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CROSS AND CRECENT

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JERUSALEM

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War between Christians and

MuslimsCHRISTIANS

Jerusalem is the place of

nativity, ministry,crucifixion andresurrection of Jesus.

Main goal:Restoring Christian

control of the HolyLandFight the expansion ofMuslim rule

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MUSLIMS

Jerusalem holds thesite of the ascensioninto heaven of theProphet Muhammad

Jerusalem is oftenregarded as the thirdmost sacred site inIslam.

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Crusades

A series of religious sanctioned militarycampaigns.

The main series of Crusades occurredbetween 1095 and 1291

Fought mainly by Roman Catholics againstMuslims

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First Crusade

A military expedition byWestern Christianity toregain the Holy Landtaken in the Muslimsconquest of the Levant.

defensive or asaggressive in nature

remains controversial. Launch by Pope Urban

II

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Primary goal

Response to the appeal ofByzantine Emperor, AlexiosI Komenos.He requestedthat western volunteerscome to his aid and help torepel the invading SeljuqTurks from Anatolia.

Christian reconquest of theSacred City of Jerusalem

and the Holy Land. Freeing of the Eastern

Orthodox from Islamic rule

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Timeline of the First Crusade

1071 Byzantine army is destroyed by Turks

1071 - 1085

1085 - 1095

1095

1095

1095 November 27

Mercenary Seljuk Turks conquer Syria and Palestine. TheCity of Jerusalem is taken from the more civilised Saracencaliphs

3000 Christian Pilgrims were massacred in Jerusalem andthe Christian churches were destroyed or used as stablesEmperor Alexius I sent an embassy to Pope Urban IIregarding the atrocities in Jerusalem and the growing threatof the Turks to Constantinople and the whole of EuropePope Urban II called a great council of the Church at

Placentia, in Italy, to consider the appeal - decisions weredeferred until later in the yearPope Urban II called a great council of clergy and nobles tomeet at Clermont in France called the Council of Clermont.He called for a crusade against the Infidels

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1095 - Spring 1096

Summer 1096

August 1096

October 1096

May June 1097 Siege of Nicacea

July 1097 Battle of Dorylaeum

Oct 1097 - June 1098 The Siege of Antioch

1098 June 1

Peter the Hermit took up the cry "God wills it!" and ordinarypeople join in the 'People's Crusade' - most were unarmedArmed forces gathered at Constantinople to embark on theFirst Crusade

Emperor Alexius I shipped the Peoples Crusade over theBosphorusThe Peoples Crusade were annihilated by the Turks inAnatolia

Stephen of Blois and numerous French crusaders flee thesiege of Antioch with news of the arrival of Emir Kerbogaof Mosul

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1098 June 3

1098 June 5

1099 Feb 14 - June The siege of Arqah, near Tripoli

1098 June 28

1099 June 13

1099 July 15

Bohemond I, elder son of Robert Guiscard, led the captureof AntiochEmir Kerboga of Mosul and his army of 75,000 lays siegeto the crusaders led by Bohemond

The Battle of Orontes. The First Crusade wins a victoryforcing Emir Kerboga to lift the siege of AntiochRaymond of Toulouse leads the crusaders from Antiochand to JerusalemThe soldiers of the First Crusade successfully scale the

walls of Jerusalem and take the Holy city

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Second and Third Crusade

Started in responseto the fallof County of Edessa thepervious year to the forces ofZengi.

Announced by Pope EugeneIII.His Holliness III issued thecrusading bull Quantumpraedecessores.

First crusades led by

European kings, namely LouisVII of France and Conrad III ofGermany.

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Pope Eugene III beseechesLouis and his men torecapture the city ofEdessa which recently had

been taken by the Muslims Eugenius promises

'ecclesiastical protection ofthose family members,goods and possessions left

behind by the newcrusaders; he also declaresthe protection of debtorswho participate in thecrusade.

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In 114749 , the

Second Crusade,championed by theabbot Bernard ofClairvaux, attempted totake Damascus in

Syria.

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The campaign was a

dismal failure because theMuslims had regrouped.

Led by Salah al-Din(Saladin), Muslim forcesadvanced across Syria and

finally retook Jerusalem inOctober 1187.

By the end of the ThirdCrusade (118992),however, Crusader forces

had gained Cyprus and thecity of Acre. With eachcrusade, relations betweenthe Byzantines and theWestern forces became

more estranged.

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Fourth Crusade

set out in 1202 with Egyptas its goal

incited by Pope InnocentIII., three years after,

terminated with divisionsamong the States ofChristendom, withoutweakening the power of theSaracens

Latin Empire ofConstantinople wasestablished with Baldwin ofFlanders as emperor. In1261, the Byzantines

regained the city.

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Fifth Crusade

commanded by theEmperor Frederic II. ofGermany (1228-9), wasdiverted altogether from

the main object, andspent its force on

Constantinople. Byzantine Empire was

then in the last stages ofdecrepitude

It broke down the chiefobstacle to their entranceinto Europe shortly

afterward.

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Sixth Crusade

Secured the capture ofDamietta, on the banksof the Nile.

Attempt to regainJerusalem.

Began 7 years after thefailure of the fifthcrusade.

It involve actual fighting.

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The diplomaticmaneuvering of theHoly Roman

Emperor, FrederickII resulted in theKingdom ofJerusalem regainingcontrol of Jerusalemand other areas forfifteen years.

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Seventh Crusade