pakistan, another 20 % towards Pakistani causes in the USA, and the remaining 40 % towards causes unrelated to Pakistan. Our survey respondents report that about half of their monetary and in-kind giving is motivated by faith-based obligations to be charitable (but not necessarily directed towards religious organizations) while the remaining half is motivated by issues that they hold dear (such as poverty reduction, education, health, community development, civil liberties, etc.). Our survey findings suggest that, much like the rest of America, faith is a major motivator for giving by Pakistanis in America. However, much of this giving is directed to individual support for the poor and needy, especially based on kinship networks, rather than as direct giving to faith-based organizations. Our survey findings suggest that Pakistanis in America are as or more generous in their giving habits than their compatriots in Pakistan or their neighbors in the United States. This is important because the community seems to believe the opposite to be true.

focuses on the trends and

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organizations. However, our respondents were much less likely to focus on giving to individuals when giving to causes outside of Pakistan.

Another key finding of this chapter is that Pakistani causes – whether they are in Pakistan or in the United States simply do not ask the Pakistani diaspora for their contributions as often as causes unrelated to Pakistan. For example, as many as 81 % of our survey respondents reported receiving three or more requests per month from causes unrelated to Pakistan; by contrast, only 4 % and 10 %, respectively, report that they are courted at the same frequency by Pakistani causes in Pakistan or the USA. The final, and important, finding of this chapter is that the giving patterns of the majority of Pakistanis in America have remained unchanged since the tragic events of 9/11. Indeed, slightly more Pakistani-Americans have increased their giving since 9/11 than have decreased their giving; and the greatest increase in this period has been in causes unrelated to Pakistan.

moves the focus of the report towards the giving attitudes and preferences of Pakistanis in America. Our analysis suggests that the single most important giving impulse is the desire to directly help individuals in need. Faith and a sense of community is also a strong motivator of giving for Pakistanis in America, but there is an obvious lack of enthusiasm for giving to educational institutions, except for a handful of prestigious institutions in Pakistan that have cultivated a strong sense of identity amongst their alumni. In terms of fund-raising, nothing is as effective in raising funds as personal testimonials and appeals by friends and family. Interestingly, the means of fund-raising that are most commonly used including

Chapter #5

tendencies in the giving practices of Pakistanis in America. Not surprisingly, the chapter concludes that total giving tends to rise with increasing income and with increasing education (the two are possibly correlated). However, lower-income households tend to volunteer more of their time. The level of giving in our survey sample tended to increase up to the 40-50 years range and then declined; however, the amount of time volunteered increased steadily with age. Households that were more involved in Pakistani organizations tended to give more and volunteer more, as did households of Pakistani-Americans who have lived in the USA longer. A clear finding of this research is that Pakistan and Pakistani causes remain a major focus of giving by Pakistanis in America, but a significant proportion of giving by Pakistanis in America is also directed to causes unrelated to Pakistan. One interesting finding is that the overall giving rises with length of time spent in the USA but proportionally more of the increase is directed towards causes not related to Pakistan.

Social issues – including poverty reduction and helping the needy, education and health – are by far the most important issues for Pakistanis in America; this is particularly true for Pakistani causes in Pakistan. In terms of Pakistani causes in the USA, community development (of the Pakistani-American community) and civil and human rights were the highest ranked causes in our survey. In terms of causes unrelated to Pakistan, religion and civil and human rights were the two highest ranked-causes. Our research suggests an overall inclination amongst Pakistanis in America to give directly to individuals in need and an apparent distrust of formalized institutions whether they be non-governmental organizations, educational institutions or religious

O v e r v i e w

cultural events, formal fund-raisers, and celebrity endorsements seem to solicit only lukewarm approval from our survey respondents. Equally interestingly, many of the methods that are most popular for fund-raising by US organizations – websites, membership dues, mass mailings, media advertising, phone requests and pledges, and email solicitations – also receive little enthusiasm from Pakistanis in America. This chapter also finds that organizations working in a region that people 'belong to' seem to get only marginal advantage; that the view is mixed on the importance of getting a tax deduction but an organization's having officially registered status in the US does give people a greater sense of comfort; that celebrity endorsement and marketing material seem to hold little importance but the reputation of an organization is a key factor, even though an organization's size is not.

A key message from this chapter confirms the well-known adage that 'people do not give to causes, people give to people'. More importantly, people tend to give most to the people they trust and for the most part Pakistanis in America do not trust institutions in Pakistan. In particular, we find that the Pakistani diaspora in America does not have much trust in nonprofit (NPOs) in Pakistan and a very large proportion of our respondents consider them to be inefficient, ineffective, unethical and inattentive to the most pressing issues that need attention. This perception is clearly an important impediment to institutional giving in Pakistan and needs to be addressed before more significant resources can flow from the Pakistani diaspora to civil society organizations in Pakistan. In terms of the future giving potential of the diaspora, an overwhelming majority of our respondents believe that, given the right conditions,

their own and the Pakistani community's giving to Pakistan-related causes can increase significantly. However, the clear message is that the Pakistani diaspora in the USA has the potential to give more to Pakistan-related causes but only if certain conditions are met: (a) if they had more trust that their contributions would be put to good use, (b) if it becomes easier to give to Pakistan-related causes, and (c) if they had more and better information about causes in Pakistan. Key priorities for our respondents, therefore, include easier mechanisms for transfer of funds to organizations in Pakistan, independently verified information about and certification of organizations in Pakistan, better monitoring of how their contributions are utilized, and having officially registered status in the US.

analyzes the group discussions in the focus groups and uses this as a means of deciphering community perceptions about giving and volunteering. The chapter concludes that the Pakistani diaspora is a dynamic and philanthropically active community but has within it important pockets of disengaged subsets, including younger populations. The community has a very low self-image in terms of how its own philanthropic activities compare with philanthropy by other peer groups in America (even though our survey results indicate otherwise). The focus group analysis suggests that the institutional hurdles in Pakistan remain a greater impediment to giving to causes in Pakistan than the post-9/11 policy environment in the United States. Indeed, a key impact of the events following 9/11 seems to have been the emergence of a very strong perception amongst Pakistani-Americans that they need to become much more active in US-based philanthropy, even if that means cutting back on Pakistan-based philanthropy.

Chapter #6

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and management performance

Better measurement and communication of achievements and results.

Measures identified for the facilitation of easier giving to causes in Pakistan include:

Preparation of user-friendly inventories of new US laws and regulation about international philanthropic transactions

Facilitation of 'pooled funding drives' for sets of smaller NPOs and organizations

Supporting educational institutions in Pakistan to harness diaspora funding

Development of reliable and transparent options for international money transfer

Acquiring registered nonprofit status in the US by more Pakistan-based organizations

Support from the Government of Pakistan in seeking more clarity on changes in US laws about monetary transfers to Pakistan.

In terms of improving the outreach on impacts and achievements of the civic sector in Pakistan, some of the identified measures include:

Creating a web-based clearinghouse of information on relevant organizations in Pakistan

Facilitating visits to the USA by team delegations of NPO and philanthropic sector leaders

Establishing channels of better and more frequent communication to existing and potential donors

Targeting visits by representatives around key diaspora events in the US

Seeking non-monetary contributions

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Chapter #7 concludes the report by drawing out key trends and larger lessons that emerge from this research, with a focus on themes that are of greatest intellectual and practical value to our key audiences: the Pakistani diaspora in America, the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy (PCP), Pakistan-related philanthropic organizations that wish to engage the Pakistani diaspora, and the scholarly and policy communities. The chapter highlights a set of seven key overarching lessons that emerge from this research: (1) Pakistani-Americans are a generous, giving and active community; (2) there is a strong preference for giving directly to individuals in need; (3) people are motivated by faith, but mostly give to social issues; (4) the philanthropy of Pakistani-Americans is not limited to Pakistan; (5) 9/11 made the Pakistani diaspora more vigilant, but not less giving; (6) there is significant potential for more giving by Pakistanis in America, including more giving to Pakistan; and (7) there are serious hurdles that make it difficult to give more to Pakistan, these include a chronic lack of trust in the civic sector in Pakistan, practical difficulties in giving to causes in Pakistan, and a lack of credible information about charitable organizations in Pakistan.

The chapter then identifies practical measures that can be adopted to alleviate the challenges highlighted in the study. Identified measures that could build greater confidence in the civic sector include:

Creating a trustworthy independent agency for certification

Developing guidelines for standard financial and management reporting

Developing guidelines for standard impact reporting

Investing in a culture of regular audits and transparent reporting of financial

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including knowledge-giving and volunteering by Pakistanis in America

Partnering with Pakistani organizations in America.

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Context, constraints & criteria

1Setting the context 02Research constraints and design 04Focus group characteristics 09Survey respondent characteristics 14Reading our results 21

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Methodological note #1: Collecting ‘data’ –Focus groups, surveys and interviews 05Methodological note #2: Note on data presentation and analysis 08

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Pakistanis in the USA

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History 26Demography 35Institutions 45

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Total Giving

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Total giving

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Distribution of giving 66Motivation for giving 68Some comparisons 70

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Trends and tendencies

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The demographics of giving and volunteering 75Giving by cause and by issues 79The mechanics of giving 87

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Attitudes and preferences

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Why people give ? 93What makes people give ? 96Actualizing the giving potential ? 103

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Community perceptions

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Perceptions about giving patternsof Pakistani-Americans 113Perceptions about current and future challenges 116Impacts of community attributes on giving 119

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What did we learn...

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What did we learn about giving by Pakistanis in the US ? 126 What can be done to encouragemore diaspora giving for Pakistan ? 130

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Annex 141 Survey form 142

Methodological note #3: How we calculated these numbers 64Methodological note #4: Defining categories & causes 65

About the Centre Inside back coverPCP Board of Directors Back flap

Methodological note #5: Focus groups qualitative analysis 111

Figure 1: Focus Group Locations 11

Figure 2: Group Characteristics of Focus Groups 13

Figure 3: Survey Responses by State 14

Figure 4: Survey Respondents’ Distribution by Education and by Age 17

Figure 5: Survey Respondents’ Distribution by Household Income 17

Figure 6: Survey Respondents’ Distribution by Occupation 18

Figure 7: Survey Respondents’ Profile 19

Figure 8: Survey Respondents’ Depth of US Identity 19

Figure 9: Survey Respondents’ Distribution by Level of Participation in Pakistani

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Figure 10: Survey Respondents’ Preferred Means of Staying Connected to Pakistan

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Figure 11: Levels of Confidence by Chapter

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Figure 12: Pakistanis Immigrating Into the USA, 1947- 2004 31

Figure 13: Exploring the 9/11 Effect 34

Figure 14: 2002 Pakistani Population Estimates, by State 37

Figure 15: Cumulative Number of Pakistanis Immigrating to the USA, 1947-2004 42

Figure 19: Distribution of Volunteered Time 67

Figure 20: Rough Comparisons of Giving Patterns for Related Groups 70

Figure 21: Giving by Income for All-USA Giving and Giving by Pakistanis in the USA 72

Figure 22: What Impacts Giving by Pakistanis in the USA? 77

List of Tables & Figures

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 4

Figure 30: Reasons to Give 94

Figure 31: Fund-raising Options 96

Figure 32: Catalysts of Giving 98

Figure 33: A Crisis of Trust 100

Figure 34: Giving Potential 103

Figure 35: Encouraging Philanthropy 104

Figure 36: Structural Analysis of Focus Group Discussions 110

Figure 37: Perceptions about Giving by Pakistanis in the USA 114

Figure 38: Perceptions about Communities with High Giving Confidence 115

Figure 39: Perceptions about Hurdles to Giving 117

Figure 40: Perceptions about Prospects for Future Giving 118

Figure 41: Perceptions about Active and Giving Communities 120

Figure 42: Perceptions about Making Communities Active 121

Organizations

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Table 1: Focus Group Locations and Participation 10 Table 2: Distribution of Survey Questionnaires, by State 15 Table 3: Distribution of Survey Questionnaires, by Metropolitan Area 16

Table 4: Pakistani Immigrants Admitted by Year, 1947 - 2004 30

Table 5: Estimated Distribution of Pakistani Population in the USA, by State 38

Table 6: Demographics of Immigrating Pakistanis, 2003 43

Chapter 3

Figure 16: Estimated Total Annual Giving by Pakistani Diaspora in the USA 61

Figure 17: Distribution of Total Estimated Annual Giving (Monetary + In-Kind) 62

Figure 18: Value of Total Estimated Volunteered Time in Equivalent Annual Full-Time Employees

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Table 7: Estimated Giving Profile (Annual) of Average Pakistani Household in the USA

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Figure 29: The 9/11 Effect on Giving by Pakistanis in the USA

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Figure 23: Where Does Giving by Pakistanis in the USA Go? 80

Figure 24: Trends in Giving by Community Participation and Time Spent in the USA 84

Figure 25: Who Do Pakistanis in the USA Give to? 87

Figure 26: Direct Giving to Needy Individuals 88

Figure 27: Channels of Giving 89

Figure 28: The Power of the ‘Ask’ 90

Table 8: Average Household Giving by Kind and by Demographic Variables 76 Table 9: Average Household Giving by Cause and by Demographic Variables 81 Table 10: Issues that Pakistanis in the USA Consider Most Important 85

Table 11: Harnessing Greater Diaspora Philanthropy for Pakistan 136

Chapter 7