report on water pollution in the lake huron basin (flint river) - december 1966

7/21/2019 Report on Water Pollution in the Lake Huron Basin (Flint River) - December 1966

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REPORT ON

WATER POLLION IN THE LAKE HURON BASINFLINT RIVER

DECEER 1966

U.S DEPA RTMENT O THE INTERIORederal Water Pollution Control Administration

Great Lakes RegionDetroit Program OfficeUS Naval Air Station

Grosse Ile, Michigan



PREFACE

This docunt was assled by th Dtroit Progra Office, Fdral

Watr Pollution Control Adinistration, with th intention that it b usd

togther with inforation fro other sourcs t dvlop a coprehnsive

plan for water pollution control in the tributaries of he Lak Huron

Basin. The intnded purpos of the plan would be to restore the usefulnes

of thes watrs for recreational purposs provide a ore suitable environ

t for fish and aquatic lif and enhance the valu of this rsourc. I

would iprov the quality of the area's watrs for unicipal and industria

purposs asthetic njoymnt, and othr benficial uses.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Description of AreaClimateHydrology

TER USE

Municipal Water SuppyIndustrial Water SupplyWater-related Recreation

SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ASTES

Municipalndustrial

POPUTIONS AND WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS

DESCRIPTION OF WATER QUALITY

Physical and ChemicalMicrobiologicalBiological

DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROJECTIONS

SURY AND WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS

i

Pae No.

1

5

18

25

35

41

59

69



Table No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

LIST OF TABLES

Flint River Drought Flows

Flint River Sampling Stations

Mnicipal Water Supplies

Oner and Treatent Code (for Table 3)

Industrial Water Use

Mnicipal Water Use Projections

Flint River Municipal Waste

Flint River ndustrial Waste Inventory

Waste Flow Projections

,BOD5 Projections

Flint River Water Qality - 1965

Average Concentrations

Dissolved Oxygen Flctuation - Station X240

Flint River - Seasonal Nitrate-NConcentration

Flint River - 1965 Total and SolublePhosphate Concentrations

Flint River Watr Quality - 1965

Average Concentrations

Flint River - Total and Fecal Coliform Densit ies

Flint River 1965 Total and FecalColiform Density Statistics

Flint River - oadings for tc Run 1965 Model

Flint River ater Quality

Notes for Water Quality Tables

i

Pae No

10, 1

12

0, 21

22

23

24

31

32, 33

37

38

47

48

49

so

51

52

5 3

62

77-80

81



Fiure No

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

9

0

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

LST OF FGES

Flint River Basin

Time of PassageFlow Duration urve - Flint River nearFlint

Flow Duration urve - Flint River nearFosters

Pae No.

4

13

14

15

Drainage Are vs River Miles 16

Location of Sampling Stations 17

Municipal and ndustrial Waste Outfalls 34

Municipal and Industrial Waste Fow 39Projection Area

Population and Municipal Waste Flow 4Projections

Dissolved Oxygen and BOD 54

Nitrate Concentrations 55

Total Phosphate 56

Tota1 Solids and Chlorides 5 7

Total oliform Densities 58

Dissolved Oxygen - omputed Profile 63

Kjeldahl Nitrogen and Ultimate BOD - 64omputed Profile

Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles - 65Effect of Temperature and Ladings -

1965 Summer Survey Flow

Computed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles -Effect of _Temperature and Loadings -7 Day Once-inTen Year Fl

),.

Computed Dissolved OygeProfiles -Effect ofTemperature and Loadings -

1 ay Once-in-Ten Year Fow

iii

66

67



Fiure No.

20

LIST OF FIGUES(cont'd)

Coputed Dissolved Oxygen Profiles -Effect of Temperature and Loadings - Augented Flow

iv

Pae No.

68



INODUCTION

AUTHORITY

Comprehensive water pollution control studies were authorized by

the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 as amended (33 USC 466

et seq..

Sec 3 (a) "The Secretry shall after careful investigation and in cooperation with other Federal agencies withState water pollution control agencies and interstate agenciesand with the municipalities and industries involved prepareor develop comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducingthe pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof andimproving the sanitary condition of surface and undergroundwaters. In the development of such comprehensive programs dueregard shall be given to the improvements which are necessaryto conserve such waters for public water supplies, propagationof fish and aquatic life and wildlife recreational purposesand agricultural industrial and other legitimate uses Forthe purpose of this section the Secretary is authorized to

make joint investigations with any such agencies of the conditionof any waters in any State or States and of the discharges ofany sewage industral wastes or substance which may adverselyaffect such waters"

Sec. 5. (f "e Secretary shall conduct research and

techical development work and make studies with respectto the quality of the waters of the Great akes includngan analysis of the present and projected future water qualityof the Great Lakes under varying conditions of waste treat

ment and disposal an evaluation of the water quality needsof those to be served by such waters an evaluation of municipal industrial and vessel waste treatment and disposalpractices with respect to such waters and a study of alternate

means of solving water pollution problems including additionalwate treatment measures with respect to such waters."

Initiation of the Great Lakes-Illinois River Comprehensive Program

Activity followed an appropriation of funds by the 86th Congress late in

1960. In accordance with the prvisions of the Act the Secretary of

Health Educatio and Welfare delegated the responsibility for the study

to the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control of the Public

Health Service. Passage of the "Water Quality Act of 1965" gave the



responsibility for these studies to the Federal Water Pollution Control

Administration (FWPCA). As a result of Reorganization Plan No 2 of 1966,

the PCA was transferred from the Department of Helth, Educat�on, and

Welfare to the Department of the Interior effective May 10, 1966.

PUPOSE

This repot presents the water uality of the Flint River, Michigan

as it exists tday, and includes predictions of population, water use,

and waste load trends for future years. Its purpose is t present inform-

tion tht can be used s a basis for developing a basin wide water

pollution control program

The objectives of the FWPCA are to enhance the quality and value of

the Nation's water resources, and to prevent, control, and abate water

pollution through coperative local, Stte, and Federal pollution ontrol

plans.

SCOPE

The area covered by this report is the Flint River, Michigan. The

study of the Flint River was conducted by FWPCA on the 60 miles between

the City of Flint and the confluence of the Flint and Shiawassee Rivers.

These two rivers together with the Tittabawassee and CassRivers, form

the Saginaw River which flows 22 miles to Saginaw Bay. Similar reports

are being prepared for each of these rivers.

ORGANIZATION

The Detroit Program Office, located at the Naval Air Staion, Grosse

Ile, Michigan, began collecting water qulity data on the Flint River

in 1965 Its staff include specialists in several professional skills,

2



including sanitary engineers, hydrologists, chemists, biologists, and

bacteriologists Te resources of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering

Center at Cincinnati, Ohio have been utilized, and assistance and guidance

have been obtained fro the Great LakesIllinois River Basins Project,

Chicago

ACKNOWLEDGNTS

Te Detroit Program Office has received the coop·eration and assis-

tance of local, State, and Federal agencies, as well as interested

individuals The princia agencies taking an active part in providing

assistance in the preparation of the rport are as follows:

State Agencies

Federal Agencies

Michigan Water Resorces CoissionMichigan Departent of Public Health

U S Department of CoerceWeather BureauOffice of Business EconomicsBureau of Census

U. S. Department of the nteriorBureau of Coercial FisheriesBureau of Sports Fiheries and WidlifeBureau of Outdoor RecreationGeological Survey

U S. Department of Defense Detroit District, Corps of Engineersake Survey, Corps of Engineers

3



GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Descrition of Area

The Flint River Basin occupies most of Genessee and Laeer Cunties

and portions of Shiawassee, Saginaw, Tuscola, and land Counties The

Flint River is one of the four main tributaries of the Saginaw River

rainage system which drains an area of 6, 260 square miles The Flint

River drains an area of approximately 1, 454 square miles:

The basin is irregular in shape, with the greatest length approxi-

mately 55 miles, and the greatest width approximately 35 miles, narrowing

to about 5 miles near the mouth It is bounded on the north by the

Cass River Basin; on the east by the Black, Belle, and Pine Basins; on

the south by the Clinton and Shiawassee Basins; and on the west by the

Shiawassee Rive Basin jor tributaries incude th North Branch and

the South Branch along with Kearsley Creek, Thread River, and Misteguay

Creek.

The North and South Branches of the Flint River originate in Lapeer

County and join to form the main stem The river then flows generally

suthwesterly about•35 miles to the City of Flint, at which point it

flows northwesterly to the Saginaw River The last five miles flow

through a cutoff canal.

The portion of the basin upstream from the City of Flint consists

of rolling morainic featres interspersed with ancient lake beds

Numerous small lakes in this area drain into the Flint River system

Downstream from Flint the river flows through the bed of glacial Lake

Saginaw, which extends to Saginaw Bay

5



Flint, the largest city in the basin, and third largest in Michigan,

is a large automobile manufacturing center. Lapeer, the second largest

city in the Flint River Basin is an agricultural and dairy center, and

home of light indusry.

Climate

The clite of the Flint River Basin conforms o the general weater

pattern that exists in the entire lower Great Lakes area. There are wide

seasonal variations in temperature, many storms, and the yearly precipi-

tation distribution remains fairly constant. In the winter this

precipitation i� usually in the form of snow. The air masses moving

toward Michigan are heated in the winter and cooled in the summer by the

waters of the Great Lkes which nearly surround the Stte This results

in a more moderate climate han is experienced to the west and southwest

of Michigan.

The mean yearly temperature is about 45°

F, while the mean summer

and winter temperatures are about 68°

F and 23°

F, respectively. There

is an average yearly precipitation of 30 inches on the basin, of which 60

percent can be expected to fall dring the six month period of May through

October.

Hdrolo

Above Columbiaville, the slope of the stream averages about six feet

per mile, and below that point, about two feet per mile as far as Flint.

From Flint to Flushing, the slope is about four feet per mile. Across

the Shiawassee lats, the slope of the Flint River is less than one foot

per mile. The tributaries to the Flint River follow the same\;pattern.

6



Flint River nea Otisville Maximum 6, 150 cfsverage 255 cfsMinimum 4.3 cfs

Flint River near lint ximum - 14,900 cfs Average 536 cfs

Minimum 90 cfsFlint River near Fosters . Maximum - 19,000 cfs

Average :684 cfsMinimum 27 cfs

Time of Passage

It is necessay to know the stream travel time of a river in rder

to determine its waste decay rate On the Flint River these times f

assage have been determined fr variou flows at the station lin

River near Flint, and are for the stretch of river between mie points 461

and 9 .

Tme of passage studies on te lint Rier were made by the Detroit

Program Office uring 1965 and 196 These studies sed ultiple

releases of Rhodamine B dye and measured the time of ccurrence an

concentration of the dye at downstream points In the reach between

Flint and Flushing, times of passage were also determined by use of a

cmputer program utilizing cross-sectional measurent s made by Michigan

Water Resources Coission personel The stretch of river between mile

points 46. 1 and 9. 7 coincides wit the intensive samping areas below

Flint.

Drought Flow

The oneday and sevenday low flos (once in 10 yars) have ben

calculated for the Flint River at two of the U;. Geological Survey

stations by use of Gumbel Extremal robability apr Te stations used

8



were Flint River near Flint and Flint River near Fosters The flow at

the remaining points aong the river was arrived at by comparison of

their drainage areas with that of the U S. Geological Survey stations

Because the Flint gage has a longer period of record than the

Fosters gage, only those flows occurring in the period 1940-1963 were

used in this analysis. This results in a slightly higher flow at Flint

than would have been expected had the entire period of recrod been used

This analysis does not take into account the effect of the operation

of Holloway Dam on the Flint River drought flows his dam should tend

to raise the flow in the river during periods of extended drought he

Michigan Water Resources Coission stated in their "1956 Report on Water

Resource Conditions and Uses in the Flint River Basin that the reservoir

would sustain a flow of 100 cfs in the river during drought years Use

of that figure would add roughly 50 cfs to the flow at each of the

remaining points on the river below the dam

Also, no consideration was made for the reduction in flow between

the intake for the Flint water treatment plant and the Flint sewage

treatment plant

9



TABLE 1. FNT RIVER DROUGHT FOWS

Se� Fge ) Draine A_L o o n____(, r; m i s

X290

X28

X26

X281+

X2

X2

X27

X26G

Krsy C<·-

Ke1 k

25�

z r

X2

X

X250

X246

242

X240Ben Ru:

ent un

X236

9.

6G5.3

60 3.

72i .4

3 . L;

37 .9

91 S. L:

.7

9�.6

967.7

981 .

93.

1035.

045.5

*Up to bt not incldn ne te

0

-Day F O\'(fs

13. 6

9

20.3

2.

2 L:

27

24:

.6

;:O. 2

.

3.7

O. 240.3

.9

42.3

7y low{c

23.0

23. 7

2

27 .s

7.8

28

30.

30.7

30.9

36.6

37.

37.5

46.

47.

47.5

47.9

4.4

48. :

9.29.

50.9

S



ABE 1 • FINT RVR DOUGH FLO\�S (ont.)

Draige Ara 1-0y Flw 7Day Lct ( squ ms

_.s)

P Ru Cre0.\c: 1�46.6 4 2. L i. 514·.

Pi Run Ck i12.5 4 f. 53. l

x23L 116 2 5.2

x2: 1116.7 4.7 53 .

X2 1118.9 l5. O 54.0

X "]-3.2 4 1 569

*Up to, bu includg name eam.

11



TABE 2. FINT RIVR SANG SATIONS

Mainstream Stations

Station ile Point

X220 9.7

X230 4. 7

X26 22.1

X237 28.5

X240 285

X246 33.9

X248 390

X250 39.6

X255 456

X256 46.1

X260 55.9

Tributar Stations

Station ile Point

X239 02

X295 16

X296 25.5

* US. Geological Svey

ocation

Bridge on Tom Creswell R. 2 mi. W of -13

Bridge on Sherdan Rd. 1 m: W. of Fosters(USGS* Gage)

Bridge on E. Burt Rd. in orseville

ontrose outfall, 50 1 N. of -57 bridgenear ontrose

Bridge on -57 near ontrose

End of t. orris Rd. 3 mi N of Flushing

Flushing sewage treament plant

Bridge on W in St. in Flshing

Flint sewage treament plant (USGS Gage)

Bridge on ill Rd 1 mi. W. o Flint

Bridge on Carpener Rd. in Flint

O Tributar

Brent Run

Farmers Cree-South Branch

Swartz Creek

12

Conluenceile Point

27.6

766/14.4

50.5

Location

Bridge on cKinley

Lapeer State Hospital (USGS Gage)

Bridge on Elliott Rd.

1-1/2 mi. N. of Holly(USGS Gage)



-

-

0

. :

TIME OF -PASSAGE OF THE

FLINT RIVER

FLOW AT F.LINT GAGE

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LOCAN OF SAMPING STTONS

FLINT RVE BASI



WATER USE

Municial Water Sul

The Flint River Basin has a population served by public water

supplies of approximately 280, 000 people. This number is expected to

increase to 620, 000 by 1990, and 1, 300, 000 by 2020 The City of Flint

is the largest user, serving about 2 35, 000 people and numerous industrie

Flint obtains its water from the Flint River at the present time, but

since this source of supply is limited, Flint is planning to tie in with

the City of Detroit water line from Lake Huron. Holloway reservoir

controls the flow of the Flint River for water suppy, and the rech

between the dam and the city serves as an aqueduct All other public

water supplies in the basin come from local wells.

Table 3 lists the individual water users and gives the source of

the supply. Projected use for the basin in 199 0 and 20 20 is shown o

Table 5 .

Indutrial Water Sul

Most of the industies in the Flint River Basin obtain their water

from munic ipal supplies. The only exception is the Vogt Packing

Company in Grand Blanc which has its own well system for its 0 06

million gallons per day (MGD) use

Table 4 lists the industrial users and the use. Projections of 1990

and 2020 use are included in the municipal water in Table 5

Water-related Recreation

The Flint River Basin in 1 965 had approximately 22, 000 boats

registered by its residents

18



The Flint River is generally too small for boat traffic, but there

are several reservoirs on the river that are suitable for boating. The

basin has over forty lakes with sizes varying from several acres to

over 400 acres These lakes offer fishing boating swimming, and most

of them are fully developed for suer and year round residence

Commercial boat liveries are located on a number of these lakes

19



TABLE 3 MICIPAL WATER SUPPLES*Flint River Basin

Town1960Po Owner* Source T·eatment**

New Lothrop 510

Fenton Tp. 280

Burton T 29,700

Clio 2,212

Davison 3,761

Flint 196,940

Flint Tp 300(enesee ty Drain Comission)

Flushing 3 7 6 1

Beecher Metro-olitan District

Grand Blanc 1,565

Grand Blanc Tp 640

Southhampton Su- 120division

Wildwod Su- 320division

M Wel ls in drift 62 to69 deep

T

T

M

M

M

C

M

Wells in rock 73' deep

Wel ls in rock 257 ' deep, wel ls in drft 168 to196 ' deep

Wells in rock 14 ' to317 deep; wel l indrift 1 4 1 deep

Wells in rock 210 to260 deep

Fl nt River

Water from City oflint and wells in rock160 to 1 6 7 deep

Water from City o Flint

5

5

2

Wel ls in rock 350 to 5

M

T

431 deep wel ls indrift 98 to 124 ' deep

Wel ls in rock 287 ' to306 deep

Wells in rock 267 ' to300 ' deep

Wells 200 deep

Wel ls in rock 230 deep

6

*Taken from "Data on Pul ic Water Supplies in Michigan," Engineering Bul letin No 4 by the Michigan Department of Pulic Health

**See Oner and Treatment Code page 22

20



TABLE 3 MNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES (cont d)Flnt Rver Basn

1960Town Po Oner* Source Trea tment

Montrose 1,466 M Wells n drf 6 ' to7 ' deep

Mt. Morrs 3,484 M Wells n drft 60 I to 3 482' deep

Otsvlle 701 M Well n rock 415 1 deep

Clfford 330 M Well; n rock 400 deep

Columbavlle 789 M Wells n rock 280 to300 ' deep

Lapeer 8,020 M Wells n rock 200 ' deep 5

Lpeer Home s Wels in ro�kTranng Schol

North Branch 832 M Wells n rock 250 ' & 276

deep

*Taken from "Data on Publc Water Supples n Mchgan, " EngneerngBuletn No 4 by the Mchgan Deparment of Publc Heath

**See ner and Treatment Code page 22

2



OWNER AND TREAMNT CODE

Owner Code :

M City or Village

T Township

p Private

D District

C Conty

s = State

U S Federal

Treatment Code :

Std Filtration*

2 Lime softening'

3 Zeolite softening

4 . Iron remova 1

5. Chlorination

6. Fluoridation

Implis at least chlorination chmical coaglation, and apid

sand filtration.

** ime sof tening incldes filtration

22



TABLE h . I NDU S TR IAL WATER US EF l i t R i ve r B a s i n

Quant ityae of Uer Used ( GO) ouce Ue

GMC-C Spark P l u g 1 . 5 C i t y of F l i n t P r o ce s & C oo l i n g

- c vi in .2 Ci y of F 1 i n P rocs C o l i n

GMC-Chev. F l i n t D i v . 2 . 0 C i t y o f F l i n t Genera l Mfg.

GCFiher Body D iv . 0 . 08 C i ty of F i n t Genera Mfg.

GMC-Ternstedt 1 . 5 C i t y of F l i n t P roces

GMC- P a r t s D i v i ion 0 . 36 C i ty of F l i n t P rocess

GMC-Chevrol et Assembl y 1 . 4 C i t y of F l i n t P roces

GCChev. Engine& t api ng P l an t 0 7 2 C i t y of F l i n t P roce

Vogt Packing Co . . 06 P r i v a t e we l l s P r oce s s

23



TABLE 5 . MUNICIPAL WATER US PROJECTIONS (MGD)F i n t R i v e r B a s i n

Mun i c i pa *1 965

40

Inc l udes i ndus t r i a l w ater u se .

24

2 2 0220



SOURCES AND CACTERISTICS O WATES

Municial

The lint River Basin populatio seed by uncipal waste treatment

systems is approximately 2 10 000 people of whic all but abot 000 are

in Genesee County

The county has a metropolitan sewerage plan hich will seve te Cit

of Flint ' s suburbs with sewer connections and treat the waste at t

Flint sewage treatment plant This sytem should be operable by 96 and

serve the comunities of Montrose, Li nden , Swartz Cee Birh Run , Clo

Grand Blanc and Davidson Swartz Creek , Clio and Davidson ha ve sewage

treatment plants now that will be abandoned when he mero system is

completed The others hae no facilities

The Village of Columbiaville in apeer County has a smal separate

sewer system but has no treatment facilities The Mchigan Wae

esorces Coission has requested that they povde eatment , and he

village is studying the problem

North Branch has a sewage collection system with treatment in

municipally owned and operated septic tanks Upgrading of the system is

scheduled for 96

The following information is based on 1965 monthly average figres

reported to the Michigan Department of Public Healh by the individua

plants. Prior to Janary 196 m inimum chlorination period required

by the Michigan Department of Public Healt was from May 5

September 15 After January 1967 , al mnicipal plants are requied to

disinfect their effents continuously

Pant outfall locations are shown in igue 7 and a sumary of

25



results listed in Table 6

Davidson Sewage Treatmen Plan - 965

This plant is a trickling filter unit wic serves about 3 000 peop �e

The flow averaged 0 40 million gallons per day MG) d ng 965 , wih

var iations between 0 9 and 0 69 GD The 5- day biochemical oygn

demand BOD5

) removal by this plant was about 70 percent which le an

average effluent BOD5

of 6 milligrams per liter ( mg/ ) The ef

was chlorinated fr om May 5 to September 5 as required by he ic igan

Depar tment of Public Health

Flint Sewage Treatmen Plant - 965

This plant is the largest in te Flin Basin and serve a popu La on

o f approximately 00 000 eople Part of te aveage ow o 6. 5 MD

is treated by a trickling ilter unit and he est by a new actiated

sludge unit The plant, whic h usually opera es with a BOD5

remoa

ef fi c iency in excess of 90 per cent has an average ef fluent BOD5

value

of 4 mg/ The BOD5

dur ing 965 var ied rom 5 o mg/ 1 Te e len

was chlorinated rom May 5 through September 5

During the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration srvey of

the Flint River on August 965 the BOD5

of the effluen was in the 5

mg/ range The plant used about , 00 pounds of c hloine on his date

whi ch is about average.

Flushing Sewage Treatment Plant 965

The Flushing sewage treatment plant is a small trickling filte nit

whi ch serves about 500 people The average flow is 0. 48 GD wih

var iations in 965 between 0 35 and 0 67 GD BOD5

dur ing the same

26



period varied rom 26 to 45 mg/1 with an average o 33 mg/ The

eluent was chlorinate rom May 1 5 through eptember 15

The plant operation during the Federal Wate Pollution ontrol Adin

istration Fl int Ri ver survey o August 1 1, 1 966 was noal o August

Lapeer Sewage Treatment lant 1 965

This tricl ing i lter plant serves about 6 000 people The aeage

low and BOD5

or 1965 were 0 73 MGD and 22 mg/1, respectively Th

plant removes about 90 percent o the BOD5

rom the nluet Fl ow

luctuated during 1 965 between 57 and 8 M and BOD5

va ied beween

and 40 mg/ The e uent was chlorinated o m May 15 through ptembe

Lapeer State Home and Training chooewage Trea�met Plant 1 965

This trickl ing i lter pl ant serves the residens o the tate choo

Average l ow or 1965 was 0 37 MGD with very l ittle variation he aveag

euent BOD5

or the year was 2 mg/1, wth varitions between 1 and 39

mg/1 The plant chl orinates is eluent continuous ly throughout the yea

Swartz Creek Sewage Teatment Plant - 1 965

This actvated sludge plant serves a population o about 3000 The

fl ow or 19 65 averaged 0 31 MGD ith va iations between 0.2 0 to 0 48 MGD

Eluent BOD5 values ranged between 11 and 25 mg/1, with an average o 18

mg/1 The plant e luent was chl orinated rom May 15 to Septembe 1 5

Industrial 1966

Industries in the Flint River Basin are mainly located in and aroun

the City o Fint; the rest o the basin is primaily rural arming land

The industries include eight Genera Motors plants and one small enderin

2 7



plant Generally, water s purchased from the lnt muncpal system

Most of these plants dscharge ther process waste o the nt Rver

after treatment he eght Genea Motors plants have been rted as

"provdng adequate control by the chgan Water Resources CommssonThe Vogt Packng Comany, whc h operated a smal rende ng lant has een

rated as "provdng control - but adequacy not establshed Ths plan

has been asked to mprove treatment by the Michgan Water Resources

Comsson, and muncpal sewes should be avalable wthn a year

Outfal ocatons for the above pants are shown on ige 7 ad

results of samplng are shown n able Al of ths no t on was

obtaned from the Mchgan Water Resources Commsson n pr 196

General Motors Corporaton (GMC)AC Spark Plug Dvson

Ths plant s located on Dort Hghway n the iy o lnt The

plant whch produces spark plugs has a waste f ow of approx tely 1 5

mllon gallons per day (MGD) s fow s dscharged to Glkey Creek

a trbutary of the lnt Rver Wase const ents nclude yande

hexavalent chromum nckel o1 and suspended solds Treatment fac

tes consst of settlng, and chrome and cyande seaat on

GMC - Buck Divson

The Buck Plant, ocated on Indusral Avenue n ln t dscharges

approxmately 2 2 MGD of general anufacturng and platng wastes to the

Flnt Rver Treatment facltes are settlng and a Utah s!er.

GMC Chevrolet lnt Dvson

Located on Chevrolet Avenue lnt, this plant dscharges about 2

28



MGD directly to the Flint Rive Waste cons tuens inclde suspended

solids and oil. reatment facilities consist of settlng tanks and oil

removal equipment

GMC Fisher Body Division

he plant is located in Grand Blanc and dscharges is flow of 0 08

MGD to hread Cree which is a tr ibutar y o Swartz Ceek whch in un

empties into the Flint Rer Wastes include ol and suspended so ds

eatment is by a secondary unit and a lagoon

GMC Ternstedt Division·

his plant, located on Coldwater Road in Flint, dsharges i s waste

flow of 5 MGD to Brent Run a ibay of e n Rve second

unit and lagoons treat the wase which contain oil sspended solids

cyanide hexavalent chromum, and coper.

GMC - Part Divsion

Located in the town of Swar Cree he plan dsharges 0 MD

of treated wastes to Swar Creek a trbutary of the Flint Rive aste

constituents include oil and suspended solids, and are reated by setling

tans, oil remoal equipment, and lagoons

GMC Chevrolet Assembly Plant

his plant s located on Van Slyke Road in Flint and discharges is

flow of 1 4 MGD to Swart Creek a tr butary of the lint Rive Waste

constituents include oil and suspended solids he waste flow s

treated by settlng tanks and oil removal equipment.

29



GMC - Cevrolet Engine and Samping Plant

This p lant is located on Van Slyke Road n l int and dischages i s

flow of O. 72 MGD to Carment Creek a triutary of Swartz Cee which

dra ins into the Flint River Wastes include oi and susended sol ids '

which are treated by settl ing anks and oil remoal equipmen

Vogt Packing Compa

This plant is located in Gand Blanc and discharges a f low o 06

MGD to Thead Creek, a triutay of wartz Ceek which dains no e

Fl int Rive This rendering plant ' s waste constituents include BD

suspended sol ids and suspended volatil e sol ids eament consists o

settl ing

30



ABLE 6. FL INT R IVER MUNI CI PAL WASTE

(Yea ly avera e for 1 965 i n /1 , un l ess otherwi se noted)A 1 p l ants are scondary un its .

C l 2 *

S u s p .F low 0 5-Day Susp . V o l . A pp 1 i edTemp. FP l at Name (MGD) ( R aw) B O D S o l i d s S o l i d s pH #/day

avion o.4o 2 57 53 7 .7 37

F 1 i nt 2 6 . 5 6 4 30 1 9 7 . 4 1280

l u s h i n g o48 50 3 3 3 0 2 0 3 9

Lapeer 0 . 73 59 22 32 22 7.6 24

Lapeer State

ome 0 . 3 7 7 0 2 1 6 3 8 . 4 26

Swartz Creek 0 . 3 52 8 3 1 27 1 1

r i n ch l or i nati on per i od from May 1 5 throuh Septeber 1 5 , except forLapeer State o whi ch ch l or i nates cont i nuous l y a l l yea r .

31

A.C 2es.

1 . 5

. 9

. 0

• 0



TABE 7. F IN R IVR IN DUSRIAL WS INVNORY

Industry

GMC-AC Spark P lug D iv.

GMC-Bu ick D iv .

GMCChev . F l i n t D iv .

GMC-Fisher Bod D iv.

GMC-Ternstedt D iv.

Reeivingoat ion Stream

Dort H G i l ke CreekF i nt F i nt River

I n du s t r i a l F l i n t R i ve rAve . F i n t

Chevro etAve . F l i n t

F l i n t R i ve r

Grand B l an hread CreekSwartz CreekF 1 n t R i ve r

Co ldwaterR d . F l i n t

rnt RunF int River

-�

GMCPa t s D i v . M 8S a r t z C r .

Swartz CreekF l i n t R i ve r

·�-ARC.

WasteCons i t uen t s

C N C r6 N i O i Sus . S o l .

Gen. Mfg. &

P l a t in g aste

S us p . So l . O i Gen. Mfg.

O i S S G en .Mfg. Wastes

Waste Flow(MGD)

5

2 2

2 . 0

- .

D.08

Treatmentrovided

r6 & Cs�parat ionSe t t l i n g

Se t t l i n gtah Skimmer

Oi l Removal Se t t l i n g

agoon &Seondar

Rt ingri l9661,

A

A

A

�-

O i SS CC r , Cu

O i S u s p . S ol .

. 5

o . 4

Seondar& agoons

S e t t l i n g Oi remova agoons

A

A

-·-

GMCChev. ssembl an S lkeF int

Sartz CreekF i nt R i ver

* dequa te on t ro l .

O i l S u s p . S o l . 1 . 4 S e t t l i n g Oi l removal

---



w

w

TABLE 7. F IN R IVER IN DUSRIA \ASE INVNORY(CON )

MRc

Rat ingWaste aste l ow Treatmnt Ar l

Indu_s__rX·--o_ca t oneceiving

$tream Con s t i tunts GD�rov de_d� 9_*MCChv Engine &

Stamp ing P l ant

Vogt ac ing Co .

*

A Adequate Contro l .

an 1 ykeF l i n t

Carmn CreekSwar tz Creek 1 int R iver

ran B l a n head CreekSwartz CreekF i nt R i ve

0 i l , S us p . S ol . 0.72 e t t l i n g ,i reva Lagoons

A

--

B O D , S u s p . S o l . ,S u s p . o l . S o l .

006 Sett l i ng B

B Contro l p rovi de adequac no t e stab l i shed ( ad i t i ona l t reatnt requested ) .



+CH[S&NOr-i•

' : ---J:

CATION M

Ii

3\

1

,g MA YVIL�f • • :�i-• ;L

3 4

• :

. j,:�

I: G,...

t..• :_ . :

�, l .· -'-� EMEs :R-{ • • • • LAK� '"

!, J .

·· ··

[]ot1sv1LLEI

FM =:r�.

·

.

�-.

L\_�!•.

LAPEER CO

c,•

.

AE NUO PROGRAM OHC![T KS-\lt0\ 1R 64\RJUNICIPAL 6 IDUSTRIA WASTE OUFA

FLINT RIVER BASIN

U.S DC ATl OP i 1IDDrAL A 'LUO DL tDta4T

A 0 [ , � N A



treatment, 27, 850 pounds would reach the rive In order to show an

improvement over present water quality, 99 percent or more removal will

be necessary at that time .

36



TABLE 8 . WASTE FLOW PROJECTIONS

1965 1990 2020

Municipal (MGD)

Residential 18 8 75 182

Idustia 1 _ 20 44

Total 27 . 5 95 22

Industial 9 5 22 48(diect to iver)

Total to Rive 3 7 0 117 274

37



TABLE

Muni c i a 1

Res ident i a lI ndus t r i a lToa l un ic ipa

Present 92% removalWi t h 90% remova Wi th 95% remova lWi th 9 remova l

I ndus t r i a l( d i rect to r iver )P res ent 3 remova lWi th 90% removal i t h 9% removal i th 99% remova l

Total o befoe eP resen t 90% removaWith 90% removal

Wi th 95° remova lWith 9 removal

9 • BOD5

PROJECTIONS

965#day

35 ,6006 , 020

4 , 6 2 03 , 3 804, 622 , 080

4 6

3 09 7 3 65l

42 ,9304, 2 97 4,293

2 , 46829

38

990#/day

, 5 0 0 3 , 6 0 0

2 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 2 , 5 06 , 2 5 5 , 2 5

2 , 9602 , 0 7 0

2964830

28 , 0601 2 , 0 7 0

2 ,806

6 , 4 0 3 , 2 8

2020#/day

2 6 0 , 0 0 03 0 , 5 0 0

290 , 5002 3 , 2 0 029, 050 4 5 2 52,905

6,6404650

66433266

297 , 402 7 , 8 5 02 9 , 7 4

4 ,8572 9 7



+C[SNIN- - -,. ,.

: •'.-�·

SHIAWAEE CO.

LO C A T IO N MA P

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MUVIL�i-; • SCOA C. _LHR• r . LAP ER,CO. �

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L!.� LAPER C.

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POULA a MC A WATE FNT RV BA IN

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DESCRIPTON OF WATER QUALITY

The Detroit Program Office conducted surveys of the Fl int River

during 1965 to determine the qual ity of this watercourse Figure 6 shows

the general locations of sampl ing stations X260 and X240, sampled

approximatel y twice a month, and several municipal sewage tratment pl ant

samling stations The remaining stations shown on Figure 6 were OXSAG

stations which were samled approximately once every 4 hours over a 24-hou

period on the August 11 12, 1965 survey

Chemical

The fol lowing water qual ity measurements were made dring 1965 wi th

respect to chemical criteria: dissolved oxygen, BOD5

, nitrogen (amonia,

organic, and nitrate) , phosphates (total and total soluble) , sol ids

(total, suspended, and volatile suspended), chlorides, iron, and phenols

Table 10 shows the seasonal average and range of disslved oxygen

levels for the regular Fl int River sampl ing stations, X240 and X260

This table also lists the aveage seasonal and yearly results of the

nitrogens, phosphates, solids, chlorides, phenols, and BOD5

The yearly average dissolved oxygen at the ustream station X260,

located above the City of Fl int, was 9 8 mi l ligrams per l iter (mg/1) 91

percent satuated, with a range of 6. 4 to 13. 2 mg/1 (68 to 111 percent

saturated).

In the lower Fl int River, at Station X240, the yearly aveage

dissolved oxygen was 9. 4 mg/1, with a range of 3 7 to 3 6 mg/1 Dis

solved oxygen saturation at Station X240 averaged 90 percent during 965,

with a range of 35 to 170 pecent saturation

41



Maxiu dissolved oxyge saturatios of 100 to 170 percet at both

of these statios were oted i measureets ade durig May, Jue August

Septeber, ad October

The etire reach of the Flit River was sampled at 7 saplig

statios over a 24 hour period o August 1-2 965 Dissolved oxyge

ad teperature deeratios were ade every four hous A copsite

saple was prepared ad aalyzed for BOD ad other cheical deteria

tios Saples for bacteriologial aalysis were collectd o two of the

six rus

Table 11 shows the daily dissolved oxyge fluctuatio durig this

survey for Statio X240

The percet saturatio _icreased durig the daylight hours to a high

of 170 percet i mid-afteroo ad declied durig the hours o f dark

ess. This icreased percet saturato is due aily to the presece of

sigificat phytoplakto populatios ad/or photosynthetic productio i

the river

Figure 10 shows the results of the August 11 12 1965 survey ad

lists the observed idividual dissolved oxyge average vales ad their

rages for each statio

The lowest dissolved oxyge levels were recorded at Statio X250,

located dowstrea fro the City of Flit ' s sewage treatet plat The

24our dissolved oxyge average was 3 4 g/1 with respective aximu

ad iiu values of 5 7 ad 0 6 g/1 The average dissolved oxyge

saturatio was low with 45 percet, ad a rage of 7 to 68 percet sat

uratio The effect of the City of Flit ' s uicial wastes o the Flit

Rver is apparet fro the low dissolved oxyge levels ecoutered dow

strea of the City of Flit s sewage treatmet plat

42



The average dissolved oxygen increased from 9.0 mg/1 at Station X240

to a high of 11.5 mg/1 at Station X220 downstream. The increase in the

average dissolved oxygen and percent saturation is associated with exces

sive algal growth and subsequent production of oxygen.The average BOD5 results at Stations X260 and X240, from measurements

de during suer and fall of 1965, were 4 and 6 mg/1, respectively.

�ive-day BOD results of composite samples taken during the special

OXSAG survey on August 11- 12, 1965 on the entire reach of the'Flint River

are illustrated in Figure 10.

High BOD5

levels of 6 to 11 mg/1 were recoded downstream at

Stations X240, X236, X230, and X220. These high BOD5 reults were found

at the same locations as the high dissolved oxygen and coincided with

high phytoplankton poulations as evidenced by biological sampling.

The Fint River had a definite seasonal variation in the nitrate

concentration during the 1965 sapling eriod at Stations X240 and X260.

The nitrate concentration at Station X240 increased from an average of 1.4

mg/1 in January to April _to an average of 1 96 mg/ 1 in the May through

September period. In the October to December period, the nitrate

concentration rehed an average level of 3.10 mg/1. The average annual

nitrate concentration at Station X240 was 1.93 mg/1 Station X260 had

an average annual nitrate concentration of 0.83 mg/1, with lower values

in the suer and fall, as shown in Table 12

Figure 11 depicts the increase f·;itrate concentraions during

the special OXSAG survey conducted on August 1 1-12, 1965, and the average

annual nitrate concentrations for the two regular sampling stations The

nitrate concentration increased from 090 mg/1 at Station X260, above the

City of Flint, to an average of 3.20 mg/1 at Station X236, downstream

43



from Motrose Stations X230 and X220 had nitrate concentrations of 2 50

to 2 30 mg/1

The average annual ammonia nitrogen concentration in the Flint River

&t Station X260 above Flint, was 0 56 mg/1 ; and at Station X240, downstream from Flint, was 1 09 mg/1 Average annual organic nitrogen

concentrations for Stations X260 and X240 were 0 25 and 0 27 mg/1, respec-

tively

The average seasonal variation and annual total and soluble phosphate

concentrations found in the Flint River during 1965 at the regular

sampling stations, X260 and X240, are shown in Table 13.

The average annual total phosphate concentration was 0 21 mg/1 at

Station X260 and 4 36 mg/1 at Station X240 Soluble phosphate, as a

'

percent of total phosphate, at Stations X260 and X240 ranged from 6

to 76 percent

Figure 12 illustrates the average and range of total phosphate

concentrations for the two regular sampling stations, and also the res\ts

of the special survey condu cted on August 1 1-12, 19 65

Total solids and chlorides were significantly high in the Flint

River as shown in Table 10 The average annual total solids concentra

tion at Stations X260 and X240 were 395 mg/1 and 505 mg/1 respectively

Chloride levels made up 9 and 16 percent of th total solids

Figure 13 depicts the increase in total solids and chlorides in the

Flint River below Flint ' s sewage treatment plant during the special

survey conducted on August 11-12, 1965. Chloride concentration of 27 mg/1

at Station X260 increased to 100 mg/1 at Station X250 Chloride levels

accounted for 17 percent of total solids below Flint s sewage treatment

4



plant.

Average annual phenol concentration in the Flint River at Station X26

was 4 micrograms per liter (ug/1), with a range of O to 9 ug/1. At

Station X240, the annual average phenol concentration was 5 ug/1, with a

range of O to 15 ug/1

Table 14 summarizes average iron, sodium, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfate, and total hardness values found during the 1965 survey

in the Flint River for the two regular samp ing stations Average annual

iron concentration for Station X260 was 1, 350 ug/1, with seasonal averages

of 2, 080, 1, 000, and 230 ug/1 At Statio X240, average annual iron

concentration was 1, 430 ug/1, with seasonal average values of 2, 640, 540,

and 100 ug/1.

Sodium and potassium levels were noticeably increased in the Flint

River from Station X260 to X240 alcium, magnesium, and sulfate

concentrations were typical of concentrations in other tributaries in the

Saginaw River Basin Hardness averaged 241 to 256 mg/1 upstream, and 231

to 233 mg/1 downstream of Flint

Microbioloical

The microbiological findings for the Flint River are from the 1965

sampling period This sampling period was separated into three

intervals - January 11 to y 15, May 15 to September 15, and September 15

to November 30 - to coincide wit the municipal waste chlorination period

beginning May 15 and ending September 15 Representative median, low,

and high total, and fecal coliform results for the regular sampling sta

tions are shown in Table 15

Total coliform densities at Station X260, above the City of Flint,

45



ranged from 36 to 18 organisms/10 ml with a median annual valu e

of 1, 40 organisms/1 ml Station X24 located be ow the City of Flin'

sewage treatment plant exhibited a median annual total coliform count

of 24 organisms/1 ml with a ange of 20 to 370 0 organisms/1 m

Percent fecal coliform remained fairly constant in the reaches above and

below Flint s sewage treatment pant these value s being 16 and 22 percent

respectively.

Chlorination had a definite effect on the total and fecal coliform

densities at Station X24 during the 1965 chlorination period The median

total coliform count at Station X24 declined from 15 organisms/100 m

in the January 1-y 15 period to a median value of 4 organisms/1 m

in the May 15 September 15 sampling period

A comparison of the average median and geometric mean values of

annual oal and fecal coliform results for Stations X240 and X26 is

shown in Table 16

Figure 14 depicts the variation in total coliform distributions at

various sampling points in the Flint River during surveys conducted on

August 11 and 2 1965 The median annual total coliform densities for

the two regular sampling stations are also shown i Figure 14 On

August 11 the total coliform nsities increased from 7 organisms/1 ml

at Station X260 above Flint to a high of 29, 00 organisms/10 ml at

Station X256 then declined to a low of 50 organisms/1 ml at Station

X20 On August 2 the total coliform density of 800 organisms/0 ml

at Station X26 increased to a high of 15 0 organisms/1 ml at

Station X256 Station X25 had a total coliform count of 3 00 organisms/

10 ml which increased downstream to a value of 12 organisms/10 ml

at tation X22

46



R i v e r

1 ntX2 :O260

F 1 in tX240X260

F 1 i ntX2�0X260

F 1 i n tX240X260

D i s so l ved Ogenv! Mx Min

1 0 . 2 · 1 2 . 9 5 . 2

1 1 . 7 1 2 . 3 1 0 .

9 . 18 . 3

1 3 . 61 0 . 1

3 . 6 . 4

9 . 1 1 0 . 9 5 . 61 1 . 6 1 3 . 2 1 0 . 5

9 . 4 1 3 . 6 3 . 7 9 . 8 1 3 . 2 6 . 4

TABL 0 , F L I N T R I VER 'TR QUL TY1 65 AVERAGE COCENTRTIONS

eo

5-DayBOD H N O g N N0 N

Jnuar p i l 1 96 5

64

54

64

1 . 0 . 5 1

0 . 500 . 8 1

0 970 . 28

1 . 0 90 . 56

0 220 . 1 6

0 . 3 50 . 3

0 . 2 30 . 2 7

0 2 7

0 . 2 5

1 .411 . 1 8

1 . 96.44

3 . 1 00.10

1 . 9 30 . 3

Tot.�-,

To t . S o • T t .P 04 P 04 S o .

2 . 2 0 1 . 7 ] . 3 1 O . 1 9 369

4.460 . 1 6

3 .26 5 330 . 1 1 4 22

9 . 2 3 6 . 90 550 . 06 0 . 04 4 14

4.360 . 2 1

3 . 29 5050 . 1 3 3 9 5

ote A r e su l t s i n mg/1 e cept heno l s Phoshates reported s PO .N i t o g e n s ( H 3 , N0 3 Oga c ) epor ted s N i t r oen .

*Vo l t l e S us p n de S o l i d s�oal hoshat nlu : otho, oly biologial nd organic. hoshat

S u s p . Vo 1 . :S o l . S . S . C l

3 72 2

1 81 8

91 4

5

1 9

1 14

43

.

77 '29

32 3

6 1 008 3 3

74

8328

P h e n

54

45

82

5

4

HTo soube phosphate (e rforme on filtered smple ) inc ludes soubl ortho s olubl ol and solubl ogaphosphate



Date

TABLE 11 DISSOLVED OXYGEN FLUCTUATION - FINT RIVERStation X240

Temp DO

Tmeo

c ( m g/1)8/11/65 0930 1 8 0 7 0

1325 22.0 13 1

1710 26.0 13 6

210 2 4 0 10. 3

8/12/65 0125 22.0 6 2

0535 205 3. 7

48

Saturaton74

151

170

124

71

42



Station

X240

Average

Range

260

Average

Range

TABLE 12 . FLINT RIVERSeasonal Nitrate N Concentration

(mg/ 1 )

Jan April May-Sept

: 1 4 1 1 96

0 8 9- 1 . 60 0 70 2 80

1 . 1 8 044

0 . 9 0 1 6 0 0 20-0 90

49

Oct -Dec. Annual

3 . 10 1 93

90- 4 6 0 0 70-4 60

0 70 0 83

0 3 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 1 6 0



TABLE 13 FLINT RIVER1965 TOTAL AND SOLUBLE PHOSPATE CONCENTRATIONS

Seasonal

Total Phosphate Soluble Phosphate

mg/1 mg/1Station Averae Minimum Maximum Averae Minimum imum

Jan. AprilX240 2. 20 0. 50 4 70 1 . 7 0.10 4 60X260 0. 31 0.10 0 60 0.19 000 0. 40

y-Sept.X240 4.46 0 .60 8.70 3. 26 0.10 5.10

X260 016 0. 08 0 30 0.11 0 06 0. 20

Oct Dec.X240 9. 23 5. 40 12. 80 6. 90 4.00 8.80X260 0.06 0 04 010 0.04 004 004

AnnualX240 4. 36 0 50 12 80 3 29 010 8 80X260 0 21 0.04 0 60 0.13 0 00 0. 40

50



BE 16 . LINT RIVER1965 TOTA AND FECA COFORM DENSI STATISTICS

(oranisms/100 ml)

Station Averae

Toa Coliform

X240 94,000

X260 3, 600

Fecal Coliform

X240 8,300

X260 490

Median

24,000

1,400

5, 300

220

53

Geometric

Mean-: · _

20,000

1, 800

1, 900

320

ow High

200 370,000

360 8,000

10 30, 000

60 1, 700



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DIS SOLVED OXGEN PROJECTIONS

The water quality data described in previous sections of this report

were submitted to analyses in a mathemat ical moel depicting oxygen

balance in streams This particular model is a modification of the

classical Streeter-Phelps formulation for oxygen balance in a stream

This equation includes an additional non-conservative oxygen demand

(Kjeldahl nitrogen), which acts in a similar fashion to the BOD factor in

the original formulation.

Long-term oxygen demand and nitrogen balance deterinations wer

mde on stream and waste source samples to determine a laboratory K-rate

in order to calculate the ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand The

ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand stream prof ile was constructed, and

the stream BOD decay rate determined A similar prof ile of the Kjeldahl

nitrogen yielded the nitrogenous demand decay rate These profiles were

checked by a wastes loadings prof ile All rates were converted from the

stream teperature to 20° c .

Reaeration rates were initially calculated based on the O ' Connor

Dobbins forulation for natural streams using computed reach velocities

and deths · These values were used for initia atc runs but were

then modified somewhat in the final tch run for siplicity in he

projection runs The photosynthetic production of agae is not a fac

in the model No attempt was de to match the dissolved oxygen profieto observed data above or near the saturation value

Survey data indicated an apparent high decay rate for the Kjeldahl

nitrogen portion of the total oxygen demand in the stream reach below

59



the main municipal waste source This high demand rate was indicated

also by the observed dissolved oxygen prof ile Previous work by others

indicated an intensi f ied rate of oxygen demand in this reach ) The

Kjeldahl nitrogen level in this reach had the potential for an abnorml

decay rate With the exception f this reach, a uniform dcay rate was

used throughout the stream A uiform decay rate was used for the car�

bonaceous portion of the total oxygen demand. The resence of significant

algae concentrations as evidence by diurnal dissolve oygen fluctuations

and visual observations of the stream, is believed reponsible for the

anomalous BOD data fund during the 1965 survey Resurveys during 1966

indicated a somewhat different decay rate which more closely resembled

the nitrogen decay rate. This rate was used for the final tch run The

computd mtch run profiles are shown superimposed on te sey data

(Figures 15 and 16) Loadings for the f inal match run are included i

Table 17

The parameters determined for the match run were used to project the

epected dissolved oxygen prof iled for a number of flow and lading

conditions Minor modifications were made for ease in rojection chages

All additional augmentatio was assumed to have the same yield for all

low flow conditions due to the minor increase in flow below the iitial

reach All waste sources were cmbined on a flow basis with the major

muicipal source The concentrations used were those determined durig

the 1965 survey For all projection runs, the initial stream parameters,

with the exception of flow, remained constat

Figures 17 through 20 show computed dissolved oxygen profiles for

the following situations:

60



Figure 17

igure 18

Figure 19

Figure 20

1965 Suer Survey Flow (75 cfs)Temperature ranges - 15° to 30° at o icrementsStream loaigs 1965 - 100%; 1990 316; ad

2020 - 741%

7 Day Oce i 10 Year

Temperature ragesStream loadings 2020 - 741%

1 Day Oce i 10 earTemperature rgesStream loadigs -

2020 - 741%

F 1 OW ( 4] Cf S )

15

°

C to

30

°

at 5

°

icrements1965 - 100%; 1990 - 316%; ad

Flow (38 cfs) 15° to 30° at

0 icrements

1965 - 100%; 1990 - 316%; ad

Augmeted Flow (100 cfs)Temperature rages 15°C to 3C at 0 icremetsStream loadigs - 1965 - 100%; 1990 316%; ad

2020 - 741 %

61



BLE 1 . · FLN VE - LOADNGS FO MTCH UN 96 MODEL

Flow Day BOD ltimate BOD Kje ldahl . Dssolved OxgMGD cfs

mg/ #/day mg/1 #/dy mg/ #/dy mg/ #d

Muncipal Wastes

lint 2. 9 40 l 12 290 is 3240 12. 2690 4 . 0 8lusing . 4 .6 41 137 53 17 1 .2 2 . 0

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SURY AND WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS

Water quality of the Flint R iver Basin is, in generl, good above

and degraded below the City of Flint The upper portion of Karsley

Creek is managed as a trout stream The Flint River provides wate

suply for the City of Flint, with storage in the Hollwy Reservo ir

locted 20 miles upstrem The strem reaches below the municiplities

hve moderate levels of coli form bcteri a Belw the City of Flint,

however, these levels are excessive during the non-chlorination period

The Flint River below Flint hs extreely high levels f nutrients -

levels of nitrte were 2 /1 and phosphte about 4 4 g/1 in 1965

Chloride levels were in excess o f 8 0 mg/1 in this area. A severe dissolve

oxygen depression appears below the Flint sewage treatent plant

he Flint River Basin above the confluence of the South Branch Flint

River is srsely populated, having only two counities North Branch

(832), and Clifford (330) . Lapeer (8, 020) is located idwy up the South

Branch Flint Ri ver Also located in this area is the Lapeer State and

Home Train ing School The only other counity in this art of the basin

is Metamora (390) The counity of Colubiville (78 9) is locted on

the Flint River about 10 iles abve the headwaters of the Holloway

Reervoir. Otisville (70 1) and Otter Lke (523) are two counities in

the Flint River drainage below Holloway Reservoir Kearsley Creek jins

with the Flint River at the City of Flint Ortonville (702) is at its

headwaters, and Davison (1, 745) is on Black Creek near its confluence

with Kearsley Creek Bth counities are upstream of Kearsley Creek

Reservoir, which is a 2, 000 acre feet emergency water supply for the C ity

69



of Flint The City of Flint, in 1960, had a population of 196, 940 and

is the third larges city in Michigan There are nmeros suburbs

located in the mmediate area : Burton Township 29700, Flint Town-

ship 300, Ciy of Flushing 76 1, Mt Morris Township 17, 000,Grand Blanc (1, 565, Grand Blanc Township 640 Frther downstream,

other communities are : Mont;se · 1, 466, and on the tributaries Mt

Morris 3, 484, and Clio 2, 212 The community of New othrop 510)

is loated on Misteuay Creek a tributary to the Fint River nea its

conflence with the Shiawassee River Mistequay Creek jins the natural

channel of the Flint River downstream f the Cutff Canal which diverts

excess flows to the Shawassee River

The follwing counities provide secondary waste reatment Flint,

Flushing, Davison, Lapeer, Lapeer State Home and Training School, and

Swartz Creek The comunities of Colmbiaville and orth Branch have no

formal teatment system, although there are some sewers which d ischarge

raw or semi treated sewage to the Flint River There are a nmbe of

industrial sources in the City o Flint which dscharge directly to

various points along the Flint River These inclde the following divi-

sions of the General Mtors Corporation AC Spark Plug, Buick, Chevrole

Flint, Ternstedt, Chevrolet Assebly Plant and Chevrolet Engine and

Stamping Plant. The Fisher Body Division of General Motors Corporation

is located in he conity of Gran Blanc, and the Parts Division

General Motors Corporation is lcated in the counity of Swartz Creek

All of these indstrial sorces are rated adeqate by the Michigan Water

Resorces Commission The Vgt Packing Company at Grand Blanc is rated

as "providing cntrol, " although the adequacy of control has not been

70



established. Many communities in the basin have jined the Genesee

County-Metropolitan System which has six districts for sanitary sewers

and sewage treatment plants

In February 1965, a reconnaissance survey of the Flint River from

above Columbiaville to its confluence with the Shiawassee River was

conducted Twenty-one locations on 61 miles of stream were sampled

Moderately high bacterial levels were found from Columbiaville to the

Holloway Reservoir, where a decrease in bacterial concentration was

noted High bacterial levels were found below the outfall of the Flint

sewage treatment plant. The bacterial level below Flint declined in the

area of Montrose. A moderate incr ease in concentration was noted in the

lower ten miles of stream although there was an abrupt decrease in the

last two iles belw the Flint River Cutoff Canal. Chloride concentra

tions increased moderately from above Columbiaville to the Cty of Flint,

and mre than doubled at the City of Flint to remain at a high level

throughout the remainder of the stream A severe dissolved oxygen

depletion was noted below the City of Flint. A moderate depression was

noted in the area from above Columbiaville to the Hollway Reservoir An

increase in disslved oxygen ccurred in passage thrugh the reservoir

o locations on the Flint River were sampled routinely by the FWPCA

in 1965 These wee above the City of Flint and at the community of

Montrose he results are indicated on Table 18

The data indicate that a substantial increase occurs in the pollution

level of the river from Flint and the other sources. Chloride level

tripled, the nitrogen levels - nitrate nitrite and ammonia - doubled.

The phosphate levels, however increased 20 times (2 000 percent) from a

71



level of 0 2 mg/1 above Flint to a level of 4 0 mg/1 at Montrose The

increase was even more spectacular during the lower flow periods (summer)

There was not as great a difference in the disolved oxygen and BOD level

of the two locations due to the recovery zone of fifteen miles of stream

passage Bacterial densities increased substantially in the stream

although this increase was predominantly during nondisinfection period

of September to y

An ·dditional location on the Flint River at Flushing downstream

from the Flint sewage treatment plant, was sampled from September to

December 1965 The results are indicated on Table 18

The degraded quality of the river is evident from the data Orgnic

demand is indicated by both the BOD5

and ammonia nitrogen levels

Nutrient levels - nitrate and phosphate increased considerably in the

river ' s passage through the Flint area, with a fiftyfold increase (5,000

percent) in the phosphate concentration. Chlorides increased fourfold ;

dissolved oxygen levels were low even though the sampling period did not

include the high temperature low flow midsummer period Bacterial

densities were high, although the disinfection period was not included

in the survey

Samples were collected on a monthly basis from y to November at

two locations in the Basin These were Farmers Creek at Lapeer and the

headwaters of Swartz Creek near Holly The results of those analyses

are listed on Table 18

The data indicate that there is considerably more pollution entering

Farmers Creek than Swartz Creek, as evidenced by the higher chloride and

phosphate levels he Farmers Creek sampling station was located on the

72



tri_'d, and the phosphates increased from 008 to 70 mg/1 a twenty

fold increase. There was a minor decrease in dissoved oxygen level

Below the Flint sewage treatment lant outfall at a location aboe

the City of Fushing sewage treatment plant, there were excessive increase

in most pollution indicies Chlorides increased to 100 mg/ 1 and remained

at this level downstream Nitrates increased to 2 8 mg/1 as nitrogen Th

total phosphate concentration in the river increased to 1 1 8 mg/1 and

remained at this level for the remainder of the stream The oxidizable

�itrogen concentration increased to 2 mg/1 as nitrogen and accounted

for severe oxygen depletion found in the river at tis point Both the

BOD and COD (chemical oxygen demand) increased t moderate levels of

pollution and continued to increase downstream Bacterial levels indicate

only moderately polluted waters Brent Run, a tributary which oins the

Flint River at Montrose, and which receives the effuent from the Tern

stedt Division, General Motors Corporation, had hig levels of chlorides,

dissolved solids, and conductivity. Both nitrogen and phosphate concen

trations in this stream were hig although BOD and COD levels were low

The dissolved oxygen evel was at saturation

There was considerable diurnal variation in dissolved oxygen at a

stations Maximum variation (10 mg/1) was found in the recovery area near

Montrose. Average daily concentration at this location and at all down

stream locations was above saturation Minimum observed dissolv ed

oxygen 0 8 mg/1 - was just above te Flushing sewage teatment plant

outfal. Average daily concentration at this location was at 35 mg/1

The dissolved oxygen sag from above the City of Flint to this location

showed an average reduction of mg/1 in the stream.

74



The City of lint presently (1965) accounts for in excess of 90

percent of the waste flows in the basin. Present removal fficiency is

in excess of 90 percent for this plant in terms of 5day BOD loadings.

The City of lint currently obtains its water supply from the Flint Rier with return via the l int sewage treatment plant. During the seven da y

once-in�ten year low flow about 88 percent of the river flow yield bel ow

lint would have passed through the sewage treatment plant unless excess ·

water was released from sorage This area is expeted to have a te-in

to the Lake Huron water supply under construction by the City of Detroit.

With water supply from Lake Huron the storage now available in Holloway

Reservoir could sustain a flow of 100 cfs in excess of sewage treatment

plant flows during drought years

The present high ratio of seage treatment plant flow to natural

river flow results n hgh concentrations of nutrents - 10 mg/1 of total

phosphates and 3 mg/1 of nitratenitrogen were found during the 1965

survey, which had an average flow of 75 cfs - about 1-1/2 times the 7 day

once-in-ten-year flow. The concentrations remained at about the same

level throughout the stream to its junction in the Shiawassee lats area

The effect of these nutrients in the lint River was readily apparent

in both the physical observations of algae and in the supersaturated

dissolved oxygen levels caused by photosynthesis. The sewage treatment

plant phosphate level of about 30 mg/1 represents approximately 50 per

cent removal. The l int area d ischarges increased the phosphate level

by about 140 ti mes during the 1965 survey. Phosphate removal of 95

percent (3 mg/1 effluent) would have resulted in a ri ver concentration

of 1.7 mg/1 during the 1965 survey.

5



The principal quality demanding uss f water in the Flint River

Basin are munic ial and industrial water supply, aquatic life, recreation

and aesthetics

The use of the Flint River as a source of water for industrial and

municpal use is expected to decrease considerably with the completion

of the Lake Huron-Fint Project of the Detroit Water Serices A prime

consideration for quality objectives is the impact of the Flint River on

the Saginaw River. The Flint River, with approimatey 24 percent of th

flow, contributes about 50 percent of the phosphate loadings to the

Saginaw River The removal of nutrients and organic materials is desirabl

also to prevent the severe algal blooms which currenty degrade even the

aesthetic quality of the Flint River below Flint

76



Tbe 18 Wte Q y FNT RIV1965

Parer � X29) - Fer ' CrekN vg Lw h Y6 xe_:Av Lv

oed Oyge 0 - -

5day BD 0 .

3-N 4 0 2 0 13

rg 3 02 007

N0N 5 0 2 0 1

02- 4 003 )001.

l OJ! 5 0 3 0 2

l Sol. P04 5 0 .3 0

l Sold 4 424 334

Spended Solds 5 10 1

Vol Sup Solid2

50

er 5 43 24

Peol 0

Hp 5 · 8 1 7 .7

12

- 7

033 14

018 14

o4 14

o.o4 10

0 5 14

_ 0 3 14

481 14

17 14

9 13

, : 67 16

- 15

8 4 16

106

5

0 . 59

026

o 8

002

� ·,

.

394

20

5

28

4

7 .9

6 4

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ioo4

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9

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_ · z eNS A�v Irm Hia

0 -

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3 0 2 5 017 0 .3

3 02 008 0.1

5 0 1 0 1 0

4 002 o oo > 0 0

5 004 0.3

0.04 01

4 399 280 6

5 12 3 2

4 0

5 9 3 1•\

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.

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Tbl 18 tr Qlity (c ' )

Part X20 at FhnN [Av Lw

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id Oyg .2 1 . 8

5-day BD 10 7

NH3-N 5 4 70 3 . 50

Og-N 5 0.55 0. ·5

N0N 6 1 9 o8

02 1 .29 -

.

Ttl PO1 6 9 7 5 9

So. P04 6 7. 4 8

t Solid 50 470

Spdd Solid · o

Vo. Su Solid er 6 92

Po p 1

H 6 " 7 . 4 7 .0

FN RIV

1965

X20 t MntseHigh NS Lw

9 .2 12 9 . 7 5 .2

5 7 6 3

20 14 115 017

9 1 26 .

14 1.9 .7

1 0.06 0 :

152 .5

14 3 .2 0

582 50 358

19 27 2

· 12 8 12 83 28 .

5

6 7 . 8 .4

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77

2

32252

15

8 . 4



(

0

Tble 18 . Watr Qity ( cont 'd ) RV1965

Puie ters

T tl Iron'

sodi

possum

Cac

Mgesium

fate

T Hd.

Coductivty

Tta Cofo

Fca Colif

Fcal ep

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3

5

5 .

6•

6

6

6

6

3

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X25 a shgAvg

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1658

89

226

810! . '

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6

251

1

60

2 10

740

Hgh

2

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2 2

66

25

11

26

900

31;000 17 , 6,00<

88,ooo 3,200 130,00(

420 490 83

X2 Mnoe

NS Avg Lw High.

14 - .00 830

13 62 12 248

13 15 3 3914 62 45 74

14 23 14 45

14 8 9 49 132

14 239 76 32 0

17 70 430 1160

15 4000 400 370,00

13 5 , 30 10 30,0

13 45 . 10 3, 0

NS Avg Lw Hig



NS • • • • • • • • • • •

NOT

tor

W '

Ner o ss

Ci sClFeS04Si

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • •

orideInula

• • • • • • Silic • • • • • ci

T es rerd as 3

• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MesSoiPossio

• • • Bt

igens : nia 3) , orc, ns {N03 dis <) rerte nen eqint N)

ss : rerted s 4

T phosps inclde : oro, bolo, d orc

! soe phosps nclude solle ortho, sle , dsole c

·pK: re n sd s

A re�t coed m lte 1) cept :

phenols d n · • • • • • • • • • mcro r r 1conduct . • • • • • • • mcrs r cr (s/)

cioloial ers

T Colfo )

rer o(

report on water pollution in the lake huron basin (flint river) - december 1966

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