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PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING OF
THE PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
by KAR Ghori
Geological Survey of Western Australia
REPORT188
Government of Western Australia
Government of Western AustraliaDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulationand Safety
REPORT 188
PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING OF THE PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
byKAR Ghori
PERTH 2018
Government of Western AustraliaDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
MINISTER FOR MINES AND PETROLEUMHon Bill Johnston MLA
DIRECTOR GENERAL, DEPARTMENT OF MINES, INDUSTRY REGULATION AND SAFETYDavid Smith
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND RESOURCE STRATEGYJeff Haworth
REFERENCEThe recommended reference for this publication is:Ghori, KAR 2018, Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia: Geological Survey
of Western Australia, Report 188, 139p.
ISBN 978-1-74168-825-2ISSN 1834-2280
A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia
Grid references in this publication refer to the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94). Locations mentioned in the text are referenced using Map Grid Australia (MGA) coordinates, Zone 50. All locations are quoted to at least the nearest 100 m.
Disclaimer This product was produced using information from various sources. The Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety (DMIRS) and the State cannot guarantee the accuracy, currency or completeness of the information. Neither the department nor the State of Western Australia nor any employee or agent of the department shall be responsible or liable for any loss, damage or injury arising from the use of or reliance on any information, data or advice (including incomplete, out of date, incorrect, inaccurate or misleading information, data or advice) expressed or implied in, or coming from, this publication or incorporated into it by reference, by any person whosoever.
Published 2018 by the Geological Survey of Western AustraliaThis Report is published in digital format (PDF) and is available online at <www.dmp.wa.gov.au/GSWApublications>.
© State of Western Australia (Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety) 2018
With the exception of the Western Australian Coat of Arms and other logos, and where otherwise noted, these data are provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode)
Further details of geological publications and maps produced by the Geological Survey of Western Australia are available from:Information CentreDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety100 Plain StreetEAST PERTH WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6004Telephone: +61 8 9222 3459 Facsimile: +61 8 9222 3444www.dmp.wa.gov.au/GSWApublications
Cover photograph: Senecio 3 Waitsia Discovery Well (photo courtesy AWE Limited)
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Contents
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................1Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................1Geological setting ...................................................................................................................................................2Petroleum geology .................................................................................................................................................2Petroleum geochemistry .........................................................................................................................................2
Petroleum systems ...........................................................................................................................................2Source-rock parameters ..................................................................................................................................2Source rocks ....................................................................................................................................................3
Pyrolysis gas chromatography .................................................................................................................3Gas chromatography ...............................................................................................................................3Source-to-oil correlation ..........................................................................................................................4
Petroleum system modelling ..........................................................................................................................6Erregulla Area: northern Perth Basin .............................................................................................................7Whicher Range 1: southern Perth Basin .......................................................................................................7Potential self-contained petroleum systems ....................................................................................................8
Discussion and conclusions ....................................................................................................................................8References ..............................................................................................................................................................9
Figures1. Major tectonic units, exploration wells, and petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin ............................132. Stratigraphy, petroleum sources, reservoirs, systems, and discoveries in the Perth Basin ........................143. Histogram showing petroleum drilling in the Perth Basin .........................................................................154. History of petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin .................................................................................155. Western Australian petroleum production in 2015 ....................................................................................166. Estimated conventional and tight reservoir petroleum resources of the Perth Basin ................................177. Gas composition and geographic distribution within the Perth Basin ......................................................188. Oil and condensate gravity vs depth plot of the Perth Basin .....................................................................199. Oil and condensate composition of the Perth Basin ..................................................................................1910. Map of Perth Basin showing distribution of data used in this study .........................................................2011. Discrimination between non-source- and source-rock samples based on TOC and Rock-Eval data .......2112. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Permian source rocks ..............................................................................2213. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Permian source rocks ...................................................................2314. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Triassic source rocks ..............................................................................2415. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Triassic source rocks ....................................................................2516. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Jurassic source rocks ..............................................................................2617. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Jurassic source rocks ...................................................................2718. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Cretaceous source rocks .........................................................................2819. TOC and Rock-Eval composite log of Cretaceous source rocks ..............................................................2920. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography typing of the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples .........3021. Gas chromatography typing of the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples ........................3122. Chemometric characterization of crude oil of the Perth Basin .................................................................3123. Estimated subsurface temperatures of the Perth Basin .............................................................................3224. Measured thermal conductivity of the rock units in the Perth Basin ........................................................3325. Estimated present-day heat flow in the Perth Basin ..................................................................................3426. Perth Basin map, showing 1D-modelled, present-day heat flow ...............................................................3527. AFTA regional cooling events in the Perth Basin .....................................................................................3628. Perth Basin maps, showing the generating potential S2 distribution within the Jurassic Cattamarra
Coal Measures, Triassic Kockatea Shale, Permian Carynginia Formation, and Permian Irwin River Coal Measures ...........................................................................................................................................37
29. Perth Basin map, showing the age of source rock distribution .................................................................3830. Perth Basin map, showing structural elements and wells within the northern onshore part and a
cross-section A–A1 shown in Figure 31 ....................................................................................................3931. North to south cross-section, showing stratigraphy for model wells used in BasinView and
2D BasinMod modelling ...........................................................................................................................4032. Northern Perth Basin maps, summarizing the distribution of organic richness and temperature
within the Kockatea Shale .........................................................................................................................4133. Perth Basin maps, showing the location of the data wells and the thichness and elevation of
the Kockatea Shale ....................................................................................................................................4234. Perth Basin maps, showing the location of the data wells and the generating potential and hydrogen
index of the Kockatea Shale ......................................................................................................................4335. Perth Basin maps, showing the location of the data wells and the oil and gas retained in the
Kockatea Shale ..........................................................................................................................................44
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36. North to south cross-section, showing vitrinite reflectance maturity and hydrocarbon volume for the Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Triassic Kockatea Shale, Permian Carynginia Formation, and Permian Irwin River Coal Measures source beds ............................................................45
37. North to south cross-section, showing the gas saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling ....................................................................................................................46
38. North to south cross-section, showing the oil saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling ....................................................................................................................46
39. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area, northern Perth Basin, showing burial history, maturity calibration, kerogen transformation ratio, and oil generation rate ..............................................47
40. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area, northern Perth Basin, showing burial history, petroleum system elements and timing, and hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Kockatea Shale source beds ......................................................................................................................................48
41. Petroleum system modelling of Whicher Range area, southern Perth Basin, showing burial history, maturity calibration, kerogen transformation ratio, and gas generation ....................................................49
42. Petroleum system modelling of Whicher Range area, southern Perth Basin, showing burial history, petroleum system elements and timing, and hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Permian source beds ................................................................................................................................................50
43. Summary of the minerals, clays, and kerogen composition of the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Kockatea Shale ......................................................................................................................51
44. Summary of the shale petroleum systems of Arrowsmith 2 showing burial history, petroleum system elements, gas, and oil retained in the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Hovea Member Shale ................................................................................................................................52
Tables1. Selected parameters of the Perth Basin petroleum liquids ..........................................................................42. Selected gas chromatography parameters for petroleum samples from the Perth Basin ............................5
Appendices1. Rock-Eval Expert System Analysis rules to filter out unreliable TOC, Rock-Eval, and vitrinite
reflectance data ...........................................................................................................................................552. Geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval data for 60 wells ......................................................................573. Maps of distribution of geochemical attributes for each potential source rock .......................................1174. Plots of AFTA data for 14 samples from Arranoo South 1, Cataby 1, and West Erregulla 1...................133
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Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
by
KAR Ghori
AbstractPetroleum geochemistry, organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), heat flow, subsurface temperatures, and other exploration data from the onshore Perth Basin indicate that the Permian and Jurassic coal and shale source rocks are predominantly gas prone, whereas Triassic and Cretaceous source rocks are oil prone. Correlations between oil and source rocks show that the condensate from Whicher Range 1 has a Permian source. Oil and gas/condensate recovered from the Cliff Head, Dongara, Eremia, Hovea, Jingemia, Mondarra, Mount Horner, North Erregulla, Woodada, and Yardarino fields are derived from Triassic source rocks. Oil and gas/condensate from Gingin 1 and Walyering 1 and 2 are from a Jurassic source, and the oil from Gage Roads 1 is from a Jurassic–Cretaceous source.
These source rocks have also been studied for self-contained petroleum systems. Initial estimates by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) indicate tight sand/shale oil and gas resources in Permian shales of up to 25 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) gas, and in Triassic shales up to 8 Tcf gas and 500 million barrels oil/condensate. Shale oil and gas exploration is at a very early stage, and more work is needed to verify these estimates and to include estimates for the Jurassic. By comparison, the Cretaceous is relatively thin onshore and is therefore unlikely to contain significant quantities of hydrocarbons.
Petroleum system modelling of over 60 wells with total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval data indicates major Permian–Jurassic subsidence and burial in the onshore Perth Basin. Models were constrained by AFTA data, indicating regional paleothermal events during the Cretaceous (135–56 Ma) and Tertiary (30–0 Ma), which vary locally and affect time and depth of burial. Consequently, there are variations in the timing of petroleum generation across the basin.
The recent large conventional oil and gas discoveries at Xanadu Oil Field (2017) within the Irwin River Coal Measures and the Waitsia Gas Field (2014) within the Kingia Formation verify the presence of new high potential Permian oil and gas plays sourced from proven petroleum source rocks.
In addition, emerging shale plays with encouraging results at Woodada Deep 1 and Arrowsmith 2 have revived exploration interest in the Perth Basin.
Locally significant petroleum production (194 790 L of oil, 19 087 980 L of condensate, and 260 855 806 m3 of gas) took place before 2016.
KEYWORDS: petroleum geochemistry, petroleum systems, Rock-Eval, source-rock quality, thermal maturity
IntroductionThe Perth Basin covers an area of about 100 000 km² in the southwest of Western Australia (Fig. 1), containing mainly Permian–Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Fig. 2). Petroleum exploration drilling in the Perth Basin started in the early 1950s and since then over 368 onshore and 61 offshore wells have been drilled (Figs 3, 4). As a result, several commercial oil and gas fields have been discovered and numerous other significant discoveries within tight sandstone have been made, such as Corybas 1, which is producing from the tight sandstones within the Irwin River Coal Measures. Since the 1970s, the Perth Basin has produced a cumulative total of 2 665 928 050 L oil, 167 047 550 L condensate, and 19 837 593 000 m3 gas. In 2015, the basin produced 194 790 L of oil, 19 087 980 L of condensate and 260 855 806 m3 of gas from conventional reservoirs. The Perth Basin is the second largest petroleum producer after the Northern Carnarvon Basin within Western Australian jurisdiction (Fig. 5).
Besides conventional petroleum resources (Fig. 6), resource estimates indicate tight sand/shale gas and oil within the Permian Carynginia Formation of up to 25 trillion cubic
feet (Tcf) gas, and within the latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea shales, up to 8 Tcf gas with 500 million barrels oil/condensate (Kuuskraa et al., 2011, 2013).
This has triggered exploration for petroleum shale plays in the Perth Basin with encouraging results at Woodada Deep 1 and Arrowsmith 2, and a new conventional Permian gas play as demonstrated by the Waitsia discoveries in the Carynginia Formation and Irwin River Coal Measures. The oil recovery from the Kockatea Shale in Arrowsmith 2 was the first proven shale oil play in the Perth Basin. Shale oil and gas exploration is at a very early stage, and more work is needed to assess the commercial potential. The Perth Basin has developed relatively few shale play wells in the last few years, compared with thousands of wells in the US.
To evaluate the Perth Basin conventional and tight petroleum resources, the focus of exploration and research is currently on the Permian Carynginia Formation and the latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale-sourced petroleum systems. For these shaly formations, Middleton (2015) discussed maturity within the northern Perth Basin. Cooper et al. (2015) used a mass balance approach through basin modelling to estimate tight petroleum resources.
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Ghori
Rasouli and Rezaee (2014) provided results on mechanical properties of these shales, and CoreLab (2013) evaluated shale source–reservoir systems based on core analyses from six wells in the northern Perth Basin. Ghori (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017) discussed emerging shale and tight gas plays in Western Australia, petroleum systems, emerging shale and tight sand plays, and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin.
This study focuses on petroleum systems of the onshore Perth Basin, based on petroleum geochemistry data currently available at the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety (DMIRS) via the Western Australian petroleum and geothermal information management system (WAPIMS).
Geological settingThe Perth Basin is a southerly trending, elongate rift trough along the west coast of Australia. There are two main depocentres in the onshore portion, the northern Dandaragan Trough and the southern Bunbury Trough, which are separated by the Mandurah Terrace (Fig. 1). The Dandaragan Trough is a major depocentre up to 12 km thick. The basin contains for the most part Lower Permian to Lower Cretaceous continental clastic rocks (Fig. 2), deposited in a rift system that culminated in the breakup of Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous. Two major tectonic phases are recognized: Permian extension in a southwesterly direction and Early Cretaceous transtension to the northwest during breakup. The current understanding of the Perth Basin tectonic framework is discussed by Thomas (2014).
Petroleum geologyAll producing fields are located within the northern Perth Basin (Fig. 1), where oil and gas has been produced from numerous onshore fields and oil from one offshore field. Many of the fields are now either depleted, such as Apium, Eremia, Gingin West, Jingemia, Mondarra, Mount Horner, Xyris, Xyris South, and Yardarino, or not yet developed, such as the oil accumulation at North Yardanogo and the gas at Warro and Whicher Range. In 2015, seven fields were producing gas condensate (Fig. 5), and minor oil was produced from the Dongara field. Of these fields, Beharra Springs, Dongara, Hovea, Redback, and Tarantula are producing from Upper Permian reservoirs (Wagina Formation and Dongara Sandstone), Waitsia from Lower Permian reservoirs (Kingia and High Cliff Sandstones), Corybas from tight sandstone reservoirs within the Lower Permian Irwin River Coal Measures, and Red Gully from the Jurassic reservoirs within the Cattamarra Coal Measures (Fig. 2). The gas across the basin is mainly dry, contains over 94% methane (Fig. 7) with minimal condensate production, and the oil is light and constitutes a highly paraffinic crude, which frequently has a high wax content, high pour point, and is rich in saturate hydrocarbons (Figs 8, 9).
The oil and gas condensate reservoirs are within the Permian High Cliff Sandstone, Irwin River Coal Measures, Carynginia Formation, Beekeeper Formation, Dongara and Wagina Sandstones (northern Perth Basin), and the
Willespie Formation (southern Perth Basin), Triassic Arranoo and Woodada Sandstones, Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Cadda and Yarragadee Formations, and the Cretaceous Parmelia Group (Fig. 2).
Source rocks with predominantly gas condensate generating potential have been identified within the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic intervals (Thomas, 1979; Thomas and Barber, 2004). Since then many publications have documented the oil and gas potential from different source rocks. These include marine source facies within the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Kockatea Shale, and coaly and lacustrine source facies within the Permian Irwin River Coal Measures and Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, which impact the geochemical characteristics of oil, condensate, and gas accumulations of the Perth Basin.
The majority of oil and gas condensate that has been commercially produced is correlated with the source rocks within the Hovea Member of the basal Kockatea Shale as documented from the Hovea 3 well (Thomas and Barber, 2004). This source interval is widely distributed within the northern Perth Basin. Other key publications on petroleum geochemistry of the Perth Basin include Thomas (1984), Thomas and Barber (2004), Summons et al. (1995), GeoMark and AGSO (1996), Edwards and Zumberge (2005). Publication on the offshore northern Perth Basin includes Jones and Hall (2002).
Petroleum geochemistry
Petroleum systemsPetroleum geochemistry (source rock and hydrocarbon analytical data), organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), heat flow, subsurface temperature data (Fig. 10), and other exploration data from the onshore Perth Basin are used to evaluate conventional and tight reservoir petroleum source potential. In tight reservoir systems, the timing of charge vs trap formation is not a critical element as it is in conventional reservoir systems.
Source rocks form the richest petroleum shale plays, because they retain a vast quantity of petroleum even after expelling significant petroleum to conventional reservoirs (Fig. 6). Shale reservoirs are texturally and mineralogically heterogeneous. Many similar looking types of shale often have different source-rock characteristics (Durham, 2010; Aplin and Macquaker, 2011).
The geochemical properties that help to form a good-quality shale gas and oil play are adequate source-rock thicknesses of net pay (>100 m) and high organic richness (>2% total organic carbon [TOC]), and adequate thermal maturity (>1.5% Ro) for shale gas plays (Parker, 2009).
Source-rock parameters The source-rock characterization generally used by the petroleum industry (Baskin, 1997; Dembicki Jr, 2009) was used in this study, albeit with some modifications as discussed below.
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GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
The petroleum-generating capacity of a source rock depends on four factors: organic richness (amount of kerogen), organic facies (type of kerogen), organic maturity (kerogen-to-petroleum transformation ratio), and expulsion efficiency. Organic richness is measured by TOC content. In this Report, source-rock samples with TOC content >0.5% are classified as being of fair organic richness, between 1 and 2% as good, between 2 and 4% as very good, and over 4% as excellent.
Thermal and pyrolysate yield of organic compounds from Rock-Eval is expressed as S1 + S2 or potential yield, which quantifies the hydrocarbon-generating capacity of rocks. S1 represents existing indigenous or migrated hydrocarbons in a rock and is approximately equivalent to the extractable organic matter (bitumen). S2 represents the organic compounds generated from kerogens during heating within the Rock-Eval instrument. S1 and S2 are both measured as milligrams per gram of rock (mg/g rock). Samples with potential pyrolysate yield (S2) of 2–5 mg/g rock are classified as fair, those with 5–10 mg/g rock as good, those with 10–20 mg/g rock as very good, and those over 20 mg/g rock as excellent.
Source-rock facies classification of the kerogen type was derived using a cross plot of TOC vs the hydrogen index (HI). Using this method, HI is calculated from Rock-Eval data and corresponds to the quantity of hydrocarbon compounds (HC) that can be pyrolyzed relative to the TOC (mg HC/g TOC). The equation is HI = (S2/ TOC × 100). Source rocks with HI values of less than 150 are classified as gas generating, while those with HI values over 150 are classified as oil and gas generating.
Source-rock maturity has been determined using a cross plot of the analysis temperature at maximum hydrocarbon generation (Tmax) and the production index (PI). Tmax provides an indication of source-rock maturity, but can be affected by organic facies type. Tmax less than 435ºC is classified as immature, between 435ºC and 460ºC as oil generating, between 460ºC and 470ºC as wet-gas generating, and over 470ºC as dry-gas generating. The equation is PI = S1/(S1 + S2).
Vitrinite reflectance (VR) data and Tmax from Rock-Eval indicate thermal maturity. AFTA indicates maximum paleotemperatures and their timing, whereas present-day temperatures are estimated from recorded temperatures in petroleum wells. Finally, organic maturity and timing of oil and gas generation from source rocks can be estimated using basin and thermal history modelling.
No direct method is available to measure expulsion efficiency, although a mass balance approach can be used to estimate petroleum expulsion efficiency (PEE) using Rock-Eval parameters (Cooles et al., 1986; Powell and Boreham, 1991).
Source rocksSource rocks of the Perth Basin have been identified from analytical data available for about 4000 samples (Fig. 11). TOC and Rock-Eval data (Fig. 11a) are used to discriminate between source- and non-source-rock samples (Espitalié et al., 1985; Peters, 1986; Bordenave et al., 1993). Those samples with <0.5% TOC and <2 mg HC/g rock pyrolysate yield (S2) are defined as non-source-
rock samples (Fig. 11b,c), and are excluded from further interpretation. For source-rock samples, a cross plot of Tmax versus PI is used to discount contaminated samples (Fig. 11d). Tmax represents the analysis temperature (ºC) at maximum hydrocarbon generation during the S2 cycle. PI represents kerogen conversion indices (S1/ (S1 + S2)). Its value increases with hydrocarbon generation as a function of increasing maturity. PI values higher than normal (0.4) are observed in migrated or accumulated hydrocarbons, non-source rock, or contaminated samples, whereas lower than normal (0.1) values are interpreted to be the result of the expulsion of hydrocarbons from the source rock. Parameters for source-rock richness, organic facies, and thermal maturity, as discussed above, are used to characterize petroleum source rocks (Espitalié, 1985; Peters, 1986; Peters and Moldowan, 1993; Peters and Cassa, 1994; Peters et al., 2005). The petroleum-generating potential of the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous source rocks are summarized in Figures 12–19. Of these, Figures 12, 14, 16, and 18 summarize organic richness, facies, and maturity for the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous source-rock samples, respectively. Composite logs of these samples are shown in Figures 13, 15, 17, and 19. Characterization of kerogen by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous are summarized in Figures 20 and 21, respectively, whereas Figure 22 shows the characterization of crude oil.
Pyrolysis gas chromatography
Beside TOC and Rock-Eval, Py-GC was used to determine the detailed molecular configuration of kerogen and its oil- vs gas-generating potential (Larter and Douglas, 1980; Larter, 1985; Larter and Senftle, 1985). The most important parameters derived from these analyses include: the gas/oil generation index: GOGI = (C1 – C5)/C6+ abundance), the oil yield = C5 – C31 (alkenes + alkanes), and the aromatics content or type index: R = (m + (p-xylene/n-octene)).
Figure 20 summarizes results of the available Py-GC data and indicates that most of the samples are oil prone. The Jurassic and Triassic Py-GC data reported by Dolan and Associates (1993) also indicate that most of the analysed samples are oil prone. These samples are mostly from the Triassic Kockatea Shale and Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures from offshore wells. The Permian Irwin River Coal Measures, Carynginia Formation, and Triassic Hovea Member Py-GC data (Thomas, 1979; Thomas and Barber, 2004; Thomas et al., 2004) indicate that the source rocks within the Hovea Member are predominantly oil prone, the Irwin River Coal Measures are predominantly gas prone, and Carynginia Formation are predominantly oil and gas prone.
Gas chromatography
Crude oil and condensate samples from reservoirs and hydrocarbons extracted from rock have been analysed by gas chromatography (GC) to confirm the source rocks. Tables 1 and 2 list the selected GC biomarkers for 29 samples used in this study. These ratios are sensitive to secondary processes and need support from other geochemical and geological data (Peters and Moldowan, 1993; Peters et al., 2005) in order to confirm the source rocks.
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Ghori
Isoprenoid/n-paraffin ratios (Fig. 21; Tables 1 and 2) show that the Permian and Triassic oils have high pristane/phytane ratios as compared to Jurassic and Cretaceous oils (Fig. 21a). The pristane/n C17 ratios and Phytane/n C18 ratios indicate oil-prone marine source rocks (Fig. 21b).
Source-to-oil correlation
Gas-prone source beds within the Permian Carynginia Formation, with an organic richness of up to 11% TOC, and latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale, with TOC values over 2%, are part of the Gondwanan Petroleum Supersystem (Bradshaw et al., 1994). The Carynginia Formation is a marine deposit containing shelf to distal deltaic mudstone and siltstone, whereas the Kockatea Shale is composed of restricted marine mudstone and siltstone. The Hovea Member of the Kockatea Shale forms the main source rock of the northern Perth Basin. The oil- and gas-prone source beds within the fluvial–lacustrine shale facies of the Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures (TOC up to 27%) and Yarragadee Formation (TOC up to 2%) are part of the Austral Petroleum Supersystem (Bradshaw et al., 1994).
These source rocks have been correlated with oil accumulations in sandstone reservoirs (Fig. 22) by GeoMark Research and the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (now Geoscience Australia). First, 20 oil samples from the Perth Basin were analysed for their physical, chemical, biomarker, and isotopic characteristics (GeoMark and AGSO, 1996), followed by additional analyses of five samples from Bootine 1, East Lake Logue 1, Gingin 2, Mondarra 5, and Whicher Range 4 by Geoscience Australia (Edwards and Zumberge, 2005). These oil characteristics were used to describe the organic matter type, depositional environment, and mineralogy of the source rocks. Chemometric analyses were used to identify different oil families by removing noise from the large, regional database. This was followed by the statistical analysis of a multivariate dataset using the method described by Peters et al. (2005). This enabled recognition of four genetically related oil families based on principal component analysis (PCA) techniques (Fig. 22). These oil families can be correlated to the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous source rocks identified in the Perth Basin (GeoMark and AGSO, 1996).
Well SampleSat (%)
Aro (%)
NSO (%)
Pr/Ph Pr/nC17 Ph/nC18nC27/ nC17
CPI API S (%)
Bootine 1 DST 5 62.90 20.20 16.70 3.24 0.22 0.07 0.31 1.13 37.90 0.29
Dongara 1 PROD TEST 1
95.65 3.14 1.21 2.98 0.34 0.29 0.02 1.10 53.90 0.01
Dongara 4 DST 1 72.90 2.40 24.70 2.91 0.34 0.31 0.01 1.48 58.28 0.00
Dongara 14 77.67 18.10 3.85 1.31 0.31 0.26 0.67 1.08 35.10 0.06
Dongara 14 DST 1 76.70 17.70 5.60 1.23 0.30 0.28 0.58 1.07 39.15 0.05
East Lake Logue 1 DST 1 59.00 3.70 37.30 1.74 0.26 0.20 0.05 – 52.00 0.07
Erregulla 1 Swab test 74.87 18.75 5.27 1.12 0.55 0.50 0.84 1.05 34.80 0.03
Erregulla 1 Swab test 67.80 14.30 17.90 1.12 0.27 0.32 0.15 1.06 48.43 0.04
Gage Roads 1 DST 1A/2A
75.55 19.87 3.27 2.86 0.18 0.06 1.23 1.24 38.10 0.03
Gingin 1 DST 13 59.36 38.73 1.91 2.64 0.25 0.10 0.25 1.29 37.80 0.02
Gingin 2 DST 3A 59.00 25.30 15.70 3.11 0.27 0.10 0.17 1.15 41.20 –
Mondarra 1 DST 2 92.53 6.79 0.68 1.45 0.21 0.17 0.08 1.03 47.30 0.01
Mondarra 2 PROD TEST
89.31 10.30 0.40 1.73 0.26 0.19 0.01 5.03 50.80 0.00
Mondarra 3 DST 1 89.52 5.89 3.36 1.18 0.22 0.17 2.71 1.05 35.70 0.02
Mondarra 5 87.90 6.90 4.50 1.10 0.21 0.17 2.36 1.03 – –
Mount Horner 1 DST 4 69.96 23.26 6.42 1.43 0.44 0.36 0.65 1.07 – 0.07
North Erregulla 1 DST 1 74.75 19.76 4.69 1.14 0.59 0.54 0.78 1.04 34.70 0.07
Walyering 1 PROD TEST 3
73.07 23.88 3.05 1.75 0.20 0.07 0.72 1.18 43.90 0.02
Walyering 2 PROD TEST 4
75.77 23.30 0.94 2.95 0.13 0.05 0.27 1.14 45.80 0.01
Whicher Range 1 DST 7 62.61 36.24 1.15 3.33 0.45 0.14 0.05 2.35 46.00 0.02
Whicher Range 2 45.30 33.90 20.80 5.03 0.49 0.11 0.09 – 39.70 0.03
Woodada 3 DST 2 78.67 18.21 2.59 2.48 0.53 0.23 0.55 1.07 34.60 0.17
Yardarino 1 DST 3 90.90 6.72 1.85 1.15 0.22 0.17 0.91 1.08 38.40 0.03
Yardarino 1 DST 3 86.36 10.61 2.87 1.05 0.22 0.19 0.76 1.06 38.40 0.02
Yardarino 1 DST 3 82.92 15.37 1.61 1.15 0.23 0.17 0.90 1.07 37.20 0.02
Table 1. Selected sample parameters of the Perth Basin petroleum liquids (GeoMark and AGSO, 1996)
NOTE: Abbreviations: Sat, saturate hydrocarbons; Aro, aromatic hydrocarbons; NSO, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds; Pr, pristane; Py, phytane; nC18, number of carbon in compound; CPI, carbon preference index; API, American Petroleum Institute; S, sulfur
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GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Well SamplePristane/ phytane
Phytane/ n-C17
Phytane/ n-C18
Formation Age
Charlotte 1 1527.05 1.48 0.51 0.44 Gage Sandstone Cretaceous
Gage Roads 1 DST 1A/2A 2.86 0.18 0.06Perth Formation/Gage Sandstone Member
Cretaceous
Cataby 1 1692.50 2.15 0.21 0.11 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Cataby 1 1750.00 4.77 0.87 0.21 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Cataby 1 1789.00 3.26 0.37 0.12 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Cataby 1 1801.00 2.83 0.47 0.18 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Cockburn 1 1133.86 0.77 0.39 0.43 Yarragadee Formation Jurassic
Warnbro 1 2879.08 1.63 0.53 0.37 Yarragadee Formation Jurassic
Warnbro 1 3579.88 5.52 0.61 0.10 Yarragadee Formation Jurassic
Warnbro 1 3580.49 5.16 0.63 0.11 Yarragadee Formation Jurassic
Sugar Loaf 1 2298.19 1.64 0.56 0.32 Cadda Formation Jurassic
Sugar Loaf 1 3493.01 3.26 1.08 0.28 Cadda Formation Jurassic
Houtman 1 2950.00 1.95 1.23 0.72 Yarragadee Formation Jurrasic
Gage Roads 1 1782.00 4.80 0.15 0.03 Yarragadee Formation Jurrasic
Erregulla 1 Swab test 1.12 0.55 0.50 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Gingin 1 DST 13 2.64 0.25 0.10 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Walyering 1 PROD TEST 3 1.75 0.20 0.07 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Walyering 2 PROD TEST 4 2.95 0.13 0.05 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Erregulla 1 Swab test 1.12 0.27 0.32 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Gingin 2 DST 3A 3.11 0.27 0.10 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Bootine 1 DST 5 3.24 0.22 0.07 Cattamara Coal Measures Jurassic
Wittecarra 1 2331.00 2.34 0.46 0.18 Woodada Formation Triassic
East Heaton 1 2039.00 1.34 1.06 0.86 Kockatea Shale Triassic
Dongara 14 1.31 0.31 0.26 Kockatea Shale Triassic
Mondarra 1 DST 2 1.45 0.21 0.17 Basal sand Triassic
Mondarra 3 DST 1 1.18 0.22 0.17 Basal sand Triassic
Mount Horner 1 DST 4 1.43 0.44 0.36 Kockatea Shale Triassic
North Erregulla 1 DST 1 1.14 0.59 0.54 Kockatea Shale Triassic
Dongara 14 DST 1 1.23 0.30 0.28 Basal sandstone Triassic
Dongara 4 DST 1 2.91 0.34 0.31 Basal sandstone Triassic
East Heaton 1 2115.00 1.88 0.61 0.34 Wagina Sandstone Permian
East Heaton 1 2513.00 2.54 0.91 0.36 Irwin River Coal Measures Permian
Mondarra 2 PROD TEST 1.73 0.26 0.19Wagina Formation/ Basal sand
Permian
Whicher Range 1 DST 7 3.33 0.45 0.14Nangetty Formation/ Sue Coal Measures
Permian
Woodada 3 DST 2 2.48 0.53 0.23 Carynginia Formation Permian
Yardarino 1 DST 3 1.15 0.22 0.17 Wagina Formation Permian
Yardarino 1 DST 3 1.05 0.22 0.19 Wagina Formation Permian
Yardarino 1 DST 3 1.15 0.23 0.17 Wagina Formation Permian
Dongara 4 PROD TEST 1 2.98 0.34 0.29 Irwin River Coal Measures Permian
Whicher Range 4 5.03 0.49 0.11 Upper Sue Coal Measures Permian
Mondarra 5 1.10 0.21 0.17 Permian
East Lake Logue 1 DST 1 1.74 0.26 0.20 Carynginia Formation Permian
Hovea 1 DST 1 1.43 0.70 0.64 Dongara Sandstone Permian
Table 2. Selected gas chromatography parameters for samples from the Perth Basin
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These source rocks could also form potential petroleum shale plays within the onshore Perth Basin. Source beds within the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic have a wide areal distribution and extend out to the offshore Perth Basin (Crostella, 1995; Grosjean et al., 2011; Thomas, 1984; Thomas and Barber, 2004).
Petroleum system modelling Source-rock analysis data from 60 wells in the Perth Basin were used as input into petroleum system models using Platte River Associates’ latest release of the Petroleum Systems Suite software 2017. The modules 1D BasinMod, BasinMod, BasinView, and 2D BasinMod were all used in order to create an integrated model of the basin. The TOC and Rock-Eval input data were filtered with the Rock-Eval Expert System Analysis (REESA) rules (Appendix 1). Appendix 2 shows geochemical logs for 60 wells (Appendices 2.1 – 2.60). The modelled Rock-Eval data were used to generate regional maps to show the broad geographic trends of measured TOC and measured and calculated Rock-Eval parameters S2, HI, PI, and Tmax for the Carynginia Formation, Kockatea Shale, and Cattamarra Coal Measures (Appendices 3.1 – 3.28). These maps are computer generated from point data (wells) without any manual editing. They may extend into areas with missing data and the lack of structural information between wells, which is usually provided from seismic interpretation.
Model reconstructions were constrained using present-day temperatures (Fig. 23) and heat flows based on measured thermal conductivities (Figs 24–26), and AFTA paleothermal events (Fig. 27). These figures are based on subsurface well temperature information available from Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA) studies undertaken by Chopra and Holgate (2007) and Hot Dry Rocks Pty Ltd (2008), and AFTA data from GEOTRACK (Gibson, et al., 1997).
AFTA assists in constraining paleotemperatures and the cooling time since peak temperatures were reached. Fission track ages are a function of track annealing in response to an increase in temperature of between about 50 and 120ºC and track length reflects the style of cooling. VR data are also used to constrain the range of paleotemperatures, since apatite fission tracks are totally annealed above approximately 110ºC. This temperature corresponds to a VR range of 0.7 – 0.9%.
AFTA data are available for 15 samples, five each from Arranoo South 1, Cataby 1, and West Erregulla 1 (Gibson et al., 1997). These samples are from the Permian Carynginia Formation, latest Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale, Jurassic Eneabba Formation, Cattamarra Coal Measures, and Yarragadee Formation. Measurements of 26 AFTA time constraints indicate two major regional episodes of heating and cooling (burial and erosion). The first took place between 135 and 65 Ma (Cretaceous), and the second between 30 and 0 Ma (Paleogene/Neogene/Quaternary) (Fig. 27, Appendices 4.1 – 4.14).
Green and Duddy (2013) provide detailed AFTA information and its influence on basin exhumation and petroleum prospectivity of the sedimentary basins of Western Australia, including six wells from the Perth
Basin. Of these, North Erregulla 1 and West Erregulla 1 are close to present-day temperatures. Hence, no significant post-Jurassic deposition has taken place in these areas, whereas Arranoo South 1, Dongara 1, and Mondarra 1 show post-Jurassic heating and indicate exhumation between 110 and 65 Ma. However, exhumation of about 700 m at Jurien 1 took place between 190 and 140 Ma.
In the modelling process, transient heat flow was applied in order to link the thermal history with tectonically induced heat changes. This provides a direct interpretation in terms of the physical processes involved in basin formation. This is because temperature gradients will vary with depth due to differences in lithology and compaction and thus thermal conductivities. Therefore, they do not provide a correct assessment of tectonically induced heat changes (Gallagher and Morrow, 1998). Default BasinMod fluid flow parameters were used as input for estimating compaction, pressure, and reduction in porosity and permeability. Predicted hydrocarbon thermal maturity windows are based on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory vitrinite and kerogen kinetics used by BasinMod.
The burial history was reconstructed from the rock unit thicknesses and lithologies interpreted in each of the modelled wells, and events that took place during times represented by unconformities. The thermal history was then reconstructed by adjusting thermal conductivities and heat flow to constrain the maturity model against measured corrected bottom hole temperatures (BHT), %Ro, Tmax, and AFTA data to constrain present and paleotemperatures. Finally, kinetic modelling and reconstruction of petroleum generation, as a function of geothermal history and the type and amount of kerogen, was used to estimate the time of petroleum generation. The depth of the oil and gas window is assumed to be equivalent to the burial depths necessary to convert 10–90% of the available kerogen to petroleum. On the basis of the geochemical data, the Permian and Jurassic source rocks are assumed to contain mostly type III kerogen. The Triassic and Cretaceous source rocks are assumed to contain mostly type II kerogen.
This study includes one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) modelling, 1D modelling is generally referred to as maturity modelling, whereas multi-dimensional modelling is generally referred to as fluid flow modelling. Most of the geological framework used in 1D maturity modelling is also used in 2D fluid flow modelling, with the kinetics of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion modelling. The thermal regimes used in 1D and 2D models are the same except for the inclusion of lateral heat transfer by convection or diffraction in the latter (Waples, 1998).
From a total of 60 developed well models using the 1D BasinMod module, 49 selected well models were imported in the BasinMod module to generate regional distribution maps of Rock-Eval parameters and a cross-section. TOC and Rock-Eval data were filtered using REESA rules (Appendix 1). REESA provided rapid and reliable interpretation of TOC and VR data. These BasinMod models were then exported to the BasinView and 2D BasinMod modules to generate surface maps and a cross-section. These output maps were created using the point data only. The resulting contour maps are not smoothed or linked to regional structural trends. The maps show the distribution of calculated source-rock potential, type, and
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GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
maturity within the onshore Perth Basin. They are used to evaluate and map the petroleum-generating potential (S2/ mg) distribution within the onshore Perth Basin (Fig. 28). The Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures was intersected in most wells (Fig. 28a), whereas the uppermost Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale was intersected in the least number of wells (Fig. 28b). The Permian Carynginia Formation and Irwin Coal Measures were intersected in wells drilled in the western part of the study area (Fig. 28c,d). Their lateral equivalents comprise the major source beds in the southern Perth Basin. The Kockatea Shale constitutes the main source beds in the northern Perth Basin, and the Cattamarra Coal Measures the main source beds in the central Perth Basin (Fig. 29). Hence, these areas are considered to be the main oil and gas provinces of the Perth Basin. These source rocks have been correlated with conventional reservoir oil accumulations, and could also be potential targets for petroleum shale plays within the onshore Perth Basin.
The location of the modelled wells, the basin’s main structural elements, and the subsurface stratigraphy are summarized in Figures 30 and 31. In this study, measured TOC of the Kockatea Shale averages around 5% within the far northwest, but is low in the rest of the study area (Fig. 32a). The map of the calculated maximum temperature (Fig. 32b) indicates areas of high temperature, resulting in the maturation and generation of oil and gas. All of the producing fields are within the mature area. BasinView models were used to evaluate and map elevation, thickness, potential yield (S2/mg), HI, and oil and gas retained within the Kockatea Shale (Figs 33– 35). All of these maps are based on wells with Rock-Eval data. Well elevations are measured from the ground level and formation thicknesses were determined in each well.
The well correlation A–A1 from Mungarra 1 in the north to Woodada 5 in the south (Figs 30 and 31) summarizes the subsurface stratigraphy used in the basin modelling. The maturity and hydrocarbon expulsion volumes from the Cattamarra Coal Measures, Kockatea Shale, Carynginia Formation, and Irwin River Coal Measures are calculated from BasinView models (Fig. 36) and 2D BasinMod models (Figs 37, 38). The highest calculated expelled hydrocarbon volumes ranging from 700 000 to 800 000 barrels per acre are in the Arrowsmith and Woodada areas, followed by areas around Drakea and Jingemia, which were calculated to expel between about 200 000 and 400 000 barrels per acre (Fig. 36b). The oil and gas saturations from 2D modelling indicate very low values of present-day oil and gas saturation (Figs 37, 38).
Although petroleum geochemistry data are available for over 4000 rock and oil samples, reliable data remains limited (487 data points) after interpretation and filtering by REESA rules for the Jurassic, Triassic, and Permian source rocks modelled in this study.
Finally, the Erregulla area and Whicher Range 1 are used as examples to show the petroleum system models for the northern and southern Perth Basin, respectively. These wells were selected because AFTA data are available for the Erregulla area and the Whicher Range area has been extensively studied. However, these areas should not be considered as representative for the whole onshore Perth Basin.
Erregulla Area: northern Perth Basin The West Erregulla 1 exploration well was drilled by Barrack Energy Ltd to a total depth of 4065.5 m in 1990. It is located within the Allanooka Terrace of the northern Perth Basin, and was drilled to test the structure within Early Jurassic and Late Permian rocks. North Erregulla 1 is located structurally updip and is 16 km north-northwest of Erregulla 1 and 2, which were drilled in 1966 and 1980, respectively. In Erregulla 1, oil was recovered from the Eneabba Formation, and in North Erregulla 1, Drill Stem Test (DST) 1 and 2 recovered 20 gallons (91 L) of 38º American Petroleum Institute (API) oil from the upper part of the latest Permian to Early Triassic Kockatea Shale, and 8 gallons (36 L) at the top of the Permian section (Crostella, 1995; Thornton, 1990).
Source-rock analyses are available from Erregulla 1 (Appendix 2.26) and North Erregulla 1 (Appendix 2.39), whereas AFTA data (Gibson et al., 1997) are available from West Erregulla 1 (Appendices 4.11 – 4.14). Petroleum-generation modelling for the Erregulla area is based on preserved stratigraphic thicknesses, geochemistry, organic petrography, and AFTA data available from the Erregulla area wells. Modelling results indicate that petroleum generation–migration–accumulation took place during the Cretaceous paleothermal event from the Triassic Kockatea Shale (Figs 39, 40).
Whicher Range 1: southern Perth Basin The Whicher Range 1 exploration well was drilled by Union Oil Development Corporation (Union Oil Development Corporation, 1968) to a total depth of 4653 m in 1968. It is located in the Bunbury Trough of the southern Perth Basin. The well was drilled on a well-defined four-way dip anticline with approximately 274 m of closure height near the top of the Permian in order to test the Jurassic–Permian section. DSTs were run for the interval 3949.6 – 4027.4 m and recovered up to 1.93 million cubic feet per day (MMcfd) of gas, and a gas discovery was declared (Union Oil Development Corporation, 1968). Four more wells were drilled to appraise the Whicher Range tight sand gas field and detailed research is reported by the Western Australian Energy Research Alliance (2012).
Source-rock analyses are available from the Willespie Formation, Cattamarra Coal Measures, and Yarragadee Formation (Appendix 2.56). They indicate high-quality, gas-prone source rocks which are not mature for gas generation or expulsion at the Whicher Range 1 location. AFTA data are not available for this well. Thus, the petroleum-generation modelling for the Whicher Range area (Whicher Range 1) is based on preserved stratigraphic thicknesses, geochemistry, and organic petrography data. Modelling indicates that petroleum generation–migration–accumulation took place during the Jurassic (Figs 41, 42). This petroleum-generation modelling provides an update on the previous Whicher Range 1 modelling reported in Crostella and Backhouse (2000).
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Potential self-contained petroleum systemsShale reservoir systems form the richest petroleum plays and the geochemical, geomechanical, and petrophysical properties of source rocks determine the potential difficulty of producing the petroleum. Shale petroleum is usually produced through a combination of horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing (Jacobi et al., 2008, 2009).
Good-quality shale gas resources depend on adequate source-rock thickness of net pay (>100 m), adequate porosity (>2%), high reservoir pressure (ideally overpressured), high thermal maturity (>1.5% Ro), high organic richness (>2% TOC), low clay content (<50%), high content of brittle minerals (quartz, carbonates, feldspars), and favourable in situ stresses. This Report has shown that the right thermal maturity and organic richness exists in shales within the Perth Basin, and the work of CoreLab (2013) demonstrates favourable fracturing properties of the Permian Carynginia Formation and Triassic Kockatea Shale (Fig. 43).
Exploration of shale petroleum in the Perth Basin has been encouraged by the rapid increase of shale gas production in the US since 2005. Production from these shale reservoirs has changed the US from being a net importer to a net exporter of petroleum products.
In the Perth Basin, the search for shale petroleum started with the deepening of the Woodada 4 well as Woodada Deep 1 (Australian Worldwide Exploration, 2011) in 2010, from 2269 to 2552 m to evaluate the Permian Irwin Coal Measures and Carynginia Formation. Three lithofacies were identified within the lower Carynginia Formation for assessing shale gas potential supported by four conventional cores between 2272 and 2542 m, totalling 69.25 m (Australian Worldwide Exploration, 2011). Arrowsmith 2 was the first dedicated shale play vertical well drilled in 2011. Five zones were stimulated to evaluate the Permian High Cliff Sandstone, Irwin River Coal Measures, Carynginia Formation, and Triassic Kockatea Shale (Norwest Energy Pty Ltd, 2011). These wells provided pioneering information and material for assessing northern Perth Basin shale petroleum reservoirs. The oil recovery from the Kockatea Shale in Arrowsmith 2 was the first proven shale oil play in the Perth Basin. Petroleum system modelling of Arrowsmith 2 was used to evaluate the shale self-sourcing petroleum systems of the Carynginia Formation and Kockatea Shale (Fig. 44). Petroleum geochemistry and organic petrology data from Arrowsmith 1 were used as an input into the basin modelling of Arrowsmith 2. Arrowsmith 1 flowed 4 MMcfd from the Carynginia Formation and is located approximately 450 m northwest of Arrowsmith 2.
Evaluation of the regional shale petroleum characteristics of the Perth Basin is at an early stage as only a few vertical wells have been drilled. These wells indicate favourable geology and viable shale petroleum potential. However, to date, no shale plays have been placed in production (Fig. 6).
Discussion and conclusionsThe onshore northern Perth Basin is the second highest petroleum-producing region in the Western Australian state jurisdiction. The basin is currently producing from conventional reservoirs in the Beharra Spring, Dongara, Hovea, Red Gully, Redback, Senecio, Tarantula, and Waitsia fields, and from the tight sandstone reservoir in the Corybas field. There is no production from shale reservoirs. The production in 2015 was 194 790 L of oil, 19 087 980 L of condensate, and 260 855 806 m3 of gas. The production of gas condensate is only locally significant as it is only sufficient for the local market. The volume of oil and gas produced from the Perth Basin is decreasing rapidly, as many fields are becoming depleted and many remain undeveloped.
The uppermost Permian–Triassic Kockatea Shale, specifically its basal Hovea Member, is the source of hydrocarbons in the Dongara, Erregulla, Mount Horner, and Yardarino fields in the northern Perth Basin. Gas within the Walyering and Red Gully fields in the central Perth Basin is sourced from the Cattamarra Coal Measures. The hydrocarbon accumulation in the Whicher Range area of the southern Perth Basin is sourced from the Permian Willespie Formation (GeoMark and AGOSO, 1996; Thomas et al., 2004). These source rocks are also potential shale plays and may contain significant petroleum resources.
Sixty wells across the Perth Basin have petroleum geochemistry data, representing a range of different rock units, data type, and quality (Appendices 2.1 – 2.60). Of these, 49 wells were selected for petroleum system modelling of the onshore Perth Basin. REESA rules were applied to eliminate unreliable geochemical data. The Cretaceous (135–56 Ma) and Tertiary (30–0 Ma) paleothermal events (AFTA data; Appendices 4.1 – 4.14) were used to estimate time and extent of burial and erosion. Most of the modelled wells were from the northern and central Perth Basin. These wells were used to generate maps showing the regional distribution of source-rock parameters and to highlight areas with hydrocarbon-generating potential (Appendices 3.1 – 3.28). The modelling results, the geochemistry data, the generated maps (Figs 32–35), and the well correlations (Figs 36–38) provide useful petroleum source information that can assist in understanding the risks associated with petroleum exploration.
The Triassic Kockatea Shale source rocks are restricted to the northwest corner of the study area (Fig. 28b), between Diamond Soak 1 in the north, Rakrani 1 in the west, Cadda 1 in the south, and CRA PER 10 in the east (Fig. 30). Organic richness is up to 13% TOC, but most of the measured values to date are in the range 2–3% TOC. The areas mature for hydrocarbon generation are represented by the areas of highest calculated present-day temperatures, which are up to 122ºC around the Erregulla, Redback, and Arrowsmith gas condensate producing fields (Fig. 32b). The Kockatea Shale source rocks across the northern Perth Basin are mature based on the calculated VR, which is up to 1.65% Ro (Fig. 36a). The highest calculated volume of expelled hydrocarbons is around the Arrowsmith area, which is calculated to be up to 800 000 barrels per acre (Fig. 36a).
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The Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures is penetrated in most wells (Fig. 29), but the best petroleum source rocks are interpreted to be around the Walyering field area where the organic richness is up to 10% TOC. However, these source rocks are not mature in the study area (Fig. 36a,b).
This study concludes that the onshore northern Perth Basin, which is rich in conventional and tight gas condensate, is the prime petroleum province of the Perth Basin. The new conventional Lower Permian gas play discovered at the Waitsia gasfield and the oil recovery from Triassic shale play at Arrowsmith 2 have renewed interest in exploration of the Perth Basin. The conventional petroleum-producing reservoirs are depleting rapidly. Its tight petroleum resources have the potential to compensate, but are presently at initial stages of exploration. The Perth Basin has only two horizontal shale play tests, viz. the Woodada Deep 1 (2010) and Arrowsmith 2 (2011). However, these wells provided pioneering geological information on shale reservoirs within the Permian Carynginia Formation and the Triassic Kockatea Shale. Emerging tight sand petroleum plays of the Perth Basin are already shown to be commercially viable with favourable geology.
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Powell, TG and Boreham, GJ 1991, Petroleum generation and source rock assessment in terrigenous sequences: an update: APEA Journal, v. 31, no. 1, p. 297–311.
Rasouli, V and Rezaee, R 2014, A study of shale gas geomechanics in the northern Perth Basin: Mineral Research Institute of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Report 307, 136p.
Summons, RE, Boreham, CJ, Foster, CB, Murray, AP and Gorter, JD 1995, Chemostratigraphy and the composition of oils in the Perth Basin: APPEA Journal, v. 35, p. 613–632.
Thomas, BM 1979, Geochemical analysis of hydrocarbon occurrences in the northern Perth Basin, Australia: AAPG Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1092–1107.
Thomas, BM and Barber, CJ 2004, A re-evaluation of the hydrocarbon habitat of the northern Perth Basin: APPEA Journal, v. 44, no. 1, p. 59–92.
Thomas, BM, Willink, RJ, Grice, K, Twitchett, RJ, Purcell, RR, Archbold, NW, George, AD, Tye, S, Alexander, R, Foster, CB and Barber, CJ 2004, Unique marine Permian–Triassic boundary section from Western Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Science, v. 51, p. 423–430.
Thomas, BM 1984, Hydrocarbons, source rocks, and maturity trends in the northern Perth Basin, Australia, in Petroleum geochemistry and basin evaluation edited by G Demaison and RJ Murris: American Assocication of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, p. 391–403.
Thomas, CM 2014, The tectonic framework of the Perth Basin: current understanding: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record 2014/14, 36p.
Thornton, D 1990, Well completion report, West Erregulla 1 (EP-23), Perth Basin, Western Australia: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Statutory petroleum exploration report, 20020 A2.
Union Oil Development Corporation 1968, Whicher Range 1, Perth Basin, Western Australia, well completion report; Union Oil Development Corporation: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Statutory petroleum exploration report, W405 A1 V1.
Waples, DW 1998, Basin modelling: how well have we done, in Basin modelling: practice and progress edited by SJ Düppenbecker and JE Iliffe: Geological Society, London, UK, Special Publication 141, p. 1–14.
Western Australian Energy Research Alliance 2012, Whicher Range tight gas sand: Geological Survey of Western Australia, Report 112, 405p.
11
REPORT FIGURES
12
Ghori
13
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Figure 1. Major tectonic units, exploration wells, and petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin
29°30'
20 km
115°
Dan
dara
gan
Trou
ghB
unbu
ry
Tro
ugh
Leeu
win
Com
plex
Man
dura
h Te
rrac
e
100 km
Oil and gas discovery
Gas and condensate
Wells drilled
Perth Basin(onshore/offshore)
Oil discovery or significant shows
Gas discovery or significant shows
Coastline
114° 115°
34°
33°
32°
31°
30°
29°
28°
ARG479f 31.10.18
Irwin 1
Waitsia 2
Waitsia 1
Whicher Range
Gage Roads
Gingin
Waylering
Warro
Woodada
Ocean Hill
Houtman
See inset
InsetArrowsmith
Redback Cliff Head
Jingemia
Dongara
Mt Horner
Yardarino
Senecio 3
EremiaMondarra
Hovea
Yardanogo
Tarantula
Beharra Springs
Erregulla
Erregulla
1000 km
WesternAustralia
Perth
Hovea 3
Xanadu
14
Ghori
Figure 2. Stratigraphy and petroleum sources, reservoirs, systems, and discoveries in the Perth Basin
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
Upp
erM
iddl
eLo
wer
Upp
erM
iddl
eC
isur
alia
n
Berriasian
Tithonian
Kimmeridgian
Oxfordian
CallovianBathonianBajocianAalenia
Toarcian
Pliensbachian
Sinemurian
HettangianRhaetian
Norian
Carnian
Ladinian
Anisian
OlenekianInduan
Changhsingian
Wuchiapingian
CapitanianWordianRoadian
Kungurian
Artinskian
Sakmarian
Asselian
Mosswood Fm.
Woodynook Ss.
Rosabrook CM
Redgate CM
Willespie Fm.
Sabina Ss.
Wonnerup Mr
Myalup Mr
Eneabba Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Yarragadee Fm.
Parmelia Gp
Basement
Nangetty Fm.
Holmwood Sh.
High Cliff Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Kockatea Sh.LLo
pi-
ngia
nG
uada
-lupi
an
BeekeeperFm.
Dongara Ss.Wagina Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Sourcerocks
Gas
Gas
Gas
Oil
Gasandoil
Gasandoil
Reservoirrocks
Oil
Cretaceous
Per
mia
nTr
iass
icJu
rass
ic
Aus
tral
2A
ustr
al 1
Gon
dwan
nan
G2
Gon
dwan
nan
G1
ARG405c 31.10.18
Gage Roads
YardarinoDongarraWhicher RangeMondarraWoodadaBeharra SpringsHoveaJingemiaRedbackXyrisApiumTarantulaAgonisCentellaEremiaArrowsmithCorybas 1Cliff Head
Irwin River CM
Cattamarra CM
Lesueur Ss.
Dominant lithology
Sandstone
Shale
Ashbrook Ss.
Mixed siliciclasticand coalMixed carbonate,marl, and shale
North South
Su
per
pet
role
um
sys
tem
s
Gas-prone source
Oil-prone source
WarroBootine 1Ocean Hill 1Mt Horner
WalyeringGinginNorth YardanogoErregulla
Carbonate
Ma Age
Gas- and oil-pronesource
Discovery
Oil and gas show
Oil show
Gas show
Oilfield
Gasfield
Oil and gas field
Gas and condensate field
Serecio 3
Irwin 1Xanadu 1
Waitsia 1
CM = Coal MeasuresFm. = FormationMr = MemberSs. = SandstoneSh. = Shale
15
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 100 200 300 400 500Wells
Total (429)
Onshore (368)
Stratigraphic (37)
New field wildcat (161)
Development (68)
Extension (90)
Water injection (2)
Carbon bed methane (6)
Disposal well (1)
Storage well (1)
Offshore (61)
New field wildcat (45)
Development (5)
Extension (9)
Water injection (2)ARG520 09.08.18
YardarinoMount Horner, Gingin, Arrowsmith
Dongara, Erregulla 1
Whicher Range, Mondarra 1 and 2, Gage Roads 1
Walyering
Warro
WoodadaBootine 1
North Yardanoga, Beharra Springs, West ErregullaOcean Hills 1
Beharra Springs North Hovea, Cliff Head, Jingemia
Redback 1, Xyris, Apium, Agonic 1, Centella 1Tarantula,Corybas 1, Senecio 1
Eremia, Snottygobble 1
North Erregulla 1
Arrowsmith 2
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Red Gully, Woodada Deep 1
Senecio 3Waitsia 1 and 2
Redback 1
Gingin, West 1
Number of wells
ARG514b 31.10.18
Year
s
Figure 3 Histogram showing petroleum drilling in the Perth Basin. Site names in red indicate fields that were producing in 2015
Figure 4. History of petroleum discoveries in the Perth Basin. Red text represents fields that were producing in 2015
16
Ghori
110100
1 00
0
10 0
00
100
000
1 00
0 00
0
10 0
00 0
00
100
000
000
1 00
0 00
0 00
0
Bam
bra
Bar
row
Isla
ndLe
eLi
nda
Ros
eU
ngan
iB
ehar
raS
prin
gsN
orth
Cor
ybas
Don
gara
Hov
eaR
edG
ully
Red
back
Tara
ntul
a
Oil
prod
uctio
n (L
)C
onde
nsat
e pr
oduc
tion
(L)
Gas
pro
duct
ion
(m) �
Car
nar
von
Bas
inP
erth
Bas
inC
ann
ing
Bas
in
AR
G65
514
.09.
18
Fig
ure
5.
Wes
tern
Au
stra
lian
pet
role
um
pro
du
ctio
n in
201
5
17
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000Pore throat and pore size (µm)
Conventional reservoirs
Shale reservoirsGeofluid molecules
Conventional petroleum systemsTight petroleum systems
Reservoirs
Conventional
Tight reservoirs
Source-reservoir seal
Tight sand reservoirs
0.00
1
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Perm
eabi
lity
(qua
lity)
Volume
LOW
HIG
H
Shale reservoirs
ARG357a 31.10.18
Total gross: +700 BcfWaitsia gasfield 2014 largest onshore discoveryReserves: 89 Bcf (2P)Resources: 153 Bcf (2C)
Permian CarynginiaFormation: Gas 24.8 TcfTriassic KockateaShale: Gas 7.9 TcfOil: 0.54 billion bbl
Gas reserves: 0.05 Tcf (2P)Gas resources: 0.33 Tcf (2C)
Gas reserves: 12 Tcf (GIIP)
Petroleum resources
Figure 6. Estimated conventional and tight reservoir petroleum resources of the Perth Basin
18
Ghori
C1
C2
C3
IC4
NC4
IC5
NC5
Other
Whicher Range 1
Gage Roads 1
Marri 1
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Warro 3
Houtman 1
Woolmulla 1
Indoon 1
East Lake Logue 1
Arrowsmith 1
Beharra Spring 1
Frankland 1 Corybas 1Dongara 1
Mondarra 1
Yardarino 1 Elegans 1
Gaseous hydrocarbons
115°114°
29°
30°
31°
32°
33°
50 km
ARG522 26.04.16
Figure 7. Gas composition and geographic distribution within the Perth Basin. Abbreviations: C1, methane; C2, ethane; C3, propane; IC4, isobutene; NCA, normal butane; IC5, isopentane; NC5, normal pentane; Other, compound containing over five numbers
19
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
40 50 60
API (°)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Dep
th (
m)
Bootine 1
Dongara 4 and 14
East Lake Logue 1
Erregulla 1
Gage Roads 1
Gingin 1 and 2
Mondarra 1 to 3
North Erregulla 1
Walyering 1 and 2
Whicher Range 1 and 4
Woodada 3
Yardarino 1
Light oil Condensate
ARG524 31.10.18
Oil and gas condensate
Oil and gas condensate
Oil composition
Oil composition
0
50
20
60
40
70
60
80
80
90
100
100
Saturates
Saturates
00
2010
4020
6030
8040
100
50
NS
Os
NS
Os
00
2010
4020
6030
8050
10050
Aro
matics
Aro
matics
ARG523a 31.10.18
Bootine 1
Dongara 4 and 14
East Lake Logue 1Erragulla 1
Gage Roads 1
Gingin 1 and 2
Mondarra 1 to 5
Mount Horner 1North Erregulla 1Walyering 1 and 2
Whicher Range 1 and 4
Woodad 3
Yardarino 1
a)
b)
Figure 8. Oil and condensate gravity according to American Petroleum Institutes (API) vs depth plot in the Perth Basin
Figure 9. Composition of oils and condensates in the Perth Basin
20
Ghori
114° 115°
33°
32°
31°
30°
29°
28°
100 km
Petroleum wells (364 wells)
TOC and Rock-Eval data (110 wells)
Vitrinite reflectance data (78 wells)
Present-day heat flow(162 wells)
Perth Basin wells database
ARG478c 14.09.18
Perth Basin(onshore/offshore)
Coastline
Figure 10. Map of the Perth Basin, showing the distribution of data used in this study
21
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0.01 0.1 1 10 100TOC (wt%)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Dep
th (
m)
Rating of organic richness of source rocks
Non-source-rock samplesPotential source-rock samples
b)
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10005000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Dep
th (
m)
Rating of potential source-rock yieldNon-source-rock samplesPotential source-rock samples
c)
300 350 400 450 5000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Pro
du
ctio
n in
dex
(S
/(S
+ S
))1
12
Potential source-rock screeningSource-rock sampleContaminated samples
d)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Number of analyses
4193
3139
1316
593
516
Total sample
Organic richness >0.5 wt% TOC
Stained or contaminated
Source-rock samples
Potential yield >2 mg/g S2
a)
ARG480b 17.10.18Tmax (°C)S2 (mg/g)
Figure 11. Discrimination between non-source- and source-rock samples based on TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis: a) histogram summarizing numbers of source rock analysis; b) potential source rocks based on organic richness; c) potential source rocks based on generating potential; d) discrimination between interpreted source-rock samples and petroleum-stained or contaminated samples
22
Ghori
1 10 100TOC (wt%)
1
10
100
1000
S (
mg
/g r
ock
)2
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
200
400
600
800
1000
Hyd
rog
en in
dex
(S
/TO
C ×
10
0)2
Oil prone
Oil andgas prone
Gas prone
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Stainsor
shows
Oilwindow
Wetgas zone
Drygaszone
a)
b)
c)
ARG481a 31.10.18Tmax (°C)
Pro
du
ctio
n in
dex
(S
/(S
+ S
))1
12
Tmax (°C)
Figure 12. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Perth Basin Permian source-rock samples, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity
23
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
4800
4600
4400
4200
4000
3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
TOC (wt%)
100
101
S (mg/g rock)1
1000
100
101
S (mg/g rock)2
1000
100
101
HI (S /TOC × 100)2
1000
100
101
T (°C)MAX
535
510
485
460
435
PI (S /(S + S ))1 1 2
10.75
0.5
0.25
0
ARG485a 14.09.18
Depth (m)
Figure 13. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Permian source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin
24
Ghori
1 10 100TOC (wt%)
1
10
100
1000
S (
mg
/g r
ock
)2
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
200
400
600
800
1000Oil prone
Oil and gas prone
Gas prone
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Stainsor
shows
Oilwindow
Wetgas zone
Drygaszone
a)
b)
c)
ARG482a 31.10.18
Tmax (°C)
Tmax (°C)
Hyd
rog
en in
dex
(S
/TO
C ×
10
0)2
Pro
du
ctio
n in
dex
(S
/(S
+ S
))1
12
Figure 14. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Triassic source-rock samples in the Perth Basin, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity
25
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
4400
3200
4000
3600
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
100
101 1000
100
101 1000
100
101 1000
100
101 535
510
485
460
435
10.75
0.5
0.25
0
ARG486a 14.09.18
TOC (wt%) S (mg/g rock)1 S (mg/g rock)2 HI (S /TOC × 100)2 T (°C)MAX PI 1 1 (S /(S + S ))2Depth (m)
Figure 15. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Triassic source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin
26
Ghori
1 10 100TOC (wt%)
1
10
100
1000
S (
mg
/g r
ock
)2
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
200
400
600
800
1000Oil prone
Oil and gas prone
Gas prone
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Stainsor
shows
Oilwindow
Wetgas zone
Drygaszone
a)
b)
c)
ARG483a 31.10.18
Tmax (°C)
Hyd
rog
en in
dex
(S
/TO
C ×
10
0)2
Pro
du
ctio
n in
dex
(S
/(S
+ S
))1
12
Tmax (°C)
Figure 16. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Jurassic source-rock samples in the Perth Basin, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity
27
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
4000
3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
100
101 1000
100
101 1000
100
101 1000
100
101 535
510
485
460
435
10.75
0.5
0.25
0
ARG487a 14.09.18
TOC (wt%) S (mg/g rock)1 S (mg/g rock)2 HI (S /TOC × 100)2 T (°C)MAX PI (S /(S + S ))1 1 2Depth (m)
Figure 17. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Jurassic source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin
28
Ghori
1 10 100TOC (wt%)
1
10
100
1000
S (
mg
/g r
ock
)2
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
200
400
600
800
1000Oil prone
Oil and gas prone
Gas prone
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Stainsor
shows
Oilwindow
Wetgas zone
Drygaszone
a)
b)
c)
ARG484a 31.10.18
Tmax (°C)
Hyd
rog
en in
dex
(S
/TO
C ×
10
0)2
Pro
du
ctio
n in
dex
(S
/(S
+ S
))1
12
Tmax (°C)
Figure 18. Summary of Rock-Eval data of Cretaceous source-rock samples in the Perth Basin, showing: a) generating potential; b) kerogen type; c) thermal maturity
29
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
100
101 100
101 1000
100
101 1000
100
101 530
480
450
430
10.75
0.5
0.25
0
ARG488a 14.09.18
505
TOC (wt%) S (mg/g rock)1 S (mg/g rock)2 HI (S /TOC × 100)2 T (°C)MAX PI (S /(S + S ))1 1 2Depth (m)
Figure 19. TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis composite log of Cretaceous source-rock samples from well data in the Perth Basin
30
Ghori
ARG529 31.10.18
Sampled onshore wells
Beagle Ridge 10ACataby 1Cockburn 1Coomalloo 1
Heaton 1Mount Adams 1Mount Horner 1Yardarino 1
0
0
0.5
0.5
1
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
2.5
Gas–oil generation index (C – C )/(C )1 5 6+
Gas–oil generation index (C – C )/(C )1 5 6+
0
0
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
Alk
an
e +
Alk
en
e f
or
C –
C (
%)
531
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Jurassic
Triassic
Triassic
Permian
Permian
Sampled offshore wells
Batavia 1Geelvink 1Gun Island 1Houtman 1Lender Leef 1
Sugar Loaf 1Tuart 1Warnbro 1Wittecarra 1
Oil prone
Oil prone
Gas prone
Gas prone
b)
a)
Alk
an
e +
Alk
en
e f
or
C –
C (
%)
531
Figure 20. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography typing of Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples
31
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Samples age
Cretaceous extract
Cretaceous oil
Jurassic extract
Jurassic oil
Triassic extract
Triassic oil
Permian extract
Permian oil
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Phytane/n-C18
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Pri
stan
e/n
-C17
Pristane/phytane
Saturated hydrocarbons
b)
a)
Gas prone
Oil pro
ne
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Pris
tane
/n-C
18
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Pristane/n-C17
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ARG669 31.10.18
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8Principal component 1
–4
–2
0
2
4
Pri
nci
pal
co
mp
on
ent
2
Permian- or mixed-sourced oil
Permian-sourced oil
Triassic-sourced oil
Jurassic-sourced oil
Cretaceous-sourced oil
ARG489b 31.10.18
N. ErregullaErregullaMt HornerDongaraYardarino
Woodada
Whicher Range
Walyering
Gage Roads
Figure 21. Gas chromatography typing of Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous samples
Figure 22. Chemometric characterization of crude oil in the Perth Basin. Data from GeoMark and AGSO (1996)
32
Ghori
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Oil and gas fields
Mt Horner
Yardarino
Hovea
Jingemia
Cliff Head
Beharra Springs
Woodada
Mondarra
Walyering
Gingin
Warro
Whicher Range
Arrowsmith
Erregulla
Gage Roads
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0D
ep
th (
m)
Oil and gas fields
Mt Horner
Yardarino
Apium
Xyris
Eremia
Hovea
Jingemia
Redback
Cliff Head
Beharra Springs
Woodada
Mondarra
Walyering
Gingin
Warro
Whicher Range
Arrowsmith
Erregulla
Gage Roads
Bootine
North Yardanogo
Ocean Hill
Gage Roads
Erregulla
Arrowsmith
Whicher Range
WarroGingin
Walyering
Mondarra
Woodada
BeharraSprings
Cliff Head
Jingemia
Hovea
Yardarino
Mt Horner
a)
b)
Dep
th (
m)
ARG474 31.10.18Temperature (°C)
Figure 23. Estimated subsurface temperatures of the Perth Basin. Data from Hot Dry Rocks Ltd (2008)
33
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Precambrian
Noondyne Chert
Leederville Formation
South Perth Shale
Gage Sandstone
Parmelia Group
Yarragadee Formation
Cadda Formation
Cattamarra CoalMeasures
Eneabba Formation
Lesueur Sandstone
Kockatea Shale
Sabina Sandstone
Beekeeper Formation
Willespie Formation
Carynginia Formation
Redgate Coal Measures
Ashbrook Sandstone
Irwin River Coal Measures
Rosabrook CoalMeasures
High Cliff Sandstone
Woodynook Sandstone
Holmwood Shale
Precambrian
Goonderoo 1
Quinns Rock 1
Cockburn 1
Quinns Rock 1
Gingin 1
Hill River 1
Gingin 1
Yardarino 1
North Erregulla 1
Arrowsmith 1
Sue 1
Jurien 1
Sue 1
Jurien 1
Arrowsmith 1
Sue 1
Wicherina 1
Sue 1
Jurien 1
Sue 1
Wicherina 1
Woolmulla 1
Bookara 1
Allanooka 2
Sue 1
26.6
397.2
182.6
183.3
776.3
775.7
1018.8
2478.2
2976.4
3468
112.8
3817.3
1344.2
1490.2
2800.2
2801
2679.2
1126.4
1128.1
278.13
1770.9
1125.3
549.7
Value (W/mK)
6420
Formation Age Well Depth (m)
Sam
ple
ARG490 31.10.18
Figure 24. Measured thermal conductivity of rock units in the Perth Basin. Data from Hot Dry Rocks Ltd (2008)
34
Ghori
20 40 60 80 100 120 140165
160
155
150
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Wells
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
1) Livet 1, 2) Wittecarra 1, 3) Houtman 1,4) Batavia 1, 5) Geelvink 1A
6) Wicherina 1, 7) Mungarra 1, 8) Greenough 1,9) Gun Island 1, 10) Mungarra 5
11) Casuarinas 1, 12) Hampton Arms 1, 13) Rosslyn 1,14) Arradale 1, 15) Wye 1
16) Huntswell 1, 17) Narkarino 1, 18) Mt Horner 2, 19) Mt Horner 3, 20) Mt Horner 4
21) Mt Horner 4A, 22) Mt Horner 5, 23) Mt Horner 5A, 24) Mt Horner 6, 25) Mt Horner 7
26) Mt Horner 8, 27) Mt Horner 9, 28) Mt Horner 10, 29) Mt Horner 11, 30) Mt Horner 12
31) Mt Horner 13, 32) Mt Horner 14, 33) Wayvanerry 1, 34) Arranoo South 1, 35) Murrumbah 1
36) Rakrani 1, 37) Lockyer 1, 38) Dongara 2, 39) Dongara 4, 40) Dongara 5
41) Dongara 6, 42) Dongara 7, 43) Dongara 8, 44) Dongara 9, 45) Dongara 10
46) Dongara 11, 47) Dongara 12, 48) Dongara 13, 49) Dongara 14, 50) Dongara 15
51) Dongara 16, 52) Dongara 17, 53) Dongara 18, 54) Dongara 19, 55) Dongara 20
56) Dongara 21, 57) Dongara 22, 58) Dongara 23, 59) Dongara 24, 60) Dongara 25
61) Dongara 26, 62) Dongara 27, 63) Dongara 28, 64) Dongara 29, 65) Dongara 30
66) Central Yardarino 1, 67) Yardarino 5, 68) Yardarino 3, 69) Hakia 1, 70) Illyarrie 1
71) Bunjong 1, 72) Eremia 1, 73) Eremia 3, 74) Hovea 1, 75) Hovea 2
76) Hovea 3, 77) Hovea 4, 78) Hovea 5, 79) Hovea 6, 80) Hovea 7
81) Hovea 9, 82) Apium 1, 83) Jingemia 1, 84) Jingemia 2, 85) Jingemia 3
86) Mungenooka 1, 87) Twin Lions 1, 88) Mentelle 1,89) Cliff Head 1, 90) Cliff Head 3
91) Cliff Head 4, 92) Cliff Head 9H, 93) Cliff Head 13H, 94) Vindara 1, 95) South Turtle Dove 1B
96) Redback 1, 97) Beharra Springs North 1, 98) Beharra Springs South 1, 99) Woodada 8, 100) Woodada 9
101) Woodada 10, 102) Woodada 11, 103) Woodada 12, 104) Woodada 14, 105) Woodada 15
106) Woodada 17, 107) Woodada 19, 108) East Lake Logue 2, 109) Eganu 1, 110) Hill River 2
111) Cadda 1, 112) Yallallie 1, 113) Cypress Hill 1, 114) Dandaragan 1, 115) Cataby 1
116) Mullering 1, 117) Walyering 1, 118) Walyering 2, 119) Walyering 3, 120) Walyering 4
121) Barberton 1, 122) Gingin 1, 123) Gingin 2,124) Bootine 1, 125) Badaminna 1
126) Barragoon 1, 127) Eclipse 1, 128) Bullsbrook 1,129) Cockburn 1, 130) Minder Reef 1
131) Marri 1, 132) Quinns Rock 1, 133) Charlotte 1, 134) Mullaloo 1, 135) Roe 1
136) Tuart 1, 137) Gage Roads 2, 138) Gage Roads 1, 139) Araucaria 1, 140) Warnbro 1
141) Peel 1, 142) Parmelia 1, 143) Challenger 1, 144) Bouvard 1, 145) Felix 1
146) Sugarloaf 1, 147) Rockingham 1, 148) Pinjarra 1, 149) Lake Preston 1, 150) Wonnerup 1
151) Sabina River 1, 152) Chapman Hill 1, 153) Whicher Range 1, 154) Whicher Range 2, 155) Whicher Range 3
161) Scott River 1, 162) Canebreak 1
156) Whicher Range 4, 157) Rutile 1, 158) Sue 1, 159) Blackwood 1, 160) Alexandra Bridge 1
2A
ustr
alian
avera
ge h
eat
flo
w:
64.5
mW
/m
Wells: 1 to 162
ARG473 14.09.182Heat flow (mW/m )
Heat flow (mW/m )2
Figure 25. Estimated present-day heat flow in the Perth Basin, based on 1D modelling of well data. Data from Hot Dry Rocks Ltd (2008)
35
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
114° 115°
33°
32°
31°
30°
29°
28°
Perth Basin(onshore/offshore)
100 km
ARG491a 14.09.18
Heat flow (mW/m�)
30 to 40
40 to 50
50 to 60
60 to 70
70 to 80
80 to 90
90 to 100 100 to 110
110 to 120
120 to 130
130 to 140
Coastline
Figure 26. Map of Perth Basin, showing 1D-modelled, present-day heat flow
36
Ghori
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (Ma)
Paleothermal event
Sample age rangeTertiary (30–0 Ma)
Cretaceous (135–65 Ma)AFTA samples
T K J T P
Yarragadee Formation
Cattamarra Coal Measures
Eneabba Formation
Kockatea Shale
Carynginia Formation
Nu
mb
er
of
AF
TA
tim
e c
on
str
ain
ts
ARG470 31.10.18
Figure 27. Apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) regional cooling events in the Perth Basin
37
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
30
30
010
40
1020
60
50
40
30 30
40 50 40
20 30
AR
G6
38
31
.10
.18
98
76
5
49
48
44
7
46
45
44
43
42
41 40
39
38
33
7
36
353
43
3
32
31
30
2
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
201
19
18
17
16
15
1413 1
2
11
10
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)2
80
32
03
60
40
0
Distance (km) 64
00
64
00
64
00
64
00
66
00
66
00
66
00
66
00
68
00
68
00
68
00
68
00
0520
25
10
1540
45
55
60
65
75
70
50
30
35
80
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)280
320
360
400
S (mg/g rock)2
S (mg/g rock)2
020
10 540
60
80
100
90
95
85
75
65
55
45
35
25
1570
50
30
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)2
80
32
03
60
40
0
S (mg/g rock)2
0
510
20
30
40
45
35
25
15
50
1. A
bbarw
ard
oo 1
2. A
rranoo S
outh
1 3. A
rrow
sm
ith 1
4. A
rrow
sm
ith 2
5. B
eharr
a 2
6. B
ootine 1
7. B
ulls
bro
ok 1
8. C
adda 1
9. C
ata
by 1
10. C
entr
al Y
ard
arino 1
11. C
ockburn
112. C
oom
allo
113. D
epot H
ill 1
14. D
onkey C
reek 1
15. D
rakea 1
16. E
ast H
eato
n 1
17. E
clip
se 1
18. E
neabba 1
19. E
rregulla
120. E
ura
ngoa 1
21. G
ingin
122. H
eato
n 1
23. H
ovea 3
24. In
doon 1
25. Jin
gem
ia 1
26. Jurien 1
27. M
ondarr
a 1
28. M
t A
dam
s 1
29. M
t H
orn
er
01
30. M
ungarr
a 1
31. N
arlin
gue 1
32. N
ort
h E
rregulla
133. O
cean H
ill 1
34. P
ero
n 1
35. P
oin
t Louis
e 1
36. R
akra
ni 1
37. R
obb 1
38. R
ockin
gham
139. S
traw
berr
y H
ill 1
40. S
ue 1
41. W
aly
ering 1
42. W
aly
ering 2
43. W
arr
o 2
44. W
attle
Gro
ve 1
45. W
hic
her
Range 1
46. W
onneru
p 1
47. W
oodada 0
548. W
oolm
ulla
149. Y
ard
arino 1
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)100 k
m2
80
32
03
60
40
0
S (mg/g rock)2
0520
25
30
35
50
10
15
40
45
60
55
70
65
75
80
c)
a)
d)
b)
20
20
40
60
Fig
ure
28.
M
aps
of
the
Per
th B
asin
, sh
ow
ing
th
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f th
e g
ener
atin
g p
ote
nti
al S
2 w
ith
in t
he:
a)
Jura
ssic
Cat
tam
arra
Co
al M
easu
res;
b)
Tria
ssic
Ko
ckat
ea S
hal
e;
c) P
erm
ian
Car
yng
inia
Fo
rmat
ion
; d)
Per
mia
n Ir
win
Riv
er C
oal
Mea
sure
s
38
Ghori
Dan
dara
gan
Trou
ghB
unbu
ry T
roug
h
Leeu
win
Com
plex
Man
dura
h Te
rrac
e
Dongara 14
Mondarra 2Mondarra 1
Woodada 03
East Lake Logue 1
Mondarra 5
Mondarra 3Erregulla 1
Walyering 1 and 2
Gingin 1 and 2
Bootine 1
Gage Roads 1
Whicher Range 1 and 4
Dongara 04
Yardarino 01 Mt Horner 01
100 km
Perth Basin(onshore/offshore)
Coastline
Triassic- sourced wellJurassic- sourced wellCretaceous- sourced wellPermian- sourced well
113° 114° 115°
34°
33°
32°
31°
30°
29°
28°
ARG479h 14.09.18
1000 km
WesternAustralia
Perth
Figure 29. Map of Perth Basin, showing the distribution of petroleum field wells and their petroleum source-rock ages located in the Triassic Kockatea Shale, Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Permian Carynginia Formation and Irwin River Coal Measures, and Cretaceous source rocks
39
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Jurien 1
Heaton 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
OceanHill 1
Arrowsmith 2
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1 and 2
Mt Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
MtHorner 01
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG535 16.08.18
25 kmCoastline
Well
Bookara Shelf
Allanooka Terrace
Beermullah Trough
Cadda Terrace C
oo
mallo
Trou
gh
Dandaragan Trough
Figure 30. Map of the northern onshore Perth Basin, showing structural elements, selected petroleum wells, and the location of well correlation A–A1 shown in Figure 31
40
Ghori
AR
G643
31.1
0.1
8
Yarr
agadee F
m.
Cadda F
m.
Cattam
arr
a C
M
Eneabba F
m.
Lesueur
Ss.
Woodada F
m.
Kockate
a S
h.
K S
ourc
e F
m.
Wagin
a S
s.
Cary
ngin
a F
m.
Irw
in R
iver
CM
Hig
h C
liff S
s.
Holm
wood S
h.
Nangetty F
m.
Dis
tan
ce (
km
)0
20
40
60
80
10
0
Depth (m)
SN
0
10
00
20
00
30
00
VE
= 1
8.6
Mu
ng
arr
a 1
Ju
rassic
Tri
assic
Perm
ian
Wo
od
ad
a 0
5A
rro
wsm
ith
2B
eh
arr
a 2
Dra
kea 1
Jin
gem
ia 1
Mt
Ho
rner
01
Dra
kea
1
Wo
od
ad
a 0
5
Beh
arr
a 2
Arr
ow
smith
2
Jin
gem
ia 1
Mt H
orn
er
01
Mu
ng
arr
a 1
1AA
CM
= C
oal M
easure
s
Fm
. =
Form
atio
n
Ss.
= S
andsto
ne
Sh. =
S
hale
Fig
ure
31.
C
ross
-sec
tio
n A
–A1
of F
igu
re 3
0, s
ho
win
g th
e w
ell c
orr
elat
ion
fro
m n
ort
h to
so
uth
(Mu
ng
arra
1 to
Wo
od
ada
5) a
nd
dep
icti
ng
the
stra
tig
rap
hy in
th
e B
asin
Vie
w a
nd
2D
Bas
inM
od
w
ell m
od
els
41
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0
0
100
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Jurien 1
Heaton 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1 and 2
Mt Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
MtHorner 01
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
Mondarra 1
Drakea 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
0 5 10TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
25 km
13.17
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1 and 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Heaton 1
Yardarino 1
Arranoo South 1Eurangoa 1
MtHorner 01
Eneabba 1
BMR 10A Dongara
West Erregulla 1
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Jurien 1
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
1.629
50Kockatea Shale average
temperature (°C) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
25 km
122.2
100
a) b)
ARG641 05.10.18
INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN
0
Figure 32. Maps of the Northern onshore Perth Basin based on basin modelling: a) distribution of organic richness, using measured TOC of the Kockatea Shale; b) distribution of the temperature at bottom of the Kockatea Shale. Data wells are represented by white circles
42
Ghori
Yardarino 1
Woolmulla 1
Woodada
Robb 1
Redback 1
Point Louise 1
Peron 1
Ocean Hill 1
N Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Mt Horner
Mt Adams 1
Mondarra 1
Jurien 1
Jingemia 1
Indoon 1
Hovea
Erregulla 1
Eneabba 1
Drakea 1
Donkey Creek 1
Depot Hill
Conder 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cadda 1
Beharra 2
BMR 10A Dongara
Arrowsmith
a)
10 km
Wells Thickness for rock unit (m)0 200 400 600 800 1000
115°00'
29°30'
30°00'
Elevation (m)-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000
ARG646 14.09.18
b) c)
Data wells
Other wells
Figure 33. Maps of the Perth Basin, summarizing the Kockatea Shale modelling results: a) location of wells; b) total thickness; c) elevation
43
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
a) b) c)
Yardarino 1
Woolmulla 1
Woodada
Robb 1
Redback 1
Point Louise 1
Peron 1
Ocean Hill 1
N Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Mt Horner
Mt Adams 1
Mondarra 1
Jurien 1
Jingemia 1
Indoon 1
Hovea
Erregulla 1
Eneabba 1
Drakea 1
Donkey Creek 1
Depot Hill
Conder 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cadda 1
Beharra 2
BMR 10A Dongara
Arrowsmith
Potential yield S (mg/g rock)2 Hydrogen index (mg/g TOC)
10 km
Wells0 10 20 30 40 50
115°00'
29°30'
30°00'
ARG647
60 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
31.10.18
Data wells
Other wells
Figure 34. Maps of the Perth Basin, summarizing the Kockatea Shale source-rock potential modelling results: a) location of wells; b) generating potential S2; c) hydrogen index
44
Ghori
Data wells
Other wells
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Gas-retained mass for rock unit2(kg/m rock)
Wells Oil-retained mass for rock unit2(kg/m rock)
a) b) c)
Yardarino 1
Woolmulla 1
Woodada
Robb 1
Redback 1
Point Louise 1
Peron 1
Ocean Hill 1
N Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Mt Horner
Mt Adams 1
Mondarra 1
Jurien 1
Jingemia 1
Indoon 1
HoveaErregulla 1
Eneabba 1
Drakea 1
Donkey Creek 1
Depot Hill
Conder 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cadda 1
Beharra 2
BMR 10A Dongara
Arrowsmith
10 km
115°00'
29°30'
30°00'
ARG648 31.10.18
Figure 35. Maps of Perth Basin, summarizing the Kockatea Shale modelled retained hydrocarbons: a) location of wells; b) mass of oil retained per kg/m2 of rock; c) mass of gas retained per kg/m2 of rock
45
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
a) b)
ARG639 14.09.18
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Caryngina Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
Nangetty Fm.
Distance (km)0 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrocarbon expelled volume for rock unit (bbls/acre rock)
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 929390
Distance (km)0 20 40 60
50 km
80 100
Ele
vati
on
(m
)
N NS S
-3500 -3500
-3000 -3000
-2000 -2000
-1000 -1000
0 0
Arrowsm
ith 2
Arrowsm
ith 2
Behar
ra 2
Behar
ra 2
Drake
a 1
Drake
a 1
Jinge
mia
1
Jinge
mia
1
Mt H
orne
r 01
Mt H
orne
r 01
Mun
garra
1
Mun
garra
1
Woo
dada
05
Woo
dada
05
Maturity VR LLNL (%Ro)
0.19 1.00 1.65
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Ss. = Sandstone
Sh. = Shale
Dry well
Gas
Oil
Figure 36. Cross-section A–A1 of Figure 30, showing the well correlation from north to south (Mungarra 1 to Woodada 5), depicting: a) VR maturity; b) expelled hydrocarbon volume of the Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures, Triassic Kockatea Shale, and Permian Carynginia Formation and Irwin River Coal Measures source beds. Based on the results of the BasinView modelling, the maximum expulsion was within the Arrowsmith area, followed by the Woodada area. Abbreviation: Maturity VR LLNL, maturity vitrinite reflectance Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, US
46
Ghori
Distance (km)0 20 40 60 80 100
Dep
th (
m)
0
1000
2000
3000
3500
Woodada 05 Arrowsmith 2 Beharra 2 Drakea 1 Jingemia 1 Mt Horner 01 Mungarra 1
Gas saturation (fraction)0 0.1 0.2
Drakea 1
Beharra 2
Arrowsmith 2
Jingemia 1
A�
A
A� South North A
Mt Horner 01
Mungarra 1
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.Woodada Fm.Kockatea Sh.K Source Fm.Wagina Ss.Caryngina Fm.
Irwin River CM
Woodada 05
Nangetty Fm.High C
liff S
s.
Holm
wood Sh.
ARG649 14.09.18
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Ss. = Sandstone
Sh. = Shale
Distance (km)0 20 40 60 80 100 115
Dep
th (
m)
0
1000
2000
3000
3500
Woodada 05 Arrowsmith 2 Beharra 2 Drakea 1 Jingemia 1 Mt Horner 01 Mungarra 1
Oil saturation (fraction)0 0.1 0.2
Drakea 1
Beharra 2
Arrowsmith 2
Jingemia 1
A�
A
A� South North A
Mt Horner 01
Mungarra 1
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.Woodada Fm.Kockatea Sh.K Source Fm.Wagina Ss.Caryngina Fm.
Irwin River CM
Woodada 05
Nangetty Fm.High C
liff S
s.
Holm
wood Sh.
ARG650 14.09.18
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Ss. = Sandstone
Sh. = Shale
Figure 37. Cross-section A–A1 of Figure 30, showing the well correlation from north to south well correlation (Mungarra 1 to Woodada 5), depicting present-day gas saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling
Figure 38. Cross-section A–A1 of Figure 30, showing the well correlation from north to south (Mungarra 1 to Woodada 5), depicting present-day oil saturation within the Triassic Kockatea Shale, based on 2D basin modelling
47
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
30(°C)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Age (my)0100200300
Dep
th s
ub
sea
(m)
010
0020
0030
0040
0050
00
NPalKJTPermC
Irwin River CM
Carynginia Fm.
Wagina Ss.
Kockatea Sh.Woodada Fm.Lesueur Ss.
Eneabba Fm.
CattamarraCM
Cadda Fm.
YarragadeeFm.
Fm.
t = 0
1
Maturity VR LLNL (%Ro)0.1 1 10
Dep
th s
ub
sea
(m)
010
0020
0030
0040
0050
00
Temperature (°C)20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Irwin River CM
Carynginia Fm.
Wagina Ss.
Kockatea Sh.Woodada Fm.Lesueur Ss.
Eneabba Fm.
CattamarraCM
Cadda Fm.
YarragadeeFm.
Fm.
t = 0
Age (my)0100200300
Dep
th s
ub
sea
(m)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
NPalKJTPermC
Irwin River CM
Carynginia Fm.
Wagina Ss.
Kockatea Sh.Woodada Fm.Lesueur Ss.
Eneabba Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Cadda Fm.
Yarragadee Fm.
Fm.
t = 0
Age (my)0100200300
Oil
gen
erat
ion
rat
e/TO
C (
mg
/g T
OC
x m
y)0
510
1520
25
Tran
sfo
rmat
ion
rat
io (
frac
tio
n)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1NPalKJTPermC
Oil
a) b)
c) d)
ARG503 18.09.18
ratio
Tran
so
am
fr
tion
Temperature
Maturity
Tran
sfor
mat
ion
Rat
io (
frac
tion)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation Ss. = Sandstone Sh. = Shale
Figure 39. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area (data from Erregulla wells), northern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) maturity calibration; c) kerogen transformation vs depth; d) kerogen transformation and oil generation rate vs time. Abbreviation: Maturity VR LLNL, maturity vitrinite reflectance Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, US
48
Ghori
Figure 40. Petroleum system modelling of the Erregulla area (data from Erregulla wells) northern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) petroleum system elements and timing; c) hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Latest Permian – Triassic Kockatea Shale source beds
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Overburden
Trap formation
Gen.-Mig.-Accum.
Preservation
Critical moment
Age (my)0100200300
HC
exp
elle
d/T
OC
(m
g/g
TO
C)
50
100
150
200
30(°C)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Age (my)0100200300
Dep
th s
ub
sea
(m)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Irwin CM
Caryginia Fm.
Wagina Ss.
Kockatea Sh.Woodada Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Eneabba Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Cadda Fm.
Yarragadee Fm.
Sou
rce
Res
ervo
ir
Sea
l
a)
b)
c)
ARG505b 31.10.18
0
OilGas
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Ss. = Sandstone
Sh. = Shale
Gen.–mig.–accum. = Generation
–migration–accumulation
49
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Permian
WillespieFm.
SabinaSs.
LesueurSs.
CattamarraCM
YarragadeeFm.
WarnbroGp
Fm.
t = 0
Permian
WillespieFm.
SabinaSs.
LesueurSs.
CattamarraCM
YarragadeeFm.
WarnbroGp
Fm.
t = 0
Permian
WillespieFm.
SabinaSs.
LesueurSs.
CattamarraCM
YarragadeeFm.
WarnbroGp
Fm.
t = 0
0
1
0.5
30°C
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Age (my)0100200300
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
010
0020
0030
0040
0050
0060
00
NPalKJTPerm
Maturity VR LLNL (%Ro)0.1 1 10
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Temperature (°C)20 40 60 80 100 120 140
30°C
4050
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Age (my)0100200300
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
010
0020
0030
0040
0050
0060
00
NPalKJTPerm
Age (my)0100200300
Tran
sfo
rmat
ion
rat
io (
frac
tio
n)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
HC
mas
s/TO
C r
ate
(mg
/g T
OC
x m
y)
0
2
4
6
8
10NPalKJTPerm
ratio
GasOil
a) b)
c) d)
ARG500b 31.10.18
Tran
s fro
ationm
Temperature
Maturity
Temperature
Maturity VR LLNL
Early mature (oil)0.5 to 0.7 (%Ro)Mid mature (oil)0.7 to 1.0 (%Ro)Late mature (oil)1.0 to 1.3 (%Ro)
Main gas generation1.3 to 2.6 (%Ro) %Ro
TMAX
BHT
Fm. = FormationGp = GroupSs. = SandstoneSh. = ShaleCM = Coal Measures
Figure 41. Petroleum system modelling of the Whicher Range area (data from Whicher Range wells) southern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) maturity calibration c) kerogen transformation vs depth; d) kerogen transformation, oil, and gas generation rate vs time. Maturity VR LLNL, maturity vitrinite reflectance Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, US
50
Ghori
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Overburden
Trap formation
Gen.–Mig.–Accum.
Preservation
Critical moment
Age (my)0100200300
HC
exp
elle
d/T
OC
(m
g/g
TO
C)
0
20
40
60
80
100
30°C
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Age (my)0100200300
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Permian
WillespieFm.
SabinaSs.
LesueurSs.
CattamarraCM
YarragadeeFm.
WarnbroGp
Sou
rce
Res
ervo
ir
Sea
l
ARG501b 14.09.18
OilGas
a)
b)
c)
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Gp. = Group
Gen.–mig.–accum. = Generation
–migration–accumulation
Figure 42. Petroleum system modelling of the Whicher Range area (data from Whicher Range wells) southern Perth Basin: a) burial history; b) petroleum system elements and timing; c) hydrocarbon expulsion timing from the Permian source beds
51
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Triassic Kockatea Shale
Permian Carynginia Formation
Quartz
K-feldsparPlagioclase
Calcite
ZeolitePyrite
Marcasite
SideriteARG653 17.10.18
Sylvite
Total clay
TOC
Quartz
K-feldspar
PlagioclaseCalciteDolomite
Total clay
TOC a)
b)
Figure 43. Summary of the mineral, clay, and kerogen content of: a) Permian Carynginia Formation; b) Triassic Kockatea Shale. These components are the key factors in characterizing shale reservoirs for fraccing (data from CoreLab, 2013)
52
Ghori
40°C
60°C 80
°C
100°
C
120°
C
140°
C
Noria
nEa
rlyEa
rlyEa
rlyLa
teLa
teLa
teEo
cene
Mio
cene
Tert
iary
Cre
tace
ous
Jura
ssic
Tria
ssic
Per
mia
nPA
LEO
ZO
ICM
ES
OZ
OIC
CE
NO
ZO
IC
Late
Mid
dle
Mid
dle
Aptia
nNe
ocom
ian
Albi
an
Yarr
agad
ee F
m.
Cadd
a Fm
.
Catta
mar
ra F
m.
Enea
bba
Fm.
Lesu
eur S
s.W
ooda
da F
m.
Kock
atea
Sh.
Beek
eepe
r Fm
.
Cary
ngin
a Fm
.Ir
win
Riv
er C
MHi
gh C
liffs
Ss.
t=0
Hove
a M
b
Holm
woo
d Sh
.
Gas
-ret
ain
ed/T
OC
– C
aryn
gin
a Fo
rmat
ion
Over
burd
en
SourceReservoirSeal
Sour
ceRe
serv
oir
Seal
0
2000
4000
Depth subsurface (m)
Ag
e (m
y)
1.0
0.5 0
Oil-
reta
ined
/TO
C –
Hov
ea M
emb
er10
0 60 2028
026
024
022
020
018
016
014
012
010
080
6040
200
1.5
AR
RO
WS
MIT
H 2
a) b)
c) d)
Initi
al T
OC
[5.0
0]
Tran
sfor
mat
ion
ratio
[1.0
0]
Thi
ckne
ss fo
r ro
ck u
nit
[500
.00]
Pro
duct
ion
inde
x[1
.00]
Mat
urity
VR
LLN
L[3
.00]
e)In
itial
TO
C[5
.00]
Tran
sfor
mat
ion
ratio
[1.0
0]
Thi
ckne
ss fo
r ro
ck u
nit
[500
.00]
Pro
duct
ion
inde
x[1
.00]
Mat
urity
VR
LLN
L[3
.00]
Car
yng
ina
Form
atio
nH
ovea
Mem
ber
AR
G51
714
.09.
18
mg/g TOC
Max
imis
ed v
alue
Thr
esho
ld v
alue
Fm
. =
Form
atio
n
Ss.
= S
andst
one
Sh. =
Shale
CM
= C
oal M
easu
res
Fig
ure
44.
S
um
mar
y o
f th
e sh
ale
pet
role
um
sys
tem
s o
f A
rro
wsm
ith
2:
a) b
uri
al a
nd
tem
per
atu
re h
isto
ry a
nd
pet
role
um
sys
tem
ele
men
ts;
b)
volu
me
of
gas
ret
ain
ed i
n t
he
Per
mia
n C
aryn
gin
ia
Form
atio
n s
hal
e re
serv
oir
s; c
) vo
lum
e o
f oil
reta
ined
in th
e Tr
iass
ic H
ovea
Mem
ber
Sh
ale
rese
rvo
irs;
d) C
aryn
gin
ia F
orm
atio
n s
ou
rce
rich
nes
s, m
atu
rity
, an
d th
ickn
ess;
e) H
ovea
Mem
ber
so
urc
e ri
chn
ess,
mat
uri
ty a
nd
th
ickn
ess.
Ab
bre
viat
ion
: Mat
uri
ty V
R L
LN
L, m
atu
rity
vit
rin
ite
refle
ctan
ce L
awre
nce
Liv
erm
ore
Nat
ion
al L
abo
rato
ry, U
S
53
APPENDICES
54
Ghori
55
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Appendix 1
REESA (Rock Eval Expert System Analysis) rules are used to filter out unreliable data. The rules were developed by Peter E Kenneth, Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc. and David A Nelson of Chevron Corporation. These rules also apply to Appendix 2
Rule 1 Reject Tmax if Tmax = 0.0
Rule 2 Reject Tmax if S2 is less than tolerance (default 0.2 mg HC/g rock). This rule changes according to the precision of measurement of S2
Rule 3 If TOC is less than tolerance (default 0.4 wt%), then reject Tmax, S2/S3, HI, and OI. When TOC is not measured, rules rejecting Tmax based on low TOC are suppressed
Rule 4 If Tmax is below tolerance (default 395°C), reject Tmax
Rule 5 Reject PI if (S1 + S2) less than tolerance (default 2 mg HC rock). This rule changes according to the precision of the measurement of S1, S2, and S3)
Rule 6 Reject Tmax if HI < tolerance (default 50 mg HC/g TOC), and TOC is greater than tolerance (default 1.0)
Rule 7 Reject HI if HI > tolerance (default 1100 mg HC/g TOC)
Rule 8 Reject OI if OI > tolerance (default 300 mg CO2/g rock)
Rule 9 Reject all if depth > tolerance (default 20 000 ft)
Rule 10 All numerical values are user-changeable tolerances if Tmax < 435°C, and if PI > 0.2, or if ((S1/TOC) x 1000) > 300, or if (S1/S2) > 0.3, then: reject Tmax and flag S1, Tmax migrated
Rule 10b Same conditions as Rule 10 and if S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept PI and flag PI migrated
Rule 10c Same conditions as Rule 10 and If TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 < tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept HI, S2, OI, S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated
Rule 10d Same conditions as Rule 10 and: if TOC < tolerance (default 1 wt%), reject HI, S2, OI, S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated
Rule 10e Same conditions as Rule 10 and: if TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), reject HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3
Rule 11 All numerical values are user-changeable tolerances: for 435°C < Tmax < 460°C and if PI > 0.4, then:
Rule 11a Reject Tmax and flag S1, Tmax migrated
Rule 11b Same conditions as Rule 11 and if S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept PI and flag PI migrated
Rule 11c Same conditions as Rule 11 and if TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 < tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), accept HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated
Rule 11d Same conditions as Rule 11 and: if TOC < tolerance (default 1 wt%), reject HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 and flag HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3 migrated
Rule 11e Same conditions as Rule 11 and: if TOC > tolerance (default 1 wt%) and S1 > tolerance (default 1 mg HC/g rock), reject HI, S2, OI, and S2/S3
Rule 12a If a sample Tmax is greater than 460°C and the following five sample Tmax values are smaller, then the sample Tmax is rejected
Rule 12b If a sample Tmax is less than 435°C and the preceding five sample Tmax values are larger, then the sample Tmax is rejected
Rule 13 Reject Tmax if its value differs more than 8°C from current least squares regression line
Rule 14 Three-step method for calculating maturation:
Rule 14a Select depth range covered by a line of best fit between accepted Tmax values of 435 and 460°C. Calculate average accepted HI in this depth range. If average HI in this range is >250 mg HC/g TOC, then top oil window is set to 445°C. If less than 250 mg HC/g TOC, then top oil window is set to 435°C
Rule 14b Calculate the line of best fit for accepted PI in the depth range covered by the best fit line between accepted Tmax values of 435 and 460°C. Define top oil window where PI = 0.1
Rule 14c Compare the best fit values for top of oil window based on Tmax (Step 1) and PI (Step 2). If they are within 2000 feet apart, then average or accept the value determined from the line of best fit, showing the least standard deviation
56
Ghori
57
Appendix 2
0 42 0 0.4 0.6 0 0.4 0.6 20 300 100.20.2 428 432 436 0 0.81
TOC (wt%) S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0Abbarwardoo 1
100
200
300
400
500
600
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG560 27.09.18
Yarragadee Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Irwin River CM
Stratigraphy
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Mat
uri
ty
Geochemical logs of TOC and Rock-Eval data for 60 wells
Appendix 2.1. Abbarwardoo 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
58
Ghori
0 84 0 0.4 0.6 0 2 2000 10010.2 436 438 440 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0Arrowsmith 1
1000
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG561 27.09.18
3000
0.2
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.2. Arrowsmith 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
59
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 84 0 0.81 0 6 2000 1004 445 460 480 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0Arrowsmith 2
1000
2000Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG562 31.10.18
3000
0.160.405 2 0.22
U Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
Wagina Ss.
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.3. Arrowsmith 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
60
Ghori
0 84 0 4 0 2 800 402 440 480 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0Barberton 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG564 27.09.18
0.81
3000
2000
0.4054
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.4. Barberton 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
61
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 2010 0 1 0 80 4000 200402 400 440 480 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0Barragoon 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG565 31.10.18
2000
0.5
1500
500
120 -0.1 1
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.5. Barragoon 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
62
Ghori
0 62 0 0.405 0.81 0 2 800 401 424 428 432 -1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0Beharra 2
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG566 27.09.18
12000
1500
500
4 3 120 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
Wagina Ss.
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.6. Beharra 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
63
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 40 0 4 6 0 2000 1001002 0 0.405 0.81 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0Blackwood 1
1000
2000Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG567 31.10.18
3000
0.086020 8 300 0.04
U Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Lesueur Ss.
Kockatea Sh.
Irwin River CM
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.7. Blackwood 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
64
Ghori
0 40 0 4 6 0 80 2000 100402 430 432 434 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2 HI T (°C)max PI
0BMR Beagle Ridge 10a
500
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG568 27.09.18
0.21500
1000
20 60
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.8. BMR 10A Dongara geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
65
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0.8 0 0.08 0.12 0 1 2000 1000.50.04 422 426 430 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Bonniefield 1
400
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG569
0.811000
800
0.4 1.2 1.5 434 0.405
600
200
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Kockatea Sh.
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.9. Bonniefield 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
66
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0 0 0.4 0.6 0 60 2000 100400.2 430 440 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Bootine 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG570
0.2
4000
1000
20 40 20
3000
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.10. Bootine 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
67
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 1 3 0 400 2000 4002 0.405 0.81 0.04
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Bullsbrook 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG571
0.08
4000
1000
20 40 200
3000
60 600 00
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.11. Bullsbrook 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
68
Ghori
0 0 4 6 0 60 2000 100402 0.405 0.81 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Cadda 1
1500
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG572
1
1000
20 40 20
2000
500
2500
60 80 0 -1
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
Holmwood Sh.
High Cliff Ss.
Wagina Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.12. Cadda 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
69
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.4 0 12 2000 10080.2 432 440 0.02
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Cataby 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG573
0.04
2000
500
4 8 4
1500
436 444 0.06
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal MeasuresMat
uri
ty
Fm. = Formation
Appendix 2.13. Cataby 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
70
Ghori
0 0 1 1.5 0 30 6000 400200.5 430 440 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Central Yardarino 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG574
0.2
2000
500
4 12 10
1500
0.304502008
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.14. Central Yardarino 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
71
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 8 12 0 80 400040 420 430 0.2
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Cockburn 1
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG575
0.4
3000
1000
40
2000
80 800 440 01204
L. Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.15. Cockburn 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
72
Ghori
0 0 1 2 0 80 2000 10040 420 424 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Conder 1
150
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG576
1
250
100
20 40
200
50
60 300 428 -1
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation Sh. = Shale
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.16. Conder 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
73
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 6 0 200 4000 2001002 422 430 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Coomallo 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG577
0.2
1000
20 40
3000
0426 434
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.17. Coomallo 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
74
Ghori
0 0.01 0.07 0 2 2000 10010.04 424 428 -1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0CRA PER 1
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG578
1
150
0.8 1.2
100
0.4 436432 0
50
Kockatea Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Sh. = Shale
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.18. CRA PER 10 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
75
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.4 0.6 0 2000 100400.2 420 440 0.02
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Depot Hill 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG579
0.042500
500
10 20 20
1500
2000
430
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
Nangetty Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.19. Depot Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
76
Ghori
0 0 0.08 0.12 0 3 2000 10020.04 418 426 -1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Diamond Soak 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG580
12000
500
2 4 1
1500
300 422 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
Holmwood Sh.
High Cliff Ss.
Cadda Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
21.08.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.20. Diamond Soak 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
77
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 10 20 0 200 6000 200100 432 434 0.4
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Donkey Creek 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG581
0.24000
1000
8040
3000
400 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.21. Donkey Creek 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
78
Ghori
0 0 4 0 30 1200 80202 430 450 0.142
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Drakea 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG582
0.15
3000
10 20 10
2000
44040
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
Cadda Fm.
Wagina Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.22. Drakea 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
79
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.81 0 20 2000 400100.405 430 440 0.04S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0East Heaton 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG583
0.08
2500
500
4 8
1500
2000
420600
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
Eneabba Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.23. East Heaton 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
80
Ghori
0 0 0.4 0 2000 100400.2 430 434 0.02
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Eclipse 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG584
0.04
1000
20 30 20
3000
426 0 0.0610
U Cretaceous
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.24. Eclipse 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
81
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 10 20 0 300 2000 400200 460 464 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Eneabba 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG585
0.2
4000
1000
20 40 100
3000
60 456 468 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.08.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.25. Eneabba 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
82
Ghori
0 0 4 6 0 80 4000 200402 440 480 0.04
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Erregulla 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG586
4000
1000
20 30
3000
10 460 0.12
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.26. Erregulla 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
83
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 2 4 0 120 2000 100801 450 458 0.02
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Eurangoa 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG587
0.06
2000
500
20 40 40
1500
0.04446 4543003
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.Holmwood Sh.
Wagina Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.27. Eurangoa 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
84
Ghori
0 0 8 12 0 200 6000 4001004 440 460 0.2
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Gingin 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG588
0.4
4000
1000
8040
3000
0480200
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.28. Gingin 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
85
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 8 0 400 6000 400200 426 430 0.04
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Heaton 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG589
0.08
2000
500
8040
1500
200 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.29. Heaton 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
86
Ghori
0 0 8 12 0 2 4000 20014 438 442 0.405
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Indoon 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG590
0.81
2000
500
2 4
1500
0434 446
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.Carynginia Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.30. Indoon 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
87
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 8 0 80 6000 20040 443 445 0.06
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Jingemia 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG591
0.13000
20 40
2000
0.14444 44640060
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.Nangetty Fm.
Holmwood Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.31. Jingemia 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
88
Ghori
0 0 10 15 0 80 2000 400405 480 520 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Jurien 1
600
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG592
0.2
1000
200
8040
800
400
500600
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.32. Jurien 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
89
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 6 0 40 2000 1002 470 480 0.2
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Lake Preston 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG593
0.4
4000
1000
20 40 20
3000
60 460 0.60
L Cretaceous
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.33. Lake Preston 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
90
Ghori
0 0 4 0 80 2000 100402 425 426 0.2
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Mondarra 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG594
0.4
1000
20 40
3000
425.5 0
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.34. Mondarra 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
91
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.81 0 4000 200100.405 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Mt Adams 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG595
0.24000
1000
84 20
3000
424 432 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
Cadda Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.35. Mt Adams 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
92
Ghori
0 0 4 6 0 20 2000 1002 4 8 0.2
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Mt Hill 1
300
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG596
0.3
600
100
84 10
400
500
200
300 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.36. Mt Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
93
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 6 0 80 4000 200402 360 440 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Mt Horner 01
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG597
0.15
2000
500
20 40 120
1500
60 400 480 0.05
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
Nangetty Fm.
Wagina Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.37. Mt Horner 01 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
94
Ghori
0 0 0.4 0 2 2000 1000.2 420 424 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Mungarra 1
300
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG598
1
600
100
21 1
500
-1422 426
400
200
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
Nangetty Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.38. Mungarra 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
95
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 1 0 12 2000 10082 436 438 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0North Erregulla 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG600
0.18
1000
2 6 4
3000
0.14 0.224343004
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Irwin River CM
Lesueur Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.39. North Erregulla 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
96
Ghori
0 0 4 6 0 80 2000 400402 440 460 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Narlingue 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG599
0.2
500
20 40 120
1500
0450 4708
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.40. Narlingue 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
97
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 20 30 0 60 2000 1004010 450 454 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Ocean Hill 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG601
0.24000
1000
8040 20
3000
0.3446
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.41. Ocean Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
98
Ghori
0 0 0.1 0 2 2000 10010.2 460440 0.405
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Peron 1
500
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG602
0.81
2500
1000
2 4
2000
6 300 480 0
500
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.Holmwood Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.42. Peron 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
99
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 8 0 300 2000 400200 452 456 0.01
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Pinjarra 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG603 31.10.18
0.03
1000
8040 100
3000
0.02448
L Cretaceous
Cattamarra CM
Lesueur Ss.
CM = Coal Measures Ss. = Sandstone
HI T (°C)max PI
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.43. Pinjarra 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
100
Ghori
0 0 4 6 0 3 4000 20042 430 435 0.6
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Point Louise 1
200
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG604
0.2
800
200
2 4 2
600
0.44251
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.44. Point Louise 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
101
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.1 0.3 0 0.4 600 400.20.2 360 440 0.405
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Rakrani 1
600
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG605
0.81
1000
200
0.405 0.81
800
400 480 020
400
1200
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.45. Rakrani 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
102
Ghori
0 0 0.4 0 1.2 600 400.80.2 400 440 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Redback 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG606
0.2
1000
1 2 0.4
3000
48020
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
Wagina Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.46. Redback 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
103
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.08 0.12 0 0.6 200 100.40.04 0.405
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Redback 2
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG607
0.814000
1000
20 40 0.2
3000
00.405 0.810
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.Carynginia Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.47. Redback 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
104
Ghori
0 0 0.4 0 4 2000 1000.2 425 445 1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Robb 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG608
0
4000
500
2 6 2
1500
4404 -1
L Cretaceous
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.46. Robb 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
105
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.04 0.08 0 0.8 400 200.4 0.405
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Rockingham 1
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG609
0.81
1500
500
1 2
1000
00.405 0.810
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.49. Rockingham 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
106
Ghori
0 0 0.4 0.8 0 2000 10041.2 434 436 0.3
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Strawberry Hill 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG610
0.363000
21 2
2000
0.32 0.34435 437
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.50. Strawberry Hill 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
107
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 8 0 4000 20010012 454 466 0.1
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Sue 1
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG611
0.2
3000
8040 200
2000
458 462
L. Cretaceous
Lesueur Ss.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
Irwin River CM
High Cliff Ss.
Holmwood Sh.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.51. Sue 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
108
Ghori
0 0 40 60 0 300 2000 40010020 454 456 0.4
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Walyering 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG612
0.2
1000
20 40 200
3000
60 0 0.6
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.52. Walyering 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
109
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 40 60 300 400010020 454 456 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Walyering 2
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG613
0.4
4000
1000
20 40 0
3000
20020060
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.53. Walyering 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
110
Ghori
0 0 0.4 0.6 0 60 4000 200400.2 430 440 0.08
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Warro 2
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG614
0.165000
1000
10 20 20
4000
450
3000
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002 PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2CM = Coal Measures Fm. = Formation
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.54. Warro 2 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
111
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 0.4 0 30 6000 40010 424 428 0.04
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Wattle Grove 1
400
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG615
0.08
200
84 20
600
2000.8
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Carynginia Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.55. Wattle Grove 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
112
Ghori
0 0 4 8 0 200 4000 200100 440 480 0.2
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Whicher Range 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG616
0.4
4000
1000
20 40
3000
0460 50060
L Cretaceous
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Lesueur Ss.
Willespie Fm.
Sabima Ss.
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.56. Whicher Range 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
113
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 8 0 4000 200100 460440 0.4
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Wonnerup 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG617
0.2
4000
1000
20 40 200
3000
60 480 0
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Lesueur Ss.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
L Cretaceous
HI T (°C)max PI
31.10.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.57. Wonnerup 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
114
Ghori
0 0 1 3 0 2000 10042 440 0.4
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Woodada 05
1000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG618
0.2
2500
500
4 8 2
2000
0444432 436
1500
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Caryngina Fm.
Irwin River CM
Cadda Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.58. Woodada 05 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
115
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
0 0 4 0 2000 10012 420 540 0.405
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Woolmulla 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG619
0.81
2500
1000
2010 2
1500
500
0460 500
Yarragadee Fm.
Cadda Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Carynginia Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.59. Woolmulla 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
116
Ghori
0 0 4 8 0 300 6000 20010012 450 460 0
S (mg/g)1 S (mg/g)2
0Yardarino 1
2000
Dep
th s
ub
surf
ace
(m)
ARG620
0.4
500
20 40 200
1500
1000
0.840060
Yarragadee Fm.
Cattamarra CM
Eneabba Fm.
Lesueur Ss.
Woodada Fm.
Kockatea Sh.
Wagina Ss.
Caryngina Fm.
Cadda Fm.
HI T (°C)max PI
27.09.18
HI = S /TOC × 1002
PI = S /(S + S )1 1 2
CM = Coal Measures
Fm. = Formation
Sh. = Shale
Ss. = Sandstone
TOC (wt%)Stratigraphy
Mat
uri
ty
Appendix 2.60. Yardarino 1 geochemical log of TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data
117
Appendix 3
Maps of the Carynginia Formation, Kockatea Shale, and the Cattamarra Coal Measures, showing distribution of measured TOC, measured and calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC, hydrogen index, production index, transformation ratio, calculated temperature, and temperature maximum within the northern Perth Basin
118
Ghori
Rakrani 1
Narlingue 1
NorthErregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
PointLouise 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
DonkeyCreek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
OceanHill 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Mondarra 1
Heaton 1
WattleGrove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Jurien 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
Carynginia Formation average TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG559 31.10.18
25 km
6.627
0 2 4 6
Rakrani 1
Narlingue 1
NorthErregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
0
0
0
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
WestErregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Central Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
Jurien 1
PointLouise 1
Heaton 1Wattle
Grove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Yardarino 1
Carynginia Formation average S (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)2
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG558 31.10.18
25 km
35.08
0 10 20 30
Appendix 3.1. Map of the Carynginia Formation, showing the distribution of measured TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.2. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
119
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Rakrani 1
North Erregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
West Erregulla 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
0
Walyering 2
Abbarwardoo 1
Mungarra 1
PointLouise 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Narlingue 1
Heaton 1
Arranoo South 1
Mt Horner 01Wattle
Grove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Jurien 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1
Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
0Carynginia Formation average
S (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)2
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG553 31.10.18
25 km
76.52
20 40 60
Rakrani 1North Erregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
PointLouise 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Central Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
Mt Adams 1
Jurien 1
Redback 1, 2
Narlingue 1
100
0
200
300
Heaton 1
WattleGrove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1
East Heaton 1
Yardarino 1
Carynginia Formation averageHI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG556 31.10.18
25 km
465.4
0 100 200 300 400
Appendix 3.3. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.4. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
120
Ghori
200300
North Erregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
West Erregulla 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Walyering 2
Abbarwardoo 1
Mungarra 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
PointLouise 1
Rakrani 1
Narlingue 1Heaton 1
Arranoo South 1
Mt Horner 01Wattle
Grove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Jurien 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1
100
0
500
400
100
400
300
300
500 400
Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
0Carynginia Formation average
HI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG551 31.10.18
25 km
765.2
200 400 600
Rakrani 1
North Erregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
PointLouise 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
0
Abbarwardoo 1
Central Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
Mt Adams 1
Jurien 1
Woolmulla 1
Narlingue 1
Heaton 1
WattleGrove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1
East Heaton 1
Yardarino 1
Carynginia Formation averagePI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG557 31.10.18
25 km
0.781
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Appendix 3.5. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.6. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
121
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Rakrani 1North Erregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
West Erregulla 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Walyering 2
Abbarwardoo 1
Mungarra 1
PointLouise 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Narlingue 1Heaton 1
Arranoo South 1
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01Wattle
Grove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Jurien 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
0Carynginia Formation average
PI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG552 31.10.18
25 km
0.2 0.4 0.6 1.00.8
Rakrani 1North Erregulla 1
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
West Erregulla 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Walyering 2
Abbarwardoo 1
Mungarra 1
BMR 10A Dongara
PointLouise 1
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Narlingue 1
Heaton 1
Arranoo South 1
Mt Horner 01Wattle
Grove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Jurien 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1
Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
Carynginia Formation averagetransformation ratio (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG555 31.10.18
25 km
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Appendix 3.7. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.8. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter transformation ratio within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
122
Ghori
Rakrani 1
North Erregulla 1100100
100
CRA PER 10
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
West Erregulla 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Conder 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Walyering 2
Abbarwardoo 1
Mungarra 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
PointLouise 1
Narlingue 1
Heaton 1
Arranoo South 1
Mt Horner 01Wattle
Grove 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Jurien 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1Yardarino 1
Eurangoa 1
14.85
Carynginia Formation averagetemperature (°C) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG554 31.10.18
25 km
144.1
50 100
0
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Jurien 1
Heaton 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
Mt Horner 01
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
Mondarra 1
Drakea 1
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
0 5 10TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG531 09.10.18
25 km
13.17
Appendix 3.9. Map of the Carynginia Formation showing the distribution of calculated temperature within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.10. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
123
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Robb 1
Peron 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Arrowsmith 1, 2
WattleGrove 1
Eurangoa 1Mt Horner 01
Point Louise 1
Heaton 1
Jurien 1
Eneabba 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Cadda 1
Rakrani 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 10
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
0.0024
0 10Kockatea Shale average
S (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)2
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG534 31.10.18
25 km
10.97
5
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Heaton 1
Yardarino 1
Arranoo South 1Eurangoa 1
Mt Horner 01
Eneabba 1
West Erregulla 1
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Jurien 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
20 60Kockatea Shale average
S 2 (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG538 13.09.18
25 km
81.36
40 800
Appendix 3.11. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.12. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
124
Ghori
Robb 1
Peron 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Arrowsmith 1, 2
WattleGrove 1
Heaton 1
Cadda 1
Woolmulla 1
Beharra 2
Donkey Creek 1
Drakea 1
North Erregulla 1Strawberry Hill 1
Rakrani 1
Narlingue 1Depot Hill 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Jurien 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
Mt Horner 01
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1100
100
200
200
300
100
4.405
100 300Kockatea Shale averageHI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG532 31.10.18
25 km
385.7
200
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
500
400
300
300
200
200
100
300500
600
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
Jurien 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Point Louise 1
Heaton 1
Eneabba 1
Yardarino 1
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1
Redback 1, 2
Eurangoa 1
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01
Abbarwardoo 1
Mungarra 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
200 600Kockatea Shale averageHI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG536 31.10.18
25 km
813.6
400 8000
Appendix 3.13. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.14. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
125
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Robb 1
Peron 1
Indoon 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Eurangoa 1WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Drakea 1
North Erregulla 1
Cadda 1
Woolmulla 1
Beharra 2
Donkey Creek 1
Conder 1
Rakrani 1
Narlingue 1Depot Hill 1
East Heaton 1
Central Yardarino 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Jurien 1
Heaton 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
OceanHill 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
Mt Horner 01
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
0.0024
0.1 0.3Kockatea Shale averagePI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG533 31.10.18
25 km
0.394
0.2
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Yardarino 1
Heaton 1
Arranoo South 1
Mt Horner 01
Eurangoa 1
Eneabba 1
BMR 10A Dongara
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Jurien 1
0
0
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
0.2 0.6Kockatea Shale averagePI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG537 31.10.18
25 km
0.909
0.4 0.80
Appendix 3.15. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.16. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
126
Ghori
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
100
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Heaton 1
Yardarino 1
Arranoo South 1Eurangoa 1
Mt Horner 01
Eneabba 1
BMR 10A Dongara
West Erregulla 1
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Jurien 1
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
1.629
50Kockatea Shale average
temperature (°C) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG539 31.10.18
25 km
122.2
100
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Conder 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Mondarra 1
Woodada 05
Erregulla 1
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
100
100100
Beharra 2
Mt Adams 1
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Central Yardarino 1
Abbarwardoo 1
Heaton 1
Yardarino 1
Arranoo South 1Eurangoa 1
Mt Horner 01
Eneabba 1
BMR 10A Dongara
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Jurien 1
Point Louise 1
Mungarra 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Cataby 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Bullsbrook 1
Ocean Hill 1
Mt Hill 1
Barberton 1
Walyering 2
34.4
50Kockatea Shale average
temperature maximum (°C) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG540 31.10.18
25 km
165.5
100 150
Appendix 3.17. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of temperature within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.18. Map of the Kockatea Shale showing the distribution of temperature max within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
127
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
DiamondSoak 1
0
0
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1Wattle
Grove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Jurien 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
PointLouise 1
Central Yardarino 1Yardarino 1
Mondarra 1
Bullsbrook 1
Mungarra 1
Rakrani 1
Mt Hill 1
Heaton 1Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Walyering 2
0Cattamarra Coal Measures average
TOC (wt%) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG549 31.10.18
25 km
50.6
20 40
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1WattleGrove 1
Warro 2Jurien 1
Walyering 1
0
0
0
0
0
Barragoon 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Point Louise 1
Mondarra 1
Walyering 2
Heaton 1
Gingin 1
Bullsbrook 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Strawberry Hill 1
Narlingue 1Mt Hill 1
Mt Horner 01Conder 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Mungarra 1
Bonniefield 1
0Cattamarra Coal Measures average
S (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)2
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG546 31.10.18
25 km
135.3
50 100
Appendix 3.19. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.20. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
128
Ghori
Peron 1
Cadda 1
CRA PER 10
Jurien 1
Barragoon 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Barberton 1
Point Louise 1
Bullsbrook 1
Gingin 1
Walyering 1
Warro 2
Woolmulla 1
Indoon 1
Robb 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Heaton 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
3.038
20Cattamarra Coal Measures average
S (mg/g rock) @ 0.0 (my)2
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG545 31.10.18
25 km
76.1
40 60
Peron 1
Cadda 1
CRA PER 10
Jurien 1
Barragoon 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Barberton 1
Point Louise 1
Bullsbrook 1
Walyering 1
Gingin 1
Woolmulla 1
Warro 2
Indoon 1
Robb 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1Wattle
Grove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Heaton 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
500
400
200
300
400
200
300
300
400
500
600
200
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
30.38
200Cattamarra Coal Measures average
HI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG541 31.10.18
25 km
761.0
400 600
Appendix 3.21. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter S2 mg/g TOC within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.22. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
129
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2Jurien 1
Heaton 1
Walyering 1
100
100
200
100
100
200
Barragoon 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Point Louise 1
Walyering 2
Bullsbrook 1
Gingin 1
Rakrani 1
Mt Hill 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Mungarra 1
100Cattamarra Coal Measures average
HI (mg/g TOC) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG542 31.10.18
25 km
273.8
2000
Robb 1
Peron 1
Cadda 1
Indoon 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Woolmulla 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
CRA PER 10
Depot Hill 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Warro 2
Gingin 1
Jurien 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1
Redback 1, 2
Jingemia 1
Barberton 1
Point Louise 1
Conder 1
Mt Horner 01
Walyering 2
Bullsbrook 1
Narlingue 1Mt Hill 1
Heaton 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Mungarra 1
0.1Cattamarra Coal Measures average
PI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG544 02.10.18
25 km
0.38
0.20 0.3
Appendix 3.23. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter hydrogen index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.24. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of measured Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
130
Ghori
Peron 1
Cadda 1
CRA PER 10
Jurien 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Barberton 1
Point Louise 1
Gingin 1
Bullsbrook 1
Woolmulla 1
Warro 2
Indoon 1
Robb 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1Wattle
Grove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Heaton 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
0
0
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
0.4Cattamarra Coal Measures average
PI (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG543 31.10.18
25 km
0.815
0.60 0.2 0.8
Peron 1
CRA PER 10
100
100
100
Gingin 1
Jurien 1
Barragoon 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
Barberton 1
Point Louise 1
Walyering 1
Bullsbrook 1
Cadda 1
Warro 2
Woolmulla 1
Indoon 1
Robb 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1Wattle
Grove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Heaton 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
-1.128
0Cattamarra Coal Measures average
temperature (°C) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG547 31.10.18
25 km
134.7
50 100
Appendix 3.25. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter production index within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.26. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of temperature within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
131
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Peron 1
Cadda 1
CRA PER 10
100
100
100
Jurien 1
Walyering 1
Barragoon 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara
PointLouise 1
Beharra 2
Barberton 1
Gingin 1
Bullsbrook 1
Warro 2
Woolmulla 1
Indoon 1
Robb 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
Diamond Soak 1
North Erregulla 1
Depot Hill 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Heaton 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
42.83
60Cattamarra Coal Measures average
temperature maximum (°C) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG548 31.10.18
25 km
133.9
80 120100
Peron 1
CRA PER 10
Jurien 1
Barragoon 1
Abbarwardoo 1
BMR 10A Dongara0
00
Barberton 1
PointLouise 1
Cadda 1
Bullsbrook 1
Gingin 1
Warro 2
Walyering 1
Woolmulla 1
Indoon 1
Robb 1
Drakea 1
Rakrani 1
Woodada 05
Narlingue 1
DiamondSoak 1
North Erregulla 1
Beharra 2
Depot Hill 1
WattleGrove 1
Strawberry Hill 1
Heaton 1
Arrowsmith 1, 2
Arranoo South 1
West Erregulla 1Redback 1, 2
Mt Hill 1
Jingemia 1
Mt Horner 01
Conder 1
Mondarra 1
Erregulla 1Mt Adams 1
East Heaton 1
Donkey Creek 1
Central Yardarino 1
Cataby 1
Eneabba 1
Eclipse 1
Bootine 1
Coomallo 1
Yardarino 1
Ocean Hill 1
Eurangoa 1
Walyering 2
Mungarra 1
0Cattamarra Coal Measures average
transformation ratio (fraction) @ 0.0 (my)
115° 116°
31°
30°
29°
ARG550 31.10.18
25 km
0.949
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Appendix 3.27. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of temperature max within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
Appendix 3.28. Map of the Cattamarra Coal Measures showing the distribution of calculated Rock-Eval parameter transformation ratio within the northern Perth Basin. Data wells are represented by white circles
132
Ghori
133
Appendix 4
Apatite fission track data for a total of 14 samples, five each from Arranoo South 1, Cataby 1, West Erregulla 1 from the Jurassic Yarragadee Formation, Cattamarra Coal Measures, Eneabba Formation, Permian Wagina Sandstone, and Irwin River Coal Measures
Appendix 4.1. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Yarragadee Formation (750 m) sample from Arranoo South 1
Arranoo South 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
20
30
40
50
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 750 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 1.85 µmStandard deviation = 1.82 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 13.16 µmStandard deviation = 1.03 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
a) b)
c) d)
ARG624 01.10.18 Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1050 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 2.13 µmStandard deviation = 1.83 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 12.13 µmStandard deviation = 1.18 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Arranoo South 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
60
80
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
20
30
40a) b)
c) d)
ARG625 01.10.18
Appendix 4.2. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (1050 m) sample from Arranoo South 1
134
Ghori
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1285 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 1.40 µmStandard deviation = 0.94 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 11.08 µmStandard deviation = 1.49 µm)
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Arranoo South 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
60
80
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
30
20
50a) b)
c) d)
Arg628 01.10.18
40
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1635 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 0.50 µmStandard deviation = 0.00 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 9.97 µmStandard deviation = 1.96 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Arranoo South 1
Age (my)0200300
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
60
100
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
100
200
300
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
20
40
60
100
a) b)
c) d)
ARG626 01.10.18
80
120100 300
80
300
Appendix 4.3. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (1285 m) sample from Arranoo South 1
Appendix 4.4. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Wagina Sandstone (1635 m) sample from Arranoo South 1
135
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1748 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 2.05 µmStandard deviation = 1.91 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 9.68 µmStandard deviation = 2.03 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Arranoo South 1
Age (my)0100300
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
60
100
Age (my)0100300
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100300
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
100
200
300
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
20
40
50a) b)
c) d)
ARG627 01.10.18
200
30
80
120200 200
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 700 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 2.02 µmStandard deviation = 2.06 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 13.44 µmStandard deviation = 1.16 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Cataby 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
50
80
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
30
40
60a) b)
c) d)
ARG629 01.10.18
20
50
30
60
70
Appendix 4.5. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Irwin River Coal Measures (1748 m) sample from Arranoo South 1
Appendix 4.6. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (700 m) sample from Cataby 1
136
Ghori
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1150 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 1.30 µmStandard deviation = 1.17 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 12.24 µmStandard deviation = 1.46 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Cataby 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
60
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
30
40
60
a) b)
c) d)
ARG630 01.10.18
20
50
80
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1460 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 1.93 µmStandard deviation = 1.40 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 11.37 µmStandard deviation = 1.88 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Cataby 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
60
100
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
30
50a) b)
c) d)
ARG631 01.10.18
20
40
80
Appendix 4.7. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (1150 m) sample from Cataby 1
Appendix 4.8. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (1460 m) sample from Cataby 1
137
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1830 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 1.83 µmStandard deviation = 1.45 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 10.91 µmStandard deviation = 1.58 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Cataby 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
60
120
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
20
40
a) b)
c) d)
ARG632 01.10.18
30
40
80
100
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 2225 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 2.35 µmStandard deviation = 2.99 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 9.89 µmStandard deviation = 1.86 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Cataby 1
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
60
80
140
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
30
50
a) b)
c) d)
ARG633 01.10.18
20
40
40
100
120
Appendix 4.9. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (1830 m) sample from Cataby 1
Appendix 4.10. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Cattamarra Coal Measures (2225 m) sample from Cataby 1
138
Ghori
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 1475 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 9.20 µmStandard deviation = 1.79 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 12.53 µmStandard deviation = 0.98 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Erregulla Area
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
50
80
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
30
50a) b)
c) d)
ARG634 01.10.18
20
40
30
60
70
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 2025 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 9.89 µmStandard deviation = 2.03 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 11.11 µmStandard deviation = 1.20 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Erregulla Area
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
20
30
40a) b)
c) d)
ARG635 10.10.18
60
80
Appendix 4.11. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Yarragadee Formation (1475 m) sample from West Erregulla 1
Appendix 4.12. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Yarragadee Formation (2025 m) sample from West Erregulla 1
139
GSWA Report 188 Petroleum geochemistry and petroleum systems modelling of the Perth Basin, Western Australia
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 2748 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 8.00 µmStandard deviation = 0.50 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 9.01 µmStandard deviation = 2.11 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Erregulla Area
Age (my)0100200
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
40
60
120
Age (my)0100200
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100200
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
50
100
150
200
Track length (µm)0 10 20
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
0
10
30
40
a) b)
c) d)
ARG636 01.10.18
20
50
80
100
Durango apatite fission tracksample depth = 3990 m
Measured tracklength
Measured mean = 9.50 µmStandard deviation = 1.00 µm
Calculated tracklength
Calculated mean = 0.00 µmStandard deviation = 0.00 µm
Reduced length
Temperature
Fission track age
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
acks
Erregulla Area
Age (my)
Tem
per
atu
re (
°c)
20
60
80
140
Age (my)
Red
uce
d t
rack
len
gth
(fr
acti
on
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Age (my)0100300
Fiss
ion
tra
ck a
ge
(my)
0
100
200
300
Track length (µm)0 10 20
0
10
a) b)
c) d)
ARG637 01.10.18
40
100
120
2000100200
0100200300
300
20
30
40
50
Appendix 4.13. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Eneabba Formation (2748 m) sample from West Erregulla 1
Appendix 4.14. Plot of basic apatite fission track data of the Wagina Sandstone (3999 m) sample from West Erregulla 1
PETROLEUM GEOCHEM
ISTRY AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM
S M
ODELLING OF THE PERTH BASIN, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
REPORT 188GHORI
Further details of geological products and maps produced by the Geological Survey of Western Australia are available from:
Information Centre Department of Mines and Petroleum 100 Plain Street EAST PERTH WA 6004 Phone: (08) 9222 3459 Fax: (08) 9222 3444
www.dmp.wa.gov.au/GSWApublications
Recent discoveries in the northern Perth Basin have revived interest in petroleum exploration and supplied the impetus to assess the hydrocarbon source rocks within the basin. The discoveries include a new Permian gas/condensate play at Waitsia and a new Triassic shale play in Arrowsmith 2. Volumetric assessments have estimated that up to 25 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) gas and up to 8 Tcf gas with 500 million barrels oil/condensate could be present within the Permian and the Triassic sedimentary successions respectively.
Interpretation and modelling of the petroleum geochemistry, organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis, heat flow, subsurface temperature, and other exploration data from the onshore Perth Basin indicate that the condensate from Whicher Range 1 has a Permian source; oil and gas/condensate from the Cliff Head, Dongara, Eremia, Hovea, Jingemia, Mondarra, Mount Horner, North Erregulla, Woodada, and Yardarino fields are derived from Triassic source rocks; oil and gas/condensate from Gingin 1 and Walyering 1 and 2 are from a Jurassic source; and the oil from Gage Roads 1 is sourced from a Jurassic–Cretaceous source. Modelling of 60 wells with TOC and Rock-Eval data indicates variations in the timing of petroleum generation and accumulation across the basin.