report - nutrient deficiency

7/29/2019 REPORT - Nutrient Deficiency

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Inorganic Nutrition of Plants

MEJIA, MINA, PASCUAL


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INTRODUCTION


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The Soil


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Cation Exchange & Uptake


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Essential Nutrients

Life cycle

Biological role(structural, physiological,biochemical, osmoregulatory)


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Essential Nutrients

Macronutrients (9) Micronutrients (8)

Required quantity 0.1 to 45%( >10 mmole kg-1 dry

weight)

1x10-3 to 1x10-2 %(< 10 mmole kg-1 dry

weight)

Roles Structural Co-factors Activators

Nutrients N, C, O, H, P, S, K,Mg, Ca

Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu,Ni, Mo

Mobile (8) Immobile (5)

Symptoms first seenin

Older parts Younger parts

Nutrients N, K, Mg, P, Cl, Na,

Zn, Mo

Ca, S, Fe, B, Cu


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When does a mineral become deficient?


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Mineral Deficiencies

Deficiency in mineral = specific symptom

o Morphological

o Anatomical

o Physiological

o

Biochemical


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Common Morphological Symptoms

Chlorosis

Yellowing

Degradation of chlorophyll

Necrosis

Tissue death


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Stunted growth

Common Morphological Symptoms

Biomass accumulation

(Hermans et al., 2006)

Shoot-to-root ratio

Modifications to shoot

metabolism or carbohydratetranslocation

Increase in areas responsiblefor accumulation


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Nutritional Studies

Hydroponics

Nutrient solution

(Hoaglands solution) Individual nutrients removed

Effect on growth and development


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Nutritional Studies

Aeroponics

Nutrient film


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Objectives and Limitations

Determine specific morphological aberrations permineral deficiency

Compared against control grown in Hoaglandssolution

Limitations:

Only 6 of the 17 essential minerals No foliar application


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METHODOLOGY


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METHODOLOGY

Mung beans (Vigna radiata)

(+) easy accesibility

(+) low maintenance in growth

Surface sterilization with bleach

(+) to avoid possible contamination from the outercovering of the seeds

(+) removal of inviable seeds


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METHODOLOGY

Hydroponic culture or solution

(+) to lessen complexity of soil

(+) more controlled environment

Nutrient or Hoagland solution

(+) appropriate concentrations to avoid toxicity or stress

due to salinity

(+) highest concentrations for sustainability, lessreplenishment


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METHODOLOGY

Measure pH level

(+) consistency of different solutions

(+) to avoid changes in concentrations

Aeration

(+) to ensure supply of oxygen formaximum growth

Oxygen aerobic respiration


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MAGNESIUM

DEFICIENCYMgSO47H2O NH4Cl


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Magnesium

Macronutrient

Mobile

Biochemically: Group 3

Assimilated and restored as Mg2+

Reservoir: soils

Depletion: acidic, sandy soils


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Roles of Magnesium

Phosphotransferase co-factor(photosynthesis, respiration, nucleic acid synthesis,ATP synthesis)

Enzyme activator(PEP & ribulose bisphosphatecarboxylase)

Stabilization of ribosome structure


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Roles of Magnesium

Central component of chlorophyll

Porphyrin ring

Site of electron transfers


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Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency

Intervenal chlorosis

Yellow to white

Necrosis

Premature leaf abscission

Older shoots


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Failure of sucrose-loading

Mg-ATP: substrate for H+ pump

Biomass accumulated in leaves Lowered carbohydrate translocation to roots

Modified root metabolism

Downregulation of Cab2-encoding genes Chlorophyll a/b binding protein

Delayed chlorophyll reduction

Reduced photosynthesis

Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency

f


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Magnesium DeficiencyData

0

5

10

15

20

25

Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf LengthA

Leaf LengthB

Leaf WidthA

Leaf WidthB

A

veragedMeasurements(cm

)

Plant Part

Magnesium Deficient

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday


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SULFUR DEFICIENCYMgSO47H2OMgCl2


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Sulfur

Macronutrient

Immobile

Biochemically: Group 1

Organic moleculecomponent

Reservoir: soils & atmosphere Decomposition

Fossil fuels

Natural phenomena (volcanic eruptions,

geysers, sulfur springs, acid rain)


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Sulfur Assimilation

SO42- Cysteine

Cysteine

Glutathione

MethionineVacuole S-pools


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Roles of Sulfur

Disulfide bonds

Protein tertiary structure


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Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency

Reduced protein synthesis

Reduced chlorophyll-protein

complexes

Chlorosis of young leaves

Reduction in photosynthesis

Reduction inribulosebiosphosphate(respiration)


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Production of:

non-sulfur or low-sulfur compounds(-gliadi)

High molecular weight subunits of glutenin



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Roles of Sulfur

Component of:

Coenzyme A(respiration & fatty acid metabolism)

Pyrophosphate (PPi)

Ferrodoxin (electron transport)

Secondary metabolites(glucosinolates, thiocyanates,

isothiocyanates)


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N:S ratio increases

High nitrogen: no release of S from vacuoles

Young shoots: unable to support growth with proteinstores

Growth inhibited


N S


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Adaptations to Sulfur Deficiency

Depression in root hydraulicconductivity

Signal to aerial regions

Stomatal closure

Reduce CO2 assimilation

reduce S requirement

S lf D fi i D t


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Sulfur Deficiency Data

0

5

10

15

20

25

Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B LeafLength A

LeafLength B

Leaf WidthA

Leaf WidthB

AveragedMeasurements(cm

)

Plant Part

Sulfur Deficient

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday


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Phosphorus DeficiencyNH4H2PO4NH4Cl


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Phosphorus

Macronutrient

Mobile

Group 2 -- energy storage and structural integrity

Availability may vary depending on soil pH

Acidic (< 6.8) most readily absorbed

Neutral (6.8 -7.2) less readily absorbed

Basic (> 7.2) unavailable


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Role of Phosphorus

Nucleotides DNA, RNA

Sugar phosphates photosynthesisand respiration

Phospholipids (membranes) structural integrity

S t f


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Symptoms ofPhosphorus Deficiency

Rapid leaf senescence

Death of old leaves

Due to mobility

Presence of P exported to youngLack of P old parts affected first

S t f


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Stunted growth

Production of slender, shorter stems

Lack of sugar phosphates

Decrease in ATP and NADPH

Inefficient photosynthesis, respiration(oxidative phosphorylation)

S t f


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Stunted growth

Production of slender, shorter stems

Lack of sugar phosphates

Decrease in ATP and NADPH

Inefficient photosynthesis, respiration(oxidative phosphorylation)

S t f


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Dark green coloration of malformed leaves

Necrotic spots

Lack of P for phospholipid membranes

Increase in content of chlorophyll per leaf area

w/o photosynthetic capability

Reduced rate of cell and leaf expansion, but samerate of chlorophyll formation

S mptoms of


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Excess production of anthocyanin pigments

Stress response for photoprotection

to safeguard cells against strong light

Symptoms of


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Increase root branching,

Decrease shoot growth

Stress response to search for P

with highly branched root system, more

root hairs, more lateral roots, butdecreased primary root length


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P- deficient

Slender stem

Dark green malformed leaves


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NH4H2PO4NH4Cl

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Leaf Length BLeaf Width A Leaf Width B

Averaged

Measurements(c

m)

Plant Part

Phosphorous Deficient

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday


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Calcium DeficiencyCa(NO3)2NaNO3


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Calcium

Macronutrient

Immobile

Group 3 remain in ionic form

low or acidic pH abundance as a basic cation


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Role of Calcium

Crosslinked in peptic chain ofmiddle lamella of cell wall

Polymerization of

microtubules in mitosis

Membrane attracted to thenegatively charged phosphategroups

Secondary messenger thatinteract with calmodulin

Symptoms of


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Symptoms ofCalcium Deficiency

Stunted growth or premature death

middle lamella of cell wall

Phospholipid layers of membrane

Secondary messenger

Symptoms of


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cell wall loosenfor to extend for

growth

Auxin inducesacidification

apoplast route

replace ofcalcium ions

naturally

breakcompartmen-

talization

leakage ofrespiratory

substrates fromvacuole

malfunction ofrespiratory

enzymes in thecytoplasm


Crosslinked in peptic chain of middle lamella of cell wall

Symptoms of


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attracted to (-) phosphate groups of membranelipids

insufficiency cause constraints in membranespermeability to hydrophilic solutes

Cause stress due to salinity

Symptoms of


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secondary messenger that interact withcalmodulin

balance of ions, expression of genes, metabolism of

carbohydrates and even mitosis

Accelerated by stimuli from the environment

Indirect changes = affect biological process

Symptoms of


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Deformation of young leaves

hooked downward

Immobility = symptoms in young plant tissues

Accumulate in leaves disrupt xylem transport

distributed only at a certain distance

Symptoms of


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No leaf expansion

Polymerization of microtubules in the process ofmitotic

Inefficient mitotic process abnormal celldivision


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Ca- deficient

Deformation of young leaves


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Ca(NO3)2NaNO3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf Length A Leaf Length B Leaf Width A Leaf Width B

Avera

gedMeasuremen

ts(cm)

Plant Part

Calcium Deficient

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday


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NITROGEN DEFICIENCYKNO3 KCl

NH4H2PO4NaH2PO4Ca(NO3)2 CaCl2


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Nitrogen

Macronutrient

Mobile

Group 1: Organic Molecule Component

Atmosphere (Acid Rain), Fertilizers, Organic matter

Easily taken up as nitrogenous compounds (NH4and NO3-) by plants

Deficiency due to nutrient robbing and leachingout


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AmmonificationNitrification Dentrification

(Organic matterNH4NO2- NO3

- NON2)

Symbiotic Nitrogen


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Symbiotic NitrogenFixation

Symbiosis withbacteria for built inNitrogen source

Occurs in legumefamily

Bacteria involved is

Rhizobium; differentstrains = differentspecies


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Roles of Nitrogen

Considered as themineral most requiredin greatest amounts

For protein, amino acid,nucleic acid synthesis

Component of

chlorophyll


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Symptoms and Effects of

Nitrogen Deficiency on


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Growth

Chlorosis- leaves may become tan and fall-off (leafsenescence)

Provoked by lipid peroxidation and pigment loss

Growth inhibition

Less biomass production

Decrease in dry weight


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Photosynthesis

Low photosynthetic rate

Reduced Rubisco activity

Change in source-sink balance

Disrupt chloroplast structure when carbohydrateaccumulation is high; thus, less CO2 uptake

Carbohydrate


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CarbohydrateAccumulation

Increase in carbohydrate storage

Carbon assimilates provide skeleton for amino acid

synthesis

Excess of soluble carbohydrates unable to be used inamino acid synthesis accumulate in plant parts

May cause woody stems

Damping-out of Circadian


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Damping out of CircadianRhythm in stem diameter

Immediately after deficiency, Kanai et al. (2008) sawan increase in stem diameter in tomato plants

Increase in sugar assimilates, increases water flux,maintaining turgor

Suspected to have high phloem turgor to increasestem diameter

Relieved when roots depressed water potential andhigh sugar concentration cannot be held for too long

d h h l


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Oxidative Phosphorylation

During N-deficiency-induced senescence

Rise in reactive oxygen species leading to oxidativestress

Superoxide ion

Hydrogen peroxide

Prevented by cytokinins

Overexpression of genes

l


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Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Leaf LengthB

Leaf Width A Leaf Width B

Measurements(cm)

Plant Part

Nitrogen Deficient CaCl2 Substitute

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

R l


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Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Leaf Length B Leaf Width A Leaf Width B

Measurements(cm)

Plant Part

Nitrogen Deficient NaH2PO4Substitute

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

R l


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Results

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Root A Root B Shoot A Shoot B Leaf Length A Leaf Length B Leaf Width A Leaf Width B

AveragedMeasurements(cm)

Plant Part

Nitrogen Deficient KCl Substitute

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday


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POTASSIUM

DEFICIENCYKNO3 NaNO3

P i


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Potassium

Macronutrient

Mobile

Group 3: Retained in IonicForm K+

Naturally occurs in soil

Deficiency attributed toleaching out

R l f P i


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Roles of Potassium

Regulates water potential

Used in ion-gate channels for transport

Enzyme activator in processes such as glycolysis,carbohydrate and protein synthesis

Involved in protein, amino acid, nucleic acid

synthesis

Symptoms and Effects of


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Symptoms and Effects ofDeficiency

Chlorosis- marginal

Necrosis- at leaf tips, margins then to bases

Roots more susceptible to root-rotting fungi

Inhibit root growth, especially lateral root

Due to negative photosynthetic rate andphotosynthane transportation

When spread, may lead to lodging


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Decreased photosynthesis

Decreased CO2 uptake

Decreased leaf expansion and transport of carbonassimilates

Evident after stem expansion was down-regulated

Due to impaired root water uptake and leaftranspiration rates

Kanai et al. (2010) tested effect of N deficiency inrelation to aquaporin and K-channel inhibition

R lt


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Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Leaf LengthB

Leaf WidthA

Leaf WidthB

M

easurements(cm)

Plant Part

Potassium Deficient

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday


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CONCLUSION and

RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

Essential nutrients are required for growth anddevelopment found in the environment andcannot be synthesized by an organism.

Deficiency of an essential nutrient leads tolapses in morphological, physiological orbiochemical process.

The experiment was partially successfulquantitatively, but victorious qualitatively.

P ibl f


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Possible sources of error

Human error

Inconsistent measurements

Solution preparation

Limitation of set up

Environmental factors

RECOMMENDATION


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RECOMMENDATION

More appropriate environment must be providedfor the seedlings such that constant source of lightand protection from external factors like predation

are available Consistent measurement of pH level

Mechanical aeration

Application of other techniques such as aeroponicsand nutrient film growth may further confirm thequantitative and qualitative symptoms that aresupposed to be observed


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Inorganic Nutrition of Plants

MEJIA, MINA, PASCUAL

report - nutrient deficiency

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