report of the nicole workshop...nicole, nicole members have been involved in the initiation,...

REPORT OF THE NICOLE WORKSHOP NICOLE Projects Reporting Day 13th February 2004 Runcorn, UK Compiled by Paul Bardos, NICOLE Information Manager r3 Environmental Technology Limited www.r3environmental.com

REPORT OF THE NICOLE WORKSHOP: NICOLE Projects Reporting Day, Runcorn, UK, February 2004

NICOLE (Network for Contaminated Land in Europe) was set up in 1995 as a result of the CEFIC “SUSTECH” programme which promotes co-operation between industry andacademia on the development of sustainable technologies. NICOLE is the principal forumthat European business uses to develop and influence the state of the art in contaminated land management in Europe. NICOLE was created to bring together problem holders andresearchers throughout Europe who are interested in all aspects of contaminated land. It isopen to public and private sector organisations. NICOLE was initiated as a Concerted Action within the European Commission’s Environment and Climate RTD Programme in1996. It has been self-funding since February 1999. NICOLE’s overall objectives are to: •

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Provide a European forum for the dissemination and exchange of knowledge and ideas aboutcontaminated land arising from industrial and commercial activities;

Identify research needs and promote collaborative research that will enable European industry toidentify, assess and manage contaminated sites more efficiently and cost-effectively; and

Collaborate with other international networks inside and outside Europe and encompass the views of a wide a range of interest groups and stakeholders (for example, land developers, local/regional authoritiesand the insurance/financial investment community). NICOLE currently has 156 members. Membership fees are used to support and further the aims of the network, including: technical exchanges, network conferences, special interest meetings, brokerage ofresearch and research contacts and information dissemination via a web site, newsletter and journalpublications. NICOLE includes an Industry Subgroup (ISG) – with 25 members; a Service ProvidersSubgroup (SPG) with 36 members; 77 individual members from the academic sector/research community; and 14 members from other organisations, including research planners, non-profit making organisations,other networks, funding organisations. Some members are involved in both the ISG and the SPG. For further general information, further meeting reports, network information and links to contaminated landrelated web sites, please visit NICOLE's web site: www.nicole.org. Membership fees are currently 3,500 EURO per year for companies (1,750 EURO for smes), and 150EURO per year for academic institutions. For membership requests please contact: Ms Marjan Euser

Secretariat NICOLE C/o TNO MEP PO Box 342 7300 AH Apeldoorn The Netherlands

Tel: + 31 55 5493 927 Fax: +31 55 5493 231 E-mail : [email protected]

Acknowledgements NICOLE gratefully acknowledges: • the support for this workshop given by ICI Runcorn • the speakers at the meeting for their presentations and comments on this report • the overall assistance of the NICOLE Steering Group and NICOLE Secretariats


Executive Summary Management of contaminated land is an important issue throughout Europe, and one that involves many stakeholders: governments, regulatory bodies, the community, industry and the wide range of researchers and service providers who support the process. NICOLE supports two workshops a year and produces a meeting report for each. In 2004 NICOLE also held a project meeting for both NICOLE projects and EC-funded projects with a strong NICOLE connection, or connection with NICOLE members. This report provides summaries of the papers given at this meeting, along with a brief discussion based on points raised during the meeting, and comments from a number of delegates after the meeting. Projects In 1993, ICI initiated “Project Pathway”, when ICI began a voluntary assessment of the legacy of 160 years of industrial activity on and around the Runcorn manufacturing site. Project Pathway’s aim was to investigate whether these historic activities could pose an unacceptable risk to people or the environment. The presentation focused on the risk management and community work that took place at the village of Weston, resulting from this assessment project. The PURE project (protection of groundwater resources at contaminated sites) aims to: (a) provide innovative, cost effective, widely applicable solutions to prevent pollution of groundwater from industrial sites (b) bring together problem owners, service providers, end users and research and development performers and (c) develop methods and / or techniques for contaminated land management with the goal of achieving cost savings for site characterization (20 %) and site remediation (20-40%). Two presentations focused on innovative in situ techniques developed by PURE – steam enhanced soil venting and co-solvent flushing, and the PURE “ABC” decision support tool. A NICOLE-sponsored study to evaluate the risk assessment models currently in use throughout Europe was completed in 2003. An interim presentation was made, pending publication of the project’s final report. CORONA is a European research project which attempts to build confidence in forecasting natural attenuation. The intention is to provide more quantitative, but relatively user-friendly, descriptions of degrading pollution plumes. For decision-making a predictive tool is needed, but predictions are generally based on qualitative assessments. Most quantitative methods measure history, they do not make future predictions. The goal of CORONA is to deliver a predictive performance model based on dominant processes within plumes. www.shef.ac.uk/corona. NICOLE began an monitored natural attenuation (MNA) project in 1997, with a review of available information to provide technical guidance for the risk-based application of MNA, and so promote acceptance of MNA as a cost-effective and environmentally sound solution for contaminated sites. Further work describing a case study project reviewing MNA opportunities at eleven sites across Europe was presented. www.nicole.org The “Bridging GAPS” project is a joint study of the NICOLE and SENSPOL networks and started in September 2002, and was initiated to bring developers and users together, to share expertise, to identify potential technologies, and to stimulate the application in the field of sensor-based site characterisation and monitoring for contaminated land. www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech.senspol.htm The aim of the INCORE project has been to provide a cost-efficient set of tools management tools to optimise the investigation, evaluation, remediation and management of contaminated groundwater and land in urban industrial areas, taking into account regional aspects such as complex land-use patterns,


land-use specific contamination, and the extent of urban industrial areas. www.uw-d.de/incore/summary.htm The JOINT project seeks to promote the combination of single results of RTD-activities to a single integrated approach to support their practical implementation, and so promote the development of groundwater quality across the EU. JOINT uses peer review and meetings to develop an overall concept into which specific research results can be mapped for the benefit of risk management and resource management approaches, linking existing research projects and networks. www.eugris.org. CABERNET, the Concerted Action on Brownfield and Economic Regeneration Network, is a European multidisciplinary expert network that is working to facilitate sustainable solutions for urban brownfields which enhance social wellbeing, environment quality and economic regeneration. Its vision is to: Enhance rehabilitation of brownfield sites, within the context of sustainable development of European cities, by the provision of an intellectual framework for coordinated research and development of tools.www.cabernet.org.uk EUGRIS is a project to develop an information gateway on the Internet, i.e. a web-based user-friendly information platform for contaminated land and groundwater information. EUGRIS is an Accompanying Measure Project under the Key Action Water of the Fifth Framework Programme. It is funded by the European Commission from March 2003 up to August 2005, and by matching contributions in money and in kind from a number of national Public and Private sector organisations. www.eugris.org. Concluding Points The presentations at the Runcorn meeting focused on highlighting practical solutions underpinned by good science and logic. Whilst it would be unfair to attribute all of the facilitation of these projects to NICOLE, NICOLE members have been involved in the initiation, development and execution of all of them, and the NICOLE connection helps ensure that individual projects deliver meaningful outputs that will be of use to contaminated land problem holders. The project meeting demonstrated the value of sharing information from projects at an interim stage, and the importance of constructive criticism and debate about projects while they are in progress. NICOLE needs to find a way of capturing both interim and final information from these projects in a way that maximises its value to NICOLE members, and keeps the work of these projects in the attention and thinking of practioners who stand to benefit from any new advances. Several EC-funded projects support this goal: EUGRIS, JOINT and IMAGETRAIN (see www.eugris.org for more information on these projects). Three other EC projects that are in negotiation will also support this goal:

• SNOWMAN – which seeks to establish a common platform for national research funders supporting contaminated land and groundwater research

• EURODEMO – which seeks to establish a Europe-wide platform for demonstration practices and case studies for contaminated land and groundwater management, and

• AQUATERRA – a fifteen million EURO integrated research project which seeks to develop and integrate soil and water research to provide a comprehensive concept for integrated river basin management and a clear understanding of individual techniques and modelling approaches for collecting river basin management information.

The EC has also published its Environmental Technologies Action Programme1 which seeks to stimulate the uptake of environmental technologies which been developed and are seen as having enhanced benefits, but which have yet to make a significant market penetration. 1 ETAP – The Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the EU - Com (2004) 38 Final, 28 January 2004, available from: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/etap/etap.htm


NICOLE’s perspective differs from that of researchers, research funders and regulators in that it is necessarily much more applied in the sense of technical performance, economic performance and sustainability. In fact this applied approach is one that these other stakeholder groups look to NICOLE to provide. Of specific concern to many NICOLE members is that regulations intended to support environmental improvement have also stifled, limited, or may yet stifle, innovation in developing the range of options available for site management, for example:

• the potential impacts of the Groundwater Daughter Directive on in situ groundwater treatments

• limiting the use of removal to landfill, which may make some site redevelopments uneconomic, so stalling brownfield re-use and stimulating Greenfield development).

The Runcorn meeting included presentations about several information tools. The critical problem for these information tools is to manage their ongoing updating and maintenance in a field which continues to change rapidly. NICOLE will need to consider how it can best support and link with the EC projects focusing on information networking, and developing more integrated approaches to soil and water management. NICOLE’s research resources, and the resources of its members, are limited. It is therefore much better for NICOLE to operate in partnership with existing EC initiatives, and to find a way in which its know-how and resources can maximise the benefits of these initiatives for its membership. NICOLE members at this meeting have also commented that a similar event where NICOLE members could present information about their non EC-funded research would be beneficial. Indeed such a meeting might fit well with the aims of the forthcoming SNOWMAN project. Another suggestion was that NICOLE might aim for a special session or supported session in the Consoil 2005 meeting to showcase the project it and its members have been involved in. This effort could be accompanied by the development of a “NICOLE toolbox” for its members to make best use of current research outputs. Monitored natural attenuation will clearly have an important place in this toolbox. The full report provides summaries of the papers given, along with a discussion based on points raised

during the meeting, and comments from a number of delegates after the meeting.


Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

1 INTRODUCTION 7

2 PRESENTATIONS 7 Project Pathway – Weston Quarries, a case study, Richard Moss, ICI, UK 7 PURE-Project 1 - Protection of groundwater resources at contaminated sites: newly developed innovative in situ remediation technologies:, steam-air injection in the saturated zone and co-solvent flooding, Hans-Peter Koschitzky, Oliver Trötschler, Karolin Weber University of Stuttgart/VEGAS, Germany 11 PURE-project 2 - Protection of groundwater resources at contaminated sites : a decision support system for choosing an in situ remediation technique, Anja Sinke and Hans van Duijne, TNO, the Netherlands 14 Evaluation of European Risk Assessment Models, Terry Walden, BP International, London 17 CORONA: Strengthening the scientific base of monitored natural attenuation as a feasible soil remediation strategy, David Lerner, University of Sheffield, UK 18 MNA – Demonstration Project, investigating monitored natural attenuation at various industrial sites in Europe, Anja Sinke, TNO, the Netherlands 19 Bridging GAPS / SENSPOL: Innovative rapid site assessment technologies for soil and groundwater investigation Derk van Ree, Geodelft, the Netherlands and Dr. S. Alcock, Cranfield University UK. 21 INCORE Integrated Concept For Groundwater Remediation, Thomas Ertel, UW- Umweltwirtschaft GmbH, Friolzheimerstr, Germany. 23 JOINT - Joint Technical Approach for Soil and Groundwater Quality Management, Thomas Ertel, UW- Umweltwirtschaft GmbH, Germany 25 CABERNET and the Sustainable Regeneration of European Urban Brownfields, Kate Millar, Paul Nathanail, Land Quality Management Limited, UK; Uwe Ferber, Projektgruppe Stadt and Entwicklung, Ferber, Graumann und Partner, Germany, Detlef Grimski, Umweltbundesamt, Germany 27 EUGRIS project “European groundwater and contaminated land remediation information system”, Paul Bardos, r3 environmental technology limited, UK. 31

3 CONCLUSIONS 36

ANNEX 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 38


1 Introduction Management of contaminated land is an important issue throughout Europe, and one that involves many stakeholders: governments, regulatory bodies, the community, industry and the wide range of researchers and service providers who support the process. NICOLE supports two workshops a year and produces a meeting report for each. In 2004 NICOLE also held a project meeting for both NICOLE projects and EC-funded projects with a strong NICOLE connection, or connection with NICOLE members. This report provides summaries of the papers given at this meeting, along with a brief discussion based on points raised during the meeting, and comments from a number of delegates after the meeting. Past events and future workshops are listed in Table 1. Further information, for example reports or registration forms, are available on the NICOLE web site: www.nicole.org.

2 Presentations Project Pathway – Weston Quarries, a case study, Richard Moss, ICI, UK The ICI Runcorn site was part of ICI from 1926 to 2001, although the site has been industrial use from the nineteenth century, and has a 160 year chemical manufacturing history. ICI’s main business at Runcorn was manufacture of chlorine and its derivatives, which was sold to Ineos in January 2001. The site is in North West England situated on the River Mersey. The village of Weston is within a mile of the Runcorn site. The village includes approximately 500 residential properties and has approximately 1,000 inhabitants. Weston quarries, located between the main village and the manufacturing site, were infilled with wastes from the Runcorn site and are now used as grazing land (see Figure 1). In 1993 ICI initiated “Project Pathway”, when ICI began a voluntary assessment of the legacy of 160 years of industrial activity on and around the Runcorn manufacturing site. Project Pathway’s aim was to investigate whether these historic activities could pose an unacceptable risk to people or the environment. During this assessment, ICI identified there was potential for environmental impact arising from the historic waste disposal activity at Weston Quarries. Following further technical investigation, it was found that subsurface migration of chemical vapour was affecting neighbouring properties. Weston Quarries are located on a sandstone bluff (Triassic sandstone), with the water table around 70 m below ground level. Sandstone quarrying took place to a depth of around 30 m below the ground surface. The quarries are several hectares in area. A review of the history of chemical manufacture and waste disposal activities in the area found that after the main quarrying ceased in the early 1900s, the quarries had been used for disposal of industrial and chemical wastes including chlorinated hydrocarbons. Initial site investigations provided information on the site geology, contaminant sources and the potential contaminant migration pathways. A review of this information identified subsurface vapour transport of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons through the relatively air-permeable vadose zone in the sandstone as a potentially significant contaminant migration pathway (see Figure 2). As a result of this finding a package of work was implemented to assess the significance of this potential contaminant migration pathway. A network of vapour monitoring wells (VMWs) was installed around North and South Quarry between the source and the adjacent housing. Subsequently, hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was measured in these VMWs wells at concentrations that gave rise to concern over their potential to affect indoor air quality in nearest properties.

http://www.nicole.org/


Table 1: Recent and Forthcoming NICOLE Events and Publications

Date Event / Report 13-14 May 2004 Forthcoming NICOLE Workshop: Sediments, Sludges and Ecological Risk

Assessment", at Dechema in Frankfurt, Germany - see www.nicole.org knowledge base 29-31 October 2003 Report of the NICOLE Workshop: Sharing experiences in the management of

megasites: towards a sustainable approach in land management of industrially contaminated areas, see www.nicole.org knowledge base

September 2003 NICOLE News 2003 issue, Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base 12 – 14 March 2003 Report of the NICOLE Workshop: Management of Contaminated Land towards a

Sustainable Future: Opportunities, Challenges and Barriers for the Sustainable Management of Contaminated Land in Europe, Barcelona, Spain see www.nicole.org knowledge base and Land Contamination and Reclamation 11 (3) 366-395

6 - 7 November 2002

Report of the NICOLE Workshop: Financial Aspects of Site Restoration with an Emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe, 6 - 7 November 2002, Budapest. Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base, and Land Contamination and Reclamation 11 (3) 366-395

September 2002 NICOLE News 2002 issue, Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base 18 – 19 April 2002 Report of the NICOLE Workshop: Cost-effective Site Characterisation - Dealing with

uncertainties, innovation, legislation constraints, 18-19 April 2002, Pisa. Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base, and Land Contamination & Reclamation 10 (3) 189-219

14-15 November 2001

Report of the NICOLE workshop: ICT/Computing applied to contaminated land characterisation /remediation and MNA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Port of Rotterdam) in conjunction with the Network on Natural Attenuation in Groundwater and Soil (NNAGS). Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base 7, and Land Contamination & Reclamation 10 (1) 33-59

October 2001 NICOLE News 2001 issue, Web link: www.nicole.org Information Gateway: NICOLE News Service – Announcement 171

17-18 May 2001 Report of the NICOLE workshop: Cost-effective clean-up technology; quality assurance and acceptance , Paris, France. Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base, and Land Contamination and Reclamation 9 (4) 377-395

January 2001 Special Issue of Land Contamination and Reclamation, outlining NICOLE and CLARINET work, www.nicole.org and www.btInternet.com/~epppublications/ and Land Contamination and Reclamation 9 (1)

9 and 10 November 2000

Report of the NICOLE workshop: Brownfields: How to Change a Potential Threat into an Asset, IJmuiden, The Netherlands. Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base, and Land Contamination and Reclamation 9 (2) 252 – 256

October 2000 NICOLE News 2000 issue, Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base September 2000 Joint Statement of NICOLE, CLARINET, ETCA and SENSPOL: Sustainable

Management of Contaminated Land for the Protection of Water Resources, Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base

21-23 June 2000 EU Workshop on The Protection of European Water, Resources, Contaminated Sites, Landfills and Sediments, Venice. Web link: www.etcanet.org/

22-23 May 2000 Report of the NICOLE Workshop: Source Management, Helsinki, Web link: www.nicole.org knowledge base, Land Contamination and Reclamation 8 (4) 67 – 68.

















Figure 1 The location of Weston, the Weston Quarries and the Runcorn meeting room where this NICOLE meeting took place (“You are here”)

An initial risk assessment was carried out, using on occupational exposure limits for these compounds, factored downward to account for the likely exposure of residents, versus workers in a manufacturing facility. The potential significance of te sub-surface concentrations was screened using modelling (based on the Johnson & Ettinger model for the subsurface vapour intrusion into buildings2. This assessment indicated that HCBD was the main risk driver. At this point in time ICI did not know for certain whether unacceptable risks existed in adjacent properties and if so which properties would be affected. This gave a number of challenges for responsible management of the situation.

• Access to people’s homes was required if indoor air was to be tested • No indoor air standard had been set for HCBD, although HCBD at high levels is known to

cause cancer and affect foetal development in rats, there was limited human effect data • Initiation of further investigation would lead to public anxiety and a negative effect on

house values was almost certain • More investigation activities and boreholes would be required, needing 12 months plus to

collect a robust data set. The impact of these challenges would be a year of great uncertainty for ICI and for the village of Weston. This would be likely to result in a large negative impact on local businesses and quality of life plus economic and political impacts on ICI as a business. ICI and the regulatory authorities (local 2 Johnson & Ettinger - Environmental Quality Management 1998. Users guide for the Johnson & Ettinger (1991) model for the subsurface vapour intrusion into buildings, US EPA Contract No. 68-D30035, Work Assignment No. III-106, PN 5099-6, September 1997, Revised 1998


authority, health authority and EA) agreed to “go public” with the information that had been found. In January 2000, ICI communicated these findings to the local community and established a multi-disciplinary issue management team and community support programme.

Figure 2: Simple conceptual model of the pollutant pathway at Weston The multi-disciplinary issue management team included the Pathway Project director, technical and environmental advisors, property and estates advisor, communications specialist, health specialist, legal advisor, a financial advisor . . The management of the issue was structured around specific management objectives and policies. These were focused on support of the Weston community and included:

• work to principles of treating people fairly and open communication • help secure a long-term future for the village of Weston Village, support the local

community (families, home owners and businesses).

ICI offered a voluntary compensation in support of the community for example, supporting house or hotel rental for householders and their families anxious about continuing to live in their home; supporting house purchase and the maintenance of house value to avoid financial losses for those wishing to move home; a local business support policy. An independent comprehensive programme of indoor air quality monitoring followed, undertaken by the Building Research Establishment (BRE). The programme was undertaken in two phases with 245 properties screened in the first phase and 145 properties monitored on four occasions over a 15 month period in the second phase. In addition, the Department of Health, Committee on Toxicity reviewed available HCBD information and set a guideline indoor air value of 0.6 ppbv (parts per billion by volume). The results of the BRE


survey found a total of 29 properties that exceeded 0.6 ppbv on at least one occasion for HCBD plus PCBD3. Houses were indoor air quality exceeded 0.6 ppbv for HCBD and PCBD were adjacent to the waste deposits in North Quarry and were built on quarry spoil fill. Remediation and risk management options were reviwed against performance criteria , which included a guarantee that there would be no unacceptable future risk, and that the solution would work first time. The time scale for implementation had to be reasonable and the solution had to be capable of being implemented safely. The available options were to excavate and remediate or restore the subsurface, to control the pathway, or to remove the receptor and demolish the affected houses. Demolition was the only option that met the performance criteria, was certain and robust, could be carried out in a reasonable time-scale. Consequently the ICI owned properties which were adjacent to the waste and built on quarry spoil were purchased and demolished. For similar problem sites the following observations and “lessons learned” were offered.

• Establish a multi-disciplinary and multi-function management group • Set clear objectives and establish basic principles • Use of worldclass specialist consultants and peer reviewers • Recognise the potential of individual decisions to set precedents that might become unfair • Accept that there are not always immediate answers • Plan and provide resources for the worst case • Communicate with all parties on a regular basis • Ensure that regulators are briefed well and are likely to be supportive • Deal with the issues pro-actively -don’t wait for them to become intractable problems.

PURE-Project 1 - Protection of groundwater resources at contaminated sites: newly developed innovative in situ remediation technologies:, steam-air injection in the saturated zone and co-solvent flooding, Hans-Peter Koschitzky, Oliver Trötschler, Karolin Weber University of Stuttgart/VEGAS, Germany Groundwater resources in many parts of the industrialised world are threatened by the presence of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the subsurface. The monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are a commonly found NAPL problem. Owng to their low densities of approximately 0.86 kg.dm-3, BTEX are classified as light NAPLs, or LNAPLs. Chlorinated hydrocarbons like perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) are also common subsurface contaminants. Owing to their relatively high densities, which are about 50 to 60% higher than that of ambient groundwater, they are called dense NAPLs, i.e. DNAPLs. Where contamination is mostly in the unsaturated zone, the soil can be either residually saturated with NAPLs, or the contaminants can form pools of free phase on top of low permeability layers of soil. NAPLs within the saturated zone exist either as discontinuous water-entrapped ganglia or pools of free-phase, which in the case of DNAPLs are situated on top of low permeability layers, or, in the case of LNAPLs, float on the groundwater. As the aqueous solubility of both LNAPLs and DNAPLs is typically low, free-phase solvents are likely to act as a long-term source of groundwater contamination. The EC Framework 5 project PURE (Protection of Groundwater Resources at Industrially Contaminated Sites) examined two innovative remediation approaches for contaminations by NAPLs at VEGAS: • thermally enhanced soil vapour extraction (TSVE/SubTSVE) using steam /steam-air injection • co-solvent flooding (CSF).

3 HBCD and PCBD have similar toxicological properties


Investigations were carried out a bench scale and at large pilot scale in the purpose built in situ tanks at the VEGAS facility using materials from industrially contaminated field sites owned by industry members of the PURE project (web link: www.vegasinfo.de). Two sites in the Rhine Valley, potentially suitable for TSVE / SubTSVE and CSF, were identified. The soil materials at these sites were fluvial sediments and the contaminants were aromatic hydrocarbons and “high boiling point aromatics”. The aquifer in both cases is a medium permeable, fine sandy gravel (kf: ~ 1 x 10-4 m/s). Contamination was largely present in the vadose zone and a smear zone (where the groundwater level fluctuates). Bench scale column experiments were used to evaluate the general applicability of TSVE and CSF for these site materials. Bench scale testing also evaluated the potential for steam injection into the saturated zone to treat both the saturated and vadose zones (see Figure 3). Initial findings were positive at bench scale with good contaminant mass removal rates indicated (89 to 95% at bench scale). Figure 4 shows the cosolvent flushing concept and bench scale. Initial bench studies developed an approach where two alcohols were used, a lipophilic alcohol and hydrophilic alcohol. The process concept is based on the lipophilic associating with the NAPL (and reducing its density to prevent downward migration), and the hydrophilic bringing the NAPL / lipophilic mixture into solution so that it can be pumped with groundwater. The phase diagram is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 3 Concept and bench scale thermally enhanced soil vapour extraction system

Figure 4 Concept and bench scale cosolvent flushing extraction system


Both technologies (SubTSVE and CSF) were tested in the large VEGAS container system (70 m³), using soil material from the sites and spiked with a mixture comparable to the on-site contamination, thus producing quasi-realistic site conditions (see Figure 6). During the SubTSVE remediation pilot scale test, a steam-air mixture was injected into the saturated zone, which resulted in a complete, controllable, and safe removal of the contamination located in the saturated and unsaturated zones. A removal rate of approximately 96 % within 50 hours was found. The process was estimated to be <70% of the cost of a conventional pump and treat system for the site tested. Patent applications have been submitted for this technique. The applicability of CSF for sites contaminated with TCE was demonstrated by a remediation experiment carried out in a large VEGAS flume test system. This experiment resulted in a removal rate of approximately 90%. Tests were also carried out on an LNAPL mixture (o-/m-/p-xylene, 1, 2, 4 trimethylbenzene, 1, 3, 5 trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, toluene – LNAPL density = 0.86 kg/l). Their findings were that the flushing system resulted in a removal rate of approximately 82 % after 96 hours and 88% after 120 hours. The current projected costs for the system are around 10% higher than for pump and treat, but proof of concept of both the flushing system and the alcohol recycling was successful, and a field application / test is now being sought.

Figure 5 Bimodal alcohol extraction phase diagram

thermally enhanced SVE cosolvent flushing Figure 6 Pilot scale installations The SubTSVE remediation system has also been tested at a field site, “Albstadt”. The site is a former metal washer facility (which used PCE). The contaminated zone is relatively small: ~ 40 m² and 6 m depth. In situ remediation was desired in parallel with ongoing factory activities. The aquifer affected


was a low permeable confined aquifer: a 40 cm of layer of permeable weathered limestone (K ~ 10-3 m/s) overlying an aquitard of clay and marl (K ~ 10-5 m/s). Steam-air injection took place on top of the aquitard. The source zone entirely heated to > 90°C. Remediation was successfully finished after 2.5 months (with more than 10 kg of PCE removed). The SubTSVE operated for 7 weeks and achieved a result estimated to be comparable to one year’s operation of a system of pump & treat (with in-well stripping) and soil venting/sparging currently operating at the site, and cost ~ 30% of its price. Over the course of the test a second PCE source zone was located upstream, which caused high PCE concentrations in the incoming groundwater. PURE-project 2 - Protection of groundwater resources at contaminated sites : a decision support system for choosing an in situ remediation technique, Anja Sinke and Hans van Duijne, TNO, the Netherlands The PURE project organisation is shown in Figure 7. Its partners include:

• Research institutes - TNO (NL) and EAWAG (CH) • Universities - Uni. Konstanz (G), Uni. Stuttgart / VEFAS (G), Uni. Cranfield (UK), Uni.

Yeditepe (T) and Uni. Aberdeen (UK) • Industry - Polimeri Europa SpA (I), EniTecnologie SpA (I), AKZO-NOBEL (NL), Ford

Werke AG, (G) and ICI paints (G) • Service providers - VHE Holding plc (UK), Aquater SpA (I).

Figure 7 The PURE Project The aims of the PURE project are to:

• provide innovative, cost effective, widely applicable solutions to prevent pollution of groundwater from industrial sites

• bring together problem owners, service providers, end users and research and development performers

• develop methods and / or techniques for contaminated land management with the goal of achieving cost savings for site characterization (20 %) and site remediation (20-40%).


The decision support section of PURE project is called: TREES = techniques for remediation of earnest4 environmental contaminants in soil and groundwater. It is centred on decision-making for the technology innovations being developed in the PURE project:

• WP 4: Combined remediation of chlorinated compounds and heavy metals • WP 5: Electro-bioremediation for clay soils5 • WP 6: Coupled degradation of mixed contaminants using iron • WP 7: Simultaneous remediation unsaturated and saturated zone • WP 8: Co-metabolism to tackle chlorinated contaminants

The decision support tool developed has been called: ABC or assessment of benefits and costs6. It is seen as a technical tool to identify and examine the feasibility of different remediation techniques, in particular to highlight possibilities for alternative approaches to conventional techniques. It is seen as a communication tool to compare remediation scenarios and to score their comparative benefits. It is seen as a learning tool and an economic tool to evaluate cost effectiveness, duration and use of space. In fact, the cost-effectiveness data set is more limited than had been originally desired. This is for several reasons: firstly service providers have been reluctant to disclose details of internal costs, and secondly because costings are highly site specific, and also specific to countries and even locations within countries. Accounting practices also vary between countries. The information inputs to the assessment module are:

• contaminated area (ha) • use (high use with low accessibility versus low use) • groundwater depth • groundwater velocity • type of contaminant • depth of contaminants • source versus plume • geology (sand / mixed / clay) • saturated versus unsaturated

Contaminants are categorised on the basis of the approaches to their remediation, as follows:

• benzene, naphthalene and volatile oil • TEX, phenols and styrene • other PAH and heavy oil • metals • cyanide • low chlorinated volatile hydrocarbons • low chlorinated non-volatile hydrocarbons • high chlorinated volatile hydrocarbons • high chlorinated non-volatile hydrocarbons.

Benefits are considered using

• life cycle assessment (LCA) principles on a cradle to the grave basis, • environmental merit (cleaned medium times a factor calculated to give an indication of

the hazards, toxicity and mass of the compound remediated. For instance the source removal of a very toxic compound is more efficient than the plume removal of a non-carcinogenic compound. The removal of mobile compounds gives a higher score for this factor than the removal of non-mobile compounds. The factor as such gives a measure of

4 I.e. serious, severe contamination issues 5 Also known as the iron shuttle technique. This exploits use one class of contaminants BTEX as an electron donor by iron reducing bacteria which in turn produce reactive ferrous iron phases that have the potential for reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated solvents (electron acceptors). 6 This is unconnected with the CABERNET or CLARINET use of the ABC term discussed later in this report


"environmental effectiveness" and is referred to by the PURE project as the clean-up factor)

• duration • deployment of space

LCA benefits considered include:

• energy • emissions • final non-hazardous waste material • final hazardous waste material • resources requirements • use of (ground)water (normally not in LCA).

As far as possible costs data and outputs encompass: costs for technique by country, a distinction between initial investment and long-term costs, and distinction in management, hardware and other cost categories. Cost data has been collected for pump and treat and in situ bioremediation (as illustrated in Figure 8, and the PURE research work has indicated possible costs for the alternate techniques the PURE project has investigated in detail.

Figure 8 Comparison of pump and treat and in situ bioremediation costs in European countries In the “ABC-tool”, illustrated in Figure 9, several decision support methods are used to for remedial option appraisal: life cycle analysis, cost-benefit analysis and multi-criteria analysis or multi attribute analysis, and is based on Microsoft Access and Excel. The ABC-tool is intended to be easy to use,


available for use without all input data and to have an open structure. It lists all input variables and assumptions in output reports, which include charts and scores. The systems assumptions are based on expert databases which can be made updatable. Further enhancements for the ABC-tool depend on the availability of further funding, but might include: expert database development, development of a maintenance and updating system, a more site-specific approach to evaluating benefits, and continuing to improve cost and performance data. The overall conclusions of PURE include the following.

• Significant savings in costs and time are possible for remediation, depending on-site and complexity; up to 20 %

• Field-based sensors are very useful for screening work • The ABC-tool can be used as “eye-opener” for alternative techniques • New techniques have been developed for complex sites (e.g. as outlined in the previous

talk)

Figure 9 Illustration of the ABC Tool Evaluation of European Risk Assessment Models, Terry Walden, BP International, London A NICOLE-sponsored study to evaluate the risk assessment models currently in use throughout Europe was completed in 2003. Eleven industrial members of NICOLE (Akzo Nobel, BNFL, BP, Fortum, ICI, JM Bostad, Powergen, SecondSite, Shell, Solvay and Total) plus the NICOLE organization itself sponsored the effort, which was undertaken by Arcadis Geraghty and Miller, in their Newmarket, UK office. Additionally, the Netherlands-based SKB organization assembled an independent team of experts to critically review the work. Over the last half dozen or so years, the philosophy of using a risk-based approach for addressing contaminated sites has found widespread acceptance throughout Europe. However, individual countries within the EU have developed ‘national models’ for environmental risk assessment which vary with legislative requirements and are at different levels of development. Since risk-based clean-


up targets will vary with each model, the credibility of risk assessment could be undermined if there is a lack of understanding of why the results differ. The aim of the Risk Assessment Model study is to benchmark and compare the different models, clearly explain the reasons behind any disparities, and generally show that the fate and transport components of most models are conservative when compared against actual field data. It was not the intention to rank the models or show one to be superior to another. The study is limited to models that meet three criteria: 1) can it quantify human health (as opposed to ecological) risk; 2) is it applicable for site-specific risk assessments; and 3) is it commonly used in Europe. The latter criteria allow commercial codes to be considered. Ten models that met these standards were evaluated, including: • CLEA (UK) • JAGG (Denmark) • P20 (UK) • RBCA Toolkit (Commercial) • RISC (Commercial) • Risc-Human (Netherlands) • ROME (Italy) • SFT 99:06 (Norway) • UMS (Germany) • Vlier-Humaan (Belgium-Flanders) The evaluation involved running the models for a generic (hypothetical) data set and five case studies where ground truth data, such as off-site monitoring wells or on-site vapour probes, were available. Results for receptor point concentrations, dose and risk levels were compared and sensitivity to key input parameters identified. The findings of this project will be released via www.nicole.org in Summer 2004. CORONA: Strengthening the scientific base of monitored natural attenuation as a feasible soil remediation strategy, David Lerner, University of Sheffield, UK CORONA is a European research project which attempts to build confidence in forecasting natural attenuation. The intention is to provide more quantitative, but relatively user-friendly, descriptions of degrading pollution plumes. For decision-making a predictive tool is needed, but predictions are generally based on qualitative assessments. Most quantitative methods measure history, they do not make future predictions. The goal of CORONA is to deliver a predictive performance model based on dominant processes within plumes. Its underlying hypothesis is that a common pattern of biodegradation activity can be found in most groundwater pollution plumes. Certain zones - which we will call the “CORONA” - will have better conditions for biodegradation, and these zones will have more rapid degradation and make a significant contribution to the overall rate of mass loss for the entire plume. We can identify two basic scenarios, (1) an active, oxidising fringe to a plume mainly controlled by dispersion, and (2) an anaerobic core controlled by the interplay between pollutants, environmental conditions and micro-organisms. If this hypothesis is valid, then plume length is controlled by a small number of parameters and variables for most sites (dominant factors). For oxidisable pollutants these are:

• source strength, expressed as a flux of electron donors, • availability of dissolved electron acceptors, normally in background water and recharge, • transverse dispersivities, and


• groundwater velocity. Biodegradation rates, mineral phase electron acceptors, and longitudinal dispersivity are not normally relevant to the determining the steady state length of an oxidising plume. If correct, the length of a plume can be estimated for practical purposes such as risk assessment from the four parameters mentioned, without the need for complex numerical simulations. The hypothesis is being evaluated on 6 field sites in Europe (listed in Table 2). These have different hydrogeology (sandstone, glacial sand, terrace gravels, coarse alluvium, confined sand) and different contaminants (ammonium, phenolics, BTEX, BTEX with styrene, chlorinated ethenes, and phenoxy acid herbicides). An analytical model has been developed to represent the hypothesis, and is being evaluated against laboratory plumes. Numerical models of each site are under development, and will be put to two purposes. They will be used to make predictions for scenarios which are similar to the existing field situation, for example with a change in source term or background quality. Secondly their simulations will analysed statistically to determine which are the controlling parameters, from which a simpler model can be built. The deliverables from the CORONA project will be scenario analyses for the participating sites, performance models for MNA, guidelines and an update of a short course for the Remediation Technology Development Forum (RTDF – www.rtdf.org). The project includes a knowledge exchange group. To take part in this and receive occasional briefings on CORONA, visit www.shef.ac.uk/corona. Table 2 CORONA Project Sites

Location Principal Contamination Problem

Aquifer Type Contamination source

Sjolund. Denmark Phenoxy-acids Glacial S&G Landfill leachate North Italy BTEX and styrene High K gravel Refinery HRC, Czech Republic Fuel h’carbons River alluvium Transportation Brabant, the Netherlands

Chlorinated solvents Semi-confined alluvium

Urban area

Four Ashes UK Phenolics Sandstone High loads Rexco UK Ammonium (500 mg/l) Sandstone Manufactured gas MNA – Demonstration Project, investigating monitored natural attenuation at various industrial sites in Europe, Anja Sinke, TNO, the Netherlands NICOLE began a monitored natural attenuation (MNA) project in 1997, with a review of available information to provide technical guidance for the risk-based application of MNA, and so promote acceptance of MNA as a cost-effective and environmentally sound solution for contaminated sites. This first phase of work (to 1999) provided a guidance report (technical review). This NICOLE report adopts the “lines of evidence” approach to demonstrating that natural attenuation (NA) is taking place, as does guidance from the US Environmental Protection Agency, the Netherlands and the UK (Environment Agency of England and Wales). The three lines of evidence used are:

• primary: historical data demonstrating meaningful trends of decreasing mass and/or concentration over time,

• secondary: hydrogeological and geochemical data demonstrating the type and rate of NA,


• tertiary: microbiological data from laboratory & microcosm studies that support the occurrence of NA.

The project’s first phase also produced a series of booklets in a cartoon format for explaining the MNA approach more widely. The booklet has been produced in five languages, which are available from NICOLE7. A second phase of work began in 2000 to review the application of MNA at eleven case study sites across Europe, which is expected to finish this year (2004). As a general classification, contaminant plumes in aquifers can be viewed as undergoing a life cycle8 from expanding, to stable, to shrinking, to exhausted, as shown in Figure 10. The acceptability of MNA as a risk management approach is contingent on their being no actual human health risks from the plume, and that there is degradation of the contaminant mass. The degree of acceptance of MNA as a risk management approach differs between European countries, ranging from its general acceptance in the Netherlands where aquifers may be modelled as in situ “bioreactors”; to Finland where MNA is only accepted where the source and plume appear to be exhausted. The participants in this second project phase are BP, Chevron, DOW chemicals, Elfaquitane, ENI group, Exxon, Ford, Port of Rotterdam, Shell, Solvay and TNO. A range of contamination problems are being examined: hydrocarbons at six sites, chlorinated hydrocarbons at two sites, phenol at one site and mixed contaminants at two sites. The project deals with each site in a consistent way, as follows.

• All sites are investigated to collect a common data set. • Each participant invests a minimum of 100,000 €. • Work is done by local consultants. • Expertise and knowledge is shared across the project. • There is a common format for results and findings. • There is peer review by independent parties. • A joint final report is produced (including for each site: introduction, lines of evidence,

monitoring design and parameters, evaluation criteria, site summaries and reviews, along with an overall evaluation and set of conclusions).

Figure 10 Plume Life Cycle8

The preliminary findings have been collated for six of the eleven case studies. At two sites it is clear that MNA is not occurring in a way that can be used in risk management and so MNA cannot be applied. At one of these sites there is a chlorinated plume that extends for seven kilometres, at the 7 via the NICOLE secretariat, Ms Marjan Euser, e-mail: [email protected], available languages are: English, Dutch, German, French, and Italian 8 from: Newell, J.C. and Connor, J.A. (1998) Characteristics of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon plumes, results from our studies. API SOIL-Groundwater technical task force.


second site there is direct transfer of BTEX and oil to surface water. For two other sites with mixed contamination problems MNA may offer a partial risk management solution: at one of these sites MNA is applicable for the chlorinated solvent problem but not for its BTEX problem, at another site MNA would be effective as long as source reduction also took place. For two sites with BTEX contamination, MNA would be effective as a risk management technique on a “stand alone” basis. Bridging GAPS / SENSPOL: Innovative rapid site assessment technologies for soil and groundwater investigation Derk van Ree, Geodelft, the Netherlands and Dr. S. Alcock, Cranfield University UK. Identifying suitable sensors and instruments for contaminated soil and groundwater and implementing these is costly and time consuming, and is often hampered by a lack of expertise in redesigning or adjusting techniques to meet the specific needs of contaminated land management. However, there is a large specialist community involved in sensor development, and across Europe the EC has supported the BIOSET technical network and subsequently SENSPOL through the Framework 5 Programme Key Action Water. Combining the perspectives and expertise of SENSPOL might “bridge the gap” between the prospect sensors offer for better solutions to some contaminated land management problems, and the technical community undertaking sensor development. From a strictly applied standpoint the existence, availability and potential application of sensor technologies under development to site characterisation and monitoring may not be immediately obvious, for technical and/or economic reasons.. For the sensor developers, identifying end-user-needs for sensors is an important and challenging task. Furthermore, a significant obstacle to further development can be difficulty in finding sites for field testing. The “Bridging GAPS” project is a joint study of the NICOLE and SENSPOL networks and started in September 2002, and was initiated to bring developers and users together, to share expertise, to identify potential technologies, and to stimulate the application in the field of sensor-based site characterisation and monitoring for contaminated land. The Bridging GAPS-project includes three main activities • Compiling an inventory or survey of appropriate available sensors (based on existing SENSPOL

and BIOSET information and activities) • providing technical support and expertise to SENSPOL field technical meetings • a field demonstration of sensors for mercury contamination. SENSPOL survey of sensor capabilities. 42 sensors, biosensors and detection kits have been listed. This report is available via www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech.senspol.htm Field technical meetings. These meetings are used to support the validation and implementation of innovative sensor techniques in the field, during which systems are applied to specific, existing soil-, groundwater- and sediment-problems. Two field technical meetings have taken place:

1. Technical Meeting on Sensors for Characterization and Monitoring of a Contaminated Site, Sevilla, Spain, 6-9 November 2002, which focused on heavy metals (a DVD/video is available showing the application of the sensors at this site via http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech.senspol.htm)

2. Technical Meeting on Problems related to Diffuse Pollution Sources: Characterization of Sediment, Dredged Material and Groundwater, Koblenz, Germany, 28 - 31 October 20039, focusing on organic (PAH’s, MTBE) and inorganic contaminants; toxicity parameters were addressed.

9 This meeting was hosted by BfG (Bundesanstalt für Gewasserkunde) in cooperation with SEDNET (www.sednet.org)


Field demonstration mercury measurements in soil and groundwater Mercury related contaminated land problems are seen by NICOLE end-users as a potential application for sensor innovation. The SENSPOL survey identified a number of potentially applicable techniques. Consequently, a field demonstration was been set up at a former chlor-alkali plant in the Netherlands, which took place from January 14th – 16th 2004 (see Figure 11). Participants were asked to bring their equipment with them, and make a rapid site assessment together through the meeting. The activities of the meeting were also seen as a demonstration of the capability sensor based approaches have for supporting iterative and evolutionary decision-making in “real time”. It aimed to show industrial participants what sensors are capable of. Several NICOLE members took part (GeoDelft – co-ordinator Royal Haskoning, Arcadis Gedas and Solvay). Four groups supplying instruments took part, demonstrating five instruments for on-site measurement of mercury in soil and groundwater in the field: • Lumex instrument (based on cold vapor spectroscopy) operated by BRGM (F) • NITON XRF operated by BRGM (F) • Commercially available heavy metal analyser (ASV with mini-electrodes) by MTI Instruments

(UK/F) • Disposable ASV-sensor developed by Cranfield University (UK) • Bioluminescence technique developed by VITO (Belgium). Although some of the instruments can detect more than one parameter, efforts were restricted to mercury for this particular demonstration. For comparison, samples were also analysed at a laboratory (including mercury speciation measurements both for evaluating results from individual instruments, and for risk assessment purposes). The demonstration work involved sampling, sample pretreatment and performing measurements, and was mostly completed in a day and a half. Mercury contamination from air-deposition in the neighbourhood of a flue from a former mercury distillation building, as well as mercury present in soil in settlement basins, was measured. Across the site some twenty soil samples were taken by hand-auger, and groundwater samples from four wells were collected and analysed. Up to 100 measurements were performed per instrument including repetitive analysis and calibration measurements.

Figure 11: NICOLE and SENSPOL members at work during the January 2004 field demonstration mercury measurements in soil and groundwater, in the Netherlands. A full report of the field demonstration day is in preparation and will be made available via www.nicole.org and http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech.senspol.htm. Initial findings are that the field assessment instruments can be successfully applied in a rapid site assessment approach for this mercury problem site, and that they have adequate detection limits. Laboratory analyses found


concentrations up to 1,000 mg/kg in soil and up to 170 µg/l in groundwater concentrations. In general the laboratory results were well correlated with the laboratory analysis, as illustrated in Figure 12. The characteristics of instruments do vary in some cases, which means that they should be applied in different ways within an overall site characterisation strategy. The January 2004 exercise showed that immediate findings from field-based techniques could strongly support decisions on sampling locations for samples to be analysed in the laboratory. Field-based techniques also support quality assurance and control systems, and can be a more cost effective means of considering reproducibility and variability, and the likely representativeness of sample locations, or sample portions. The demonstration work found that in this case the risk of mercury loss by volatilisation from field soil samples was insignificant under the prevailing conditions on-site. However, groundwater sample conservation issues were identified: i.e. the rapid loss of mercury and short holding times (hours) in polyethylene sample bottles. Glass bottles, which are recommended in the standards, showed significantly less loss.

Figure 12: Scatter-diagram mercury measurements in soil samples INCORE Integrated Concept For Groundwater Remediation, Thomas Ertel, UW- Umweltwirtschaft GmbH, Friolzheimerstr, Germany. The aim of the INCORE project has been to provide a cost-efficient set of management tools to optimise the investigation, evaluation, remediation and management of contaminated groundwater and land in urban industrial areas, taking into account regional aspects such as complex land-use patterns, land-use specific contamination, and the extent of urban industrial areas. INCORE’s innovation is its iterative approach, which begins with the screening of groundwater plumes at the scale of entire industrial areas, and ends with the remediation of individual source areas or the containment of plumes. The major advantage of this approach is that the number of small individual sites, or the size of the area to be considered, can be reduced step-wise from one iteration to


the next. Thus, while a large potentially contaminated area would need to be screened, ultimately only a small area may need to be remediated. Three iterations have been described:

• Cycle I - plume screening; • Cycle II -source screening; • Cycle III - plume/source remediation.

Cycle I plume screening is carried out using integral pumping tests across transects of the aquifer (called control planes). To apply this test method, one or more pumping wells are placed along a control plane perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction and operated simultaneously, or in subsequent pumping campaigns, downstream of a suspected pollutant source zone. The positions, pumping rates and pumping times are designed in a way to allow the well capture zones to cover the overall width of the potentially polluted area. During pumping, as the capture zones increase, the concentration of groundwater contaminants and/or other groundwater quality parameter values is measured as a function of time at each of the pumping wells. For the interpretation of concentration - time series obtained by these long-term pumping tests a transient inversion technique was developed, which is based on a time dependent calculation of isochrones and mass balances for increasing capture zones. Further, a methodology is described combining particle tracking in the regional flow model and plume length statistics or reactive transport models to delimit potential contaminant source zones. By particle tracking the position of the source area relative to the pumping well can be roughly estimated. The reactive transport model enables a calculation of the distance between pumping well and source area. If no transport model is available the maximum distance can be estimated by published data on plume length statistics for different contaminants. By this means large areas can be efficiently screened and mapped. Figure 13 illustrates the types of conclusions that can be drawn from the plume screening test work. Cycle II source screening INCORE provides several tools for the purpose of localisation and identification of contaminant sources, which have been developed and demonstrated in the project. The main tools are for • localisation of the sources:

1. multiple point investigation using direct push technology and on-site analysis 2. integral pumping tests on local scale

• identification of source-plume relationships 1. petroleum hydrocarbon fingerprinting 2. isotopic fingerprinting on CHC

INCORE has developed and demonstrated guidelines for multiple point investigation using a dynamic investigation approach. Several field analytical instruments were tested in this approach. INCORE has developed a tool based on statistical methods for multi-component analysis evaluation to identify plume relationships with sources, based on petroleum hydrocarbon characterisation. On the basis of the plume and source screening findings, a health risk assessment can be carried out using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Cycle III source/plume remediation INCORE have developed a conceptual framework for identifying and selecting remediation options, considering a range of different passive or active techniques including natural attenuation. This has been taken forward as a decision support tool called ISIRE (In SItu REmediation techniques).


Figure 13 Interpretation of Plume Screening Tests (Example) The various systems that INCORE developed have been applied at several test sites. All of the components have been compiled in the “INCORE guide to integral groundwater remediation”. This guide is downloadable from the INCORE homepage (www.uw-d.de/incore/summary.htm ). The ISIRE software, downloadable from: http://geologia.dstm.polimi.it/geologia1/prog_europ/Isire.html The INCORE approach was designed to meet the goals of sustainable groundwater management in any industrialised city situated in a river basin that exploits shallow groundwater resources for drinking water purposes. Its benefits are already apparent in the cities that took part, assisting the conservation of groundwater resources and land, and supporting the restoration of industrial land. INCORE emphasises the sustainable use of groundwater resources in line with the key objectives of EU water policy, especially with the purpose to ”promote sustainable water use based on long-term protection of available water resources” as defined in the European Water Framework Directive. In this concept INCORE contributes directly to Groundwater Directive (Art. 17 WFD), addressing the needs of the so-called "risk management zones". JOINT - Joint Technical Approach for Soil and Groundwater Quality Management, Thomas Ertel, UW- Umweltwirtschaft GmbH, Germany Groundwater and surface waters are a vital natural resource for the European Union and New Accessing States (NAS). However, all countries are facing significant contamination of these resources caused by contaminated land originating from former industrial activities and improper waste disposals causing environmental, social and economical consequences. Remediation activities in several countries of the past 10 years have not achieved a significant change in this situation. JOINT seeks to promote the combination of single results of RTD-activities to integrated approaches to support their practical implementation, and so promote the development of groundwater quality across the EU. JOINT uses peer review and meetings to develop an overall concept into which specific research results can be mapped for the benefit of risk management and resource management approaches, linking existing research projects and networks. JOINT’s aims are to support:

• the diffusion of current R&D results, • updating and connecting existing technical approaches,


• stimulation of co-operation in applied research, • the implementation of Water Framework Directive and EC Soil Policy.

JOINT’s workshops are on the following themes: investigation, risk assessment, remediation and integrated management of polluted water and soil. The output of these workshops is published and posted (to the web) as proceedings. The information provided includes an initial state of the art review for key topics and reviews of projects funded under the Framework 5 Programme Water Key Action. The first JOINT workshop was held at BRGM in Orleans, France at the end of November 2004, and was co-organised with JOINT’s sister Accompanying Measure, IMAGE-TRAIN and BRGM). Presentations from the workshop are already available at www.image-train.net. The full workshop proceedings will shortly be available and will also be posted at www.eugris.org11. The aims of this workshop were to:

• review the progress of projects funded under 1.4 Pollution Prevention of the Water Key Action of the Environment and Sustainable Development Programme (FP5)

• build a conceptual “bridge” between the Framework 5 and 6 Programme projects • inform the research community about the new instruments of FP6 and to discuss both their

scientific and project management aspects • identify future short, medium and long-term priority research tasks.

A number of key conclusions were drawn at the workshop, which in outline, are as follows:

• Monitoring and site characterisation o Framework 5 projects focussed on sensors and heavy metals o Few projects dealt with the entire problem cycle o Future research needs include: toxicity aspects, cyanides, on-site detection, guidance

parameters • Risk assessment: current and future work needs to be focussed on:

o current and future work needs to be focussed on o the credibility of risk assessment procedures o increasing the transparency of models and their assumptions o harmonising approaches

• Remediation o Framework 5 projects focussed on in situ techniques o most projects have been limited to laboratory and small-scale investigations o end user involvement has been limited o there has been limited public availability of results

• Diffuse Pollution o Framework 5 projects deal with wetland restoration, agriculture, heavy metals and

sedimentation processes o some Framework 5 projects consider socio-economic aspects o implementation of findings requires awareness building, education and training

• Integrated Management o particular issues for research arise from the scale of large industrial areas and

catchments o management approaches are being developed, in close co-operation with stakeholders o there is a strong demand for this kind of research from Accession States.

General conclusions about soil and groundwater research pointed out that there are barriers to the implementation of research findings, relating to: communication and dissemination, marketing and commercialisation and meeting the users’ needs. There is a strong research role in current EC policy 10 A limited number of printed versions are available from the JOINT project via: Astrid Grögler, e-mail: [email protected] 11 A limited number of printed versions are available from the JOINT project via: Astrid Grögler, e-mail: [email protected]

http://www.image-train.net/

http://www.eugris.org/


developments, such as the Thematic Strategy for Soil and the Common Implementation Strategy for the Groundwater Directive. There is a clear need for a research - policy interface. Future needs for will centre on the management of soil-water systems at river basin scale, encompassing: effects based analysis, sensor-based total process monitoring

• harmonisation of measurement and assessment methods • remediation by microbial degradation • urban soils • links between land-use practises and urban planning • risk management tools.

JOINT’s next workshop will be held in Bonn, Germany on 7th - 9th June 2004, and is organised between JOINT and the German Environmental Ministry CABERNET and the Sustainable Regeneration of European Urban Brownfields, Kate Millar, Paul Nathanail, Land Quality Management Limited, UK; Uwe Ferber, Projektgruppe Stadt and Entwicklung, Ferber, Graumann und Partner, Germany, Detlef Grimski, Umweltbundesamt, Germany CABERNET, the Concerted Action on Brownfield and Economic Regeneration Network, is a European multidisciplinary expert network that is working to facilitate sustainable solutions for urban brownfields which enhance social wellbeing, environment quality and economic regeneration. Its vision is to: Enhance rehabilitation of brownfield sites, within the context of sustainable development of European cities, by the provision of an intellectual framework for coordinated research and development of tools. CABERNET was established in January 2002 and builds on the work of a previous network CLARINET, particularly drawing from CLARINET 'Brownfields in Europe' Working Group 1 (www.clarinet.at). CABERNET has 55 Members from 21 countries across Europe, including many types of stakeholders (see Figure 14). The Network started in January 2002 and is funded until December 2004. Finding solutions for "brownfield" sites is an increasingly important part of effective policies aimed at a sustainable future for land and in particular cities. Recognising the wide range of complex issues that brownfield regeneration poses for all industrialised countries the EC has funded this three year initiative to examine ways to encourage sustainable management of brownfield or previously-developed land. The fundamental objective of CABERNET is to facilitate new practical solutions for urban brownfields. As part of its remit the network will focus on four key objectives: • improving awareness and enhancing understanding of brownfield issues across the professional

disciplines • developing a conceptual model for brownfield issues • highlighting research gaps and proposing coordinated research activities across different sectors

and countries • identifying best practice approaches and other valuable tools for practitioners The underlying philosophy of CABERNET is to see brownfield land not as a threat but as an urban opportunity. The changing face of European industrial production has had a significant impact on the urban land-use cycle. The downsizing of a number of traditional industries, the associated reduction in local employment and the reluctance of new industries or developers to re-invest, have all contributed to a brownfield problem that can be seen in many cities across Europe. Brownfield sites are defined here as: • sites that have been affected by the former uses of the site and surrounding land; • are derelict and underused;

http://www.clarinet.at/


• may have real or perceived contamination problems; • are mainly in developed urban areas; and • require intervention to bring them back to beneficial use.

Figure 14 Stakeholders in CABERNET Sources of brownfield land include: changes in land-use, the downsizing of industries and consequent loss of activities, demilitarisation, and the migration of people. The brownfields problem is not confined to old industrial areas - e.g. coal and steel areas, but extends across Europe. In Europe, the extent of brownfields has a significant impact on land-use cycle, for example re-use of brownfield land might help reduce urban sprawl and greenfield consumption. In many EU countries brownfield land is recycled at a rate that is roughly the same as the rate at which it is created. The overall scale of European brownfield has not decreased in 10 years, and would have been much worse without the European Structural Funds (ERDF) and Research and other EU and national initiatives and instruments. A further complication is that not all brownfield land is re-used, or is not re-used quickly. Among brownfields sites there is a serious problem of what CABERNET terms hardcore brownfield sites, which remain unused for many years. To a lesser or greater extent, the economic attractiveness of a brownfield site is the principal determinant of how quickly it will be re-used. However, technical challenges and “overly conservative” guidance may also limit interest in these sites in some cases. CABERNET represents the pool of brownfield land, with its content of hardcore sites in what they term the bath tub model – see Figure 15. The brownfield bath tub is being emptied … but also refilled. Brownfield reuse is increasingly important for sustainable communities that are attractive places for people to live and work – and invest – in. Re-using more of the brownfields “bath-tub” will also reduce the rate at which soil resources are concreted over, reduce urban sprawl, and by bringing people and commerce closer reduce travel. Dealing with brownfields offers the potential to make a real impact on peoples’ lives and wellbeing, and merits a coherent spatial and strategic management


approach. CABERNET contends that the time to deal with brownfields is now, while Europe still has a massive share in world economic activity, as an investment in its future.

Figure 15 – the CABERNET Bath Tub Model for Brownfield Sites The drivers for brownfield regeneration can be identified in the roots of sustainability. In economic terms, the opportunities include mobilising human resources, modernising existing sites and infrastructure and creating pockets of regeneration that have catalysing effects on surrounding redevelopment opportunities. In environmental terms reusing brownfields provides opportunities to reduce green land consumption and urban sprawl. Where soft-end reuses are envisaged, there are significant opportunities for urban ecology to flourish. Many brownfields offer niche habitats that enhance local biodiversity. Finally, the opportunities to include socio-cultural dimensions into regeneration can motivate and energise communities and therefore ensure representative and equitable sustainable development, which may reduce the potential for subsequent decline and recreation of brownfield. CABERNET has developed what it terms the football model to illustrate the impact of different stakeholder perspectives on the drivers and barriers to brownfields re-use. This model can be used via http://www.cabernet.org.uk. It gives each stakeholder a “kick of the ball” to see how this changes the relative priorities of different drivers and pressures CABERNET has also developed the CLARINET “ABC” conceptual model, see Figure 16 – which is different to the ABC model described by the PURE project model reviewed in a previous section. In general three different economic types of redevelopment could be identified. A: “Self-developing” These are sites of local and regional importance, with high property values and low reclamation costs, which have their own dynamic development potential. In most cases the redevelopment implies an increase of the value of the site and there is no need for specific public interference. Hence, the normal planning and administration system can handle such redevelopment sites. B: “Passive-developing” These are sites of local and regional importance with a specific development potential but with accompanying risks of development, which therefore require dedicated advice and assistance with planning and funding. In order to achieve this, however, special policy concepts in the shape of public-private partnerships are often developed, since they can be very effective. Risk sharing


and co-ordinated planning and financing of projects by public-private co-operation should be seen as an ingenious approach toward this objective. C: “Non-developing sites” These are sites without development potential at least during the foreseeable future. These are the most problematic sites in our monostructural industrial regions. A high density of brownfield sites in a certain area and low site values coupled with high site preparation costs do not allow self sustaining redevelopment. Consequently, these sites will not be reclaimed and additional mechanisms are needed to make them viable.

Figure 16 The CABERNET ABC Model The overall CABERNET work programme (2003-5) is divided across a series of working groups. • Working Group 1: Citizen Participation, considering:

o The role and regeneration benefits of Citizen Participation o Number of valuable tools and methods o Solutions that are driven by community interests and encourage ownership of the

problem • Working Group 2: Policy and Regulations, considering:

o The potential for municipalities to drive the regeneration process o EC legislation and its current and potential impacts on brownfields o One-Stop-Shop to speed up the process

• Working Group 3: Professional Skills, considering:

o The need for a Brownfield Process Manager o Skills Matrix / Skills base needed o How can this be delivered

• Working Group 4: Environmental Group, considering:

o 4D spatial planning (i.e. including time) o How the Principles of Sustainability are applied in practice


o Soft EIA o Role of Environmental Due Diligence o Good practice in brownfield subsurface management o Environmental Technologies Opportunities (e.g. via the EC ETAP programme)

• Working Group 5: Social and Cultural Issues, considering:

o Key social and cultural objectives o Ensure that regeneration meets these objectives - long-term viability

• Working Group 6: Economic Issues, considering:

o Funding instruments for brownfields - role of “gap funding” o Corporate social responsibility and financial transparency o Insurance Models and market confidence

Looking towards 2004 activities, CABERNET plans to participate in:

• National debates and Framework 7 programme discussions • Develop tools and case studies for practioners • Review Framework 6 programme outputs and make recommendations for policy and practice

there from. CABERNET is also working to develop training packages through the EC Leonardo and Marie Curie schemes, and is working towards its final conference which will take place in April 2005. EUGRIS project “European groundwater and contaminated land remediation information system”, Paul Bardos, r3 environmental technology limited, UK. EUGRIS is a project to develop an information gateway on the Internet, i.e. a web based user-friendly information platform for contaminated land and groundwater information. EUGRIS is an Accompanying Measure Project under the Key Action Water of the Fifth Framework Programme. It is funded by the European Commission from March 2003 up to August 2005, and by matching contributions in money and in kind from a number of national Public and Private sector organisations. For more information and contacts visit www.eugris.org. The EUGRIS gateway will provide a "one stop shop" for information provided by research projects, legislation, standards, best practice and other technical guidance and policy/regulatory publications from the EC, participating Member and Accession States and from various international networks dealing with groundwater and land management issues. Different types of user will be able to gain access to information according to their needs. EUGRIS is a strategic project. It is intended to achieve a step change in the way land and groundwater management information is both handled and perceived across Europe. It is intended to provide a platform for explaining and disseminating the state of the art in these topics. It is intended to foster a climate in which a whole range of web based services can develop and grow, not just for contaminated groundwater and land management, but perhaps also inspiring similar initiatives in other sectors of environmental policy and technology. EUGRIS is also intended to greatly enhance the efficiency of DG Research's investment in contaminated groundwater and land management. The aims of the Accompanying Measure funded project are to:

• deliver a complete pilot system, encompassing a completed specification and design for web based information supply

• a working system offering a complete range of topics and information digests, along with contextually based links to national information sources for five “Pilot Countries” (Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary and the UK), and

• a mechanism for expanding the range of national linkages further across Europe.


In the longer term, and depending on whether or not funding can be secured, the aims of EUGRIS are that it should continue to be maintained, monitored and updated, and its scope widened to encompass more countries, and a wider range of topics in the broad context of soil, land and water (as illustrated in Figure 17).

Figure 17 Ambitions for EUGRIS

The development of EUGRIS has four broad components:

• the design of an information system, • the design of templates to present information, • the development of the web site and its associated software, and • the provision of information digests.

The information system defines the scope of the EUGRIS service, how information is to be collected, evaluated, stored and used. The templates specify how information and web links are provided to web site users. The information digests are packets of information that provide overviews and web links in context to more detailed sources of information on web sites which will have been checked by the EUGRIS team. EUGRIS will be openly available and provide a comprehensive and overarching information resource for sustainable groundwater and land management practice. EUGRIS is intended to direct any user to the most appropriate source rather than store vast amounts of information itself. EUGRIS will store a series of reviews, summaries and locations for more detailed sources across Europe (as illustrated in Figure 18). EUGRIS will therefore act as a "central broker" of information.

Figure 18: EUGRIS at the hub for a web of European information-sites


The EUGRIS Information Approach

1. EUGRIS users will be able to view information in a number of categories, or “views”. The basic “views” are:

a. Content (the technical discussion of a subject) b. Country (outline of country activities / discussion of a subject by country, with the EU

treated as a “country”) c. Research (discussion of research for the various technical topics) d. Glossary (see below) e. Library and links (where the expect user can quickly search all of the EUGRIS

information resources without having to navigate the site in depth) f. Who does what directory g. News h. Registration i. Help j. Comments k. EUGRIS team area

2. All of these views are linked by a common set of keywords, which are explained in a

glossary and are also used to devise a large part of the site navigation, to allow easy read across between the different “views”

3. An important feature to be aware of is that information of any particular type is stored in

one place in a series of linked database tables to facilitate uploading, maintenance, and reduce risk of software and updating errors. In other words the same information may be extracted from databases and used in a number of different views, with information “queried” from these databases in multiple ways by views.

4. The system will allow submission of links and other information, but not anonymously, and

all submissions will be clearly identified as “user supplied”

5. The technical content pages will make use of invited “digest” contributions which will consist of a three page “further description” and ~10 key documents and ~10 key web links for the topic.

Why EUGRIS Needs You! EUGRIS is looking for volunteers to produce technical content digests. In return for producing a digest you would be given an acknowledgement, both personal and for your organisation, on the information page you helped with. This can be linked back to your home page to provide a valuable promotional benefit as well as public recognition through authorship on what we intend to be Europe’s leading information-site on soil and water. A list of digest topics and specifications are available from EUGRIS, and should be requested by Easter 2004 from Maike Hauschild <[email protected]>. EUGRIS would like your ideas for its future, for example if there are possibilities for NICOLE support in providing country information, or supporting the ongoing maintenance and operations of EUGRIS when the Accompanying Measure funding ceases. EUGRIS is intended to benefit Member States and European industry, as well as the European research community, by reducing the costs of information collection, and avoiding repetition of consultancy effort. This will allow resources to be more efficiently spent on problem solving rather than preparation, and a more consistent approach to information review. The Internet has become one of the most important sources of information. A tremendous amount of information is collected and stored on the Internet about contaminated groundwater and land


management. The available information on the Internet simply does not exist in a way that can be easily harvested by everyone in the groundwater and contaminated land community. It is scattered over many web sites and sources, whose provenance and reliability may be unclear. Coverage for a particular information requirement may not be complete. Often the information offered is not placed in a context. In particular, it may not be well explained for those who are either new to contaminated land management, nor for key stakeholders who are not technical experts on contaminated land, for instance many site owners, the financial community and insurers. EUGRIS is intended to be a labour saving device for both basic and applied research, as well as technology, policy and regulatory development in general. This one stop shop for European information will be a big step forward. Such a structured comprehensive European gateway does not yet exist for contaminated land, groundwater, nor for waste management nor many other environmental sectors.

• EUGRIS will provide a guided, scaleable and holistic approach to providing information • EUGRIS will provide a linkage of networks and national initiatives to a central European

"hub" • EUGRIS will provide a research management tool

One of the major activities of EUGRIS will be the collation of data on national as well as EU research programmes. EUGRIS will

• provide a means for researchers to deliver and obtain information on research findings • provide a base for funding institutions to decide about future research programmes at

European level • offer end users high-quality links to new developments and a quick feedback to the

research community. • offer a balanced overview on distance education, workshops, etc offered by leading

research institutions, which today are part of the dissemination strategy for any major national or international research project.

The work within the Accompanying Measure project is structured within 8 Work Packages. Each Work Package consists of several members from different countries:

WP 0. Co-ordination WP 1. Information management system design WP 2. Template design WP 3. Software implementation WP 4. Production and use of information digests for pilot countries WP 5. Production and use of information digests for Research and Development activities WP 6. Communication/Dissemination WP 7. Market and economic survey

The overall development programme for EUGRIS is illustrated in Figure 19. The information system design can be divided into two main categories of work: the design of templates, which are distinct web pages structuring specific information and providing further guidance through to the ultimately sought information by clear route navigators, quick search facilities, and the design of the information digests. These digests will be carefully compiled and drafted summaries of specific information prepared by EUGRIS experts enrolled for the purpose. Templates will be proposed by the EUGRIS project team, but will be offered for debate at workshops. Stakeholder networks will be invited to contribute digests, and will be offered digest drafts for peer review. Information management will be based on two features: gateway structure and templates. EUGRIS will be the EU portal for national gateways, i.e. the central entry point - the hub of the system. All national gateways will have identical structure based on well-defined templates (e.g. site structure, descriptors, etc.; see below). Therefore, EUGRIS can grow to an EU portal as an flexible and open system. The software implementation of EUGRIS encompasses both the design of web pages and linkages, based on the information system and its templates, and the associated databases, going on


throughout the project. Two broad classes of data will need to be stored: data which identifies where source material is located elsewhere on the web (meta-data), and data stored within EUGRIS itself. The population of the database with information digests includes two broad areas of activity: the collation and review of information sources and the preparation of information digests written from national and technical perspectives, as described previously. The component parts have been organised as activities by country. A further work package relates to the collection of information from EU and stakeholder network sources.

Figure 19 EUGRIS Development The Communication/dissemination Work Package includes the promotion of EUGRIS, the collation of peer review comments and other inputs from national agencies, DG Research and stakeholder networks and the encouragement of further countries to join EUGRIS, once a working system has been established. An External Advisory Group (EAG) provides an non-project view of the development project, considering:

• Does EUGRIS provide proper, far-reaching and reasonable information ? • Does EUGRIS provide valid data? • Is EUGRIS usable and is the interface user friendly?

The development of a detailed management / business plan for the future maintenance and expansion of EUGRIS is a critical part of this project that will underpin the development of a sustainable system (Work Package Market and economic survey). This aims to secure the resources to manage and maintain EUGRIS and its national nodes after the Accompanying Measure. The project will progress through "prototypes" to test the functionality of the system at increasing levels of complexity and completion, and to provide convenient "break-off" points for the collection of peer review comments from DG Research, national Agencies, stakeholder networks and from the “External Advisory Group”. The first prototype will include the first implementation of system design and templates, which will have been subject to previous comment and review. The second prototype stage will provide a working model for the EUGRIS system and will be the final opportunity for peer review on system design, templates and their software implementation. After final amendments to the


second prototype the bulk information population for the pilot countries will take place to provide the Foundation Version of EUGRIS after 30 months. Following the second prototype stage, the emphasis of the communication and dissemination Work Package will shift towards offering countries the information system design for them to replicate national gateways, that are analogous to the European hub. The web and database software applications will also be offered, including the possibility for a seamless transfer of users between hub and national gateways. The EUGRIS project team consists of 11 partners including national ministries and authorities, research organisations, SMEs and consultants from Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy and United Kingdom. The specific goals of the EUGRIS Accompanying Measure project are to:

• provide a high-quality platform for dissemination and extraction of existing knowledge across Europe (e.g. guidelines, case studies, methods, reviews, regulations, conferences, workshops, courses, etc)

• provide access to innovative research findings, products, technologies (e.g. on-going RTD projects and their objectives, new tools, demonstration-sites, first findings, technology transfer, etc)

• enhance the transfer of information between stakeholders and their networks (not only regulators, researchers and industry but also end-users, NGOs, etc)

• support co-ordination of RTD funding across Europe (e.g. access to information about former, on-going and future research plans and their outcomes)

• improve efficiency of policy and regulatory development (e.g. regulating agencies can obtain information and results on research work and strategies of neighbour countries)

• contribute to the harmonisation of environmental standards across Europe (e.g. experiences with water and soil directives, existing and new ISO standards, etc)

• develop a management or business plan to support the long-term sustainability of EUGRIS following the end of the Accompanying Measure. (Note the Accompanying Measure funding mechanism is described on www.cordis.lu).

3 Conclusions The presentations at the Runcorn meeting focused on highlighting practical solutions under pinned by good science and logic. Whilst it would be unfair to attribute all of the facilitation of these projects to NICOLE, NICOLE members have been involved in the initiation, development and execution of all of them, and the NICOLE connection helps ensure that individual projects deliver meaningful outputs that will be of use to contaminated land problem holders. The project meeting demonstrated the value of sharing information from projects at an interim stage, and the importance of constructive criticism and debate about projects while they are in progress. NICOLE needs to find a way of capturing both interim and final information from these projects in a way that maximises its value to NICOLE members, and keeps the work of these projects in the attention and thinking of practioners who stand to benefit from any new advances. Several EC-funded projects support this goal: EUGRIS, JOINT and IMAGETRAIN (see www.eugris.org for more information on these projects). Three other EC projects that are in negotiation will also support this goal:

• SNOWMAN – which seeks to establish a common platform for national research funders supporting contaminated land and groundwater research

• EURODEMO – which seeks to establish a Europe-wide platform for demonstration practices and case studies for contaminated land and groundwater management, and

http://www.cordis.lu/


• AQUATERRA – a fifteen million EURO integrated research project, which seeks to develop and integrate soil and water research to provide a comprehensive concept for integrated river basin management and a clear understanding of individual techniques and modelling approaches for collecting river basin management information.

The EC has also published its Environmental Technologies Action Programme12 which seeks to stimulate the uptake of environmental technologies which been developed and are seen as having enhanced benefits, but which have yet to make a significant market penetration. NICOLE’s perspective differs from that of researchers, research funders and regulators in that it is necessarily much more applied in the sense of technical performance, economic performance and sustainability. In fact this applied approach is one that these other stakeholder groups look to NICOLE to provide. Of specific concern to many NICOLE members is that regulations intended to support environmental improvement have also stifled, limited, or may yet stifle, innovation in developing the range of options available for site management, for example:

• the potential impacts of the Groundwater Daughter Directive on in situ groundwater treatments

• limiting the use of removal to landfill, which may make some site redevelopments uneconomic, so stalling brownfield re-use and stimulating Greenfield development).

The Runcorn meeting included presentations about several information tools. The critical problem for these information tools is to manage their ongoing updating and maintenance in a field which continues to change rapidly. NICOLE will need to consider how it can best support and link with the EC projects focusing on information networking, and developing more integrated approaches to soil and water management. NICOLE’s research resources, and the resources of its members, are limited. It is therefore much better for NICOLE to operate in partnership with existing EC initiatives, and to find a way in which its know-how and resources can maximise the benefits of these initiatives for its membership. NICOLE members at this meeting have also commented that a similar event where NICOLE members could present information about their non EC-funded research would be beneficial. Indeed such a meeting might fit well with the aims of the forthcoming SNOWMAN project. Another suggestion was that NICOLE might aim for a special session or supported session in the Consoil 2005 meeting to showcase the project it and its members have been involved in. This effort could be accompanied by the development of a “NICOLE toolbox” for its members to make best use of current research outputs. Monitored natural attenuation will clearly have an important place in this toolbox.

12 ETAP – The Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the EU - Com (2004) 38 Final, 28 January 2004, available from: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/etap/etap.htm


Annex 1 List of Participants Frank Agterberg CEFIC Belgium Susan Alcock Cranfield University UK Arne Alphenaar The Three Engineers NL Jean-Louis Altier MTI (UK) Ltd. UK Helen Altier MTI (UK) Ltd. UK Eneko Alvarez Fundación Labein Spain Paul Bardos R3 Environmental Technology Ltd. UK Marianne Blom Earth + Energy NL Ruth Chippendale KOMEX Europe UK Jason Clay URS Corp. UK Hazel Davidson Alcontrol Laboratories UK Johan De Fraye MWH Belgium Christer Egelstig JM AB Sweden Thomas Ertel UW Umweltwirtschaft GmbH Germany Marjan Euser NICOLE Secretariat NL Marco Falconi APAT Italy Andy Fletcher Parsons Brinckerhoff UK Jan Fokkens Fugro Ingenieursbureau NL Johan Gemoets Vito Belgium Wouter Gevaerts Arcadis Gedas Belgium Colin Green MTI (UK) Ltd. UK Bertil Grundfelt KemaktaKonsult AB Sweden Philip Harker Posford Haskoning UK Ian Heasman Taylor Woodrow UK Timo Heimovaara Royal Haskoning NL Jan Huurman Philips Environmental Services NL Roger Jacquet Solvay S.A. Belgium Janet Jones Alcontrol Laboratories UK Sytze Keuning Bioclear BV NL Leo Korving Royal Haskoning NL Hans-Peter Koschitzky University Stuttgart Germany David Lerner University of Sheffield UK Thomas Liljedahl North Sweden Soilrem Center Sweden Shaun McKenna Corus UK UK Kate Millar University of Nottingham UK Richard Moss ICI R&I UK Paul Nathanail University of Nottingham UK Tom Parker KOMEX UK Mike Patterson Golder Associates (UK) Ltd. UK Alain Pérez TOTAL FRANCE France Tanja Pless-Mulloli University of Newcastle UK Matthew Randall BNFL UK Lida Schelwald-van der Kley Port of Rotterdam NL Philippa Scott Shell Global Solutions UK Anja Sinke TNO-MEP NL Paul Sins ERM UK UK Matthias Sumann Tauw BV NL Mike Summersgill exSite Research Ltd. UK Russell Thomas Parsons Brinckerhoff UK Divyesh Trivedi BNFL plc UK Bruce Unger Shell Global Solutions UK Derk van Ree GeoDelft NL Johan van Veen NICOLE Secretariat NL Antonella Vecchio APAT Italy Elze-Lia Visser-Westerweele NICOLE SPG Secretariat NL Terry Walden BP International UK Steve Wallace Secondsite Property UK Neil Wildgust Powergen UK UK Bart-Jan Wilton URS Netherlands BV NL

report of the nicole workshop...nicole, nicole members have been involved in the initiation,...

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