report on km3net activities

Report on KM3NeT Activities

Introduction

Current Deep-Sea Projects

Aiming at a km3 Detector in the Mediterranean

The KM3NeT Design Study

Towards the KM3NeT Collaboration

Summary and Outlook

ApPEC PRC Meeting, Open Session, 20.01.2005, Barcelona:

Uli KatzUniv. Erlangen

20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 2

The Neutrino Telescope World Map


Particle and Astrophysics with Telescopes


String-based detector; Underwater connections

by deep-sea submarine; Downward looking PMs,

axis at 45O to vertical; 2500 m deep.

ANTARES: Detector Design

14.5m

100 m

25 storeys,348 m

Junction Box


ANTARES: Status and Way to Completion

2003: Deployment and operation of two prototype lines.

Several months of data taking.

Technical problems(broken fiber, water leak) → no precise timing,

no reconstruction.

Early 2005: 2 upgradedprototype lines;

Mid-2005: Line 1; 2007: Detector completed.


NESTOR: Rigid Structures Forming Towers

Tower based detector(titanium structures).

Dry connections(recover - connect - redeploy).

Up- and downward looking PMs. 3800 m deep. First floor (reduced size)

deployed & operated in 2003.

32 m diameter30 m between floors144 PMs


NESTOR: Measurement of the Muon Flux

Zenith Angle (degrees)

(1/N

)dN

/dco

s(θ)

M.C. Prediction

Data Points

αo

dNI cos θ

dΩ dt dS

Atmospheric muon flux determination by

reweighting MC simulation to observed raw zenith

distribution using

Result:

= 4.7± 0.5 (stat.)± 0.2 (syst.)

I0 = [ 9.0 x 10-9

± 0.7 x 10-9 (stat.)± 0.4 x 10-9 (syst.)]

cm-2 s-1 sr-1

(754 events)


The NEMO Project

Extensive site exploration(Capo Passero near Catania, depth 3340 m)

R&D towards km3: architecture, mechanical structures, readout, electronics, cables ...

Simulation

Example: Flexible tower

16 arms per tower, 20 m arm length,arms 40 m apart

64 PMs per tower Underwater connections Up- and down-looking PMs


NEMO: Phase-1 Test

Site at 2000 m depth identified.

Test installation foreseen with all critical detector components.

Funding ok. Completion

expected by 2006.


Aiming at a km3-Detector in the Mediterranean

HENAP Report to PaNAGIC, July 2002:

“The observation of cosmic neutrinos above 100 GeV is of great scientific importance. ...“

“... a km3-scale detector in the Northern hemisphere should be built to complement the IceCube detector being constructed at the South Pole.”

“The detector should be of km3-scale, the construction of which is considered technically feasible.”


Scientific Goals

Astronomy via high-energy neutrino observation

- Production of high-energy neutrinos in the universe (acceleration mechanisms, top-down scenarios, . . . );

- Investigation of the nature of astrophysical objects;

- Origin of cosmic rays;

- No extraterrestric high-energy neutrinos observed so far → Predictions have large uncertainties.

Indirect search for dark matter. New discoveries. Associated science.


Sky Coverage of Neutrino Telescopes

Region of sky seen in galactic coordinates assuming 100% efficiency for 2 down.

Not seenMkn 501

Mkn 421

CRAB

SS433

Mkn 501

GX339-4SS433

CRAB

VELA

GalacticCenter

→ We need telescopes in both hemispheres to see the whole sky

South Pole Mediterranean

Not seen


How to Design a km3 Deep-Sea Telescope

A majorR&D project is needed!


Some Key Questions

Which architecture to use? (strings vs. towers vs. new design)

How to get the data to shore?(optical vs. electric, electronics off-shore or on-shore)

How to calibrate the detector?(separation of calibration and detection units?)

Design of photo-detection units?(large vs. several small PMs, directionality, ...)

Deployment technology?(dry vs. wet by ROV/AUV vs. wet from surface)

And finally: The site choice/recommendation!


The KM3NeT Design Study (EU FP6)

Design Study for a Deep-Sea Facility in the Mediterranean for Neutrino Astronomy and Associated Sciences

Initial initiative Sept 2002 (ApPEC meeting, Paris). Intense discussions and coordination meetings

from beginning of 2003 on. VLVT Workshop, Amsterdam, Oct 2003. ApPEC review, Nov 2003. Inclusion of sea science/technology institutes (Jan 2004). Proposal submission 04.03.2004. Evaluation report received June 2004 (overall mark: 88%). Unofficial but reliable message (Sept. 2004):

The KM3NeT Design Study will be funded ! Currently waiting for EU budget allocation

(transfer between calls and from 2006 to 2005).


KM3NeT Design Study Participants

Cyprus: Univ. Cyprus France: CEA/Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3 (CPP Marseille, IreS

Strasbourg), IFREMER Germany: Univ. Erlangen, Univ. Kiel Greece: HCMR, Hellenic Open Univ., NCSR Democritos,

NOA/Nestor, Univ. Athens Italy: CNR/ISMAR, INFN (Univs. Bari, Bologna, Catania, Genova,

Messina, Pisa, Roma-1, LNS Catania, LNF Frascati), INGV, Tecnomare SpA

Netherlands: NIKHEF/FOM Spain: IFIC/CSIC Valencia, Univ. Valencia, UP Valencia UK: Univ. Aberdeen, Univ. Leeds, Univ. Liverpool,

John Moores Univ. Liverpool, Univ. Sheffield

Particle/Astroparticle institutes – Sea science/technology institutes – Coordinator


KM3NeT Design Study: Evaluation Results

Evaluation summary report received in June 2004 Evaluation by 4 independent experts, marks are averages. Results:

- European added value 4.6

- Scientific and technological excellence 4.2“one would have liked to have seen more discussion of their [ANN] results”; “it is quite difficult to ascertain the time scale to reach the goals [of the DS]”

- Relevance to the objectives of the scheme 4.6

- Quality of the management 4.1“the management structure ... appears somewhat complicated”;“invest strong and immediate executive authority ... in one individual”“the budget ... has ... been developed bottom-up, and it looks reasonable”

- Average 4.4... more precisely: 4.375 (87.5%)


Short Summary of the Call Results

Call: FP6-2003-Infrastructures-4

Proposals: 121 (DS+CNI+AM)valid 118 (55 + 34 + 29)below threshold 41above threshold 77

of these on main short list 20on reserve list 6with mark 4.4 4

funded 30 (19 + 9 + 2)DS = Design StudiesCNI = Construction of New InfrastructuresAM = Accompanying Measures

For the 20 projects on main short list:requested funding 95.2 M€ (75.0+20.1+0.1)suggested funding 69.6 M€ (-27%) (53.3+16.2+0.1)

Budget reductions (suggested by panel) very different between projects.


Objectives and Scope of the Design Sudy

Establish path from current projects to KM3NeT:

Critical review of current technical solutions; New developments, thorough tests; Comparative study of sites and recommendation

on site choice (figure of merit: physics sensitivity / €); Assessment of quality control and assurance; Exploration of possible cooperation with industry; Investigation of funding and governance models.

Envisaged time scale of design, construction and operation poses stringent conditions.


Detection principle: water Cherenkov. Location in Europe: in the Mediterranean Sea. Detection view:

maximal angular acceptance for all possible detectable neutrino signals including down-going neutrinos at VHE.

Angular resolution: close to the intrinsic resolution (< 0.1° for muons with E > 10 TeV).

Detection volume: 1 km3, expandable. Lower energy threshold:

a few 100 GeV for upward going neutrinos with the possibility to go lower for from known point sources.

Energy reconstruction: within a factor of 2 for muon events. Reaction types: all neutrino flavors. Duty cycle: close to 100%. Operational lifetime: ≥ 10 years. Cost-effectiveness: < 200 M€ per km3

Design Study Target Values

Most of these parameters need

optimisation !


Design Study & Site Recommendation

Site recommendation is part of the Design Study(the decision may yet be taken on the political level);

Foreseen procedure:- Review and assess all existing data one site parameters

- Perform additional measurements with the same instrumentsat all sites (involves sea science institutes);

- Evaluate physics potential by detailed simulation, taking into account environmental parameters and overall cost (boundary condition);

- Decision on preferred site(s) for CDR (mid-2007);

- Longer-term measurements in second half of Design Study; N detector concepts and M site candidates

→ (N x M)-matrix of “figures of merit” (physics/€)


Exploitation Model

Reconstructed data will be made available to the whole community.

Observation of specific objects with increased sensitivity will be offered(by dedicated adjustment of filter algorithms).

Close relation to space-based observatories will be established (alerts for GRBs, Supernovae etc.).

“Plug-and-play” solutions for detectors of associated sciences.

Reminder: KM3NeT is an infrastructure;Goal: facility exploited in multi-user and

interdisciplinary environment.


Associated Sciences

Great interest in long term deep-sea measurementsin many different scientific communities:- Biology

- Oceanography

- Environmental sciences

- Geology and geophysics

- . . .

Substantial cross-links to ESONET(The European Sea Floor Observatory Network).

Plan: include the associated science communities in the design phase to understand and react to their needs and make use of theirexpertise (e.g. site exploration,

bioluminescence).


KM3NeT Design Study: Resources

Suggested overall budget of the Design Study: 24 M€ (mainly personnel, but also equipment, consumables, travel etc.).

Amount requested from EU: 10 M€;

Estimated overall labor power: ~3500 FTEMs(FTEM = full-time equivalent person month) → 100 persons working full-time over 3 years!

Substantial resources (labor power) additional to those available in the current

pilot projects will be required !


KM3NeT: Time Schedule

Experience from current first generation water neutrino telescopes is a solid basis for the design of the KM3NeT detector.

Interest fades away if KM3NeT comes much later than IceCube (ready by 2010).

Time scale given by "community lifetime" and competition with ice detector

01.01.2006 Start of Design StudyMid-2007 Conceptual Design ReportEnd of 2008 Technical Design Report2009-2013 Construction2010-20XX Operation

Time schedule (optimistic):


The phases of KM3NeT

Phase 1: Pre-negotiation- Starting in Nov. 2004: KM3NeT meeting in Paris;

- Main tasks: preparation of input to negotiations (Annex 1)and establishment of a collaboration-type organizational structure;

- Also: coherent coordination of ongoing efforts (software!); Phase 2: Negotiation

- Requires a series of decisions entailing commitments;

- Includes the exact definition of the management of the Design Study phase (including consortium contract);

Phase 3: Design Study Collaboration- Collaboration with MoU replaced by legally binding contract(s)!

Phase 4: The KM3NeT Infrastructure- ... beyond the scope of detailed action to date.


KM3NeT Collaboration

Decisions taken at the meeting in Paris (Nov. 2004); Organizational structure (phase 1):

- Negotiation Preparation Group (NPG)Same members as Writing Group for proposalIn addition: M.Priede (U. Aberdeen), others by invitation.Task: preparation of Annex 1, consortium agreement

- Major legislative body: General Assembly;One representative per institute;Simple set of rules for phase 1 worked out by NPG.Task: Approval of all documents, commitments, ...

- Coordinator: UK confirmed.- WP responsibles: to be named by “Leading Institutes”

Task: establish communication between WP partners,collect info., contact persons for NPG, WP summaries

- Publication Committee: responsible for “public affairs”.


Modifications for phase 2:- NPG evolves to Negotiation Group (NG)

(new members, financial expert, ...).

- WP responsibles form Steering Committeeaccording to rules of consortium agreement,approval by GA.

Time line:By end of 2004: Nomination of WP resp. where

possible;

24/25 Feb. 2005: First meeting of NPG;

1 March 2005: Nomination of all WP resp., approval by GA;

1 May 2005: WP reports(few pages, detailing plans,

resources, ...);

June 2005: First draft of Annex I, complete set of CPFs;

KM3NeT Collaboration (2)


KM3NeT and ESFRI

ESFRI = European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures: consultations of national and EU representatives“on matters related to infrastructures of European significance”

Task: Produce Road Map of European research infrastructures(no selection or prioritization).

Procedure: 3 Steering groups- Biological and medical sciences- Social sciences and humanities- Physical sciences and engineering.Each Steering Group forms different expert groups (EGs) to produceinput to Road map for special fields

Question 1: In which EG will Astroparticle Physics be included?

Question 2: By what mechanism will representatives of Astroparticle physics in these EGs be nominated?

Process in progress ... next meeting beginning of Feb. 2005.


Summary and Outlook

The Mediterranean-Sea neutrino telescope groupshave united their efforts to prepare togetherthe future, km3-scale deep-sea detector.

An EU-funded Design Study (KM3NeT) will providesubstantial resources for an intense 3-year R&D phase;expected to start by beginning of 2006.

The formation of the KM3NeT Collaboration is ongoing.

The ApPEC recommendations have been taken into account and are a substantial ingredient of the process.

Next political step: Pave the way for KM3NeT funding(EU FP7 & national/regional). Requires presence and support in various bodies and processes (e.g. ESFRI).

report on km3net activities

Documents

km3 detector

km3scale detector

icecube detector

km3net collaborationsummary

km3net activitiesaiming

detector titanium structures

km3net design studytowards

critical detector components