report on interpersonal communication
TRANSCRIPT
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Interpersonal
Communication Prepared by:
Karla Maolen Visbal MA in Speech Communication University of the Philippines Diliman
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What is Interpersonal
Communication?
Interpersonal Communication came from the Latin word “inter”, meaning between.
It pertains to relations between persons. [dictionary.com]
“The dyad [or communication between two people] is the building block of human social interaction.” [Zimmerman, Owen and Seibert, 1986]
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What is Interpersonal
Communication?
“Interpersonal Communication is a
selective, systemic, unique and on-going
process of interaction between people,
who reflect and build personal knowledge
of one another and create shared
meanings.”[Wood, 2002]
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Why do we communicate
to form relationships?
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
“There are many reasons why we seek
interaction, and we meet many human
needs by communicating.” [Maslow, 1968]
“Communication is a primary means of
meeting our needs at each level in the
hierarchy.” [Wood, 2002]
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
Self-Esteem Needs
Belonging Needs
Safety and Protection Needs
Physical Needs for Survival
Most
Abstract
Most Basic
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
At the most basic level, human needs air, food
and water in order to survive.
We rely on communication to communicate
what we need (e.g. a baby crying for milk) or if
something is amiss (e.g. when we are in pain)
Physical Needs for Survival
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
We meet safety needs by communicating
what we need (e.g. fix a leaking roof, report
threats to police or authority, etc.)
News announcements are also made if food
threats or natural calamities are taking place.
Safety and Protection Needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
This may also refer to social needs. We want
other people’s acceptance and affirmation.
We want to be included in groups.
Our fear of rejection prevents us from disclosing
information about ourselves [Powell, 1969]
Belonging Needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Value that we give ourselves and value other
people gives us.
Derived from positive evaluation of other
people.
Self-Esteem
Needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The most abstract human need.
“It is defined as the fully using and developing
our unique talents, capacities and potentials.”
[Maslow, 1970]
Self-
Actualization
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Adler and Towne, 1987
We like people who are similar to us.
We like people who are different from us.
We like people who like us.
We are attracted to people who can help
us.
We like competent people.
We like people who discloses themselves to
us.
We feel strongly towards people we
encounter often.
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A Communication
Continuum
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Interpersonal vs. Impersonal
All communication happens between
people yet many interactions don’t involve
us personally [Wood, 2002]
When we talk about interpersonal
communication, we are referring to the
quality of interaction between individuals
[Adler & Towne, 1987]
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Interpersonal vs. Impersonal
In impersonal interactions, we tend to
classify the other person by using labels.
[Adler & Towne, 1987]
I-IT relationship
We do not acknowledge the humanity of other people, sometimes not even their existence. [Buber, 1970].
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Interpersonal vs. Impersonal
The degree to which the communicators
rely socially constructed rules to interact
with other people determine the degree of
our relationship with other people. [Adler &
Towne, 1987]
I-You relationships
We don’t look at other people as objects, but we don’t see them as unique individuals either. [Buber, 1970].
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Interpersonal vs. Impersonal The amount of information the
communicators have about each other also
determines the level of their relationship with
one another. [Adler & Towne, 1987]
I-Thou relationships
The rarest kind of relationship…the highest form of human dialogue because each person affirms the other as cherished and unique. [Buber, 1970]
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Self-Disclosure in
Relationships
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Self-Disclosure
“It is the process of deliberately revealing
information about oneself that is significant
and that would not normally be known by
others” [Adler & Towne, 1987]
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Levels of Self-Disclosure
Cliché
Facts
Opinions
Feelings
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Stages of Interpersonal
Relationships
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Stages of Interpersonal
Relationships
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Initiating
To show that you are interested in making
contact and to show that you are a person
worth talking to.
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Experimenting
Initially, people tend to look for a common
ground.
The hallmark of this stage is small talk. “Small
talk is like Listerine: we don’t like it but we
get a doze of it everyday” Mark Knapp
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Intensifying
The amount of personal information
disclosed increases.
Forms of addresses become more informal.
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Integrating
As the relationship strengthens, the parties
begin to take on an identity as a social unit.
[Adler & Towne, 1987]
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Bonding
At this stage, parties make symbolic public
gestures to show the world of the
relationship.
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Differentiating
After both parties have established their
commonality, they now seek to re-establish
their individual identities.
The key to successful differentiation is the
need to maintain commitment to a
relationship while creating the space for
members to be individuals as well. [Adler &
Towne, 1987]
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Circumscribing
The communication concentrates more on
superficial and public topics with less
breadth or depth
Communication decreases in amount and
becomes more restricted to certain "safe"
topics
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Stagnating
Communication about the relationship
ceases
Participants may sit in each other's
presence for long periods without
communicating
There is a great amount of tension in the
relationship and it is evident the relationship
is in jeopardy. [Thomlison, 2000]
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Avoiding
Parties in the relationship begin to put distance between each other, sometimes in guises of excuses or more direct “I don’t want to be with/see you today”. [Adler & Towne, 1987]
Includes avoidance of physical contact as well as ignoring the other nonverbally and verbally when they are in the same physical space [Thomlison, 2000]
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Terminating
This final stage may include dialogues of
where the relationship has gone and the
desire to disassociate [Adler & Towne, 1987]
Open access ceases and it is clear the
relationship, in its current form, no longer
exists [Thomlison, 2000]
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Four Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
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Interpersonal Communication
is in-escapable
We constantly communicate with others.
Gestures, posture, facial expressions,
clothing, etc. play a role in substituting
spoken language in its absence
People are judged by behaviour, not by
intent.
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Interpersonal Communication
is irreversible
Messages cannot be taken back once
uttered or shown.
Actions and spoken messages make an
impression that cannot be erased.
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Interpersonal Communication
is complicated
No form of communication is simple.
The number of variables involved can make
the simplest requests complex
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Interpersonal Communication
is complicated
There are 6 people involved when we
communicate:
Who you think you are
Who you think the other person is
Who you think the other person thinks you are
Who the other person thinks he/she is
Who the other person thinks you are
Who the other person thinks you think he is
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Interpersonal Communication
is contextual
Communication does not happen in
isolation; it occurs in different contexts at
the same time.
Psychological Context
Relational Context
Situational Context
Environmental Context
Cultural Context
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Models of Interpersonal
Communication
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Linear Models
Laswell’s Communication Model
Who?
Says what?
To whom?
In what channel?
With what effect?
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Linear Models
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Interactive Models
Adopted from
Schramm’s
Model, 1955
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Transactional Model
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Theories on Interpersonal
Communication
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Confucianism
A study and theory of relationship within
hierarchies.
When each person within a society plays his
or her part well in the social order, social
harmony will be achieved.
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Social Exchange Theory
“Relationships grow, develop and deteriorate
and dissolve as a consequence of an unfolding
social-exchange process…” [Huston & Burgess,
1979]
Also known as the “Theory of Interdependence”
[Thibaut and Kelley,1959]
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Social Penetration Theory
It is customary for the individuals within the
relationship to undergo the process of self-
disclosure [Ledbetter, 2012]
Example: A facebook user’s profile
The user’s level of self-disclosure is directly
related to the level of interdependence
with other people.
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Questions?
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Thank you!
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References
Looking Out/Looking In, by Ronal Adler and Neil Towne, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1987, p. 16-19, p. 278-2-97
Interpersonal Communication: An Everyday Encounter, by Julia Wood, Wadsworth Group, 2002, p. 12-18, p. 28-33
Speech Communication: A Contemporary Introduction, by Gordon Zimmerman, James Owen & David Seibert, West Publishing Company, 1986, p. 205-207
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References
An interpersonal primer with implications for public relations by T. Dean Thomlison 2000
Social Intercourse: From Greeting to Goodbye, by Mark L. Knapp, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978, p. 33
Social Behavior as Exchange, by George Homans, 1958, p. 4
"Attitudes Toward Online Social Connection And Self-Disclosure As Predictors Of Facebook Communication And Relational Closeness.“ by Andrew M. Ledbetter, 2012
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References:
"Confucius". iep.utm.edu. Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved July
25, 2012.
http://www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/dking/interp
r.htm. Retrieved July 27, 2012