report outline updated with raw data format

8/11/2019 REPORT OUTLINE Updated With Raw Data Format

1/24

CHE241 Fluid Mechanics and Equipments

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAKAMPUS JOHOR, CAWANGAN PASIR GUDANG

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

LAB REPORT GUIDELINE

CHE241

FLUID MECHANICS AND EQUIPMENTS


2/24


LAB REPORT GUIDELINE

Each group must submit one report for each experiment within the dateline given. Allstudents need to prepare materials such as A4 paper, some literatures (online sources or

journals) and textbooks regarding to the topics of experiment given.

General format:- Font type: Times New Roman

- Size: 12

- Spacing: Double spacing except for abstract (single spacing)- Margins: 2.5 cm (for top, bottom, right and left)- Paragraph/Text: Justified and continuous. Please do not leave any empty spaces

between sections.- Section title: ALL CAPITAL LETTERS and BOLD, align title to the left- Number each page (type)

The general order of the various sections of a full report is set out below (Please referappendices for example):

Front CoverInclude:

- Title of Experiment- Group #

- Group members name and student ID. Please include assignment of memberstarting from planner, experimenter, analyzer and consultant.

Lab report evaluation sheet (Attached in the Appendices)

Abstract

Table of Contents:1.0 Introduction

2.0 Objectives3.0 Theory

4.0 Diagram and Description of Apparatus5.0 Experimental Procedures

6.0 Results and Discussions7.0 Sample calculations

8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations9.0 References

11.0 Appendices


3/24


4/24


Diagram and

Description ofApparatus

Key pieces of equipment should be identified precisely anddescribed completely the purpose of each equipment used,

with the aid of schematics diagrams and photographs asrequired.

A simple, schematic flow diagram of the apparatus is always

essential in explaining the apparatus. For full marks, students have to draw (computer drawing) the

diagram of apparatus/process flow diagram themselves.

ExperimentalProcedures

The general procedure and critical aspects of the

procedure (e.g., how steady state was determined) should

be discussed in this section.

Precautions taken to avoid injury to people and facilitiesshould be discussed in this section.

Procedures may be modified during experiments. Hence,

when writing the report, procedures should be simplifiedbased on what have been performed in the experiment.

In order to obtain full marks, all procedures should be written

completely including shutdown procedures and are written inyour own words with correct grammar and verb tenses.

Results and

Discussion

Results

Include all raw data table, calculated data tables and graphs

according to the objective. The results in the tables should be

expanded from raw data tables.

Data should be included with correct units. Label the graphs(axis) appropriately.

All graphs in the experiments should be plotted usingMicrosoft Excel. Hand-plotting using graph paper is NOT

allowed.

Discussion

This section is devoted to your interpretation of the outcomeof the experiment.

The information from the data analysis is examined andexplained. You should describe, analyze and explain (not

just restate) all your results.

This section should answer the question what do the datatell me? Describe any logical projections from the outcome,

for instance, the need to repeat the experiments or to measure


5/24


certain variables differently.

Assess the quality and accuracy of your procedure. Compareyour results with expected behavior/hypothesis, if such acomparison is useful or necessary, and explains any

unexpected behavior. Discussion should relate back to the

theory and results especially the graphs (if applicable). Do not forget to report values of results with units (except

constant numbers). Numbers without units aremeaningless!

Samplecalculation

Provide only one sample calculation for eachequation/formula. All calculations should be typed.

Use equation tools embedded in Microsoft Words whentyping all equations/numbers.

Conclusion andRecommendation

The solution to the objective of experiment, as based on boththeory and on the experimental results, is presented andevaluated.

Recommendations consistent with the problem solution arethen given.

Students/engineers often have a tendency to give cursorytreatment to this vital report section.

Recommendation should notinclude any safety precaution orchanges of any equipment. Significance of recommendationsshould be elaborated.

Instead, improvement of experimental technique or expand of

knowledge may be provided.

References Using standard bibliographic format, cite all the publishedsources you consulted during the conduct of the experimentand the preparation of your laboratory report.

List the author(s), title of paper or book, name of journal, orpublisher as appropriate, page number(s) if appropriate andthe date.

If a source is included in the list of references, it must also

be referred to the appropriate section(s) in the report.

(Refer format of citations)

Appendices All raw data for each experiments as well as the design of

experiment data should be attached here.

Detailed specifications for key pieces of equipment andinformation about auxiliary apparatus (specifications,

instrument calibrations, and similar information) should beplaced in the Appendices.


6/24


FORMAT IN LAB REPORT

Verb tenses for Formal Technical Reports

The abstract, experimental procedures and results sections should be written in the

past tense as you have already carried out the work. An introduction is usuallywritten in present tense, because you are writing about facts which are true at thepresent time. Most scientific literature is written in the passive voice, not the

active voice (i.e not using the words you, we, I or us):

Passive: Solutions were prepared using 0.1 M HCL !

Active: We prepared our solutions using 0.1 M HCL X

Remember to proofread and spell-check your reports!

Format for diagrams, figures, tables or charts:

Introduction (or other section in report)

E.g Citation in report:

In fluid dynamics fluids are in motion. Generally they are moved from place to place bymeans of mechanical devices such as pumps or blowers, by gravity head, or by pressure,

and flow through systems of piping and process equipments [1].

In reference sections:

[1]. Author last name, Authors initial. (year). Title of books, Place of publication:Publisher. Page

Theory

Naming equation:

For example:

The amount of carbon dioxide in water can be calculated based on the followingequation:

Total digit x digit multiplier = mg/L as CO2 .. (1)

This is so that in discussion the equation can be referred as:


7/24


By using equation 1, the concentration of Carbon dioxide is 20mg/L.

Avoid writing any equation/formulas in any paragraph as follows:

The concentration of carbon dioxide can be calculated by using Total digit x digitmultiplier = mg/L as CO2

Apparatus

Labeling diagram/figures/charts: Title should be placed at the bottom of diagram

Figure 1: The diagram for the oil platform

Results

Labeling tables: Title should be placed on top of the table.

Do not forget to include units inside tables.

Table 1: Range of Carbon dioxide

Range as CO2 (mg/L) Total digit Volume (mL)

10-50 0.2 10

10-200 0.1 30

ReferencesAll references should be in alphabetical orderand follow the appropriate format.

For books:

Blaxter, M. (1976). Social class and health inequalities. In C. Carter & J. Peel (Eds),

Equalities and inequalities in health. London: Academic Press. Page 7-9

Online sources: Please provide a complete web address

Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons. (2001). Retrieved November 13, 2002, fromhttp://www.windspread.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/


8/24


Journals:

Aksu, Z, and Akpinar, D. (2001). Competetive biosoprion of phenol and chromium (VI)from binary mixtures onto dries anaerobic activated sludge. Biochemical

Engineering Journal, 7, 183-193

LAB REPORT SUBMISSION:

! Submit a complete lab report ONE WEEKafter the experimental lab has been

done. Please submit to the instructor in the lab. Report that is not compiledtogether will not be accepted.

! Report which does not follow the required format will be returned back forcorrection, and marks will be deducted.

! Planner: To compile all sections, arrange and staple all pages accordingly, andcover the left side of report with a single sided tape (black color)


9/24


PLAGIARISM IS A SERIOUS ACADEMIC OFFENCE!

Please be aware that UiTM and Faculty of Chemical Engineering take serious view ofany form of plagiarism in lab report.

If found guilty:

1. Throughout the report section will be given zero (0) marks as penalty/punishment

of plagiarism, REGARDLESS only part of the content were plagiarized.2. Without proper citations and references also may be penalized as plagiarism.

3. You may be resulted to fail grade of the course.

Revised and updated: August 5, 2014


10/24


Appendices


11/24


BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONSTRATION

CHE241 FLUIDS MECHANICS AND EQUIPMENTS

Instructor:

Group:

Planner: Student Name Student ID

Experimenter: Student Name Student ID

Analyzer: Student Name Student IDConsultant: Student Name Student ID

Date of experiment performed: August 22, 2014


12/24


FLUID MECHANICS AND EQUIPMENTS REPORT EVALUATION SHEET

TEAM:

EXPERIMENT:

PLANNER NAME:

SCOPE CRITERIAFULL

MARKSMARK

Introduction General overview about the experiment 5

Aims/Objectives Based on experiment in paragraph form 5

Theory Brief summary from the theory given; add additional data from resources 10

Total:

Checked by:

EXPERIMENTER NAME:

SCOPE CRITERIAFULL

MARKSMAR

Diagram and Description of

AppratusInclude the description of main apparatus, as well as sketched diagram 5

Methodology/Procedure Simplified proceduresbased on what have been done in the lab 10

Reference/Appendix- extra information extracted/gathered from books/journal

- complete raw data and appendices5

Total:

Checked by:

ANALYZER I NAME:

SCOPE CRITERIAFULL

MARKS MARK

Results

- Data must be similar with what that was obtained during experiment (cross check

with raw data given by students)

- Produce graph/figures based on the data obtained

20

DiscussionDiscuss what the result & data mean; discuss & relate the results obtained with the

theory20

Total:

Checked by:

ANALYZER II NAME:

SCOPE CRITERIAFULL

MARKSMARK

Results

- Data must be similar with what that was obtained during experiment (cross check

with raw data given by students)

- Produce graph/figures based on the data obtained

20

DiscussionDiscuss what the result & data mean; discuss & relate the results obtained with the

theory20

Total:

Checked by:


13/24


CONSULTANT I NAME:

SCOPE CRITERIAFULL

MARKSMAR

Abstract Must provide the objective of the experiment, procedures, results & conclusion 5

Sample Calculation - Sample of calculation for each variable- Present data accordingly

5

Conclusion relate the results obtained with the objective of the experiment 5

Recommendation-any improvement to be suggested by observing the inconsistencies observed

in results/conclusion5

Total:

Checked by:

CONSULTANT II NAME:

SCOPE CRITERIAFULL

MARKSMAR

Abstract Must provide the objective of the experiment, procedures, results & conclusion 5

Sample Calculation- Sample of calculation for each variable

- Present data accordingly5

Conclusion relate the results obtained with the objective of the experiment 5

Recommendation-any improvement to be suggested by observing the inconsistencies observed

in results/conclusion5

Total:

Checked by:


14/24


!"#$%"&$%' )*++,$- ./#%,0+

"#$%

&'()$'*+)',- ./0 /01/2 30132 40142 501600

1%,&*%," 2 3 4 5 6 7/88 9"%:+

)*& /; "-/,;9*-& 1"%*

7 89)1+: ,;

9>+$#)9? @9A: '(

$9@9& ,+)G

7 89)1+: ,;

9>+$#)9

B')@ 6 ,$ H (=#AA

&9)#'A( )@#) -99&

$9;'-9=9-)

7 IAA -9>9((#$E

(+::A'9( ,- @#-&

7 IAA 99&+$9(

7 M;)9- $9

:$,>9&+$9(G

7 N9=,-()$#)9(

F9-9$#A %-,BA9&F9

,; A#* :$,>9&+$9(G7 O99&+$9(

7 P,$%( ), ;,AA,B

9#>@ ()9: *9;,$9

=,C'-F ,- ), )@9

-9Q) ()9:G

7 N9=,-()$#)9(

(,+-& %-,BA9&F9

,; A#* :$,>9&+$9(G7 P'AA &'(>+(( B')@

:99$ ), (,AC9

:$,*A9=( '-

:$,>9&+$9(G

7 R#$9;+AAE ;,AA,B(

9#>@ ()9:G

7 N9=,-()$#)9(

C9$E F,,&

%-,BA9&F9 ,; )@9A#* :$,>9&+$9(G

7 SA#&AE @9A:( ,)@9$

()+&9-)( ), ;,AA,B

:$,>9&+$9(G

7 T@,$,+F@AE #-&

>#$9;+AAE ;,AA,B

9#>@ ()9: *9;,$9

=,C'-F ,- -9Q)

()9:G

6/

B"&" 1$88*0&,$-

7 "9#(+$9=9-)(

#$9 '->,=:A9)9?

'-#>>+$#)9 #-&

'=:$9>'(9

7 M*(9$C#)',-( #$9

'->,=:A9)9 ,$ -,)

'->A+&9&G7 8E=*,A(? +-')(

#-& ('F-';'>#-)

;'F+$9( #$9 -,)

'->A+&9&G

7 "9#(+$9=9-)(

#$9 (,=9B@#)

'-#>>+$#)9 #-& C9$E

'=:$9>'(9

7 M*(9$C#)',-( #$9

'->,=:A9)9 ,$

$9>,$&9& '- #>,-;+('-F B#EG

7 T@9$9 #$9 U ,$

=,$9 ='-,$ 9$$,$(

+('-F (E=*,A(?

+-')( #-& ('F-';'>#-)

&'F')( ,$ H =#D,$

9$$,$(

7 "9#(+$9=9-)(

#$9 =,()AE #>>+$#)9

7 M*(9$C#)',-( #$9

F9-9$#AAE >,=:A9)9G

7 P,$% '( ,$F#-'K9&?

,-AE H ,$ U ='-,$

9$$,$( +('-F(E=*,A(? +-')( #-&

('F-';'>#-) &'F')(G

7 "9#(+$9=9-)(

#$9 #>>+$#)9 B')@

$9#(,-#*A9

:$9>'(',-G

7 M*(9$C#)',-( #$9

)@,$,+F@G

7 P,$% '( F9-9$#AAE-9#) #-&

,$F#-'K9&G V->A+&9

(E=*,A(? +-')( #-&

('F-';'>#-) &'F')(

7 "9#(+$9=9-)(

#$9 *,)@ #>>+$#)9

#-& :$9>'(9G

7 M*(9$C#)',-( #$9

C9$E )@,$,+F@ #-&

=#E $9>,F-'K9

:,(('*A9 9$$,$( '-)#G

7 P,$% '( -9#) #-&

,$F#-'K9&G V->A+&9(

#::$,:$'#)9

(E=*,A(? +-')( #-&

('F-';'>#-) &'F')(G

60

)"C*&'

7 W$,:9$ (#;9)E

:$9>#+)',-( #$9

>,-('()9-)AE

='((9&G

7 X99&( ), *9$9='-&9& ,;)9-

&+$'-F A#*

7 W$,:9$ (#;9)E

:$9>#+)',-( #$9

,;)9- ='((9&G

7 X99&( ), *9

$9='-&9& =,$9)@#- ,->9 &+$'-F

A#*

7 W$,:9$ (#;9)E

:$9>#+)',-( #$9

F9-9$#AAE +(9&G

7 "#E -99& ), *9

$9='-&9& ,->9&+$'-F A#*

7 W$,:9$ (#;9)E

:$9>#+)',-( #$9

>,-('()9-)AE +(9&G

7 Y(9( F9-9$#A

$9='-&9$( ,; (#;9:$#>)'>9(

'-&9:9-&9-)AE

7 W$,:9$ (#;9)E

:$9>#+)',-( #$9

>,-('()9-)AE

7 R,-('()9-)AE )@'-%(

#@9#& ), 9-(+$9(#;9)E

7 P'AA ,;)9- @9A:

,)@9$ ()+&9-)( ),

>,-&+>) A#*( (#;9AE

60


15/24


18*"- D /;

7 W$,:9$ >A9#-1+:

:$,>9&+$9( #$9

(9A&,= +(9&

7 M;)9- $9A9#-9&

7 X99&( ), *9

$9='-&9& =,$9

)@#- ,->9 &+$'-F

)@9 A#* ), +(9

:$,:9$ >A9#-1+:

:$,>9&+$9(

7 6 ,$ H ')9=( A9;)

#) ()#)',-( ,$ -,)

>A9#-9&

7 W$,:9$ >A9#-1+:

:$,>9&+$9(

F9-9$#AAE +(9&

7 "#E -99& (,=9

@9A: ,- ,>>#(',- ),

>,=:A9)9 (,=9

)#(%(

7 8)#)',-( F9-9$#AAE

A9;) >A9#-9&

7 R,-('()9-)AE +(9(

:$,:9$ >A9#-1+:

:$,>9&+$9(

7 8)#)',- F9-9$#AAE

-9#) #-& >A9#-

7 R,-('()9-)AE +(9(

:$,:9$ >A9#-1+:

:$,>9&+$9(

7 M;)9- B'AA @9A:

,)@9$ ()+&9-)( ),

>,=:A9)9 )#(%(

:$,:9$AE

7 8)#)',- #AB#E( A9;)

-9#) #-& >A9#-

/


16/24



17/24


EXAMPLE OF ABSTRACT

The Uni-Minn Development Corporation was asked by PhillipsPharmaceuticals to evaluate a bench-scale pulsed column to determine how the

amplitude frequency product (af) and relative flow rates affect the extraction

performance of 5 wt% acetic acid from a continuous aqueous phase to a dispersedtoluene phase. Amplitude was held at a constant 2.25 cm, frequencies were variedfrom 17.91 to 41.36 0.5 cycles/min, toluene flow rates were varied from 2.79 to

4.25 0.1 gal/hr and aqueous flow rates were varied from 2.27 to 3.02 0.1 gal/hr.Amplitude was increased to 2.35 cm for one run at a frequency of 33.17 0.1

cycles/min to compare against a run with equivalent amplitude frequency product.

Titrations were performed to obtain equilibrium dataand to determine the

concentrations of the inlet and outlet streams. The equilibrium coefficient wasfound to be 0.026 0.018 weight fraction toluene per weight fraction water compared

to a literature value of 0.0364. The number of transfer units (NTU) ranged from 0.17to 1.72 and the height of transfer units (HTU) ranged from 1.74 to 17.68 0.2 ft.

HTU decreased and NTU increased with increasing amplitude frequency product.A process to extract 0.5 wt% antibiotic from fermentation broth was designed

utilizing a pulsed column extractor with an amplitude frequency product of 3.05ft/min. The column is 16.8 ft tall, with an inside diameter of 1.48 feet and flows 200

gal/min in the continuous aqueous phase and 450 gal/min in the dispersed toluenephase to produce 28,600 4000 kg of antibiotic annually.

Objective

Procedure

Result and

conclusion


18/24


Table of Contents

Abstract.. ..................................................................................................................... 1Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ 2

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3

2.1 Description of Apparatus ............................................................................................ 9

3.1 Experimental Procedures .......................................................................................... 10

4.1 Results ...................................................................................................................... 13

4.2 Calculated Data Tables ....................................................................................... 13

4.3 Final Data and Results ........................................................................................ 17

5.1 Discussion of Results ................................................................................................ 24

6.1 Design Problem ........................................................................................................ 27

7.1 Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................... 29

8.1 Nomenclature ............................................................................................................ 31

9.1 References ................................................................................................................ 32

APPENDICES ... . .............................................................................................................. 33A.1 Original Data Sheets ................................................................................................. 34

A.2 Sample Calculations ................................................................................................. 38

A.3 Design Problem Calculations ................................................................................... 40

A.4 Error Analysis ........................................................................................................... 42

A.5 Special Topics Report ............................................................................................... 44


19/24


1.1 INTRODUCTION

Liquid-liquid extraction is the process of separating two or more components due to

solubility differences in immiscible liquid phases. A feed solution containing the solute is mixed

countercurrently with a solvent through a series of perforated plates. Density differences

between the two immiscible liquids results in a liquid-liquid interface. The less dense (light)

phase and the denser (heavy) phase are then separated from each other from the top and bottom

of the column, respectively. This is shown graphically in figure 1.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this experiment was to attain the performance characteristics of a pulsed column

extractor in the extraction of acetic acid from the continuous aqueous phase to the dispersed

toluene phase. This was accomplished through the control of two key independent variables: the

Figure 1.1Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Light

Solvent

Heavy

Raffinate

Interface

Light

Extract V2, y2

L2, x2

L1, x1V1, y1

Heavy

Feed


20/24


volumetric flow rates of the aqueous and toluene phases and the pulse frequency. Evaluating the

column at various frequencies and flow rates allowed allows the experimenters to draw

conclusions as to how the two variables affect column performance and thus affect the

subsequent design of an effective pulsed column extractor. It is important to note that pulsed

columns typically outperform conventional packed columns.

1.3 THEORY

The efficiency of an extraction is defined by the ability of a column to effectively transfer solute

from the feed to the solvent. The two values commonly used to quantify column efficiency are

the number of transfer units (NTU) and the height of transfer units (HTU). The number of

transfer units based on the solvent phase can be calculated from the concentrations of solute in

the solvent inlet and outlet, y1and y2respectively [1].

( ) ( )( )

( )

1 2

* *

1 1 2 2

*

1 1

*

2 2

ln

y yNTU

y y y y

y y

y y

!=

! ! !

" #!$ %

!$ %& '

(0.1)

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS

The Pulse Liquid-Liquid Extraction is carried out using a bench-scaled pulse column, shown in

Figure 2.1. The system has six perforated plates made of stainless steel, each drilled with 18

holes with the size of 1/8 inches diameter. The pulse generator, located at the back of the column

has adjustable amplitude that varies up to 2 inches and operates with frequency ranging from 0 to

42 cycles per minute. The feed rate of toluene can be changed by adjusting V19 and this flow

rate can be measured in R1. The same goes for acid feed which can be set in V12 by adjusting

R2. For the purpose of this experiment, the flow rate should not exceed 4.5gal/hr to prevent

flooding.


21/24


1.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 4.2.1: Operating Condition for the Runs

Trial Acid

FeedReading

(R1)0.1

Toluene

FeedReading

(R2)0.1

Pulse

FrequencyReading

0.05

Calibrated

Acid FeedFlow Rate

0.1 (gal/h)

Calibrated

TolueneFeed Flow

Rate0.1 (gal/hr)

Calibrated

PulseFrequency

0.1(cycles/min)

Run 1 2.0 2.0 0.57 2.27 2.79 17.91

Run 2 2.0 2.0 1.25 2.27 2.79 23.58

Run 3 2.2 3.8 1.20 2.46 4.67 23.14

Run 4 3.75 2.0 1.80 3.92 2.79 28.67

Run 5 2.7 3.4 2.40 2.93 4.25 34.74

Figure 2.1 Process Flow Diagram

Pulse Extraction Column

V17Spent

Toluene

T-3

V16

Toluene

Outlet

sample

Acid outlet

Sample

R2

Acid

Feed

A-1

V13

V12

V6

Spent

Acid

A-2

V11

Acid inlet

Sample

R1

V18

V19

V22

Toluene

Feed

T-1

V20

Toluene inlet

Sample

1 = 1.5 inch x 3 ft. pyrex pipe

contains 6 plates

2 = 1 inch x 3 inch x 10 inches

pyrex tee

3 = 3 inches x 1ft. Pyrex pipe

4 = 1.5 inch to

3 inches x 5 inches

pyrex reducer

Open

Valves

Closed

A Acid Tanks

T Toluene Tanks

R Rotameters

Legend

V14

1

2

3

4


22/24


Figure 4.3.1: The operating line has a positive slope greater than the slope of theequilibrium line.

Figure 4.3.8: The points on the graph indicate a concave up trend line with

negative slope.

Run 1 Equilibrium and Operating Lines

0.0000

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.0010

0.0012

0.0014

0.0016

0.0018

0.0020

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

x (Acetic Acid wt% in Water)

y(AceticAcidwt%i

nToluene

)

Operating Line

Equilibrium Line

Linear (Equilibrium Line)

Linear (Operating Line)

HTU vs. af

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

af (ft/min)

HTU(

ft)


23/24


1.6 SAMPLE CALCULATION

Complete Changes of Contents of the Tower

Volume of Column Lft

Lft

in

ftin 4

1

3.283

12

15.1

3

2

!""#

$

%%&

'

("#

$

%&

'

(= )

Complete Change of Contents = min11

1

56.4

min60

1)27.279.2(

4!

""+

gal

Lhr

hr

gal

L

DISCUSSION

Plot of Overall Height of Transfer Unit

The plot of the overall height of transfer unit decreases as af (the product of pulse

amplitude and pulse frequency) increases. The slope of a possible trend line also increases with

af causing the trend to be concave up.

These trends were the expected results because the figures in Reference (3) also displayed

similar trends. The calculated height of a transfer unit was higher than expected because the

largest HTU in Reference (3) was 3.3 0.1 ft. and the largest HTU calculated was from run 1, at

17.6 0.2 ft. This discrepancy in numbers is likely due to difference in the equipment used in

the reference and the equipment used to measure the data, however, the graphs still share the

same shape.

The error in the calculated equilibrium value could have been a result of the assumption

that the equilibrium line was linear in the dilute region, the toluene-water mixture not having

been mixed well enough or not been given enough time to reach equilibrium, or an error in

measurement.


24/24


1.7CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

The height of a transfer unit decreases as af (the product of the pulse amplitude and pulse

frequency) increases and is concave up, decreasing less as af increases.

The error in calculating the HTU is 0.2 ft, with the error in the equilibrium making the

largest contribution to that error.

Recommendations

Cover as broad a range as possible with the pulse frequency and with the ratio of the

aqueous and toluene flow rates.

Measure more samples for the calculation of the equilibrium line.

Measure the toluene phase holdup after each run.

9.1 REFERENCES

(1) Geankoplis, C.J., Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, 4th

ed.,

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 795-802, (2003).(2) Perry, R.H., Green D.,Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook, 7thed., New York,

NY: McGraw-Hill, pp. 15-4 to 15-20, (1973).(3) Sege, G., Woodfield, F., Pulse Column Variables, Chemical Engineering

Progress, 50:No. 8, 396-402, (1954).(4) Treybal, R.E.,Mass Transfer Operations, 3

rded., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, pp.

502-507, 530-555, (1980).(5) Woodman, R., The System Water-Acetic Acid-Toluene Triangular Coordinates at

25 C,J.Physical Chemistry, 30, pp. 1283-1286 (1926).

report outline updated with raw data format

Documents