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1800s-1900s Revival Architecture

I. Industrial Revolution Era

Introduction

o The rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to

separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist

aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the

rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and

concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical

prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in

the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th

century, for example at Ecole des Beaux Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the

production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects

generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role

from draughtsmen or clerks.

o Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and

consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented

products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under

machine production.

o Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use

current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books

and architectural journals.

Influences

o History

After the Baroque faded slowly away, 18th century architecture consisted primarily of

revivals of previous periods like Baroque, Gothic and Greek.

Began in England in the 18th century also into the 19th and beginning of the 20th

century.

In the late 18th century and into the 19th century, great strides were made in

manufacturing, largely due to innovations in tool making and power driven machinery.

As industry moved from manpower to machine power, these innovations were applied

to the art of architecture.

Countries Involved

o Europe

o France

o Great Britain

o United States

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Architectural Character

o Use of metals, iron, steel,

concrete, etc.

o the notion that "Form follows

function", a dictum originally

expressed by Frank Lloyd Wright's

early mentor Louis Sullivan,

meaning that the result of design

should derive directly from its

purpose

o simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of "unnecessary detail"

o visual expression of structure (as opposed to the hiding of structural elements)

o the related concept of "Truth to materials", meaning that the true nature or natural

appearance of a material ought

to be seen rather than concealed

or altered to represent

something else

o use of industrially-produced

materials; adoption of the

machine aesthetic

o particularly in International Style

modernism, a visual emphasis on

horizontal and vertical lines

o Materials- brick in more colors, artificial stone, wrought and cast iron, glass in many

forms (large sheets) o Construction- use of iron and glass for entire structure or only roof and walls

o Interiors: The new technology improved the quality of life in both work and home emphasizing function, efficiency, and comfort better lighting, heating, and plumbing manufactures produced more furniture, decorative objects, textiles, and wallpaper

The Montevideo halls were buil t in 1895 in a typical ‘Industrial Revolution’- archi tecture s tyle. The Bri tish Army used these sheds in the Antwerp harbour for s torage (butter, thee, cheese, ham, cigarettes , coffee, etc)

until the 1950’s . The halls are long abandoned and will be reconverted soon.

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Examples

Paris Opera by Charles Garnier (1875), France

Reflection

o This time architecture was not boxed in one idea of designing. Upon discovering new

materials and technology they are now enabled to design structures with no li mit, in

terms of height and width. Creating your new style and design is now possible. Unlike

during medieval times that people were only seeing one similar movement of

architecture, similar design solutions and similar architectural approach, industrial

revolution makes differences and now modern concepts that seems to be so impossible

before is now possible. It is the era of possibilities, science and technology where sky is

the limit.

Conclusion

o It is called industrial revolution era because of the advance materials that has been

discovered for construction like concrete, metals, iron, steel, etc. This makes a lot of

difference between the classics and modern. Concepts and philosophy now varies and

new ideas are accepted in the general public. Industrial ism leads to what we have today,

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possibilities are always open. Shapes and designs that seems to be not buildable is really

buildable.

II. Continental

Introduction

o During the Middle Ages, the geography dictated a dispersed economy and population. As a

result, the traditional Norwegian farm culture remained strong, and Norway differed from most

European countries in never adopting feudalism. This, combined with the ready availability of

wood as a building material, ensured that relatively few examples of the Baroque, Renaissance,

and Rococo architecture styles so often built by the ruling classes elsewhere in Europe, were

constructed in Norway.

o Instead, these factors resulted in distinctive traditions in Norwegian vernacular architecture,

which have been preserved in existing farms in the many Norwegian open-air museums that

showcase buildings from the Middle Ages through to the 19th century; prominent examples

include the Norsk Folkemuseum in Oslo and Maihaugenin Lillehammer, as well as extant

buildings still in service on farms such as those in the Heidal valley.

o The Norwegian architects of the 19th century, educated mostly in Germany, were influenced by

the Continental taste, and from the late1880s an intensive building activity transformed the

commercial centre (Kvadraturen) of Christiania into a typical Continental style architecture reflected in the extended use of polished rocks. Also, quite a few facades of

imported German sandstone appeared in Christiania around the turn of the century - amplifying

the Continental influence.

In this setting, however - towards the end of the century, when Norway was on its way to

become a free nation - a rejection of the German influence emerged, especially among the

younger Norwegian architects. By the turn of the century, a change occurred, w ith the

monumental stone architecture of the aspiring nation beginning gradually to show a new style -

simple and honest, presumed to be very "Norwegian". The rock itself is emphasised, and its

qualities are best shown by the rough, uneven-hammered faces of the stones, called "rkopp"

(rubble). The style was strongly influenced by contemporary American and Scottish architecture,

but the rocks came from Norwegian quarries. Important national buildings in Christiania were

erected in this style (e.g., the Government building of Drammen granite and the Bank of Norway

building of larvikite).

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Influences

o History

Influenced by other countries and different styles of architecture

Like, baroque, rococo, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance

Under Danish domination

Example

St Mary's Church in Bergen, an example of Romanesque architecture in

Norway.

Damsgård Manor in Bergen, example of Norwegian rococo

architecture

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Architectural Style

Reflection

o The architecture of Norway has evolved in response to changing economic conditions,

technological advances, demographic fluctuations and cultural shifts. While outside

architectural influences are apparent in much of Norwegian architecture, they have often been

adapted to meet Norwegian climatic conditions, including: harsh winters, high winds and, in

coastal areas, salt spray.

Conclusion

o Norway's architectural trends are also seen to parallel political and societal changes in Norway

over the centuries. Prior to the Viking Age, wooden structures developed into a sophisticated

craft evident in the elegant and effective construction of the Viking longships. Following that,

the ascent of Christianity introduced Romanesque architecture in cathedrals and churches, with

characteristically slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, cruciform piers supporting vaults,

and groin vaults; in large part as a result of religious influence from England.

III. American Architecture

Introduction

o Every house in America is unique. Whether built in 1620 or 1990, it may reflect merely a need to

provide cheap basic housing or more interestingly an understanding of design in a particular

time by its architect or builder. Here we are interested in design styles, where they came from

o The use of natural stone as a building material in "modern" Norwegian architecture was introduced when

dressed blocks of syenite were applied as foundation of The Royal Castle in Christiania in the 1820s.

o The style was strongly influenced by contemporary American and Scottish architecture, but the rocks came

from Norwegian quarries. Important national buildings in Christiania were erected in this style (e.g., the

Government building of Drammen granite and the Bank of Norway building of larvikite).

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and how they developed into the mainstream of American housing. The house you live in fits

somewhere in this continuum, which is not a progression from basic to stylish, but merely a

story of change and new ideas.

o American architecture was greatly influenced by European Styles, they are fond of making

revivals but still there are a lot of American architects who make their name in architectural

world and one of them is Frank Lloyd Wright who is known to be the Father of Architecture in

US.

Architectural Character

Chronology Of Styles

In American Architecture

The Eighteenth Century:

Neoclassicism (c.1780-1820)

There are several variations: Federalist: Especially common in New England; a traditionalist approach to classicism, heavily influenced by English models. Charles Bulfinch, Samuel MacIntyre. Idealist: An intellectual and moral approach to classicism, at first linked to Roman models. Symbolic and associational values stressed. Best example: Thomas Jefferson. Rationalist: Emphasized structure and classical building techniques, such as stone vaulting and domes. Benjamin Latrobe.

Thomas Jefferson's Monticello: One of the finest

examples of neoclassical architecture in the USA provides tangible proof that the Enlightenment was not confined to England

The Nineteenth Century:

The period is characterized by Romantic revivals and eclecticism.

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Greek Revival (1818-1850)

The first truly national style in the United States. Strong associational

values. Permeated all levels of building.

The Greek revival architecture of the Treasury Building, Washington. .Department of the Treasury information

Synagogue in Char leston, South Carolina

Gothic Revival (c.1820-1860)

Strong associational values of religion and nature. Found in both ecclesiastical and residential architecture. A wide range of archaeological accuracy, from Richard Upjohn's urban churches to "Carpenter's Gothic" cottages.

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Cologne Cathedral, completed in 1880 (though construction started in

1248) with a façade 157 meters tall and a nave 43 meters tall. Gothic revival.

The "Corporate Style" (c.1800-1900)

Practical architecture for engineering and commercial purposes; especially early factories. In its time thought to be a "style-less style."

Egyptian Revival (1820-1850)

Used primarily for memorials, cemetaries, prisons, and, later, warehouses.

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Italianate, or Italian Villa Mode (1840-1860)

A residential style used by A.J. Downing and others; a Renaissance revival.

Second Empire Baroque (1860-1880)

French origin; used for public and residential architecture.

High Victorian Gothic (1860-1880)

English origin; used for ecclesiastical, public, and residential architecture.

Richardsonian Romanesque (1870-1895)

Shingle Style (1879-1900)

Used for residential architecture.

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Chicago School (1885-1915)

Commercial architecture; skyscrapers.

New York Style Skyscrapers (1875-1910)

Typically use a historical style; block and tower format.

Empire State Building

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Classical Revival (1885-1920)

Also called Academic Classicism, or Beaux-Arts Classicism. Related revivals: Renaissance, French Renaissance, Flemish.

Classical Revival

Classical Revival

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Gothic (Collegiate Gothic) (1885-1930)

Boston College is a good early (1913) example.

Influences

o English Colonial

o The first settlers on the eastern seaboard were from England. Although others followed

particularly from France, Germany, and Scandinavia, the English prevailed in language,

custom, and architecture.

o The first residential buildings were Medieval in style because that is all the settlers

knew. Houses in England, since at least the 13th century had been timber framed,

because there was an abundance of oak. The timber frame was made from halved, or

cleft, timbers rather than complete logs. The gaps between timbers were infilled with

panels, saplings woven into flat mats and covered in clay, called "wattle and dob."

Roofs were made of thatch. Colonist brought this method to America: a timber frame

with a skin made of local materials, in New England, wood, and in Virginia, brick.

o The first basic house, in the 1600s, was a one story two room (hall and parlor) house

with a central chimney. This evolved into a two story, four room building. By 1700, the

salt-box evolved with a shed-like addition on the back. By 1740, the shed had become a

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full story, or a four-on-four room house. This, with a central hall with stair case, is the

basic plan outline. The standard Colonial design, with a symmetrical front -- with a

central door and two windows on either side, and five windows across the second floor

-- remains the most popular architectural plan in the United States today. It traveled

west with the pioneers.

o In New England, there was usually one chimney in the middle. In Virginia and the

Southern colonies, there were often two chimneys -- one at either end of the house -- to

direct the heat outwards. Today, a standard Colonial design has one chimney located

conveniently to provide for the hearth in the living room and the furnace beneath it in

the basement.

o As settlers had began to think about aesthetics over basic shelter, and their houses were

evolving from one and two room shelters, they looked to England for new ideas.

England was ablaze with exciting architectural development. London had burned in

1666, and Christopher Wren was instrumental in its rebuilding. The style he and his

predecessor, Indigo Jones, introduced is now called Baroque.

o Wren was greatly influenced by the work of Andrea Palladio (1508-1580),

unquestionably the most influential architect of the Renaissance and perhaps the first

architect in the modern sense in that he devoted himself entirely to architecture and

not the other arts as did Michelangelo. He built palaces, churches, public works such as

bridges, and many country villas throughout Vicenza in Italy. He also published his work

in I Quattro Libri dellíArchitectura, which was published and available by 1680 to those

rebuilding London.

o Christopher Wren, James Gibbs, and Robert Adam had a tremendous influence on

architecture in the thirteen colonies. They were developing architectural theories based

not only on Palladio, but also on the new discovery of Roman and eventually Greek

ruins. They espoused ideas of geometry, relationship, and proportions in architecture.

o From 1700 to 1776, when the colonists on the eastern seaboard were establishing a civil

society, the architectural life in England was vibrant, and the excitement crossed the

ocean. Builders in America had access to books describing this new architecture, and

they used them.

o Dutch Colonial

o The Dutch influence on American colonial architecture can be found in New York City

and surrounding areas in New Jersey, on Long Island and along the Hudson River.

o French Colonial

o In the Louisana territory, houses were built in the French style. Surviving structures can

be best seen in New Orleans and in rural Louisiana along the Mississippi River. The

plantation houses are timber framed structures feasturing tall and steeply pitched

hipped roofs characteristic of rural French manor houses. They are adapted to the sub-

tropical Louisiana in two ways: the main living area, built of heavy interlocked timbers,

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was built on a very tall brick foundation to protect the house from the periodical river

flooding; and, the houses were usually surrounded by wide porches, or galeries, to

provide refreshingly cool yet sheltered outdoor living during the summer months.

Characteristic are extensive porches and no halls. They are graced with French doors

from every room to the porch.

o Spanish Colonial

o Florida and the Southwest offered few of the riches to the Spanish Empire as Mexico

and Peru and were sparsely settled by missionaries and military men to serve as buffers

to French and English expansion. However, by the time settlers arrived in Virginia and

Massachusetts in the early 1600s, the Spanish Empire had been thriving for more than a

century. Today few buildings from this era survive, except for the mission chapels in

California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Most colonial houses were modest

structures of adobe and stone. The Governors palaces in Santa Fe, New Mexico and San

Antonio, Texas, however, offer brief glimpses into the original Spanish colonial

architecture.

Countries Involved

o America

Examples

Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright

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Marble House, 1892, Richard Morris Hunt, archi tect.

Reflection

o Many styles and revivals were developed during these times. They tend to make their

own marks in different classical buildings. All over the world, from different continents,

Europe, Asia, Africa and America, they combine gathered different styles then combined

it together to make new styles and revival architecture.

o Influences from colonials before greatly influenced their styles and from that they were

able to make their own styles and revival. Although revivals were made, it can still be

possible to differentiate revivals from the classics.

Conclusion

o American Architecture was full of revivals during these times residential and

institutional buildings were built more than churches unlike the original classics that

were focused greatly on churches and castles. Americans try to make classical structures

in their own way. Popular movement was made by the greatest American architect of all

time named Frank Lloyd Wright is called Organicism were form follows nature. It is said

that architecture should always be harmonized with nature and geometrical shapes

were also pointed out.

TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURE 1900S-1800S

Revival Architecture (Industrial Revolution Era, Continental And American Architecture)

1900s

1909 - Frank Lloyd Wright completes the Robie House near Chicago.

1908 - Adolf Loos publishes his essay "Ornament and Crime".

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1907 - Gaudí completes the Casa Batlló in Barcelona.

1906 - Lucien Weissenburger completes his own house, a striking example of the Art

Nouveau style in Nancy, France.

1905 - Wright designs Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois.

1904 - Otto Wagner completes his Post Office Savings Bank Building in Vienna.

1903 - Josef Hoffmann finishes the Moser House in Vienna.

1902 - Otto Wagner's Viennese Stadtbahn railway system is completed.

1901 - Peter Behrens completes his house at the Art Nouveau colony at Darmstadt, Germany.

1900 - The Gare d'Orsay, now the famous Musée d'Orsay, is built in Paris by Victor Laloux.

1890s

1899 - Hector Guimard is commissioned to design the edicules for the Paris Métropolitain, which

have become a hallmark of Art Nouveau design.

1898 - Victor Horta designs his own house, now the Horta Museum.

1897 - Hendrik Berlage designs his Amsterdam Stock Exchange.

1896 - Eugène Vallin completes his own house and studio in Nancy (France), which is the first of

many Art Nouveau structures built there by the members of the École de Nancy.

1895 - The Biltmore Estate, the largest house in the USA, is completed for the Vanderbilt

family in Asheville, North Carolina.

1894 - Louis Sullivan builds the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, NY, USA.

1893 - Victor Horta builds what is widely considered the first full-fledged Art Nouveau structure,

the Hôtel Tassel, in Brussels.

1892 - Modernist architect Richard Neutra is born.

1891 - Louis Sullivan completes his Wainwright Building in Saint Louis.

1890 - Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler build the Auditorium Building in Chicago.

1880s

1889 - The 1889 Paris exhibition showcases some of the new technologies of iron, steel, and

glass, including the Eiffel Tower.

1888 - The Exposición Universal de Barcelona (1888) displays many buildings by Lluís Domènech

i Montaner and other Catalan architects.

1887 - H. H. Richardson's Marshall Field Store in Chicago is completed.

1886 - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is born.

1885 - William Le Baron Jenney builds the first metal-frame skyscraper, the Home Insurance

Building, in Chicago.

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1884 - Gaudí is given the commission for the Sagrada Família in Barcelona, which he will work on

until 1926.

1883 - Antoni Gaudí completes his Casa Vicens in Barcelona.

1882 -

1881 - The Natural History Museum in London opens.

1880 - Cologne Cathedral is finally completed after 632 years.

1870s

1879 - Louis Sullivan joins Dankmar Adler's firm in Chicago.

1878 - Work begins on the Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria, designed by Georg Dollman.

1877 - St Pancras railway station in London, by Sir George Gilbert Scott, is completed.

1876 - Construction is finished on the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, designed by Gottfried Semper.

1875 - The Opéra Garnier is completed in Paris.

1874 - Completion of the California State Capitol in Sacramento, California.

1873 - Scots' Church in Melbourne, Australia is finished.

1872 - The Albert Memorial in London, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, is opened.

1871 - The Great Chicago Fire destroys most of the city, sparking a building boom there.

1870 - Birth of Adolf Loos.

1860s

1869 - Birth of Georges Biet.

1868 - Peter Behrens is born.

1868 - The Gyeongbokgung of Korea is reconstructed.

1867 - Frank LLoyd Wright is born. William Le Baron Jenney opens his architectural practice in

Chicago.

1866 - Completion of the St Pancras Hotel in London by Sir George Gilbert Scott.

1865 - Birth of French architect Paul Charbonnier.

1864 - French Art Nouveau architect Jules Lavirotte is born.

1863 - U. S. Capitol building dome in Washington, D.C., is completed.

1862 - Construction begins on Henri Labrouste's reading room at the Bibliothèque Nationale de

France (site Richelieu).

1861 - Victor Horta is born.

1860 - Construction on Longwood, the largest octagonal residence in the USA, is begun

in Natchez, Mississippi.

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1850s

1859 - Birth of Louis Majorelle and Cass Gilbert.

1858 - The competition to design Central Park in New York is won by Frederick Law

Olmsted and Calvert Vaux.

1857 - Founding of the American Institute of Architects.

1856 - Louis Sullivan and Eugène Vallin are born.

1855 - The Palais d'Industrie is built for the World's Fair in Paris.

1854 -

1853 - Baron Haussmann becomes prefect of the Seine département and begins his vast

urban renovations of Paris.

1852 - Antoni Gaudí is born.

1851 - The Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton.

1850 - Lluis Domènech í Montaner and John W. Root are born.

1840s

1849 - John Ruskin's The Seven Lamps of Architecture is published.

1848 - Construction begins on the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., though it will

not be completed until 1885.

1847 - August 24, birth of Charles Follen McKim (died 1909).

1846 - September 4, birth of Daniel Burnham of the firm Burnham and Root.

1845 - Trafalgar Square in London, designed by Charles Barry and John Nash, is completed.

1844 - Uspensky Cathedral in Kharkiv, Ukraine is completed.

1843 - Construction begins on Henri Labrouste's Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris.

1842 - The Église de la Madeleine is finally consecrated in Paris as a church.

1841 - Birth of Otto Wagner.

1840 - Construction begins on the Houses of Parliament in London, designed by Sir Charles

Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin.

1830s

1839 - Birth of Frank Furness in Philadelphia.

1838 - Rideau Hall is built by Scottish architect Thomas McKay.

1837 - The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is founded.

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1836 - A.W.N. Pugin publishes his Contrasts, a treatise on the morality of Catholic, Gothic

architecture.

1835 - The New Orleans Mint, Dahlonega Mint, and Charlotte Mint are all designed by William

Strickland and begin producing coins in three years.

1834 - Alfred B. Mullet, designer of both the San Francisco and the Carson City Mints in the USA,

is born in Britain.

1833 - William Strickland completes the first Philadelphia Mint building.

1832 - William Le Baron Jenney is born.

1831 -

1830 - The Altes Museum in Berlin, designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, is completed after seven

years of construction.

1820s

1829 - The panopticon-design Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, designed by John

Havilland, opens.

1828 - Completion of the Marble Arch in London, designed by John Nash.

1827 - William Burges, Gothic Revival architect in Britain, is born.

1826 - The Menai Suspension Bridge over the Menai Strait, in Wales, designed by Thomas

Telford, is completed.

1825 - The front and rear porticoes of the White House are added to the building.

1824 - The Shelbourne Hotel in Dublin, Ireland is completed.

1823 - Work begins on the British Museum in London, designed by (Sir) Robert Smirke.

1822 - Birth of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.

1821 - Karl Friedrich Schinkel completeds his Schauspielhaus in Berlin.

1820 - Death of Benjamin Latrobe.

1810s

1819 - Birth of Sir Horace Jones.

1818 - Birth of American architect James Renwick, Jr.

1817 - Dulwich Picture Gallery in London is designed by Sir John Soane as the first purpose-built

art gallery.

1816 - Regent's Bridge, crossing the River Thames in central London, designed by James Walker,

was opened.

1815 - Brighton Pavilion is redesigned by John Nash for the future King George IV.

1814 - British troops burn the White House in Washington, D.C., gutting it completely.

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1813 - Death of Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart.

1812 - The Egyptian Hall in London, designed by P. F. Robinson, is completed.

1811 - The United States Capitol, designed by Benjamin Latrobe is completed.

1810 -

1800s

1809 - Birth of city planner Baron Haussmann.

1808 - Construction begins on the Paris Bourse, designed by Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart.

1807 - The Templo de Nuestra Señora del Carmen in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico is completed.

1806 - Arc de Triomphe, Paris from Jean Chalgrin commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte.

1805 - The Ellesmere Canal, designed by Thomas Telford, is completed.

1804 - Completion of the Government House in the Bahamas.

1803 - The Raj Bhavan in Kolkata, West Bengal, India is finished.

1802 - The Temple of Saint Philip Neri in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico is completed.

1801 - Birth of Henri Labrouste.

1800 - The White House in Washington D.C. is completed by team of client George Washington,

planner Pierre L'Enfant, and architect James Hoban.