repair-reconstruction fingertip injruies - tang - clinics plastic 2014

8/9/2019 Repair-reconstruction Fingertip Injruies - Tang - Clinics Plastic 2014

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@NICECPCMEQ

Pbn `cstdo pdrt mi tbn tbugl mr tbn iceknr cs adoon`

tbn iceknr mr tbugl tcp. Ce tbcs drtcaon, wn `csauss

trndtgnet mi tbn struaturns `cstdo tm tbn cesnrtcme

mi tbn ionxmr `ckctmrug supnricacdocs tne`me (I@Q)ce tbn iceknr, mr tbn cetnrpbdodekndo hmcet mi tbn

tbugl. Irmg tbn vcnwpmcet mi rnpdcr, dey struaturns

drmue` mr `cstdo tm tbn `cstdo cetnrpbdodekndo (@CV)

hmcet mi tbn iceknr, nspnacdooy tbmsn `cstdo tm tbn gc`-

òn mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex, drn amesc`nrn` ds

iceknrtcp. Pbn tbugl tcp, tbdt cs, tbn pdrt mi tbn

tbugl `cstdo tm tbn cetnrpbdodekndo hmcet, cs usudooy

`csaussn` snpdrdtnoy irmg tbn iceknrtcp, ds tbntbugl de` iceknrs drn amesc`nrn` `cstceat dedtmg-

cadooy. Vuop `ninats drn amggme de` drn `csaussn`.

Edco deèdco ln`cehurcns drnamesc`nrn` tm ln d spn-

acica adtnkmry mi trdugd, wbcab cs emt amvnrn` bnrn.

d @npdrtgnet mi Bde` Qurknry, Pbn Bde` Qurknry \nsndrab Anetnr, Diicocdtn` Bmspctdo mi Edetmek êcvnrscty,Edetmek êcvnrscty, <6 [nst Pngpon \md`, Edetmek, Hcdeksu <<9664, Abced: l Bde` Qurknry @npdrtgnet,Qt De`rnw–s Anetrn imr Vodstca Qurknry, Lrmmgicno` Bmspctdo, Abnogsimr`, Nssnx AG4 ;NP, ^J: a @npdrtgnetmi Bde` Qurknry de` Gcarmsurknry, êcvnrscty Bmspctdo mi Ynrmed Vmocaocecam KL \mssc, Vcdzzdon OD Qaurm 46,Ynrmed 1;4<9, Ctdoy: ` @cvcscme mi Vodstca Qurknry, @npdrtgnet mi Qurknry, Gdym Aoceca, <66 Icrst Qtrnnt

Qmutbwnst, \mabnstnr, GE >>36>, ^QD: n

Vodstca Qurknry, Bde` Qurknry, de` Lures êct, êcvnrscty BmspctdoQabonswck-Bmostnce, Adgpus Ounlnaj, \dtznlurknr Doonn 496, Ounlnaj <1>12, Knrgdey* Amrrnspme`cek dutbmr.N-gdco d``rnss8 hcelmtdekFydbmm.amg

JNS[M\@Q

Pbugl tcp Iceknrtcp @ckctdo dgputdtcme Bmgm`ckctdo pn`caon iodp Ceenrvdtn` iodp Irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp Iceknrtcp rnknenrdtcme Qnesclcocty

JNS VMCEPQ

Pbn puop `ninat, mr `cstdo tbugl mr iceknr dgputdtcme, mitne rnqucrns amvnr wctb iodps irmg tbn sdgn

`ckct, mr irmg mtbnr pdrts mi tbn bde` mr lm`y.

Qnesdtn, bmgm`ckctdo iodps pn`caon` detnrmkrd`noy me d `ckctdo drtnry drn usn` mitne imr iceknrtcp.

Pbn Gmlnrk de` Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps drn amggmeoy usn` imr `cstdo smit tcssun omss wctb lmen

nxpmsurn. Gm`cicadtcme mi tbn Gmlnrk iodps de` de nxtne`n` vnrscme mi tbn Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp bnop iodps

tm rndab tbn tcp mi tbn `ckct.

\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo iodps imr iceknr puop mr tcp `ninat drn usn` onss irnqunetoy tbde d `nad`n dkm.

Irnn vdsauodrczn` tmn puops, wrdp-drmue` lck tmn iodps de` pdrtcdo tmn trdesinrs drn ce amggme usn.

Icrst-ocen surkcado mptcmes de` surknmes– prninrneans vdry komldooy. Dscde surknmes `m abdoonekcekrnpodetdtcmes mi tbn tbugl de` iceknrtcps. Nurmpnde surknmes `m gmrn gm`cicadtcmes de` ceemvd-

tcmes mi tbn bmgm`ckctdo iodps. Qurknmes usn tbn aodsscado armss-iceknr iodp onss de` onss.

Aoce Vodstca Qurk 04 (<640) 1<>‑1>3bttp8//`x.`mc.mrk/46.4649/h.aps.<640.60.6606630-4<32/40/$ ‑ snn irmet gdttnr <640 Nosnvcnr Cea. Doo rckbts rnsnrvn`. p

o d s t c a s u r k n r y . t b n a o c e c a s . a

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DEDPMGS DE@ AODQQCICADPCMEQ

Pbn `cstdo pbdodex cs tbn ldaj lmen mi tbn tbugl

tcp de` iceknrtcp. Bmwnvnr, tbn vnry `cstdo tcp

ceaou`ns meoy tbn smit tcssuns mi tbn puop de` tbn

edco n`kn. Pbn drtnrcdo suppoy mi tbn tbugl mr

iceknrtcp amescsts mi guotcpon sgdoo lrdeabns mi

tbn `ckctdo drtnrcns de` tbn entwmrj mi tbncr tnrgcedo

lrdeabns ( Ick. 4 ). Pbn tnrgcedo pdrts mi tbn `ckctdo

drtnrcns drn omadtn` drmue` tbn @CV hmcet onvno de`

tbn prmxcgdo bdoi mi tbn `cstdo pbdodekns. Pbn `ck-

ctdo drtnrcns rue domek tbn sc`ns mi tbn `ckct, tbny

Ick. 4. Drtnrcdosuppoymi tbn struaturns `cstdo tm tbngc`pdrt mi tbngc``on pbdodex.Pbn `mrsdo drtnrcns drn sgdoo. Ymodrdrtnrcns drn odrknr. Pbnrn drn 1 snts mi pdogdr drtnrcdo drabns ce iceknrtcp8 < drn dt tbn `cstdo pbdodex de` men prmxcgdotm tbn @CV hmcet. Pbn imurtb vmodr drtnry drab mi tbn iceknr omadtns prmxcgdo tm tbn prmxcgdo cetnrpbdodekndo hmcet.

Ick. <. Enrvn suppocns mi tbn pdogdr de` `mrsdo dspnat mi tbn iceknr de` tbncr rnodtcme wctb tbn drtnrcns (D). Emtn tbnamgguecadtcek lrdeabns lntwnne tbn`mrsdo de`vmodr`ckctdo enrvnsgmstoy drn dt tbnprmxcgdo pbdodex onvno. D tm I

sbmw tbn vdrcdtcmes de` ceac`nean (%) mi `ciinrnet ameenatcmes lntwnne tbn pdogdr de` vmodr `ckctdo enrvns ce tbnbde`.

Pdek nt do1<9



bdvn d `cdgntnr mi 4 tm 4.> gg, wbcab cs suiicacnet

imr gcarmsurkcado dedstmgmscs. Pbn drtnrcdo ent-

wmrj lnyme` tbn gc``on mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex cs

sgdoo de` `ciicauot tm suturn. Pbn gdce `rdcecek

vnces mi tbn tcp rue ds d entwmrj me tbn `mrsug

mi tbn `ckct. Pbn `ckctdo drtnrcns `m emt bdvn vnedn

amgctdetns lut tbnrn cs d vnemus ponxus ce tbn sul-autdenmus tcssun surrmue`cek ndab drtnry. Pbnrn-

imrn, dey iodp ldsn` me d `ckctdo drtnry gust

ceaou`n < tm 0 gg mi sulautdenmus tcssuns drmue`

tbn drtnry de` vnemus rnture cs tbrmukb tbn vnemus

ponxus drmue` tbn drtnry. Pbn ionxmr tne`mes tnrgc-

edtn me tbn pdogdr dspnat mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex,

de` tbn `ckctdo enrvns snet mii tnrgcedo lrdeabns

tm imrg tbn trdesvnrsn drab ce tbn pdogdr sulau-

tdenmus tcssun mi tbn puop ( Ick. < ). Pbn lrdeabns

mi tbn `ckctdo enrvns `cstdo tm tbn @CV hmcet drn guo-

tcpon de` drn `ciicauot, mr cgpmssclon, tm rnpdcr

surkcadooy.

Pbugl de` iceknrtcp cehurcns ade ln trdesvnrsn

mr mlocqun. Pbn rnsuotdet `ninats mi tbn odttnr ade

sompn detnrmpmstnrcmroy mr odtnrdooy ( Ick. 1 ). Pbn

cehury ade ln aodsscicn` ce tnrgs mi snvnrcty, ds

‟aonde aut‗ mr ‟arusb‗ cehurcns, mr ly tbn tcssuns

cevmovn`: tbdt cs, tbn cehury ade ceaou`n d puop tcs-

sun `ninat, d amgpontn dgputdtcme, irdaturn mi

tbn `cstdo pbdodex, de`/mr edco de` edco ln` `dg-

dkn. Pbn dutbmrs prmpmsn d uecicn` zmen `cvcscme

de` aodsscicadtcme mi iceknrtcp cehury (snn Ick. 1 ).

Aocecadooy, wbne wn trndt tbugl mr iceknrtcp cehurcns, tbn sczn mi tbn puop tcssun `ninat, tbn mlocq-

ucty mi tbn dgputdtcme, de` wbntbnr tbn cehury cs

d aonde-aut mr d arusb cehury drn tbn gdhmr ame-

anres. Bnean, tbnsn drn tbn imaus mi `csausscme

ce `nac`cek trndtgnet.

LDQCA \NT^C\NGNEPQ8 PB^GL DE@ICEKN\PCV \NVDC\

Pbn nssnetcdo kmdos mi rnpdcr mi tbugl de` iceknr-

tcps drn tbn imoomwcek8

4. Gdcetdcecek onektb

<. \nstmrcek snesdtcme1. Dppndrdean

De d``ctcmedo kmdo cs tm rnstmrn datcvn rdekn mi

gmtcme dt tbn `cstdo hmcet. Pbn onektb de` dppndr-

dean mi tbn `ckcts cs d ldsca ameanre, amestctutcek

dlmut >6% mi tbn kmdo mi rnpdcr mr rnamestruatcme.

[ctb rnspnat tm dppndrdean, prnsnrvcek tbn edco

amgponx cs vnry cgpmrtdet. Qnesclcocty amestctutns

demtbnr 06% de` cs tbn gmst cgpmrtdet scekon ida-

tmr ce tbugl mr iceknrtcp rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme.

Ly ametrdst, datcvn rdekn mi gmtcme mi tbn iceknr

@CV hmcet de` tbn tbugl cetnrpbdodekndo (CV) hmcet

drn, rnodtcvnoy, onss cgpmrtdet, amestctutcek tbn

mtbnr 46% mi tbn kmdo mi rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme.

[ctb emrgdooy iueatcmecek prmxcgdo cetnrpbdode-

kndo (VCV) de` gntdadrpmpbdodekndo (GAV) hmcets,

datcvn gmtcme mi tbn @CV hmcet ametrclutns meoy 4>%

mi iceknr gmtcme ( Pdlon 4 ).

Pbn dutbmrs amesc`nr tbn `ciinrnet cgpmrtdean mi

ndab struaturn mr iueatcme mi tbn tbugl mr iceknr tcp

( Pdlon < ). Qgdoo `narndsns ce nctbnr tbn onektb mr

snesdtcme gdy emt ln d krndt ameanre imr tbn pd-

tcnets. D sbmrtnecek mi onss tbde 6.> ag, d gco``narndsn ce snesdtcme rdtbnr tbde omss mi tbn

snesdtcme, de` d omss mi @CV hmcet gmtcme mi dlmut

<6, usudooy adusn octton iueatcmedo mr amsgntca

cgpdcrgnet. Pbn mptcgdo rnpdcrs drn (4) tm gdcetdce

ds guab onektb ds pmssclon, wctb tbn cetnetcme mi

Ick. 1. Pbn `cvcscmes imr tbn `ckctdo tcp cehury drn sbmwe me tbn onit, prmpmsn` ly tbn ond` dutbmr (H.L.P.), tm ueciytbmsn usn` ce `ckctdo tcp rnpdcr, rnpodetdtcme, de` tne`me cehury. Pbn zmens 4D, L, de` A drn ldsn` me nxcstcekionxmr tne`me zmecek. Pbn tcp `cstdo tm tbn `ckctdo ionxmr tne`me cesnrtcme cs tnrgn` zmen 6, wbcab cs iurtbnr`cvc`n` cetm zmen 6D (edco rmmt cetdat), de` 6L (edco rmmt dlsnet). Pbn rckbt pdeno sbmws mur prmpmsn` aodssc-icadtcme mi `ckctdo tcp cehury ly struaturns de` mlocqucty. Imr nxdgpon, d `ckctdo tcp cehury ade ln rnamr`n` ds‟zmen 6L-A cehury‗ wbne ct rnsuots ce edco rmmt omss de` cs trdesvnrsn.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1<;



ocgctcek sbmrtnecek tm onss tbde 6.> tm 4 ag: (<) tm

rnamvnr snesdtcme tm krd`n 14 (Q14 ) mr gmrn,

lnst wctb stdtca twm-pmcet `csarcgcedtcme (<V@)

onss tbde > mr 9 gg: de` (1) tm rnstmrn de datcvnrdekn mi @CV hmcet gmtcme mr tbugl CV hmcet gmtcme

mi 06 tm >6, mr krndtnr.

\NVODEPDPCME M\ QCGVON Q^P^\N MI PBNDGV^PDPN@ @CQPDO VD\P

D aonde de` tc`y dgputdtn` tcp ade ln rnpodetn`

mr suturn` ldaj `crnatoy ds d amgpmsctn krdit. D

pmsctcvn `nacscme sbmuo ln gd`n tm `m men mr

tbn mtbnr. Pnabecadooy, rnpodetdtcme mi d aonde-aut

`ckctdo tcp dgputdtcme cs pmssclon, de` rnpodetdtcme

drmue` tbn @CV hmcet cs d rmutcen ce gdey nstdl-ocsbn` bde` uects ( Ick. 0 ). Bmwnvnr, suab rnpodetd-

tcme lndrs d krndtnr rcsj mi idcourn de` d rnpodetn`

`ckct gdy lnamgn pdrtcdooy, mr netcrnoy, enarmtca.

Pbn suaanss rdtn vdrcns, `npne`cek me tbn mpnr-

dtcek tbndtnr sntup, tbn surkcado tndg, de` tbn

nxpnrcnean mi tbn ce`cvc`udo surknmes.

\npodetcek tbn snvnrn` iceknr drmue` mr lnyme`

tbn @CV hmcet onvno sbmuo` ln dttngptn` rmutcenoy

wbne tbn aut cs aonde de` tc`y lut emt enanssdrcoy

ditnr arusb cehurcns tm tbn `ckct. Ci tbn dgputdtcme

sctn cs emt aonde, uetc`y, mr ce abco`rne (wbmsn vns-snos drn tcey), tbcs cs usudooy emt ce`cadtn` tbmukb

bckboy nxpnrcnean` tndg gdy dttngpt tm rnpodet

tbnsn adsns. Qnvnrn arusbcek mr ametdgcedtcme mi

tbn dgputdtn` pdrt cs d ametrdce`cadtcme tm rnpode-

tdtcme surknry. Pbn `ckct tcp dgputdtn` tbrmukb tbn

`cstdo pbdodekndo sbdit gdy ln suturn` ldaj

`crnatoy de` gdy survcvn, lut usudooy ce onss tbde16% mi tbn adsns. Ditnr `crnat suturcek ldaj tm

tbn stugp, suaanss cs gmrn ocjnoy ce abco`rne de`

ci tbn tcp cs rnpodan` wctbce > bmurs: tbus, ct cs

gmrn neamurdkn`.

Pbn surknme sbmuo` nxpodce tm tbn pdtcnet tbn

lnenicts de` rcsjs mi suturcek ldaj tbn snvnrn`

`cstdo pdrt mr, dotnredtcvnoy, trdesinrrcek d iodp tm

amvnr tbn tcp. Pbn imrgnr cs rcsjy mi enarmscs, lut

miinrs smgn abdean mi tcp survcvdo, ceaou`cek tbn

edco amgponx, wbcab cs vctdo tm tbn dppndrdean mi

tbn `ckct de , dosm, tm icen pceab iueatcme. Iodp

rnamestruatcme kcvns gmrn cggn`cdtn de` rnocdlon

smit tcssun amvnrdkn lut usudooy dt tbn nxpnesn

mi omss mi tbn edco amgponx.

\NKNEN\DPCME VMPNEPCDOQ MI @CKCP PCVQQulautdenmus Qmit Pcssuns dt tbn Pcp

Lnimrn `csausscek amgponx surkcado rnpdcrs de`

rnamestruatcme, men pbnemgneme cs wmrtby mi ame-

sc`nrdtcme8 d `ckct tcp dgputdtcme wctb omss mi onektb

mi onss tbde, mr dpprmxcgdtnoy, 4 ag gdy rnkne-

nrdtn wctbmut dey surknry. Amvnr mi tbn dgputdtcmewmue` wctb gmcst `rnssceks imr 4 tm < gmetbs (mr

gmrn) doomws smit tcssun rnknenrdtcme de` cekrmwtb

tm amvnr tbn nxpmsn` pbdodex, tbne rnnpctbnocdoczd-

tcme. Ci tbn pdtcnet cs wcoocek tm wdct imr < gmetbs,

snoi-rnknenrdtcme cs de daanptdlon mptcme mi trndt-

gnet de` smgn pdtcnets `m abmmsn tm wdct.

Daanptdlon dppndrdean ade ln nxpnatn` mi suab

`ckct tcp rnknenrdtcme ( Ick. > ). Quab rnknenrdtcme

ade maaur mvnr d sgdoo drnd mi sulautdenmus tcs-

sun `ninat mvnr nxpmsn` tne`me ce tbn `ckct ds

wnoo ( Ick. 9 ). D sgdoo wmue` wctb nxpmsn` tne`mes

ade ln amvnrn` ce tbcs wdy. Ci tbn `cstdo pbdodex csnxpmsn`, tbn omst lmen `mns emt rnknenrdtn, meoy

krmwtb mi tbn smit tcssun mvnr tbn ne` mi tbn

lmen. Quab rnknenrdtcme `mns emt wmrj ds wnoo

imr odrkn `ninats, gdy emt wmrj wnoo ce doo pdtcnets,

Pdlon 4Mur amesc`nrdtcme me pnranetdkn kmdo mi tbn rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme mi tbn tbugl mr iceknr tcps

Qtruaturns Vnranet Kmdo (%) \ndsmes

Onektb de` dppndrdean >6 Onektb cs tbn ldscs mi bde` datcme Dppndrdean mi tbn tcp diinats mvnrdoo pnranptcme

mi tbn bde`

Qnesclcocty/Qnesdtcme 06 Qnesdtcme cs pdrtcauodroy cgpmrtdet de` enanssdryimr tbn iceknrtcp drnd

@CV hmcet gmtcme (iceknr) mrCV hmcet gmtcme (tbugl)

46 Onss cgpmrtdet amgpdrn` wctb snesdtcme de`onektb/dppndrdean

\nspmesclon imr 4>% iceknr/tbugl gmtcme

Pdlon <\nodtcvn cgpmrtdean mi ndab struaturn mriueatcme tm d tbugl mr iceknr tcp

Qtruaturns/iueatcme Cgpmrtdean (%)

Vuop snesdtcme 06

Vuop de` edco amsgntcas 16

Onektb <6

@CV (mr tbugl CV) hmcetgmtcme

46

Pdek nt do1<2



de` snesmry rnamvnry cs vnry ocgctn` ce smgn

adsns. Ce rndocty, gmst pdtcnets de` surknmes

abmmsn emt tm wdct, de` prninr surkcado cetnrvne-

tcmes imr d qucaj de` pmsscloy gmrn prn`catdlon rn-

amvnry. Ce smgn amuetrcns, surknmes mitne usn tbcs

trndtgnet lnimrn prmann`cek wctb dey iodp surknry.

Qjce

Dey omadoczn` omss mi sjce domen mi 4.6 tm 4.> ag

ade ln amvnrn` wctb gmcst `rnssceks de` wcoo

bndo ly `nrgdo rnknenrdtcme, mr rnnpctbnocdoczdtcme,

mvnr < tm 1 wnnjs. Dey `rnssceks tbdt drn emt d

`nscaadet ade wmrj wnoo, ds ct cs tbn rnknenrdtcvn

pmtnetcdo mi tbn `ckct tcp tbdt wmrjs tm amvnr tbn

`ninat, rdtbnr tbde dey pdrtcauodr `rnsscek cectcdtcek

tbcs prmanss. Pbcs trndtgnet doomws ndroy de` rdpc`

gmlcoczdtcme mi tbn `ckct wctb tbn pdtcnet adrrycekmut d scgpon `rnsscek rnkcgn mean mr twcan `dcoy

dt bmgn.

[n rmutcenoy usn `rnssceks imr trndtcek tcp sjce

omss. Ct wmrjs imr odrknr drnds mi sjce tbde hust tbn

tcp mi tbn `ckct. Ce trdesinr mi iodps, suab ds d

bmgm`ckctdo iodp, wn amvnr tbn lmen dt tbn tcp mi

tbn iceknr wctb sulautdenmus tcssun, wbcab cs

tbne amvnrn` ly sjce rnknenrdtcme ue`nr gmcst

detcsnptca `rnssceks. Pbcs wdy mi uscek iodps wctb

tbn `cstdo ne` emt amvnrn` ly sjce cs amggme imrdey mlocqun puop `ninats.

PB^GL PCV \NVDC\ DE@ \NAMEQP\ÂPCMEGmlnrk D`vdeangnet Iodp

Pbn Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp cs tbn gmst usniuo

iodp imr tbugl tcp rnamestruatcme. Pbn d`vdetdkns

ceaou`n rnstmrdtcme mi dogmst emrgdo snesdtcme

de` gdcetnedean mi onektb mi tbn tbugl. Pbcs cs

d aodsscado iodp, de` ct amvnrs d `ninat mi de dxcdo

onektb mi dpprmxcgdtnoy 4.6 tm 4.> ag mr onss.4

Pbn `csd`vdetdkn mi tbn iodp, ds mrckcedooy `ns-arcln` ly Gmlnrk, cs cts ocjnocbmm` mi pnrgdenet

ionxcme ametrdaturn mi tbn CV hmcet, ocgctcek tbugl

nxtnescme. Pbcs CV ionxcme ametrdaturn adeemt ln

rnocnvn` ly tbnrdpy de` spocetcek dt d odtnr `dtn,

Ick. 0. Pbugl de` iceknr tcp rnpodetdtcmes. ( D‑A ) Pbugl tcp rnpodetdtcme de` pmstmpnrdtcvn rnamvnry. (@‑I )\npodetdtcme mi tbn octton iceknr tcp. (Amurtnsy mi @r Lce [dek de` @r Hcde Buc Ku, @npdrtgnet mi Bde` Qurknry,Diicocdtn` Bmspctdo mi Edetmek êcvnrscty, Edetmek, Abced). (K) Vrnmpnrdtcvn vcnw mi tbn dgputdtn` iceknrtcp,lnimrn rnpodetdtcme dt @CV hmcet onvno mi d iceknr ditnr arusb dvuoscme cehury, de` ( B, C ) pmstmpnrdtcvn rnamvnry.(Amurtnsy mi @npdrtgnet mi Bde` Qurknry, Edetmek êcvnrscty, Edetmek, Abced, de` Vodstca Qurknry, Pbn DopnrtGn`cado Qabmmo mi Lrmwe êcvnrscty, Vrmvc`nean, \C, ^QD.)

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1<3



imr wbcab rndsme tbn mrckcedo iodp cs emt rnamggne-

`n` ly smgn surknmes.

Pbcs prmlong ade ln dvmc`n` ci tbn iodp cs gd`n

ds de csode` d`vdeangnet iodp ( Ick. ; ), ly

`cvc`cek ct prmxcgdooy wctb d trdesvnrsn sjce ceac-

scme dt tbn tbugl ldsn, lut prnsnrvcek tbn enurm-

vdsauodr lueòns.< Pbcs gm`cicadtcme, `nsarcln`

ly M–Lrcne,< doomws iodp d`vdeangnet ds d lc-

pn`caon` csode`. Pbn `ninat arndtn` prmxcgdo tm

tbn iodp cs amvnrn` ly d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit.

Dotnredtcvnoy, tbcs iodp ade ln `nscken` wctb d

‟Y‗ tdco nxtne`cek metm tbn tbnedr ngcenean ds

idr ds d ocen `rdwe prmxcgdooy irmg tbn gcòcen

mi tbn gc`òn iceknr (snn Ick. ; ).1

Y-S D`vdeangnet Iodps8 Prdqucooc-Ondoc

(Dtdsmy), Qnkgu oonr, de` Ynejdtdswdgc IodpsPbrnn typns mi Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps, Prdqucooc-

Ondoc (Dtdsmy), Qnkgu ¨ oonr, de` Ynejdtdswdgc

iodps, de` tbncr rnanet vdrcdets0‑41 drn usn` imr

tbugl tcp rnamestruatcme. Pbny ade ln usn` imr

tbugls, lut tbny drn usn` gmrn mitne ce iceknrtcps.

Pbnrnimrn, `ntdcon` `nsarcptcmes drn kcvne ue`nr

tbn snatcme me iceknrtcps odtnr.

Pbn vdrcdets mi tbn Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp

drn gmrn pmpuodr ce rnamestruatcme mi tbn tbugl.

Ly ametrdst, tbn Gmlnrk iodp cs rdrnoy usn` ce

iceknrtcp rnpdcr. Amevnrsnoy, tbn mtbnr Y-S iodpsgnetcmen` odtnr ce tbcs drtcaon drn onss niinatcvn ce

tbugl tcp rnamestruatcme, pdrtoy lnadusn tbn

gmrn iclrmus edturn mi tbn sulautdenmus tcssun

mi tbn tbugl, ds amgpdrn` wctb tbn pdogdr smit

tcssuns mi tbn iceknr, gdjns gmlcoczdtcme onss,

de` pdrtoy lnadusn tbn krndtnr detnrmpmstnrcmr

`cdgntnr mi tbn tbugl daanetudtns tbcs `ciicauoty

ce rndabcek tbn edco `cstdooy.

Iodk Iodp irmg tbn @mrsug mi tbn Gc`ònVbdodex mi tbn Ce`nx Iceknr

Dotbmukb tbn ‟iodk‗ iodp (wctb tbn iodp lncek tbn

‟iodk‗ de` tbn vdsauodr pn`caon wctb sjce lncek

tbn ‟iodkpmon‗) wds mrckcedooy `nsarcln` imr rname-

struatcmes wctbce tbn sdgn iceknr ly Csnoce de`

Ick. >. \nknenrdtcme mi iceknrtcp ditnr gmcst `rnsscek amvnrdkn de` `rnsscek abdekns. ( D‑A ) D iceknr tcp wmue`wctb lmen nxpmsurn. (@‑I ) \namvnry ly snoi-rnknenrdtcme. C`ndo rnamvnry ade ln nxpnatn` ce d amesc nrdlon pnr-anetdkn mi tbn pdtcnet wctb tcp trdugd nvne wctb lmen nxpmsurn. Pbcs trndtgnet cs pmpuodr ce smgn amuetrcns.(Amurtnsy mi @r Inocx Qtdek, êcvnrscty Bmspctdo Qabonswck-Bmostnce, Ounlnaj, Knrgdey.)

Ick. 9. D smit tcssun `ninat ce d iceknr wctb nxpmsnìonxmr tne`me mi d 96-yndr-mo` gde. Bn wds trndtn`wctb twcan `dcoy detcsnptca `rnssceks. Pbn wmue` wdsiuooy bndon` dt 9 wnnjs wctb iuoo iceknr ionxcme de`nxtnescme. (Amurtnsy mi @r @dvc` Noomct, Qt De`rnw–sAnetnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Abnogsimr`, ^J.)

Pdek nt do116



Kmssn ce Irdean gdey yndrs dkm,40 wctb lmtb tbn

iodk de` tbn iodkpmon netcrnoy wctbce tbn `mrsug mi

tbn iceknr ( Ick. 2 ), tbnsn iodps drn emw rdrnoy usn`.

Pbn gmst usniuo vdrcdet mi tbnsn iodk iodps ce aur-

rnet usn wds `nsarcln` ly Bmonvcab ce 4391,4> d

prmtmtypn mi odtnr edgn` jctn iodps, tm prmvc`n

smit tcssun amvnr tm tbn tbugl tcp de` puop ly us-cek d iodk pmrtcme mi tbn iodp, wbcab cs rdcsn` irmg

tbn `cstdo `mrsug mr tbn `mrsdo rd`cdo suridan mi

tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex mi tbn ce`nx iceknr wctb tbn

iodk pmon lncek rdcsn` mvnr tbn sname`

gntdadrpdo. Lnadusn tbn iodp cs ldsn` me d omek

pn`caon, mr iodkpmon, tbcs iodp ade amvnr `ninats

mi tbn tbugl tcp de` sbdit mi vdrycek sczns de` om-

adtcmes. Pbn inn`cek drtnrcns drn tbn `mrsdo `ckctdo

drtnrcns, wbcab drn lrdeabns mi tbn icrst `mrsdo

gntdadrpdo drtnry (I@GD), drn bdrvnstn` ue`nr

tbn sjce mi tbn ‟iodkpmon,‗ wctb d wc`n surrmue`mi sulautdenmus tcssun tm doomw vnemus rnture.

Bmwnvnr, tbcs iodp rnstmrns snesdtcme meoy ci tbn

dpprmprcdtn lrdeabns mi tbn supnricacdo rd`cdo

enrvn drn ceaou`n` ce tbn iodkpmon de` iodk. Pbn

Ick. ;. ( D) D typcado vmodr sompcek omss mi tbn tbugl tcp ditnr d arusb dvuoscme cehury. Pbn lmen wds nxpmsn` meoy cetbn `cstdo tbcr` mi tbn `ninat. Gmrn prmxcgdooy, tbn lmen wds amvnrn` wctb sulautdenmus tcssun. Pbn `cstdo n`kn mitbn sulautdenmus tcssun lnamgns tbn ond`cek n`kn mi tbn iodp. ( L) Pbn iodp ceacscmes gust ocn domek tbn gcòcens mitbn tbugl tm dvmc` sadr ametrdaturn de` tbn Y prmxcgdooy cs tdjne mut metm tbn tbnedr ngcenean sm tbn tcp mi tbnY ocns ce ocen wctb tbn gc`òn iceknr. (A ) Pbn iodp wds rdcsn` amgpontnoy irmg tbn sjnontme mi tbn tbugl me tbnenurmvdsauodr lueòns de` d`vdean` tm amvnr tbn lmen mi tbn tbugl tcp wctb smit tcssun, rnùacek tbn tcp `ninat

tm d sjce omss, wbcab ade ln rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks mvnr d pnrcm` mi < tm 1 wnnjs. Pbnprmxcgdo ‟Y‗ wds aomsn` ds d ‟S.‗ (@) D wnnj ditnr surknry. (N ) Imur gmetbs ditnr surknry, kmm` sjce amvnr mi tbntbugl tcp, wctb tbn typcado tdpnrcek mi tbn `ckctdo tcp, wbcab wds dabcnvn` tbrmukb rnnpctbnocdoczdtcme. (Amurtnsy

mi @r @dvc` Noocmt, Qt De`rnw–s Anetnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Abnogsimr`, ^J.)

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 114



`memr sctn cs aomsn` `crnatoy mr wctb d sjce krdit.

Pbn iodp ade ln trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl ce 4

stdkn, lut ade ln trdesinrrn` ce < stdkns ds de cs-

ode`, wctb tbn pn caon lncek snvnrn` < wnnjs

odtnr. Pwm-stdkn trdesinr cs dogmst emt usn` emw.

Pbn Icrst @mrsdo Gntdadrpdo Drtnry Iodp (tbnJctn Iodp)

Pbn jctn iodp wds pmpuodrczn` ly Imuabnr de`

Lrdue ce 43;349 ds de csode` pn`caon iodp ldsn`

me tbn I@GD. Pbnsn cevnstckdtmrs icrst usn` ct tm

rnamestruat tbn `mrsug mi tbn tbugl CV hmcet, imr

wbcab ct cs c`ndooy suctn`. Pbn lrdeabns mi tbn rd`cdo

snesmry enrvn ade ln ceaou`n` tm arndtn d snesdtn

iodp. Ct cs emt pdrtcauodroy suctdlon imr smit tcssun `n-

inats ditnr trdesvnrsn `cstdo dgputdtcmes mi tbn

tbugl (imr wbcab tbn vdrcdets mi tbn Gmlnrk iodp

drn lnst suctn ), pdrtoy lnadusn tbn iodps bdvn

tbn pmmr snesdtcme mi tbn `mrsug mi tbn iceknrs

de` pdrtoy lnadusn ct rndabns tbn tcp mi tbugl

meoy ci bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsug mi tbn `cstdopdrt mi tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex. Ct cs de mptcme imr

odrknr smit tcssun `ninats, suab ds d pdogdr `ninat

nxtne`cek irmg tbn tcp tm tbn ldsn mi tbn tbugl.

Pbn sczn mi tbcs iodp ade ln odrkn lut ct cs d edrrmw

iodp de` dt tbn `memr sctn tbn `ninat enn`s sjce

krdit, ondvcek de mlvcmus amsgntca `ninat.

4. De Q-sbdpn` mr d omekctu cedo ceacscme cs gd`n

mvnr tbn icrst `mrsdo wnl spdan ( Ick. 3 ). De ceac-

scme cs gd`n mutocecek tbn iodp mvnr tbn `mrsug

mi tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex mi tbn ce`nx iceknr.

<. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` supnricacdo tm tbn nxtnesmrpdrdtneme ce d `cstdo tm prmxcgdo de` de uoedr

tm rd`cdo `crnatcme. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` me tbn uoedr

lrdeab mi tbn I@GD de` I@GD (snn Ick. 3 ).

Bmwnvnr, tbnrn cs em enn` tm `cssnat mut tbn

drtnrcdo suppoy de` pnrcvdsauodr idt. D pn`caon

ceaou`cek pnrcvdsauodr idt cs rnamggne`n`.

1. Mitne tbn iodp gdy tdjn dlmut <6 gceutns tm

pcaj up ditnr rnondsn mi tbn tmurecqunt. De ceirn-

qunet amgpocadtcme cs iodp csabngcd.

0. Pbn iodp cs trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl. Pbn `memr

sctn cs aomsn` `crnatoy mr wctb d sjce krdit.

Qurkcado Emtns8 Pbn icrst `mrsdo cetnrmssnmus ids-

acd gust ln rdcsn` tm dvmc` vcmodtcek tbn inn`cek

vnssnos, wbcab emrgdooy ocn me tbn idsacd d`hdanet

tm tbn rd`cdo lmr`nr mi tbn ce`nx, mr sname ,

Ick. 2. Iodk iodp.

Ick. 3. ( D) @nscke mi tbn sjce tnrrctmry mi tbn I@GD iodp. (L) Ydsauodr dedtmgy de` omadtcme mi tbn I@GD. Pbnuoedr lrdeab mi tbn I@GD cs tbn eutrcnet drtnry mi tbcs iodp.

Pdek nt do11<



gntdadrpdo. Maadscmedooy, tbn vnssno ocns dt d

`nnpnr onvno wctbce ce tbn gusaon de` sbmuo` ln

imue` de` `cssnatn`. Pbn vnces rngdce ce tbn idt

supnricacdo tm tbn idsacd. Pbn vnssnos drn smgntcgns

tmm sgdoo tm prmvc`n suiicacnet lomm` suppoy.

Lmtb d iodk iodp de` d jctn iodp usn tbn lrdeabns

mi tbn I@GD ds tbn inn cek vnssno: smgn surknmesusn iodk de` jctn iodps cetnrabdekndloy. Pbn iodk

iodp bdrvnsts d edrrmwnr de` gmrn `cstdo iodp `cstdo

tm tbn VCV hmcet onvno wctb d sjce pn`caon, wbnrnds

tbn jctn iodp cs usudooy rdcsn` gmrn prmxcgdooy de`

odrknr, mvnr tbn prmxcgdo pbdodex mitne wctbmut

sjce ce tbn pn`caon. Pbn jctn iodp ade ln bdrvnstn`

ds d irnn iodp4;,42 de` ds d rnvnrsn-iomw pn`caon

iodp.43

Irnn Ydsauodrczn` Pmn Vuop Iodp

D irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp irmg tbn tmn prmvc`nsnxanoonet tcssun amvnr tm rnpodan tbn tbugl puop.

Gdey gcarmsurknmes idvmr tbcs iodp de , ams-

gntcadooy, tbcs iodp cs c`ndo imr tbn tbugl puop

( Ick. 46 ).<6 Qnesmry rnstmrdtcme cs pmssclon tbrmukb

d enrvn rnpdcr tm tbn `ckctdo enrvn, lut tbn enn` imr

enrvn suturn gdjns tbcs rnamestruatcme onss niina-

tcvn amgpdrn` wctb d Gmlnrk iodp irmg d snesmry

pmcet mi vcnw. Ct dosm tdjns omeknr tm trdesinr de`

adrrcns de cebnrnet rcsj mi idcourn mi tbn vnssno

dedstmgmsns. Imr tbnsn vdrcmus rndsmes, de`

lnadusn mi tbn dvdcodlcocty mi omado iodps, gdey sur-knmes tne` tm abmmsn d omado iodp cestnd` mi d irnn

tmn iodp.

Irnn Ydsauodrczn` Vdrtcdo Pmn Prdesinr

Pbcs cs d amggme mptcme imr surknmes wbm ocjn,

de` drn sjcooiuo ce, gcarmsurkcado tcssun trdesinr.

Pbcs surknry rnstmrns d kmm` dppndrdean tm tbn

tbugl mr iceknrs, lut dt tbn amst mi pdrtcdo omss mi

d tmn.<4 Pbn pdrtcdo tmn cs bdrvnstn` wctb d vdsauodr

pn`caon nxtne`cek prmxcgdooy tm tbn ldsn mi tbn tmn

wnl. Nxanptcmedooy ameic`net gcarmsurknmes gdybdrvnst tbn enn`n` pdrt irmg d tmn ds d prcgdry

prman`urn de` ameenat ct tm tbn dgputdtn` tbugl

mr iceknr ce tbn idsbcme mi d `ckctdo rnpodetdtcme

( Ick. 44 ). Pbcs surknry cs emt d`vcsdlon ce mo`nr

Ick. 46. Irnn tmn puop iodp imr tbugl puop rnpdcr.




pdtcnets de` cs lnttnr ue`nrtdjne ce abco`rne dt de

mo`nr dkn.

Enurmvdsauodr Vn`caon Iodps irmg tbn Iceknrs

Imr tbugl rnamestruatcmes, wn `m emt neamurdkn

tbn usn mi iodps irmg tbn tcp mr tbn pdogdr suridan

mi tbn iceknrs. Quab prman`urns enn` nxtnescvn

ceacscmes, ondvn sadrrcek mi tbn `memr iceknr

de`, cenvctdloy, `dgdkn tbn snesdtcme. Pbn Octtonr

iodp<< cs suab d aodsscado gntbm` `nsarcln` ce

gdey tnxtlmmjs. Pbcs iodp cs maadscmedooy usniuo

imr tbugl rnamestruatcmes de` dosm imr bntnrm`ckc-

tdo trdesinr lntwnne iceknrs, lut ct cs usudooy adrrcn`

mut spdrcek tbn tcssun mi tbn tcp mi tbn `memr iceknr,

mr nvne uscek d sjce pd``on irmg tbn `mrsmodtnrdo

suridan mi tbn `memr iceknr ceenrvdtn` ly tbn `mr-sdo lrdeab mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn. Bmwnvnr, tbnrn

drn mtbnr lnttnr rnamestruatcmes mi tbn tbugl tcp

wctb rnspnat tm tbn snesclcocty dabcnvn`, tbn ceac-

scmes rnqucrn , de` `memr sctn gmrlc cty. Pbn

Gmlnrk de` mtbnr Y-S iodps drn gmrn dpprmprcdtn

de` gcarmvdsauodr irnn iodp trdesinrs drn demtbnr

kmm` dotnredtcvn, pdrtcauodroy ce tbn ymuek.

Pbn imoomwcek drn snvnrdo iodps tbdt wn `m emt

usn amggmeoy, de` `m emt rnamggne` tm knenrdo

podstca surknmes, imr rnamestruatcme mi tbn tcp mi

tbn tbugl8

4. Enurmvdsauodr pn caon iodps irmg tbn iceknrs8 imr

rndsmes stdtn` prnvcmusoy, ct cs usn` meoy maad-

scmedooy. Pwm mi tbn dutbmrs (@.N. de` \.D.) usn

ct maadscmedooy imr `ninats tbdt drn tmm lck tm

amvnr wctb Y-S Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp de`

ce pdtcnets wbm drn tmm mo` tm knt kmm` snesd-

tcme irmg d tmn puop trdesinr wctb `ckctdo enrvn

suturns. Pbny dosm ade ln usniuo tm rnamestruat

gmrn nxtnescvn iceknr pdogdr suridan omssns.<. Ynemus iodps8 Vodstca surknmes turen` tbncr

ldaj me tbn mrckcedo prnsnetdtcmes mi tbn

vnemus iodp <6 yndrs dkm, ds tbn rcsj mi omss

wds bckbnr tbde wctb iodps vdsauodrczn` ly de

drtnry. Gmrn rnanetoy, imoomwcek rndssnssgnet

mi tbn gntbm` mi vnssno ameenatcmes wctbce

tbn vnemus iodp, tbcs iodp bds lnamgn sdinr. Ce

tbn mpcecme mi men mi us (@.N.), tbcs iodp, bdr-

vnstn` irmg tbn tbce sjce de` sulautdenmus

tcssuns mi tbn vmodr dspnat mi tbn wrcst,<1 bds

lnamgn d sdin de` nxanoonet gcarmsurkcado

rnamestruatcvn mptcme imr `ckctdo tcp de` pdogdr

suridan rnamestruatcme tbdt ade ln ceenrvdtn`

de` dvmc`s bdrvnstcek irmg tbn immt.

1. Iodps tbdt drn tnabecadooy pmssclon lut `ciicauot

mr onss rnocdlon, imr nxdgpon, tbn irnn vdsauodr-

czn` tbnedr iodp8 Pbn vdsauodr dedtmgy mi tbcs

iodp cs onss amggmeoy jemwe de` gmst sur-

knmes drn emt idgcocdr wctb ct. [ctb eugnrmus

jemwe de` gmrn rnocdlon iodps dvdcodlon, de`

wctbmut gmrn pnrsmedo nxpnrcnean mi tbnsn

onss wnoo-jemwe iodps, wn adeemt rnamggne`

tbng ynt, dotbmukb surknmes nxpnrcnean` wctbtbnsn pdrtcauodr iodps gdy prninr tbng. Pbnsn

gntbm`s drn usn` maadscmedooy ly us, mr mur

amoondkuns, wctb sdtcsidatmry mutamgns, lut

tbny drn emt d rmutcen mr icrst-ocen abmcan.

Ick. 44. Vdrtcdo tmn trdesinr ade rnamestruat tbn omst iceknrtcp. D pdrtcdo tmn bdrvnstn` imr tbcs purpmsn cs sbmwebnrn.

Pdek nt do110



Icoont Iodps

[bnrn d rnamkeczn` iodp ade ln bdrvnstn` irmg d

iceknr tbdt adeemt ln sdovdkn`, tbcs ade ln usn`

tm d`vdetdkn wctbmut `memr sctn gmrlc`cty. Pbcs cs

adoon` d ‟icoont iodp,‗ de` cs mitne dvdcodlon ce guotc-

pon `ckctdo cehurcns.

ICEKN\PCV \NVDC\ DE@ \NAMEQP\ÂPCMEY-S D`vdeangnet Iodps

Pbn enwnr knenrdtcme mi odrknr Y-S iodps drn gmrn

ndscoy gmlcoczn` ce tbn iceknrs de`, sm, lnttnr

suctn` imr usn bnrn tbde ce tbn tbugl. Qnonatcme

`npne`s me tbn sczn de` `crnatcme mi tbn tcp omss.

Pbn pdogdr Y-S d`vdeangnet iodp (cn, Prdqucooc-Ondoc mr Dtdsmy iodp)Pbcs iodp wds icrst `nsarcln` ly Prdequcooc-Ondoc0 ce

431> de` Dtdsmy de` amoondkuns> ce 43;6. Ct cs

usn` imr `cstdo iceknrtcp puop `ninats lnyme` tbn

gc` pdrt mi tbn edco ln`. D trcdekuodr iodp cs `n-

scken` wctb tbn ldsn dt tbn n`kn mi tbn dgputdtcme

de` tbn dpnx dt tbn @CV hmcet arndsn mi tbn iceknr

( Ick. 4< ). Cts lomm` suppoy rnocns me tbn sgdoo drtn-

rcdo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnrcns lnyme` tbn

trciuradtcme mi tbn `ckctdo enrvns, wctb tbn enurmvds-

auodr lueòns lncek prnsnrvn` de` emt `cssnatn`.

Pbn iclrmus snptd tbdt deabmr tbn sjce tm `nnpnr

struaturns, ceaou`cek tbn pdogdr suridan mi tbn

`cstdo pbdodex, drn knetoy `cvc`n`.Pbn sjce iodp cs tbne d`vdean` mvnr tbn nxpmsn`

lmen. Pbn ldsn mi tbn trcdekon cs suturn` tm tbn edco

ln`, de` tbn Y-sbdpn` `memr sctn `ninat cs aomsn`

dsdS(snn Ick. 4< ). Pbn d`vdeangnet mi tbcs iodp cs

ocgctn` ly cts `cstdo lomm` suppoy de` tbn sgdoo sczn

mi tbn iodp de` cts snesdtcme gdy ln rnùan`, ds

d`vdeangnet cs dabcnvn` meoy wctb smgn tnescme

me tbn iodp.

Ct ade ln gd`n guab gmrn usniuo ly neodrkcek

tbn iodp, sm tbn prmxcgdo ‟Y‗ nxtne`s ldaj tm tbn

gc`òn mi tbn gc`òn pbdodex, de` gmlcoczcek ct

me tbn < enurmvdsauodr lueòns. Pbcs ‟enurmvds-

auodr‗ Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp wcoo amvnr `cstdo tcp `n-inats ds idr prmxcgdooy ds tbn edco imo` de` wctb d

16 pdogdr sompn mi tbn dgputdtcme dekon. Pbcs

iodp dosm ade ln usn` dt dey onvno mi dgputdtcme

mi tbn iceknr ds idr prmxcgdooy ds tbn prmxcgdo pbd-

odex ( Ick. 41 ).9

Odtnrdo Y-S iodpsPbnsn drn `cvc`n` cetm uecodtnrdo Y-S iodps, lcodtnrdo

Y-S iodps, de` odtnrdo pn`caon` Y-S iodps. Pbn uec-

odtnrdo Y-S iodp, ldsn` me tbn sdgn sgdoo vnssnos

ds tbn Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp wds icrst `nsarcln` ly

Kncssne`mri ce 4301; lut usn` imr d rdtbnr sgdoo

`ninat, ds ct bds octton amvnr pmtnetcdo. Lcodtnrdo

Y-S iodps, `nsarcln` smme ditnr ly Jutonr ce

430;,2 drn dosm bdrvnstn` wctbmut `cssnatcme mi

tbn vdsauodr pn caons. Dotbmukb tbn < iodps ade

ln puoon` tmwdr` tbn gc ocen mi tbn tcp `ninat

wctb sockbtoy krndtnr ndsn, tbcs rnamestruatcme cs

ocgctn` ce cts usn ly tbn sgdoo sczn mi tbn iodps

de` tbn ocgctn` d`vdeangnet pmssclon. Ct bds

odrknoy lnne supnran`n` ly tbn gmrn sulstdetcdo

odtnrdo pn`caon` Y-S iodps, `nsarcln` ly Qnkguoonr

ce 43;93

de` ly Lc`ùopb ce 43;3,46

wbcab drn bdr-vnstn` irmg tbn odtnrdo sc`ns mi tbn `ckct prmxcgdooy

tm tbn @CV hmcet arndsn wctb `cssnatcme mi tbncr enu-

rmvdsauodr pn`caons tm bnop iodp d`vdeangnet tm

amvnr tbn tcp `ninat. Odeznttd de` amoondkuns44

de` Qgctb de` Noocmt4< nxtne`n` tbn pn`caon` iodp

prmxcgdooy tm tbn VCV hmcet arndsn mi tbn iceknr tm

Ick. 4<. ( D) Dtdsmy iodp. Quctdlon imr vmodr sompcek `ninats up tm d sompn mi 16 . Pypcadooy, tbnsn mlocqun tcssun omssnsondvn meoy tbn `cstdo pmrtcme mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex nxpmsn`, wctb tbn gmrn prmxcgdo omss mi tbn sulautdenmus tcs-sun lncek onss tbde iuoo-tbcajenss. Pbn sulautdenmus tcssun wctbmut sjce lnamgns tbn ond`cek n`kn mi tbn iodp de`tbcs, emt sjce, cs suturn` tm tbn `cstdo n`kn mi tbn edco. ( L) Pbn enurmvdsauodr Dtdsmy iodp cs guab odrknr tbde tbnmrckcedo Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp, wctb tbn ‟Y‗ nxtne`cek darmss tbn arndsn mi tbn @CV hmcet (dolnct wctb lmtb ceacscmesarmsscek tbcs arndsn dt de dekon sm emt arndtcek tbn pmtnetcdo tm adusn sadr ametrdaturn). Pbcs iodp cs rdcsn` ce tbnsdgn wdy ds tbn mrckcedo iodp, lut cs ldsn` me tbn `ckctdo lueòns, emt tbncr tnrgcedo lrdeabns.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 11>



iurtbnr cearndsn cts sczn de` tbn ndsn mi d`vdean-

gnet, sm cgprmvcek cts usniuoenss iurtbnr ( Ick. 40

).

Mlocqun Y-S iodp (Ynejdtdswdgc iodp) D omek mlocqun Y-S iodp cs bdrvnstn` wctb tbn dpnx

prmxcgdo tm tbn VCV hmcet mvnr men enurmvdsauodr

lue`on mi tbn `ckct.41 Pbn netcrn iodp cs d`vdean`

tm amvnr tbn `ninat mi tbn iceknrtcp mr tbugl tcp,

tbn prmxcgdo ceacscme cs aomsn` ce d S sbdpn

( Ick. 4> ).

Pbn d`vdetdkns mi Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps drn

tbn prnsnrvdtcme mi snesdtcme de` `urdlon smit tcs-

sun amvnrdkn. Pnescme cs tbn prcgdry prmlong

neamuetnrn` wctb tbn sgdoonr vnrscmes mi tbcsiodp, suab ds tbn mrckcedo Prdequcooc-Ondoc de` Jutonr

iodps, nspnacdooy ci nxpnatn` tm amvnr odrknr `n-

inats. Ci d tnescme-irnn aomsurn cs emt dabcnvn`,

tbn iodp cs dt rcsj imr enarmscs de` ocjnoy tm bdvn

pmmr snesdtcme irmg tnescme me tbn sgdoo enrvns.

Ce d``ctcme, tbn `cstdo edco ln` gdy ln puoon` ce dvmodr `crnatcme, arndtcek d bmmj edco `nimrgcty. Pm

doomw imr d tnescme-irnn aomsurn, tbn prmxcgdo ceac-

scme ade ln onit ueaomsn`, mr aomsn` vnry ommsnoy

(de` wcoo bndo ly `nrgdo rnknenrdtcme). Pbnsn

prmlongs drn emt snne rmutcenoy wctb tbn enwnr

knenrdtcme mi odrknr Y-S iodps (nk, M–Lrcne de`

Y-S Gmlnrk, enurmvdsauodr Prdequcooc-Ondoc, Yne-

jdtdswdgc,41 de` nxtne`n` Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodps).4<

Pbn Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp cs usn` onss

mitne ce tbn iceknrs, ds rdcscek tbcs iodp mvnr tbn

netcrn iceknr rcsjs ionxcme ametrdaturn de` rcsjs

omss mi tbn sjce mi tbn `mrsug mi tbn iceknr.<0

Pbn lcpn`caon` ‟enurmvdsauodr Prdequcooc-Ondoc‗

iodp ade ln amesc`nrn` ds d Y-S iodp rdcsn` meoy

mvnr tbn `cstdo pdrt mi tbn iceknr imr iceknrtcp

rnamestruatcme.

Ick. 41. ( D‑@) De nxdgpon mi d trun Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp mr Dtdsmy iodp suctdlon imr trdesvnrsn mr `cstdo sompcek`ninats mi tbn iceknrtcp dt tbn onvno mi tbn gc`-edco de` lnyme`. ( D) Prdugdtca iceknrtcp `ninat. (L) Iodp `nsckede` sjce ceacscme. Pbn iodp cs gmvcek `cstdooy tm amvnr tbn `ninat. ( A ) Pbn sjce `ninat prmxcgdo tm tbn iodp cs onitimr rnnpctbnocdoczdtcme tm icoo. (@) Vmstmpnrdtcvn rnsuot. (N‑B ) De nxdgpon mi tbn enurmvdsauodr Dtdsmy iodp. (N )Iodp `nscke. (I ) Iodp ocitcek. (K) @ninat amvnrdkn. (B ) Vmstmpnrdtcvn rnsuot.

Pdek nt do119



Ick. 40. Pbn nxtne`n` Qnkguoonr iodp. Pbcs iodp cs suctn` imr vmodr sompcek tcp `ninats krndtnr tbde 16. ( D) Pbn Y cstdjne tm tbn VCV hmcet arndsn, wctb tbn pmstnrcmr ceacscme rueecek `mwe tbn gc`-odtnrdo ocen de` tbn sompcek vmodrceacscme rndabcek tbn gc`ocen mi tbn iceknr. (L) Ymodr vcnw mi iodp `nscke. (A ) Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` irmg `cstdo tm prmx-cgdo, wctb tbn drtnry lncek ndscoy imoomwn` `mwe tbn `nnp suridan mi tbn iodp. ( @) Pbn ceacscme cs tdjne `mwe tbngc`-odtnrdo ocen prmxcgdo tm tbn Y mi tbn iodp sm tbn enurmvdsauodr lue`on ade ln vcsudoczn` prmxcgdooy tm gdjn

`cssnatcme. (N ) Ce tbcs adsn, < iodps bdvn lnne `rdwe lut meoy men wds enn`n` tm amvnr tbn nxpmsn` lmen mi tbniceknrtcp wctb sulautdenmus tcssun. Pbn tcp cs tbne rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks. (I ) Vmstmpnr-dtcvn mutamgns. (K) Lcodtnrdo iodps drn rdcsn` ce demtbnr adsn. (B ) Amvnrdkn mi tbn tcp wctb < iodps. Emtn tbn tcp csamvnrn` wctb sulautdenmus tcssun de` cs tbne rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks. ( C ) Vmstmpnrdtcvnmutamgns.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 11;



Odtnrdo Qwctab Iodp

Pbcs cs de ndsy de` niinatcvn gntbm` mi rname-

struatcek d iceknr mr tbugl bngc-puop `ninat,

wbnrn tbn gcsscek puop bds sckecicadean tm pceab.

Pbn mppmsctn puop mi tbn sdgn `ckct ade ln trdes-

inrrn`, mr ‟swctabn`,‗ darmss irmg men sc`n mi tbn

`ckct tm tbn mtbnr ds de csode`,<>,<9 mr ds d pn`caon

iodp.<;,<2 Pbn `ninat me tbn mtbnr sc`n mi tbn `ckct

cs tbne amvnrn` wctb d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit

( Ick. 49 ). Pbcs iodp swctabns tbn `ninat irmg tbn

pdogdr dspnat tm cts odtnrdo dspnat, wbcab cs tbus

adoon` d ‟ swctab iodp‗ ( Ick. 4; ).

Ymodr mr @mrsdo \mtdtcmedo Iodps (Ycsmr Iodp,Gm`cicn` Qmuqunt Iodp de` Vcvmt Iodp)

Pbn vmodr mr `mrsdo rmtdtcmedo iodps ade ln bdr-

vnstn` aomsn tm tbn iceknrtcp dgputdtcme sctn tm

amvnr tbn tcp `ninat. Ycsmr iodp de` Gm`cicn`

Ick. 4>. ( D) Cehury tm tbn tcp mi tbn ce`nx iceknr. D Ynejdtdswdgc iodp, ldsn` me tbn uoedr `ckctdo drtnry, wdsrdcsn`. Pbcs iodp cs rdcsn` ds tbn Qnkguoonr, tbn meoy `ciinrnean lncek tbdt tbn iodp cs tdjne rckbt darmss tbn vmodrdspnat mi tbn iceknr, emt tm tbn gcòcen. Pbn iodp cs `cssnatn` gmrn prmxcgdooy tm kdce gmrn d`vdeangnet lyiurtbnr irnncek tbn enurmvdsauodr lueòn prmxcgdooy ce tbn iceknr de` pdog. (L) Ymodr vcnw mi tbn iodp. (A )Amgpontcme mi tbn iodp trdesinr. Pbn vnry `cstdo pdrt wds onit ueamvnrn` wctb sjce, wbcab bndon` odtnr tbrmukbrnnpctbnocdoczdtcme prmanss. Pbn sckbt amrenr cesnrt cs tbn vmodr vcnw mi tbn sjce `ninat me tbn tcp.

Ick. 49. Pbn odtnrdo swctab iodp adeln usn` tm rnamestruat tbn rd`cdo bdoi mi tbn ce`nx iceknrtcp de`tbn uoedr bdoi mitbn tbugl tcpditnr nctbnr crrnvnrsclon enrvn cehurymr bngc-puop omss de` rnamestctutn tbn snesdtcme de` dpprmprcdtnsulautdenmus de` autdenmus tcssuns mi tbnsn < pdrts, vctdo tm icen pceab. ( D‑A ) D >>-yndr-mo` gde wctb d prnvcmusuoedr `ckctdo enrvn cehury mi tbn onit tbugl, wbm bd` d prcgdry enrvn rnpdcr de`, sulsnqunetoy, d enrvn krdit lutbd` rnamvnrn` em snesdtcme. ( D) Pbn eugl drnd ds sbd`n`. Pbcs drnd mi sjce wds nxacsn`. D iodp ldsn` me tbn rd`cdoenurmvdsauodr lueòn wds `nscken`, nonvdtn`, de` trdespmsn`. Pbn `memr `ninat wds krditn` wctb iuoo-tbcajensssjce. (L, A ) Pbn rnsuots. (Amurtnsy mi @r @dvc` Noocmt., Qt De`rnw–s Anetnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Abnogsimr`, ^J.)

Pdek nt do112



Qmuqunt iodp ade ln bdrvnstn` ds sbmwe ceIck. 4;. Ce d``ctcme, d iodp (adoon` d ‟ pcvmt ‗ iodp )

ade ln bdrvnstn` irmg gcòcen tm gcòcen mi tbn

vmodr dspnat mi tbn iceknr hust prmxcgdo tm tbn

puop `ninat. Pbn iodp cs nonvdtn` me men `ckctdo

drtnry de` cts trdesvnrsn lrdeabns ( Ick. 4; ), ondv-cek dt ondst < gg mi smit tcssun cetdat mvnr tbn drtn-

rcdo pn`caon imr vnemus `rdcedkn, de` pcvmtn`

tbrmukb 36 me tbn enurmvdsauodr lueòn sm tbdt

men odtnrdo lmr`nr mi tbn iodp cs suturn` tm tbn

Ick. 4;. Qwctab iodp de` rmtdtcmedo iodps8 ( D) Qurkcado prmanùrn mi d swctab iodp. Pbn emrgdo bdoi mi tbn puop csbdrvnstn` ldsn` me enurmvdsauodr lueòn mi men sc`n de` cs trdesinrrn` tm tbn mtbnr sc`n. Pbn `ninat ce tbn `memrsctn cs amvnrn` wctb d sjce krdit. (L) Gm`cicn` Qmuqunt iodp, gd`n wctb rmtdtcme mi d iodp ditnr `cssnatcek mut tbnenurmvdsauodr pn`caon mi men sc`n. (A ) Ycsmr iodp, gd`n wctb rmtdtcme mi d `mrsdo mr vmodr iodp ldsn` me de cetdatwc`n sjce pn`caon. (@) Vcvmt iodp cs ldsn` me d `ckctdo enurmvdsauodr pn`caon ditnr cts `cssnatcme de` iodp rmtdtn` imr36 `nkrnns tm amvnr tbn tcp `ninat.




prmxcgdo gdrkce mi tbn `ninat de` tbn mtbnr odtnrdo

lmr`nr cs suturn` tm tbn edco `cstdooy.<3 Pbn ametrd-

odtnrdo enurmvdsauodr lueòn cs emt ceaou`n` ce tbn

iodp. D sgdoo sjce `ninat cs snne me tbn ametrdodt-

nrdo sc`n, wbcab rnqucrns d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit.

Bmgm`ckctdo \nvnrsn Vn`caon @ckctdo Drtnry Iodp

D rnvnrsn pn`caon iodp, mrckcedooy `nsarcln` ly Koc-

anestnce ce Irdean adrrycek d sjce csode` bdrvnstn`

irmg tbn wnl spdan,16 cs emw gmst mitne bdr-

vnstn` wctb tbn sjce pd`òn irmg tbn prmxcgdo

odtnrdo dspnat mi tbn iceknr,14 mr irmg tbn `cstdo

pdog mvnroycek tbn amggme `ckctdo lueòn de` cts

lciuradtcme.1<

4. Pbn iodp cs mutocen` dt tbn ldsn mi tbn iceknr

prmxcgdo tm tbn VCV hmcet. Pbn iodp sczn ade ln

up tm <.6 4.> ag anetnrn` ly tbn `ckctdo

drtnry.

<. Men `ckctdo drtnry cs ockdtn` prmxcgdo tm tbn

prmxcgdo iodp lmr`nr. Pbn pnrcvdsauodr smit tcs-

sun (<‑0 gg ce wc`tb) ametdcecek tbn vnemus

entwmrj gust ln rntdcen` wctb tbn drtnry.

1. Dt tbcs tcgn, tbn `ckctdo enrvn cs usudooy jnpt

cetdat, ly `cssnatcek ct mut irmg tbn iodp sm emt

tm diinat snesdtcme. Pbn vdsauodr pn caon cs

`cssnatn` mut domek tbn amursn mi tbn `ckctdo

drtnry de` nonvdtn` rntrmkrd`noy `cstdo tm tbn

@CV hmcet, wbnrn ct rnancvns drtnrcdo ceput irmgvnssnos pdsscek trdesvnrsnoy darmss tbn pdogdr

dspnat mi tbn hmcet (de` suppoycek lmtb tbn hmcet

de` tbn vceauodn mi tbn ionxmr tne`mes) irmg tbn

mtbnr `ckctdo drtnry mi tbcs iceknr.

0. Pbn iodp cs rnvnrsn` tm rndab tbn iceknrtcp, de` cs

suturn`. Pbn acrauodtcme cs abnajn` tm nesurn

tbn suturn cs emt tmm tckbt tm amgprnss tbn

vdsauodr pn`caon.

>. Pbn `memr sctn cs amvnrn` ly d sjce krdit.

Qurkcado Emtns8 Pbn `ckctdo enrvn, mr cts `mrsdo

lrdeabns, gdy ln rntdcen` wctb tbn iodp de` tbn enrvn ne` ue`nr tbn prmxcgdo pdrt mi tbn sjce pd`-

òn suturn` dt tbn iceknrtcp tm tbn ametrdodtnrdo

`ckctdo enrvn mi tbn iceknr tm ceenrvdtn tbn iodp: bmw-

nvnr, tbcs cevmovns enrvn suturn. Qdarcican mi d `ckc-

tdo drtnry ce de dornd`y trdugdtczn` iceknr cs demtbnr

ameanre.

Aodsscado Pbnedr de` Armss-Iceknr Iodps

Pbnsn twm aodsscado iodps rnqucrn podacek tbn pd-

tcnet–s iceknrs ce ueamgimrtdlon pmsctcmes, maad-

scmedooy rnsuotcek ce pnrgdenet ocgctdtcmes mi hmcetgmtcmes. Pbny dosm suiinr tbn prmlongs mi rmutcenoy

rnqucrcek d sname` mpnrdtcme, lncek cesnesdtn

iodps de` `nodycek gmlcoczdtcme. Pbn pn caon`

tbnedr iodp cs usniuo ce abco`rne de` ce drnds mi

tbn wmro` ce wbcab tbn pmpuodtcme bds gmlcon ice-

knrs de`, tnabecadooy, tbn rnamestruatcme cs onss

`ngde cek. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` irmg tbn tbnedr

drnd tm amvnr tbn iceknrtcp. Lnadusn mi tbn krndt

nodstcacty mi sjce ce tbn `memr drnd, `crnat aomsurn

cs dowdys pmssclon. Pbn pn`caon cs `cvc`n` < wnnjs

ditnr cectcdo surknry de` gmst iceknrs `m emt`nvnomp ionxcme ametrdaturn. Ce tbn tbcaj iceknrs

mi wmrjcek Emrtb Nurmpnde gne, VCV hmcet ametrda-

turn cs quctn pmssclon ditnr nvne < wnnjs ce tbcs

ionxn` pmsctcme de` tbcs iodp sbmuo` ln dvmc`n` ce

tbcs pmpuodtcme. Pbn tbnedr iodp cs, mtbnrwcsn, d

scgpon, ynt icen, iodp.

Pbn armss-iceknr iodp cs ceaou`n` ce gdey tnxt-

lmmjs. Pbn odaj mi ceenrvdtcme mi tbn iodp, enn`

mi `memr sctn sjce krdit me tbn vcsclon `mrsug mi

tbn `memr iceknr, de` cggmlcoczdtcme mi < iceknrs

(wctb tbn pmtnetcdo mi diinatcek gmtcme mi < iceknrs)

gdjn ct d onss idvmrn` mptcme emw imr gdey sur-

knmes. Pbnrnimrn, tbcs iodp cs aurrnetoy d rdrn

abmcan. Ce idat, smgn surknmes, ceaou cek 1 mi

tbn dutbmrs, em omeknr, mr rdrnoy, usn tbcs iodp

nxanpt wbne tbn `ninat tm ln rnamestruatn`

amvnrs men de` bdoi tm < snkgnets mi tbn vmodr

suridan mi d iceknr, wbne bmgm`ckctdo iodps drn

tmm sgdoo, tbn armss-iceknr iodp cs d scgpon smou-

tcme. [bne tbn `ninat cevmovns tbn prmxcgdo de`

gc`òn snkgnets mi tbn iceknr, tbn odaj mi snesc-

lcocty mi tbn armss-iceknr iodp bds em rnonvdean.

Pbnsn iodps drn ly em gndes ‟mut mi `dtn‗.Envnrtbnonss, tbny `m rnqucrn tcssun bdrvnst irmg

mutsc`n tbn cehurn` iceknr(s) de` tbn pdtcnet cs

rnqucrn` tm podan tbn bde` ce ueamgimrtdlon pmsc-

tcmes, imr wbcab rndsme, gdey surknmes snnj tm

dvmc` tbng.

Pnrgcedoczdtcme mr Iceknr Qbmrtnecek

D vdrcnty mi rndsmes ade ond` surknmes tm `nac`n,

dolnct rnouatdetoy, tm sbmrtne iceknrs. Pbn pdtcnet

gdy emt wcsb tm km tbrmukb amgponx surknry, tbn

pdtcnet–s knenrdo ame`ctcme `mns emt doomw suabsurknry, tbn iceknrtcp cs snvnrnoy ceinatn , ame-

tdgcedtn`, mr arusbn`, mr tbn pdtcnet gdy rnhnat

amgponx trndtgnet imr namemgca rndsmes. Pnrgc-

edoczdtcme miinrs d sbmrt mpnrdtcme de` d qucaj rn-

amvnry wctb rndsmedlon iueatcme, lut ct cs emt d

kmm` abmcan ce tnrgs mi amsgntcas mr icenssn mi

iueatcme. Omss mi onektb wcoo ln d pnrgdenet

ameanre de` tbn stugp cs amvnrn` ly sjce irmg

tbn `ckctdo sbdit, sm cs onss snesdtn tbde tbdt mi

tbn mrckcedo tcp.

Arndtcek d Vrmtnatn` Nevcrmegnet tm Idvmr \nknenrdtcme

Ds stdtn` ndrocnr, d prdatcado, lut onss mitne usn`

(de` ce smgn amuetrcns smgntcgns enkonatn )

Pdek nt do106



mptcme cs tm arndtn de c`ndo tcssun krmwtb nevcrme-

gnet tm tbn tmtdooy dgputdtn` mr arusbn` iceknrtcp

stugp wctb gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks, wctb em

rnpdrdtcvn surkcado prmanùrns, imoomwcek tbmrmukb

wdsbcek de` wmue` `nlrc`ngnet. @rnssceks

abdekn vdry irmg twcan `dcoy tm nvnry 1 tm 0 `dys

mr wnnjoy (snn Icks. > de` 9 ). Quab snoi-rnknenrd-tcme dabcnvns d sbmrtnen` lut wnoo-amvnrn` ice-

knrtcp ditnr dlmut < gmetbs: smgn snesdtcme gdy

dosm rnture.

Pbcs sdgn rnkcgne mi gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks

wcoo doomw tbn sulautdenmus tcssuns tm krmw mvnr

nxpmsn` lmen dt tbn tcp mr ionxmr tne`mes gmrn

prmxcgdooy. Ci tbn vctdo struaturn nxpmsurn cs gmrn

nxtnescvn, d `nrgdo tngpodtn (suab ds Cetnkrd,

^ppnr Qd` on \cvnr, EH, ^QD) ade ln usn` tm

amvnr tbn nxpmsn` tne`mes ditnr wmue` aondecek

de` `nlrc`ngnet de` tbn tngpodtn gdcetdcen`

imr dlmut < wnnjs ce tbn sdgn gmcst detcsnptca

nevcrmegnet. Pbn sulautdenmus tcssun wcoo rnkne-

nrdtn tm amevnrkn mvnr tbn tne`mes, ne`cek wctb d

guab edrrmwn` sjce `ninat drnd, wbcab wcoo nctbnr

krmw sjce ue`nr tbn sdgn `rnsscek rnkcgne imr d

octton omeknr mr rnqucrn meoy d sname`dry sjce krdit.

Pbcs mptcme cs kmm` imr tbmsn pdtcnets wbm drn

wcoocek tm wdct de` dpprnacdtn tbdt tbnrn gdy ln d

enn` mi sname`dry krditcek. Pbcs rnkcgne bds tbn

d`vdetdkn mi doomwcek tbn pdtcnet tm gmlcoczn

cggn`cdtnoy de` rnkdce d iuoo rdekn mi gmtcme mi

tbn `ckct wbcon adrrycek mut tbn `rnsscek rnkcgne.

V\DAPCAN DA\MQQ PBN [M\O@8 V\NIN\\N@M\ ÊCT^N GNPBM@Q

Ce tbcs snatcme wn suggdrczn aurrnet komldo vcnws

mi prninrrn`, smgntcgns uecqun, gntbm`s mi

tbugl de` iceknrtcp rnpdcr de` rnamestruatcme.

Pbn ceimrgdtcme prnsnetn` bnrn cs miinrn` ly tbn

dutbmrs ce tbncr rnspnatcvn amuetrcns/rnkcmes.

Abced de` Dscd

Ce Edetmek êcvnrscty, Abced, tbn bde` de` uppnr

nxtrngcty surknry tndg cs amgpmsn` mi 40 sur-

knmes wctb 466 bmspctdo ln`s wctb de deeudo mpnr-

dtcek omd` mi dpprmxcgdtnoy 0666 adsns. Pbn tndg

rnkuodroy rnvcnws de` up`dtns tbn anetnr–s trndt-

gnet kuc`nocens. [n rnamkeczn tbn snoi-rnpdcrcek

adpdlcocty mi tbn sjce ue`nr gmcst detcsnptca `rnss-

ceks de` usn tbcs imr `ninats sgdoonr tbde 4 ag.

Kuc`nocens imr trndtgnet mi gmrn nxtnescvn cehurcns

bdvn nvmovn` ametceumusoy.

Pbn Gmlnrk-typn de` Y-S iodps8 nssnetcdo mptcmes imr d sgdoo tm gm`nrdtn tcp `ninat Ce tbcs uect, tbn Gmlnrk-typn d`vdeangnet ce tbn

tbugl de` tbn pdogdr mr odtnrdo Y-S d`vdeangnet

iodps ce tbn iceknr drn amggmeoy usn` imr tbmsn

`ninats tbdt adeemt ln aomsn` `crnatoy lut `m emt

nxann` >6% tm 96% mi tbn puop drnd.

Bmgm`ckctdo `ckctdo drtnry `mrsdo lrdeab iodpsmr detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry pn`caon iodps8 imr dgm`nrdtn iceknrtcp mr puop `ninat Ci tbn omss mi iceknr puop cs tbn gdhmr ameanre de` cs

odrkn (cevmovcek 596%‑;6% drnd mi tbn puop `cstdo

tm tbn @CV hmcet), d iodp ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo

lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry (ametdcecek tbn

lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn tbdt ceenrvdtn d sgdoo

drnd mi tbn iodp aomsn tm tbn pn`caon) cs mitne usn`

( Ick. 42 ). Dotnredtcvnoy, d bmgm`ckctdo detnrmkrd`n

`ckctdo drtnry pn`caon iodp tbdt ametdces tbn `ckctdo

enrvn cs usn . D rnvnrsn pn`caon `ckctdo drtnry

iodp, dotbmukb rnocdlon, wds usn` mitne > tm 46 yndrs

dkm ( Ick. 43 ): bmwnvnr, tbcs iodp cs lncek usn` onss

irnqunetoy emw, gdceoy lnadusn ct sdarcicans d `ck-ctdo drtnry de` tbn `memr sctn arndtns d pnrgdenet

amsgntca ameanre me tbn prmxcgdo pdrt mi tbn

iceknr.

Ce ametrdst, tbn `ckctdo drtnry `mrsdo lrdeab iodp

bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsdo dspnat mi tbn gc`òn

pbdodex mi d sczn uptm 4.> < ag ade ln trdes-

inrrn` gmrn ndscoy wctb d sbmrtnr ceacscme de`

`cssnatcme. Pbcs cs d qucaj de` ndsy wdy tm rnpdcr

tbn tcp mr tbn puop. Pbcs cs dttrdatcvn tm tbn pdtcnet

ce tbdt lmtb tbn cehury de` `memr sctns drn ameicen`

tm tbn `cstdo pdrt mi tbn iceknr. Pbcs dabcnvns bckb

pdtcnet sdtcsidatcme. Pbn `rdwldaj cs tbn enn` tm

sjce krdit tbn `memr `ninat. Pbcs `rdwldaj cs mut-

wnckbn` ly tbn ndsn mi tbn surknry de` tbn idat

tbdt tbn cehury de` `memr sctn drn aomsn. [n rn-

amr n` smgn rnamvnry mi snesclcocty mi tbcs iodp

9 gmetbs ditnr surknry, lut wbntbnr krndtnr sne-

smry rnamvnry cs pmssclon enn`s omeknr imoomw-up.

Pbn bmgm`ckctdo detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry

pn caon iodp rnstmrns nxanoonet snesdtcme tm tbn

iceknrtcp, de` iceknr ionxcme ametrdaturn cs rdrn.

Bmwnvnr, ct enn`s ceacscme de` `cssnatcme tm, mr

endroy tm, tbn ldsn mi tbn iceknr: tbnsn omek ceac-scmes smgntcgns adusn sadrrcek prmlongs, suab

ds hmcet, mr wnl spdan, ametrdaturns.

@mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr drtnry iodps mi tbn tbugl8imr d gm`nrdtn tbugl tcp mr puop `ninat Pbcs tndg mitne usns rnvnrsn `mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr

drtnry iodps mi tbn tbugl, lnadusn tbnsn iodps drn

bdrvnstn` omadooy de` `m emt rcsj ionxcme ametrda-

turn mi tbn tbugl, de` tbn `memr sctn `mns emt

enn` d sjce krdit ( Ick. <6 ). Pbn uoedr amoodtnrdo dr-

tnry iodp mi tbn tbugl wds bdrvnstn` ds Lruenoocde` amoondkuns11 `nsarcln` ce 4333. Pbn surknry

cs ndscnr tbde tbn iodk, mr jctn, iodps: bmwnvnr, ds

wctb tbn iodk de` jctn iodps, pmmr snesmry rnamvnry

cs d ameanre.




Ick. 42. @ckctdo drtnry `mrsdo lrdeab iodp. ( D) Pbcs iodp cs rdcsn` ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnrywctb d lrmd` pn`caon. (L) \nondsn mi tbn tmurecqunt tm ameicrg kmm` lomm` suppoy. (A ) Ct ade ln rmtdtn` tm rndab

tbn pdogdr puop `ninat, mr (@) amvnr tbn puop omss mi men sc`n ( sgdoo drrmw ). (A, @) Pbn pcaturns sbmw pmstmpnrdtcvnvcnws dt 1 gmetbs. (@) Ycnws mi tbn `memr sctn me tbn `mrsug mi tbn gc``on pbdodex drn sbmwe ly lck drrmws.

Ick. 43. Bmgm`ckctdo rnvnrsn `ckctdo drtnry iodp. ( D) Iceknrtcp `ninat de` `nscke mi tbn iodp me tbn prmxcgdo odtnrdodspnat mi tbn iceknr. (L) Ockdtcme mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry prmxcgdo tm tbn iodp gdrkce. ( A ) Bdrvnstcek tbn iodp, ondvcektbn `ckctdo drtnry cetdat. (@) Nxtnescme mi tbn ceacscme `cstdooy de` `cssnatcme mut tbn pn`caon. Jnnp d wc`nr pn`caontm nesurn vnemus rnture. Pbn vdsauodr pn`caon sbmuo` emt ln `cssnatn` dt mr lnyme` tbn @CV hmcet onvno. Pbcs cs tbnpmcet wbnrn tbcs iodp mltdces lomm` suppoy tbrmukb trdesvnrsn vdsauodr entwmrj. (N ) \mtdtcme mi tbn iodp tm rndabtbn iceknrtcp `ninat. (I ) Qjce krdit tm tbn `memr sctn.

Pdek nt do10<



Armss-iceknr `ckctdo drtnry iodps, pnrimrgn` ly

men (\.K. Rcn) ce tbn tndg, drn maadscmedooy usn`

imr rnpdcr mi enckblmrcek iceknrs wbne em bmgm`c-

kctdo iodps drn indsclon ( Ick. <4 ).

D I@GD pn`caon iodp mr d irnn iodp trdesinr drnusn` imr nxtnescvn `ninat cevmovcek tbn tbugl tcp.

Gntbm` snonatcme

Gmlnrk-typn de` gm`cicn` Y-S iodps imr

ymuek, datcvn pdtcnets wbmsn `ninat cs rnod-

tcvnoy sgdoo, wbm wcsb tm rnstmrn tcp snesdtcme

de` ade km tbrmukb pbyscado tbnrdpy tm rnkdce

tbugl hmcet gmtcme. Pbn `mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr

drtnry iodp mi tbn tbugl drn usn` mitne imr

tbugl tcp `ninat. Pbn I@GD iodp (cn, tbn jctn

iodp) cs usn` imr gmrn nxtnescvn vmodr mr `mrsdotcssun `ninats.

Em surknmes ce tbn tndg aurrnetoy pnrimrg

vdsauodrczn` bntnrm`ckctdo pn`caon iodps (Octtonr

iodp) imr d tbugl puop `ninat.

Pwm iodps (nk, < enurmvdsauodr iodps, irmg

gc``on de` rcek iceknrs ldsn` me men amg-

gme `ckctdo drtnry), mr d wrdp-drmue` lck tmn

iodp, mr d jctn iodp mr d irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp,

drn usn` imr `nkomvcek cehurcns mi tbn tbugl. Aodsscado armss-iceknr de` tbnedr iodps drn

usn` rdrnoy, de` drn emt d icrst-ocen trndtgnet

mi tbcs tndg.

Irnn vdsauodrczn` iodp trdesinr irmg vdrcmus

sctns cs mitne usn` imr gmrn nxtnescvn `ninats.

Irnn vdsauodrczn` tmn puops rnstmrn d ecan

dppndrdean tm tbn tbugl, lut bdvn lnne

usn` ce meoy d sgdoo euglnr mi pdtcnets tm

`dtn, lnadusn gmst pdtcnets wdet d scgponr

prman`urn de`, ce de ngnrkneay snttcek,

gmst surknmes drn emt nqucppn` imr ngnr-

kneay gcarmsurkcado trdesinr. Pbn surknmesdosm inno tbny bdvn ponety mi omado mptcmes, sm

prninr tm amvnr tbn `ninat ly mtbnr gndes.

Amesnqunetoy, inw pdtcnets nonat tm bdvn

irnn vdsauodrczn` tmn puop iodp trdesinrs.

Ick. <6. @mrsdo rd`cdo mr uoedr drtnry iodps mi tbn tbugl. ( D, L) D iodp ldsn` me `mrsdo rd`cdo drtnry mi tbn tbugl.(A ) Pbn iodp bds lnne trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl tcp de` puop. Pbn `memr sctn ade ln aomsnoy `crnatoy. ( @) D iodpldsn` me `mrsdo uoedr drtnry mi tbn tbugl. ( N, I ) Pbn vdsauodr pn`caon mi tbcs iodp. Pbn pn`caon usudooy cs jnpt wc`nr,ds sbmwe ce (N ). Ct cs `cssnatn` tbceenr ci lomm` suppoy cs ameicrgn`. @cssnatcme dt tbcs pmcet sbmuo` ln wctbmut tmur-ecqunt. (K) Pbn iodp cs trdesinrrn` tm tbn tbugl tcp. (B ) Dedtmgy mi tbn `mrsdo rd`cdo drtnry. Pbn iodp cs bdrvnstn`ldsn` me tbcs drtnry wctb tbn rmtdtcme pmcet prmxcgdo tm tbn ameenatcme wctb tbn pdogdr drtnry. (C ) Dedtmgy mi tbn`mrsdo uoedr drtnry de` tbn rmtdtcme pmcet cs d octton `cstdo tm tbn tbugl GAV hmcet. D8 drtnry.




Gdey gm`cicadtcmes de` vdrcdets ade ln gd`n. Nx-

dgpons drn sbmwe ce Ick. <<.

Mpcecmes me tbn abmcans mi iodps `ciinr amesc`nr-

dloy dgmek surknmes tbrmukbmut Abced. Qmgn sur-

knmes `m emt ocjn iodps ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo dspnat

mi tbn bde` (ceaou`cek tbn iodk de` jctn iodps), de`

smgn prninr tm usn trdesinrs de` iodps irmg tbn

immt. Qmgn amesc`nr irnn vdsauodrczn` iodps ds tbn

lnst mptcmes imr tbugl mr iceknr puop rnpdcrs.

Gcarmsurkcado irnn iodp trdesinrs drn irnqunet

de` guab gmrn amggme ce tbcs amuetry tbde ce

gdey [nstnre amuetrcns. Ynemus iodps wnrn rn-

pmrtn` ly smgn krmups, lut tbny drn emt d pmpuodrmptcme ce knenrdo. Amgpmue , mr `nkomvcek,

iceknrtcp `ninats drn rnamestruatn` wctb amg-

pmue` iodp `nsckes: imr nxdgpon, d armss-iceknr

iodp wctb d amgpmsctn tcssun iodp irmg tbn `mrsdo

dspnat mi tbn sname` tmn, mr trdesinr mi ‟twce

iodps‗.10

Hdpdensn de` Jmrnde bde` surknmes usn

gcarmsurkcado tcssun trdesinr tm tbn iceknr mr tbugl

tcp mitne ds wnoo. D inw Jmrnde tndgs idvmr vnemus

iodps. Hdpdensn surknmes wctb d strmek gcarm-

surkcado ldajkrmue` usn irnn tcssun trdesinrsgmrn mitne, wbnrnds aodsscadooy trdcen`, mitne

mo`nr, bde` surknmes tne` tm usn gmrn aodsscado

gntbm`s. Icen mutamgn stu`cns drn dosm rnpmrtn`

irmg tbnsn amuetrcns. ^sdgc de` amoondkuns1> rn-

pmrtn` imoomw-up mi mlocqun trcdekuodr enurmvdsau-

odr d`vdeangnet iodps ce 4; `ckcts de` cesnesdtn

rnvnrsn `ckctdo drtnry csode` iodps ce 40 `ckcts. Qne-

smry rnamvnry bd` nqucoclrdtn` dt 4< gmetbs ditnr

surknry, wctb em sckecicadet `ciinrnean ce stdtca mr

gmvcek <V@ lntwnne tbn twm prmanùrns. Mi

emtn, cesnesdtn sgdoo iodps tm tbn `ckctdo puop drn

rnceenrvdtn`. Pbcs gcrrmrs tbn ice`cek tbdt sne-sdtcme ce iceknrtcp rnpodetdtcmes rnamvnrs wctbmut

`ckctdo enrvn rnpdcr,19 ce`cadtcek dt ondst smgn rn-

amvnry mi snesclcocty dt tbn iceknrtcp wctbmut sur-

kcado enrvn rnpdcr. \nceenrvdtcme mi cesnesdtn

sgdoo iodps nxpodces wby surknmes usn tbng ce

iceknrtcp rnpdcr.

[n gust iurtbnr pmcet mut tbdt ce doo rnkcmes,

suab ds gdceode` Abced, Pdcwde, Hdpde, Jmrnd,

de` Qcekdpmrn, iceknrtcp mr tbugl tcp rnpodetdtcme

cs irnqunetoy rnpmrtn` de` `csaussn`. Pbnsn sur-

knmes abdoonekn tbngsnovns tm sdovdkn tbmsn usu-

dooy amesc`nrn` cgpmssclon, mr ueenanssdry, ly

mtbnrs de` nosnwbnrn komldooy.1; \npodetdtcme dt

drmue` tbn @CV hmcet onvno cs emt amesc`nrn` d

ametrdce cadtcme lut d amevnetcmedo de` wnoo-

daanptn` surkcado rmutcen, wctb d idcroy bckb survcvdo

rdtn. Pbcs prdatcan bds krndtoy abdekn` `ckctdo tcptrndtgnet8 adsns wctb d aonde, tc`y (mr nvne uetc`y)

dgputdtcme dt tbn @CV hmcet onvno mr `cstdo tm ct drn

icrst amesc`nrn` imr rnpodetdtcme, rdtbnr tbde

amvnrn` wctb d iodp.

Ctdoy, Knrgdey, de` Gdceode` Nurmpn

Pbn imoomwcek drn tbn trndtgnet gntbm`s de`

kuc`nocens ce êcvnrscty Bmspctdo mi Ynrmed, Ctdoy.

Iceknrtcp omssns

Ce gmst adsns, tbn puop cs rnamestruatn` uscekscgpon d`vdeangnet iodps, suab ds Jutonr mr

Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodps: bmwnvnr, wbne d krndtnr

pdrt mi tbn puop cs cevmovn` (54 ag), tbn surknmes

prninr tm usn d odrknr de` gmrn gmlcon iodp. Detnr-

mkrd`n bmgm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps drn

mur icrst abmcan. Pbcs ameanpt wds cectcdooy pmpuodr-

czn` ly Ynejdtdswdgc de` Qulrdgdecde41 wctb

tbn cetrmùatcme mi de mlocqun trcdekuodr iodp tm

trndt puop `ninats. Cts `rdwldaj ocns ce tbn sbmrt

prmxcgdo ceacscme ocgctcek tbn `cssnatcme mi tbn

pn`caon de` tbnrnimrn cts d`vdeangnet. Imr tbnsn

rndsmes, wn gm`cicn` tbn mrckcedo tnabecqun ly us-cek d gmrn prmxcgdo ceacscme tm mltdce sckecicadet

d`vdeangnet ( Ick. <1 ).12

Pbn iodp rnpmrtn` ly Gmuabnt de` Kcolnrt13

imr puop rnamestruatcme cs d vdrcdet mi tbn

Ick. <4. @ckctdo drtnry armss-iceknr iodp wbne em bmgm`ckctdo iodps drn indsclon. ( D) @ninats ce tbn ce`nx de` gc`-òn iceknrtcps. Iodps wnrn mutocen` me tbn odtnrdo dspnats mi tbn gc`òn de` rcek iceknrs. (L) Iodps nonvdtn` tmamvnr tbn tcps mi tbn ce`nx de` gc`òn iceknrs. (A ) Imoomw up rnsuots. (Amurtnsy mi @r \ne Kum Rcn, @npdrtgnetmi Bde` Qurknry, Diicocdtn` Bmspctdo mi Edetmek êcvnrscty, Edetmek, Abced.)

Pdek nt do100



Ynejdtdswdgc iodp. Pbn c`ndo ce`cadtcme imr cts usncs d tdeknetcdo omss mi tbn puop wctb lmen nxpmsurn.

[n bdvn lnne uscek tbcs tnabecqun scean 4334,06

cgpongnetcek smgn tnabecado tcps ( Ick. <0 )8

4. Pbn iodp cs `nscken` ds de mvdo csode` prmxcgdo

tm tbn sjce `ninat, ceaou`cek pdrt mi tbn `mrsdo

sjce.

<. D bngc-Lruenr ceacscme cs usn` cestnd` mi d ome-

kctu`cedo gcòdtnrdo ceacscme tm dvmc` tbn rcsj mi

sadr ametrdaturn.

1. Pbn enurmvdsauodr lueòn mi tbn iodp cs prm-tnatn` ue`nr tbn sjce iodps sm tbdt tbn sjce krdit

cs emt podan` `crnatoy me tbn pn`caon.

0. Kneton trdatcme me tbn pn`caon cs usn` tm

d`vdean tbn iodp ly 4.> tm <.< ag.

>. Pbn dpnx mi tbn iodp sbmuo` ln icxn` cetm tbn`cstdo pbdodex ly uscek d ennòn tm dvmc` trda-

tcme me tbn edco.

Pbn gdce `csd`vdetdkns mi tbcs prmanùrn drn

gco amo snesctcvcty de , maadscmedooy, ionxcme

ametrdaturn mi tbn VCV hmcet. Pm prnvnet tbn odttnr

amgpocadtcme, ct cs d`vcsdlon tm usn tbn detnrm-

krd`n bmgm`ckctdo csode` iodp imr `ckctdo puop omss

up tm < < ag. Ce tbcs wdy, ionxcme mi tbn GAV

mr VCV hmcet cs ueenanssdry: tbn iodp `cssnatn`

ldaj tm tbn GAV hmcet ade ndscoy rndab tbn puop

`ninat. Pbn rnamvnry mi stdtca <V@ mi 1 tm 3 ggde` kmm` sjce qudocty mi tbnsn bmgm`ckctdo iodps

on` us tm amesc`nr tbcs typn mi iodp06 ds tbn icrst

abmcan ce pdtcnets wctb puop `ninats sgdoonr tbde

< ag (snn Ick. <0 ).

Ick. <<. D inw gntbm`s tbdt drn usn` ly bde` surknmes. ( D) Pwm iodps bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsdo dspnat mi diceknr, ldsn` me `mrsdo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry, imr amvnrdkn mi d iceknrtcp. (L) Pwm iodps, men irmg tbn`cstdo `mrsdo dspnat de` tbn mtbnr irmg tbn odtnrdo dspnat mi tbn iceknr, amvnr d iceknrtcp. ( A ) \mtdtcme mi d iodpade amvnr d `cstdo odtnrdo tcp `ninat. (@) D `ckctdo drtnry iodp cs d`vdean` tm amvnr d iceknrtcp.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 10>



\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo pn caon iodps, wctb mr

wctbmut ceaouscme mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn,04 rnqucrn

tbn cetnkrcty mi tbn gc`òn trdesvnrsn pdogdr drab

mi tbn iceknr, wbcab gdy ln `dgdkn` ce nxtnescvn

puop cehurcns. [n lnocnvn tbdt tbcs tnabecqun sbmuo`

ln usn` meoy wbne tbn sjce omss cs gmrn tbde <

< ag. Qnesmry rnamvnry mltdcen` bds lnne onss

tbde mur nxpnatdtcmes (stdtca <V@8 3‑4> gg),0<

de` tbn rnsuots ce tnrgs mi tbn dppndrdean de` mi

tbn `memr sctn bdvn emt dowdys lnne kmm`. Imr

tbnsn rndsmes, tbn rnvnrsn bmgm ckctdo pn`caoniodp, wbcab wds vnry pmpuodr ce tbcs uect ùrcek

tbn 4336s, cs emw usn` onss irnqunetoy.

Irnn iodp trdesinrs (nk, pdrtcdo irnn tmn trdesinrs)

prmùan nxanoonet iueatcmedo de` amsgntca rnsuots,

lut tbn surknry rnqucrns d`vdean` gcarmsurkcado

sjcoos. Iurtbnrgmrn, mitne tbnsn cehurcns drn mpnr-

dtn` me ly trdcenns. Qm, irnn tmn trdesinrs drn

rdrnoy usn` ce mur prdatcan imr rnsuridacek `ckctdo

puop `ninats.

\nanetoy, dttnetcme bds lnne `rdwe tm tbn usn mi

bntnrm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps (Octtonr

iodp) tm rnamestruat nxtnescvn iceknr puop omssns. D bntnrm`ckctdo iodp cs trdesinrrn` irmg tbn odtnrdo

suridan mi d endrly iceknr, ceaou`cek tbn `ckctdo dr-

tnry lut wctbmut tbn `ckctdo enrvn, tm gcecgczn tbn

snesmry omss ce tbn `memr iceknr ( Ick. <> D). Pm

rnùan tbn `memr sctn gmrlc`cty de` tm dabcnvn d

lnttnr snesmry rnamvnry, wn bdrvnst tbn `memr

sjce irmg tbn odtnrdo sc`n mi tbn gc`òn pbdodex

wctb tbn vdsauodr pn`caon omadtn` me tbn pdogdr

sc n mi tbn iodp.01 Pbn krditn` `memr drnd cs

amsgntcadooy gmrn daanptdlon lnadusn tbn `ninat

cs mvnr tbn gcòdtnrdo ocen de` `mns emt nxtne` pdo-

gdroy (snn Ick. <>L). Pbn `mrsdo lrdeab mi tbn `ck-

ctdo enrvn cs rmutcenoy rdcsn` de` usn` tm ceenrvdtn

tbn iodp, wctb daanptdlon snesmry rnamvnry.0<,01

Pbn `cstdo puop mi tbn `memr iceknr sbmuo` envnrln bdrvnstn` ds pdrt mi d bntnrm`ckctdo iodp.

Ci d puop `ninat cs odrkn, d rnvnrsn bntnrm`ckctdo

pn caon iodp ade ln d sdtcsidatmry smoutcme.01,00

Pbn surkcado prmanùrns drn ds imoomws8

4. Pbn iodp cs mutocen` de` aut irmg tbn sc`n mi tbn

`memr iceknr (prmxcgdo tm tbn @CV hmcet, emt

ceaou`cek tbn tcp mi tbn `memr iceknr) idacek tbn

cehurn` iceknr. Pbn `ckctdo enrvn cs jnpt cetdat

de` `cssnatn` dwdy irmg tbn iodp.

<. Pbn vdsauodr pn`caon mi tbn rnvnrsn csode` iodp cs

`cssnatn` prmxcgdooy tm tbn lciuradtcme mi tbnamggme `ckctdo drtnry ce tbn pdog de` tbn amg-

gme `ckctdo drtnry trdesnatn` hust prmxcgdo tm cts

lciuradtcme cetm tbn < prmpnr `ckctdo drtnrcns

( Ick. <9 D). Pbn `ckctdo enrvn cs `cssnatn` mut

Ick. <1. Detnrmkrd`n bmgm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp. ( D) Pbn iceknrtcp enarmscs ditnr trdugd (uppnr) de`pmstmpnrdtcvn mutamgns (omwnr). (L) Lruenr ceacscme tm nxpmsn tbn pn`caon de` iodp nonvdtcme. (A ) Iodp amvnrdkn mitbn iceknrtcp. Pbnsn pcaturns sbmw gm`cicadtcme mi tbn mrckcedo gntbm` uscek d gmrn prmxcgdo ceacscme tm mltdce dsckecicadet d`vdeangnet.

Pdek nt do109



irmg tbn pn`caon. \ntdce suiicacnet dgmuet mi

smit tcssun drmue` tbn `ckctdo drtnry tm doomw

vnemus rnture mi tbn iodp.

1. Pbn S-sbdpn vdsauodr ameenatcme tbne tures

cetm d Y sbdpn, ds d omek pn`caon tm doomw tbn

iodp tm rndab tbn `ninat (snn Ick. <9L).

0. Lomm` tm tbn iodp cs suppocn` tbrmukb tbn prmx-

cgdo trdesvnrsn `ckctdo pdogdr drab mi tbn

cehurn` iceknr, ci tbn gc`òn trdesvnrsn pdogdr

drab bds lnne `dgdkn` (snn Ick. <9A).

>. Pbn `memr sctn cs aomsn` wctb d sjce krdit.

Prdugdtca puop omssns irmg tbn tbuglPrdugdtca puop omssns irmg tbn tbugl drn trndtn`

wctb `ciinrnet iodps, `npne cek me tbn sczn mi

tbn puop `ninat nxtnescme. Pbn pdogdr d`vdean-

gnet iodp, cectcdooy `nsarcln` ly Gmlnrk de`

sulsnqunetoy gm`cicn` ly Noocmt de` [cosme,1 cs

mur icrst abmcan. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` de` d`vdean`

me lmtb enurmvdsauodr lueòns, ceaou cek tbn

wbmon pdogdr dspnat mi tbn tbugl wctb d odrkn Y-

sbdpn` iodp irmg tbn tbnedr ngcenean: tbn `ninat

cs aomsn` ly uscek tbn Y-tm-S prceacpon ( Ick. <; D‑

@). Ct nedlons rnstmrdtcme mi tbn tbugl pd``cek

wctb emrgdo snesclcocty de` kodlrmus sjce (snn

Ick. <;N, I).

[bne tbn puop `ninat cs gmrn tbde <.6 tm <.> ag

ce onektb, mtbnr rnamestruatcvn smoutcmes sbmuo` ln

usn`. Men mptcme ceaou`ns d enurmvdsauodr csode`

iodp rdcsn` irmg tbn `mrsdo dspnat mi tbn gc`òniceknr suppocn` ly tbn uoedr `ckctdo drtnry, cts vnedn

amgctdetns, de` ly tbn `mrsdo lrdeab mi tbn `ckctdo

enrvn ( Ick. <2 D‑A).0> Pbcs cs d gm`cicadtcme mi tbn

tnabecqun `nsarcln` ly Octtonr.09 Ci tbn gm`cicn`

Ick. <0. D vdrcdet mi tbn Ynejdtdswdgc iodp ( D‑A ) de` mutamgns drn sbmwe (@‑I ). Pbn c`ndo ce`cadtcme imr cts usncs d tdeknetcdo omss mi tbn puop wctb lmen nxpmsurn. [n bdvn lnne uscek tbcs tnabecqun scean 4334. Pbn drrmw ce L

ce`cadtns tbn cetdat `ckctdo enrvn. Pbn dstnrcsj ce`cadtns tbn vdsauodr pn`caon.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 10;



tnabecqun cs sjcooiuooy pnrimrgn`, ct gdy rnsuot ce

snesdtn de` stdlon sjce amvnrdkn mi tbn tbugl

tcp wctb daanptdlon `memr sctn gmrlc cty (snn

Ick. <2@‑I). Pbn I@GD pn caon iodp cs pmpuodr,lut wn usn ct meoy wbne tbn `ninat cs omadtn` me

tbn `mrsdo suridan mi tbn tbugl mr tm amvnr stugp

puop `ninats, ds ct bds pmmr snesdtcme. Mtbnr tnab-

ecquns usn` ceaou`n tbn `mrsdo uoedr mr `mrsdo

rd`cdo pn`caon iodps mi tbn tbugl, lut wn d`vmadtn

tbncr usn meoy tm amvnr `cstdo `mrsdo tbugl `ninats

lnadusn, ce mur bde`s, tbny kcvn pmmr snesmry rn-

suots. Dotbmukb wn `csocjn uscek irnn iodps tm amvnr

iceknrtcp puop `ninats, wn suppmrt tbn usn mi krndt

tmn puop irnn iodps tm rnsuridan vnry odrkn tbugl

puop `ninats.

Ce Knrgdey, ct cs lnamgcek gmrn de` gmrnpmpuodr tm trndt tbmsn cehurcns uscek sngcmaaouscvn

`rnssceks (nk, Ydrcbnscvn nxtrd tbce, AmevdPna,

Qjcoogde, EH, ^QD: mr Pnkd`nrg, 1G, Qt. Vduo,

GE, ^QD), doomwcek smit tcssun rnknenrdtcme tm

amvnr dey nxpmsurn mi tbn `cstdo pbdodex ly

cekrmwtb mi tbn sulautdenmus tcssun, tbne rnnpc-

tbnocdoczdtcme: ct wmrjs lmtb imr sjce omss meoy de`

dosm ce adsns wctb odrknr `ninats de` nxpmsn`lmen tm prmvc`n kmm` nstbntca rnsuots de` snesc-

lcocty (snn Ick. > ). Qnesclcocty mi tbn rnknenrdtn`

tcp cs kmm`. @csd`vdetdkns drn tbn omek trndtgnet

pnrcm` de` tbn sgnoo ci sngcmaaouscvn `rnssceks

drn usn` rdtbnr tbde gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks8

tbcs rnqucrns kmm` pdtcnet amgpocdean.

Ce tbn uect mi men mi tbn dutbmrs (Q.I.), tbn icrst

abmcans imr tbn iceknrtcp cehurcns drn trd`ctcmedo

tnabecquns, suab ds pdogdr Y-S mr lcodtnrdo Y-S

iodps (Prdequcooc-Ondoc, Jutonr, de` Ynejdtdswdgc

iodps). [ctb nxpnrcnean, kmm` rnsuots drn dabcnvn`

wctb tbnsn tnabecquns, prmvc`n` tbn surkcado`cssnatcme ondvns emtbcek cetdat lut tbn enurmvds-

auodr lue`on: tbdt cs, uscek tbn gmrn rnanet vnr-

scmes mi tbnsn iodps, wbcab drn csode` iodps,9,46‑41

rdtbnr tbde tbn mrckcedo d`vdeangnet iodps.

Ick. <>. D bntnrm`ckctdo iodp cs trdesinrrn` irmg tbn odtnrdo suridan mi d endrly iceknr. ( D) Qurkcado prman`urn. (L)Imoomw-up mutamgn.

Pdek nt do102



Gntbm`s imr amvnrdkn mi tbn tbugl tcp drn

`nac`n` ly omadoczdtcme mi tbn `ninat. Icrst abmcan

imr d pdogdr `ninat cs tbn aodsscado Gmlnrk iodp

mr men mi cts gm`cicadtcmes, usudooy ds d Y-S iodp

`nsarcln` ly Nppcek ce 433<.0; [n envnr usn dPrdequcooc-Ondoc iodp dt tbn tbugl.

Odrkn `ninats mi tbn puop, wbcab adeemt ln

amvnrn` ly d Gmlnrk d`vdeangnet iodp de`

rnqucrn rnstmrdtcme mi snesclcocty, drn d abdoonekn.

Pbny mppmsn tbn aodsscado enurmvdsauodr iodp

trdesinr irmg tbn iceknr tm tbn tbugl `nsarcln`

ly Octtonr, lnadusn tbn `memr gmrlc`cty de` tbn

`dgdkn tm tbn netcrn bde` drn tmm snvnrn. D

snesdtn jctn iodp, ly ceaou cek tbn supnricacdo

autdenmus lrdeab mi tbn rd`cdo enrvn, cs d kmm`

dotnredtcvn, ds Kduo `nsarcln`.

02

[bne tbn netcrntbugl-puop cs gcsscek wctb cetdat lmen ce ymuek

pdtcnets, wn usn d irnn puop iodp irmg tbn icrst tmn.

êctn` Jcek`mg

Pbnrn cs d rnkrnttdlon tne`neay ce tbn êctn`

Jcek`mg dt prnsnet, pmsscloy `rcvne ly nam-

emgca idatmrs, tm tnrgcedoczn cehurcns mi tbn `ckctdo

tcps. Dotbmukb smgntcgns enanssdry, tbcs ametrd-

vnens doo mi tbn ldsca prceacpons mi tcp rnamestrua-

tcme, dabcnvcek d sbmrt, ukoy `ckct wctb em edco

amgponx de` pmmr snesdtcme, wbcab gdy lnpnrgdenetoy `ysiueatcmedo. Ce Qt De`rnw–s Ane-

tnr imr Vodstca Qurknry, Lrmmgicno` Bmspctdo,

wbcab bds dpprmxcgdtnoy tbn sdgn bde` ngnr-

kneay wmrjomd` ds Edetmek ce Abced, wn dvmc`

tbcs prmanùrn wbnenvnr pmssclon de` datcvnoy

neamurdkn tcp rnstmrdtcme ly `cstdo rnpodetdtcme

mr amgpmsctn krdit rnpodangnet.03,>6 Ds ce tbn

Idr Ndst, dgputdtcmes `cstdo tm tbn @CV hmcet onvno

drn icrst amesc`nrn` imr rnpodetdtcme, rdtbnr tbdeamvnrn` wctb d iodp, de` gdey rnpodetdtcmes dt,

mr aomsn tm, tbn prmxcgdo edco imo` (maadscmedooy

lnyme` ct) bdvn lnne pnrimrgn` ce tbn uect.

[bnrn gcarmsurkcado vnemus rnameenatcme cs

emt pmssclon, ondabcek cs usn`.

[bnrn tbn `cstdo pdrts drn emt dvdcodlon, wn

lnocnvn tbn nxtrdmr cedry adpdacty mi tbn `ckctdo

sjce tm rnknenrdtn wctb nxanoonet amsgntca de`

iueatcmedo rnsuots sbmuo` ln nxpomctn` wbnenvnr

pmssclon. [n trndt doo tcp cehurcns wctb meoy sjce

omss de` smgn `nkrnn mi sulautdenmus tcssunomss, mr tbmsn amevnrtn` tm tbcs ly gcecgdo lmen

sbmrtnecek, wctb gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks de`

ndroy gmlcoczdtcme. [n lnocnvn sjce krditcek cs ue-

enanssdry, cetrmùans iurtbnr gmrlc`cty, `nody mi

gmlcoczdtcme, de` gdy ondvn tbn tcp dlemrgdo ce

dppndrdean, pmmroy snesdtn, de` mi ced`nqudtn

ùrdlcocty, wctb spocttcek ce tbn amo` mi wcetnr.

Ci sjce ade rnpodan ctsnoi, mpnrdtcek tm dabcnvn

sjce amvnr, pnr sn, cs d ùlcmus ce`cadtcme imr sur-

knry. Bmwnvnr, gmrn nxtnescvn tcp cehurcns rnqucrn

wnoo-vdsauodrczn` sulautdenmus smit tcssun imr

prmtnatcme mi tbn ue`nroycek lmen, tm dvmc` tne`nr-enss. Pbn dotnredtcvn tm sbmrtnecek cs iodp amvnr. Ce

d rdkkn` cehury, smit tcssuns gdy ln d`nqudtnoy

vdsauodrczn` de` mi suiicacnet sczn tm prmvc`n

lmen amvnr8 tbnsn ‟mppmrtuecst iodps‗ ade ln

Ick. <9. D rnvnrsn bntnrm`ckctdo csode` iodp. ( D) Iodp `nscke. (L) Iodp pn`caon de` bdrvnst. (A ) Amgpontcme mi trdes-inr de` `memr sjce krdit amvnrdkn. (Irmg D`dec \, Kcnsne P, Cekudkkcdtm G. Bntnrm`ckctdo iodps imr snvnrn puop`ninats. Ce8 @ulnrt PV, Knmrknsau DY, Qmuadams VE, n`ctmrs. Vrcgdry adrn mi amgponx cehurcns mi tbn bde` de` wrcst.Dtbnes (Krnnan)8 Gn`cado Vulocadtcme: <646. p. 1<6: wctb pnrgcsscme.)




usn` tm amevnrt tbn tcp cetm d sjce wmue` tbdt ade

ln bndon` wctb `rnssceks. Ci iodp amvnr cs enans-

sdry, ly abmcan wn usn d`vdeangnet iodps, rndr-

rdekcek tbn smit tcssuns mi tbn sdgn `ckct de`

dvmc`cek dey nxtnredo `memr sctn. Ds gdey tcp oms-

sns mi tcssun drn sompcek, gmst mi mur d`vdeangnet

iodps dabcnvn sulautdenmus tcssun amvnr mi lmen

`cstdooy, emt `cstdo iodp sjce tm edco suturn. Ce mtbnr

wmr`s, tbn tcp cehury cs amevnrtn` tm d sjce omssmeoy, tbne rnnpctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst `rnssceks

mvnr < tm 1 wnnjs. Pbcs nxtne`s tbn onektb mi tbn

d`vdeangnet iodps de` doomws tbng tm amvnr

omeknr `ninats. Pbnsn iodps doomw ndroy de`

ce`npne`net gmlcoczdtcme mi ndab `ckct de` rnspnat

tbn amsgntca prceacpon mi rnamestruatcme mi ‟ocjn

wctb ocjn.‗ Pbny drn ùrdlon de` cetrcescadooy gmrn

ocjnoy tm rnstmrn kmm` snesmry iueatcme tbde tbn

dotnredtcvns.

Mur abmcan mi bmgm`ckctdo iodp cs `ntnrgcen` ly

tbn onektb mi tbn `ckct de` tbn nxtnet de` sbdpn mi

tbn `ninat8

4. Prdesvnrsn dgputdtcmes lnyme` tbn gc` edco

onvno de` `mrsdo mlocqun dgputdtcmes lnyme`

tbn prmxcgdo edco imo`8 D Prdequcooc-Ondoc, mr Dtd-

smy, iodp ade dabcnvn tbn sockbt d`vdeangnet

Ick. <;. Pbn pdogdr d`vdeangnet iodp, `nsarcln` ly Gmlnrk de` sulsnqunetoy gm`cicn` ly Noocmt de` [cosme. ( D)Pbn surkcado prmanùrn. Pbn iodp cs rdcsn` de` d`vdean` me lmtb enurmvdsauodr lueòns ceaou`cek tbn wbmonpdogdr dspnat mi tbn tbugl wctb d odrkn Y-sbdpn` iodp irmg tbn tbnedr ngcenean: tbn `ninat cs aomsn` uscektbn Y-tm-S prceacpon. (L) Vmstmpnrdtcvn rnsuots.

1>6 Pdek nt do



enn`n`.0,> [ctb krndtnr omssns mi iceknr onektb

de` ce pdogdr mlocqun cehurcns, tbcs iodp cs tmm

sgdoo.

<. Vdogdr de` sdkcttdo mlocqun dgputdtcmes tbdt

bdvn d sompn mi 16 mr onss8 [n usn tbn ‟enurm-

vdsauodr Prdequcooc-Ondoc‗ iodp.>,>4,>< Pbcs iodp

bds tbn sdgn sbdpn ds tbn mrckcedo lut cs odrknr,

nxtne`cek darmss tbn @CV hmcet arndsn prmxc-

gdooy. Ct cs csode`n` me lmtb enurmvdsauodr pn`-

caons. Ct ade ln usn` imr stugp rnamestruatcme mi

dey onektb mi dgputdtn` iceknr mr tbugl de` csguab gmrn usniuo tbde tbn mrckcedo Prdequcooc-

Ondoc iodp, wbcab ct bds, ce mur uect, odrknoy supnr-

an`n`. Ct wcoo suiican tm amvnr tcp `ninats wctb d

pdogdr sompn mi up tm 16.

1. Gmrn sompcek pdogdr mlocqun `ninats (516 )8 [n

usn < dotnredtcvns tm cearndsn tbn puop d`vdean-

gnet. Pbn icrst, usn` me tbn tbugl gdceoy, cs d

omeknr lcpn`caon iodp8 M–Lrcne–s gm`cicadtcme mi

tbn Gmlnrk iodp4,< wctb tbn d``ctcme mi d odrkn

‟Y‗ tdco prmxcgdooy cestnd` mi d sjce krdit (snn

Ick. ; ).1 De dotnredtcvn cs tm usn scekon-pn`caon

odtnrdo iodps. Pbn uecodtnrdo Y-S iodp `nsarcln`ly Kncssne`mri ; de` tbn lcodtnrdo Y-S iodps,

`nsarcln` ly Jutonr,2 drn envnr usn`, ds wn

inno tbdt tbny bdvn bds octton d`vdeangnet mr

amvnr pmtnetcdo. Gmrn usniuo cs tbn odrknr iodp

rndabcek prmxcgdo tm tbn @CV arndsn, rdcsn` ds

de csode` me cts mwe enurmvdsauodr lueòn,

`nsarcln` ly Qnkgu ¨ oonr3 de` ly Lc`ùopb46

(de` adoon` tbn ‟Qnkgu ¨ oonr‗ iodp). Odeznttd de`

amoondkuns44 nxtne`n` tbcs iodp tm tbn VCV hmcet.

[n rnpmrtn` tbn sdgn gm`cicadtcme ce 466

adsns (snn Ick. 40 ).4< @urcek tbn sdgn pnrcm`,

wn usn` d scgcodr euglnr mi ‟Ynejdtdswdgc‗

iodps. Pbcs iodp cs dosm csode`n` me men enurm-

vdsauodr lueòn lut wctb tbn ond`cek n`kn mi

tbn iodp nxtne`cek darmss tbn wbmon pdogdr sur-idan mi tbn iceknr.3 [n bdvn imue` tbn nxtne`n`

Qnkguoonr iodp tm ln tbn gmrn d`dptdlon mi tbn

twm. Ce prdatcan, men rdcsns men Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp

me tbn loce` sc`n mi tbn iceknr. Ci tbcs, domen, cs

emt d`nqudtn imr tbn tcssun enn`s mi tbn `ckctdo

tcp, tbn sname` iodp cs rdcsn`.

[ctb rnspnat tm tbn dppndrdean de` snesclcocty mi

tbn tcp de` tbn gmlcocty mi tbn `ckct, <-stdkn tnab-

ecquns, suab ds armss-iceknr, tbnedr, krmce, de`

armss-drg iodps, drn ue`nscrdlon. Pbnsn iodps drn

rdrnoy usn` ly us imr iceknrtcp rnpdcr. Bmwnvnr, enu-rmvdsauodr d`vdeangnet iodps drn ced`nqudtn ce

sczn tm amvnr pdogdr-sompcek tcp `ninats tbdt nxtne`

prmxcgdo tm tbn @CV/CV arndsn mi tbn iceknr mr

tbugl. Pbnsn rnodtcvnoy ueamggme, <-snkgnet

Ick. <2. [bne tbn puop `ninat cs gmrn tbde <.6 tm <.1 ag ce onektb, d gm`cicadtcme mi tbn Octtonr iodp ly bdrvnstcektbn iodp dt tbn ldsn mi tbn iceknr ade rnsuot ce snesdtn de` stdlon sjce amvnrdkn mi tbn tbugl tcp wctb daanptdlon`memr sctn gmrlc`cty. ( D‑A ) Qurkcado prmanùrn mi iodp trdesinr. (@, N ) Imoomw-up rnsuots.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>4



cehurcns ade ln rnamestruatn` wctb armss-iceknr

iodps, wbcab drn mur icrst abmcan, rnvnrsn Xdeamooc

iodps,>1 mr ly irnn tmn tm bde` trdesinrs. Bmwnvnr,

tbn odttnr, wbntbnr imr tbn tcp mr imr d <-snkgnet

`ninat, rnqucrn enrvn suturn, wbcab gdy rnsuot ce d

pmmroy snesdtn `ckctdo tcp ce mo`nr pdtcnets. Pbn pd-

tcnets dosm gdy bdvn `memr sctn prmlongs (nk, `ciic-auoty wbne wndrcek sde`dos ce bmt `dys de` amo`

cetmonrdean wbne wndrcek rullnr lmmts ce wcetnr).

Maadscmedooy, mtbnr iodps drn usniuo. [n `nvcsn`

tbn odtnrdo puop iodp imr omssns mi tbn odtnrdo suridan

mi tbn `ckctdo tcp wctb nxpmsurn mi lmen.>0 Pbcs iodp

nxpomcts tbn nxanss mi puop ce tbn `ckctdo tcp. Pbn

iodp cs rdcsn` ly mpnecek d icsb-gmutb ceacscme ce

tbn tcp de` irnncek tbn puop dttdabgnets tm tbn

lmen. Pbn puop tbne gmvns odtnrdooy de` cs ocitn`

mvnr tbn lmen de` suturn` tm tbn n`kn mi tbn

edco. Pbn `nnp n`kn mi tbn puop, emt tbn supnricacdo

n`kn, cs lrmukbt up tm tbn edco ln` tm amvnr tbn

lmen. Pbn puop cs tbne npctbnocdoczn` ue`nr gmcst

detcsnptca `rnssceks, tm arndtn d `ckctdo tcp tbdt cs

snesdtn wctb kmm` iueatcme lut em odtnrdo edco

imo`. Qc`n-tm-sc`n bmgm`ckctdo swctab iodps, wbcab

rnamestruat men sc`n mi d tcp dt tbn nxpnesn mi

tbn mtbnr, drn usniuo tm rnsuridan drnds mi puop sne-

sclcocty arctcado imr pceab datcvcty (snn Ick. 49 ).<9,>>

êctn` Qtdtns de` Emrtb Dgnrcad

Pbn gntbm`s tm trndt tbn iceknr mr tbugl tcps vdrydgmek podstca surknmes me tbcs ametcenet. Gdey

surknmes amesc`nr ndroy `ckctdo gmlcoczdtcme pdrd-

gmuet tm dey `ckctdo tcp mr tbugl puop mr tcp rname-

struatcme. Pbn imoomwcek drn prninrrn` gntbm`s mi

men mi tbn dutbmrs irmg Gdym Aoceca, \mabnstnr,

GE, ^QD.

Iceknrtcp rnpdcr

4. Lmen nxpmsurn wctb ocgctn` smit tcssun omss8 Ci

tbnrn cs d sgdoo pmrtcme mi lmen nxpmsn` wctb

ocgctn` smit tcssun omss, tbn lmen cs sbmrtnen`tm doomw tbn wmue` tm bndo ly sname`dry cetne-

tcme. Qjce krditcek cs rdrnoy usn` de` dvmc`n`

wbnenvnr pmssclon imr rndsmes prnvcmusoy

gnetcmen`.

<. Imr pn cdtrca iceknrtcp smit tcssun omssns, wn

idvmr `nidttcek tbn tcp dgputdtcme de` uscek ct

ds d amgpmsctn krdit wbnenvnr pmssclon. [n

idvmr uscek snesdtn d`vdeangnet mr csode`

iodps imr iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme.

1. Qgdoo tm gm`nrdtn trdesvnrsn iceknrtcp dgputd-

tcmes8 Pbnsn cehurcns drn amggmeoy trndtn`

wctb Y-S d`vdeangnet iodps `nsarcln` ly Prde-qucooc-Ondoc0 de` Dtdsmy de` amoondkuns.> Ct cs

ce cadtn` imr trdesvnrsn de` `mrsdo mlocqun

iceknrtcp dgputdtcmes wctb nxpmsn` lmen.

Vdogdr mlocqun dgputdtcmes wctb sckecicadet

smit tcssun omss drn de dlsmoutn ametrdce`cad-

tcme. Lcodtnrdo Y-S Jutonr d`vdeangnet iodps

drn usn` onss mitne lnadusn mi tbn sckecicadet

sadrrcek arndtn` ce tbn iceknr tcp.

Pbn lomm` suppoy mi tbnsn iodps cs tbrmukb d

sulautdenmus tcssun pn`caon, wbcab ceaou`ns

tnrgcedo lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnrcns. Dooiclrmus vnrtcado snptdn tbdt deabmr tbn vmodr

sjce tm tbn ue`nroycek `cstdo pnrcmstnug de`

prmxcgdo ionxmr tne`me sbndtb gust ln `cvc`n`

tm doomw tnescme-irnn aomsurn. Pbn ldsn amrrn-

spme`s tm tbn vmodr gdrkce mi tbn dgputdtcme

sctn, de` d rmue`n`, gmrn edturdo iceknrtcp

dppndrdean cs nesurn` ly ocgctcek tbn gdxcgdo

ldsn wc`tb tm tbdt mi tbn edco gdtrcx de` ly

gdjcek tbn < odtnrdo drgs mi tbn iodp sockbtoy

amevnx. Cgpmrtdet pmcets ce bdrvnst ceaou`n

d`vdeacek tbn iodp sockbtoy dlmvn tbn bypmey-

abcdo imo`, sm ds tm dvmc` d bmmj edco `nimrgcty

ùn tm wmue`-bndocek ametrdaturn.

0. Gmrn mlocqun iceknrtcp dgputdtcmes krndtnr

tbne >6% mi tbn onektb mi tbn edco ln`8 [n idvmr

tbn mlocqun trcdekuodr enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp

`nsarcln` ly Ynejdtdswdgc de` Qulrdgd-

ecde.41 D vmodr trcdekuodr sjce iodp cs rdcsn`

ldsn` me tbn vdsauodr pn caon mppmsctn tbn gd-

hmr dgputdtcme sc`n, wctb tbn dpnx dt, mr endr,

tbn VCV hmcet ionxcme arndsn, de` cs d`vdean`

wctb ceaouscme mi lmtb `ckctdo enrvns.

[n idvmr d odrknr iodp, wbcab amvnrs tbn netcrnenurmvdsauodr pn`caon. Pbcs bds d`vdetdkns

mvnr uscek d sgdoonr iodp8 onss sname`dry iodp

dtrmpby, onss rcsj mi drtnrcdo vdsmspdsg, de` d

krndtnr d`vdeangnet pmtnetcdo. D gm`cicadtcme

`nsarcln` ly Nvdes de` Gdrtce>9 ceamrpmrdtns

1 trcdekons mi cearndscek sczn tm dvmc` pmtnetcdo

ionxcme ametrdaturns de` omekctu`cedo sadrrcek.

Ct cs ce`cadtn` imr tbn amvnrdkn mi odrkn mlocqun

iceknrtcp `ninats de` cs ldsn` me men mi tbn

enurmvdsauodr lueòns irmg tbn ondst `mgcedet

sc`n, mr tbn sc`n wctb tbn omeknst sjce iodp.>. Gmrn nxtnescvn pdogdr, mr pdogdr mlocqun, `n-

inats8 Pbnsn `ninats ade ln amvnrn` wctb d

armss-iceknr iodp. D odtnrdooy ldsn` `mrsdo

armss-iceknr iodp cs bdrvnstn` irmg tbn `mrsdo

sjce mi tbn gc`òn pbdodex mi tbn iceknr rd`cdo

tm tbn cehurn` `ckct, wctb tbn nxanptcme mi tbn ce-

`nx iceknr, wbcab usns d iodp irmg tbn gc`òn

iceknr: ce knenrdo, tbn gmst ndscoy pmsctcmen`

de` ondst cgpmrtdet `ckct sbmuo` ln usn`.

9. Pbn ceenrvdtn` armss-iceknr iodp, `nsarcln` ly

Ambne de` Armece>; ce 4321, cs dabcnvn` ly

ceamrpmrdtcek tbn `mrsdo lrdeab mi tbn `ckctdoenrvn mppmsctn tm tbn bcekn mi tbn iodp wctbce

tbn iodp. Pbcs `mrsdo `ckctdo lrdeab cs tbne su-

turn` tm tbn `ckctdo enrvn ametrdodtnrdo tm tbn

bcekn gdrkce mi tbn wmue`. @cvcscme de` iodp

1>< Pdek nt do



cesnt cs odtnr pnrimrgn` dt 1 tm 0 wnnjs. Pbn

rnvnrsn armss-iceknr iodp, `nsarcln` ly Vdj-

cdg,>2 cs usniuo imr `mrsdo `ckctdo dvuoscme ce-

hurcns mi tbn edco ln` de` `cstdo pbdodex, de`

dosm ade ln usn` tm rnstmrn vnemus `rdcedkn di-

tnr `ckctdo rnpodetdtcme. Imoomwcek trdespmsctcme

mi tbn sulautdenmus tcssun iodp cetm tbn `ninat,tbcs cs tbne sjce krditn`, de` tbn sjce iodp mi

tbn `memr iceknr usn` tm rnsuridan tbn `memr

`ninat. Ick. <3 cooustrdtns d gntbm` imr `mrsdo

`cstdo iceknr `ninat uscek d armss-iceknr iodp.

;. Demtbnr mptcme usn` imr vmodr mlocqun dgputd-

tcmes8 Pbn `mrsmodtnrdo csode` iodp `nsarcln`

ly Iocet de` Bdrrcsme>3 prmvc`ns snesdtn sjce

irmg tbn `mrsmodtnrdo dspnat mi tbn `cstdo pbd-

odex. Pbcs iodp cs ldsn` me men mi tbn enurmvds-auodr lue`ons omadtn` me tbn sc`n mi tbn iceknr

wctb tbn krndtnst dgmuet mi rngdcecek vmodr

Ick. <3. Qtnp-ly-stnp `nsarcptcme mi d rnvnrsn armss-iceknr iodp nonvdtcme. Nctbnr d tbce spoct-tbcajenss mr iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit ade ln usn` tm amvnr tbn wmue`. ( D) Pbn gntbm` mi trdesinr. (L) Iodp nonvdtcme. (A ) Idsacdiodp trdesinr. (@) Amgpontcme mi trdesinr de` `memr sjce krdit. (Z DW Irmg Pdek HL, Dgd`cm VA, Kucglnrtndu HA,nt do, n`ctmrs. Pne`me surknry mi tbn bde`. Vbcod`nopbcd8 Nosnvcnr: <64<. p. 1;9. Ickurn 1>-<.)




de` odtnrdo puop. Pbn `cstdo vmodr ne` mi tbcs

scajon-sbdpn` csode` iodp cs `nscken` ds wc`n

ds tbn rngdcecek edco ln` de` ct nxtne`s

mlocqunoy, irmg tbn `mrsdo @CV hmcet tm tbn

puop, ce d prmxcgdo-`mrsdo tm `cstdo-vmodr `crna-

tcme. Imoomwcek d`vdeangnet de` cesnttcek,

tbn `memr `ninat mvnr tbn `mrsug mi tbn `cstdopbdodex cs amvnrn` wctb d iuoo-tbcajenss sjce

krdit.

Pbugl tcp rnpdcr

4. [n idvmr uscek tbn Gmlnrk iodp ce gmst adsns.

D``ctcmedo d`vdeangnet ade ln dabcnvn` ly

amevnrtcek tbcs iodp tm de csode` iodp ditnr d

trdesvnrsn ceacscme cs gd`n dt tbn ldsn mi tbn

GAV hmcet. Pbn odtnrdo odxcty mi tbn tbugl doomws

tbn usn mi uecodtnrdo mr lcodtnrdo trcdekuodr

pn`caon iodps tm ln usn` tm aomsn tbn `memr

sctn `crnatoy. Mtbnr gm`cicadtcmes ceaou`n

auppcek tbn Gmlnrk iodp tm cearndsn vmougn

de` luoj ce tbn tcp: dey mpne drnds drn onit tm

bndo ly sname`dry cetnetcme.

<. Imr `ninats tbdt drn gmrn nxtnescvn de` emt

dgnedlon tm d Gmlnrk-typn iodp, wn prninr tm

usn de I@GD iodp. Pbn dra mi rmtdtcme mi tbcs

iodp doomws ct tm rndab tbn tbugl vmodr mr `mrsdo

tcp ndscoy. Pbn I@GD mrckcedtns irmg tbn rd`cdo

drtnry mr, rdrnoy, tbn `mrsdocs supnricacdocs detn-

lrdabcdocs drtnry, de` dedstmgmsns dt tbn onvno

mi tbn gntdadrpdo enaj wctb `mrsdo pnrimrdtcek

lrdeabns irmg tbn pdogdr gntdadrpdo drtnrcnsmi tbn `nnp pdogdr drab, wbcab imrg tbn ldscs

mi tbn rnvnrsn-iomw I@GD csode` iodp (snn

Ick. 3 ). De nxtne`n` iodp ade ln bdrvnstn` ly

ceaou`cek sjce irmg tbn `mrsug mi tbn gc`òn

pbdodex. Qnesmry lrdeabns mi tbn rd`cdo enrvn

de` men mr gmrn sulautdenmus vnces drn c`ne-

tcicn` prmxcgdooy de` ceaou`n` ce tbn pn`caon. D

lrdeab mi tbn rd`cdo snesmry enrvn ce tbn

I@GD iodp cs suturn` tm men mi tbn tbugl `ckctdo

enrvns. [n mitne bdrvnst tbcs iodp wctb d sjce

pd` on mvnroycek tbn pn`caon tm dvmc tckbt

aomsurn ùrcek iodp cesnttcek ( Ick. 16 ).

1. [bne d Gmlnrk, mr I@GD, iodp cs emt dvdcodlon,

tbn `mrsdo uoedr drtnry iodp mi tbn tbugl ade ln

usn` imr sgdoo tm gm`nrdtn `ninats. Pbcs iodp ce-

amrpmrdtns sjce irmg tbn `mrsdo uoedr suridan mi

tbn GAV hmcet mi tbn tbugl tm amvnr `cstdo

tbugl `ninats. Pbn `mrsdo uoedr amoodtnrdo

Ick. 16. Qurkcado prmanùrn mi tbn I@GD iodp. ( D) Ceacscme. (L) Vn`caon bds lnne `cssnatn` mut. (A ) Nonvdtcme de`trdesinr. (@) Amgpontcme mi trdesinr de` sjce krdit me tbn `memr sctn.

Pdek nt do1>0



drtnry mrckcedtns irmg tbn prceanps pmoocacs dr-

tnry de` trdvnos omekctu`cedooy domek tbn `mrsdo

uoedr suridan mi tbn tbugl. Pbn rnvnrsn csode`

iodp `nscke cs ldsn` me < `cstdo vdsauodr amg-

guecadtcmes wctb tbn `mrsdo uoedr amoodtnrdo dr-

tnry. Pbn iodp tngpodtn cs gdrjn` mvnr tbn

`mrsdo uoedr dspnat mi tbn GAV hmcet de` csanetnrn` mvnr tbn `mrsdo uoedr amoodtnrdo drtnry.

Pbn `mrsdo uoedr enrvn ade ln usn` tm ceenrvdtn

tbn iodp ly dedstmgmscs tm d rnacpcnet `ckctdo

enrvn imr puop rnamestruatcme. Pbn `memr sctn

cs nctbnr aomsn` prcgdrcoy mr amvnrn` wctb d

iuoo-tbcajenss sjce krdit.

A^\\NEP P\NDPGNEP I\MG D KOMLDOVN\QVNAPCYN

Icrst-ocen surkcado mptcmes de` surknmes– prninr-

neans vdry krndtoy komldooy ( Pdlon 1 ), lut gmst

tne` tm usn bmgm`ckctdo iodps de` gmst prninr

snesdtn iodps.

4. [n snn gmrn abdoonekcek rnpodetdtcme prman-

`urns imr iceknr de` tbugl tcp rnamestruatcmes

ce Dscde amuetrcns. Pbny dosm tne` tm usn aods-

scado armss-iceknr iodps onss de` onss. [n snn

gmrn gm`cicadtcmes de` ceemvdtcmes mi tbn

`ciinrnet omado bmgm`ckctdo iodps lncek `ns-

arcln` ce Nurmpnde amuetrcns.<. Pbn puop `ninat mr `cstdo tbugl mr iceknr dg-

putdtcme mitne rnqucrns amvnr wctb iodps irmg

tbn sdgn `ckct mr irmg nosnwbnrn. Qnesdtn bm-

gm ckctdo detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry pn caon

iodps drn usn` mitne imr tbugl de` iceknrtcp

rnpdcr. Pbn Gmlnrk de` vdrcmus Y-S iodps drn

amggmeoy usn` imr rnodtcvnoy sgdoo amgpmsctn

tcssun omssns wctb lmen nxpmsurn. Gm cicad-

tcmes mi tbn Gmlnrk iodps wctb csmodtcme de`

gmlcoczdtcme mi tbn enurmvdsauodr lue`ons prmx-

cgdo tm tbn iodp, usn mi tbn nxtne`n` gm`cicad-

tcme mi tbn Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp, de` amvnr `cstdooy

ly puop meoy tbne npctbnocdoczdtcme ue`nr `rnss-

ceks doo bnop tbnsn iodps tm rndab tbn tcp. Pbn

Pdlon 1Quggdry mi `ciinrnet mptcmes mi d inw bde` surknmes irmg `ciinrnet ametcenets imr puop `ninat mi dgm`nrdtn sczn mr amvnrdkn mi `cstdo tbugl mr iceknr dgputdtcme

Hce Lm Pdek \mlnrtm D`dec @dvc` Noocmt Gcabno Qdcet-Ayr

Icrst-ocenGmlnrk iodpd8 tbuglY-S iodpsd8 iceknrs,

tbugl@ckctdo D. `mrsdo lrdeab

iodp8 iceknrsDetnrmkrd`n `ckctdo

D. iodpd

Pmn puop iodpd

@mrsdo rd`cdo/uoedrD. iodps8 tbugl

Y-S iodpsd8 tbugl,iceknrs

Detnrmkrd`n`ckctdo D. iodpd

(Ynejdtdswdgc iodp,Gmuabnt-Kcolnrt iodpmr scgcodr)

Gm`cicn` Gmlnrk(Y tdco)d

Gm`cicn` Gmlnrk(Y tdco)d

Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodpd

Nxtne`n` Qnkguoonriodpd

Ynejdtdswdgc iodpd

Ynejdtdswdgc iodpd

Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodpd

Armss-iceknr iodpd

Gmlnrk csode`d8 tbugl

Qname`-ocen

Pbnedr iodp8 iceknr\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo

D. iodpI@GD iodp8 tbugl

Detnrmkrd`nbntnrm`ckctdo D. iodpd

\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdoD. iodp

I@GD iodpd

8 tbugl@mrsdo uoedr/rd`cdo

D. iodpd8 tbuglOdtnrdo Y-S Jutonr iodpd

Qpnacdo adsnArmss-iceknr `ckctdo

D. iodpVdrtcdo tmn trdesinrd

Bntnrm`ckctdo iodp8iceknr

Irnn tmn puop\nvnrsn bntnrm`ckctdo

D. iodpd

Odtnrdo puop (swctab)iodpd

Irnn tmn puopd

Vuop nxabdeknd

\drn/emt usnArmss-iceknr iodp

Pbn Octtonr iodp8 tbugl

Armss-iceknr iodp

Pbnedr iodp

Armss-iceknr iodp

Pbnedr iodp, krmce iodpArmss-drg iodp

\nvnrsn bmgm`ckctdo

D. iodpPbnedr iodpDl`mgcedo, armss-drg

Dllrnvcdtcme8 D., drtnry.d Pbnsn iodps ametdce tbn `ckctdo enrvn truaj mr cts lrdeabns wctbce tbn ldsn mr pn`caon mi tbn iodp.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>>

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bmgm`ckctdo rnvnrsn` `ckctdo drtnry pn`caon iodp

cs usn`, lut onss idvmrn` tbde ce ndrocnr tcgns.

1. Dgmek gmrn rnanet gntbm`s mr gm`cicadtcmes

drn iodps ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo lrdeabns mi tbn

`ckctdo drtnry de` `mrsdo uoedr mr rd`cdo drtnry

iodps mi tbn tbugl. Irnn vdsauodrczn` iodps bdr-

vnstn` irmg tbn tmn puop de` wrdp-drmue` iodpsirmg tbn lck tmn drn idvmrn` ly tbmsn surknmes

wctb d prninrnean imr gcarmsurknry, dotbmukb

tbny drn emt `men amggmeoy ce de ngnrkneay

snttcek.

0. Doo mi tbn dutbmrs darmss tbn komln rnamkeczn

tbn rnknenrdtcvn pmtnetcdo mi tbn tcssuns mi tbn

`ckctdo tcps. Amesnqunetoy, tbny rngce` rnd`nrs

mi suab dotnredtcvns tm d tcssun trdesinr tm amvnr

dgputdtcme stugps ds gmcst detcsnptca `rnss-

ceks imr wnnjs, mr d inw gmetbs.

Pbn bmgm`ckctdo pn`caon iodps bdvn lnamgn`mgcedet ce tbn trndtgnet mi tcp mr puop `ninats

wmro`wc`n. ^eimrtuedtnoy, gdey mi tbng drn emt

ceaou`n` ce gdhmr tnxtlmmjs: gdey tnxts ametceun

tm `nsarcln d inw aodsscado iodps tbdt nxpnrcnean`

prdatctcmenrs abmmsn tm usn rdrnoy. [n sukknst

tbdt tbnrn cs d enn` imr tnxts tm ln up`dtn` tm

ametdce gmrn dlmut rnanetoy `nvnompn` iodps, tm

bckbockbt tbn lnst dgmek tbn aurrnetoy dvdcodlon

mptcmes, de` tm rnionat gmrn gm`nre kuc nocens

me trndtgnet snonatcme.

NYC@NEAN DE@ @NACQCME-GDJCEK8 I\MG[DCPCEK IM\ QNOI-\NVDC\ PM AMGVONRGCA\MQ^\KN\S

Gmst mi mur prdatcan cs aurrnetoy nxpnrcnean-ldsn`

de` pnrsmedo prninrnean‑ldsn`. Dotbmukb ct cs emt

rndocstca, mr enanssdry, tm bdvn smue` nvc`nean tm

suppmrt ndab `nacscme wn gdjn, nvc`nean cs

odajcek tm deswnr smgn jny qunstcmes: tbdt cs,

bmw d snesdtn iodp amgpdrns wctb de cesnesdtn

iodp, de` bmw snesdtcme `ciinrs lntwnne d snoi-rnknenrdtn` tcp de` d tcp rnpdcrn` wctb d iodp

wctbmut snvnrdean mi tbn `ckctdo enrvn mi tbn iodp

de` d tcp amvnrn` wctb d iodp wctb d suturn` enrvn.

Qurkcado amst de` onektb mi tcgn tm rnture tm

ngpomygnet, amo` tmonrdean, de` bypnrsnesctcvcty

mi tbn tcp dosm enn` tm ln stu`cn` de` amgpdrn`

lntwnne `ciinrnet trndtgnets.

Vnrsmedo prninrnean de` smacdo, mr auoturdo,

ldajkrmue` dosm pody cgpmrtdet rmons ce `nacscme-

gdjcek. Ce d rnanet `csausscme dlmut tbn vcnw me

tcp rnpdcr lntwnne tbn ond` dutbmr (H.L.P.) de` d

prmgcenet gcarmsurknme (@r X.P. [dek), wbmtne`s tm rnamestruat nvnry adsn uscek gcarmsur-

knry, @r [dek amggnetn` tbdt nxtnescme mi tbn

iceknrs ocjnoy cs diinatn` tm d krndtnr mr onssnr

nxtnet ly sjce krditcek. Cestnd`, bn usns

gcarmsurkcado iodps ds bcs icrst-abmcan rnamestrua-

tcme mi `ckctdo smit tcssun `ninats. Bcs vcnw cs typcado

mi d euglnr mi gcarmsurknmes wbm trndt gmst mi

tbncr adsns wctb bckboy `ngde`cek gcarmsurknry.

Pbcs cooustrdtns tbn aurrnetoy `cvnrsn prninrnean mi

surkcado mptcmes dgmek surknmes de` amuetrcns.

Ds d rnsuot, wn snn tbmsn wbm drn jnne me, de`sjcooiuo ce, gcarmvdsauodr surknry usn gcarmsurkcado

trdesinrs mitne, wbnrnds mtbnrs wbm usn aodsscado

iodps aodcg kmm` rnsuots wctb guab scgponr, onss

amstoy, de` onss `ngde cek prman`urns. [n

gmstoy ice` tbmsn ‟ardzy,‗ de` pnrinatoy sjcooiuo, gc-

armsurknmes ce Dscde amuetrcns.

I^P^\N ABDOONEKN DE@ VN\QVNAPCYNQ

Icedooy, tbcs rnvcnw `rdws tbn dttnetcme mi rnd`nrs

tm d inw cgpmrtdet aocecado mlsnrvdtcmes, wbcab

gdy amesc`nrdloy abdekn tbncr trndtgnet mi tbuglde` iceknrtcp cehurcns ce sulsnqunet yndrs8

4. Pcp omss dt tbn gc`-`cstdo pbdodex, mr lnyme`,

ade ln trndtn` suaanssiuooy wctb gmcst detc-

snptca `rnssceks, tm dabcnvn tmtdo wmue` aomsurn

ly sulautdenmus tcssun rnknenrdtcme mvnr tbn

nxpmsn` `cstdo pbdodex, prmvc`n` d gmetb, mr

twm, drn doomwn` imr tbcs rnknenrdtcme.

<. Aurrnetoy, d euglnr mi wmue` amvnr tngpodtns

(nk, Cetnkrd @nrgdo \nknenrdtcme Pngpodtn) drn

dvdcodlon. Pbnsn tngpodtns gdcetdce d gmcst

wmue`-bndocek nevcrmegnet tbdt prmgmtnskrmwtb mi krdeuodtcme tcssuns de` sulautden-

mus amvnr mi tbn nxpmsn` lmen mvnr dpprmxc-

gdtnoy < wnnjs. Pbcs icrst stdkn mi surknry

tures d `ninat mrckcedooy rnqucrcek d iodp trdesinr

tm d `ninat tbdt rnqucrns meoy d sjce krdit mr,

kcvne d octton gmrn tcgn, wcoo rnknenrdtn sjce

mvnr tbn enw sulautdenmus tcssun.

1. [n bdvn mlsnrvn` suaanssiuo sjce krdit tdjn me

tbn rnknenrdtn` sulautdenmus tcssun amvnrcek

nxpmsn` lmen ce iceknr tcps, wbcab, amevnetcme-

dooy, enn`n` iodp trdesinr.0. Qmgn cesnesdtn omado iodps kdce d `nkrnn mi

snesmry rnamvnry d yndr ditnr tbncr trdesinr tm

tbn tcps.

Pbnsn pbnemgned ond` us tm amesc`nr iuturn

abdekns ce mur aurrnetoy stdkedtcek dpprmdab tm

gdedkngnet mi tbcs prmlong. Pbn qunstcmes tm

ln deswnrn` drn8

4. @m wn rndooy enn` amgponx surknrcns ci tbnsn

dgputdtn` tcps wcoo nvnetudooy rnknenrdtn=

Pbmsn pdtcnets wbm `m emt wcsb tm bdvn amg-ponx surknrcns de` wcoo tmonrdtn wdctcek imr d gmetb

mr gmrn, dolnct adrrycek mut d strcat `rnsscek

rnkcgne, ade ln ade`c`dtns imr tbcs scgponr (lut

stcoo mrabnstrdtn ) trndtgnet. \namr` mi suab

Pdek nt do1>9



bndocek ly Kdone ce tbn icrst anetury D@ de` ce tbn

Qgctb pdpyrus, rnamr cek gn`cado datcvcty

46,666 yndrs ndrocnr ce deacnet Nkypt, drn tnstc-

gmey tm tbn idat tbdt tbcs cs emt enw! D iurtbnr

de` pnrtcenet qunstcme cs ‟ade wn spnn` up tbcs

lcmomkca rnknenrdtcvn prmanss=‗ Ci wn amuo` spnn`

up rnknenrdtcme tm gdjn tbn wmue` aomsn wctbce <tm 1 wnnjs, gmrn pdtcnets wmuo` prninr tbcs amursn

mi gdedkngnet tm d surkcado iodp (wbcab enn`s ;‑

46 `dys tm bndo, gdy dosm ceaou`n tbn bndocek tcgn

mi d sjce krdit `memr sctn de`, lnadusn mi tbn `nody

ce stdrtcek gmlcoczdtcme, rnture iceknr gmlcocty tm

emrgdo gmrn somwoy). Pbcs gdy lnamgn pmssclon

ds lcmomkca tbnrdpcns d`vdean, nspnacdooy imr tcs-

suns tbdt dornd`y bdvn tbn cetrcesca dlcocty tm rnkne-

nrdtn. Pbn aurrnet `conggd cs bmw tm spnn` tbn

prmanss up. \nsndrab ce tbcs `crnatcme wmuo

krndtoy abdekn mur prdatcan.

<. Amuo` amvnr mi d puop `ninat (wctb lmey nxpm-

surn) wctb d lcmomkca mr syetbntca tngpodtn

lnamgn tbn rmutcen mi tbn iuturn=

Ci sm, gdey mi tbn puop `ninats tbdt rnqucrn iodp

rnamestruatcme wmuo` rnqucrn meoy d sjce krdit mr

d sockbtoy omeknr pnrcm` mi `rnssceks tm doomw sjce

rnknenrdtcme. Pbcs wmuo` ln d bukn scgpocicadtcme

mi surknry de` wmuo` sckecicadetoy rnùan `memr

gmrlc cty. Qyetbntca de` lcmomkca wmue` amvnr

tngpodtns drn emw dvdcodlon de` drn stcoo nvmovcek.

Ldsn` me tbn suaanss mi tbnsn sm idr, wn imrnsnn d

iuturn pdrd`ckg sbcit ce gdedkngnet mi tbugl de`

iceknrtcp cehurcns.

1. Ade smgn cesnesdtn `ckctdo iodps ln prmvne tm

rnstmrn tbn sdgn, mr scgcodr , snesclcocty tm tbn

iceknrtcp ds d snesdtn iodp=

Qnesdtcme cs tbn jny tm bckb-qudocty tbugl mr

iceknrtcp rnpdcr. Qurknmes bdvn dowdys lnne ame-

anren` dlmut tbcs de`, amesnqunetoy, ametceun tm

strukkon tm ceaou`n snesmry enrvns wctbce iodps. Dotbmukb d snesdtn enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp

(wctbmut enrvn suturn) cs, cetrcescadooy, tbn c`ndo ce

tbcs rnspnat, wn wme`nr wbntbnr de cesnesdtn

iodp cs dey onss niinatcvn, wbntbnr snesdtcme cs

dabcnvn` tm d prmpnr `nkrnn ly cekrmwtb mi enrvns

irmg tbn surrmue`cek `ckctdo sjce. Mr wbntbnr ditnr

suturn mi tbn enrvn mi tbn iodp tm d enrvn ce tbn

iceknr tcp snesmry rnamvnry cs rnocdlon de` suiic-

acnet. [n jemw tbdt, gmst `ckctdo enrvn rnpdcrs

prmùan ceamgpontn snesmry rnamvnry. Pbnrnimrn,

tbn ice`ceks mi scgcodr snesclcocty ce de cesnesdtn

iodp tm d iodp ametdcecek d `ckctdo enrvn d yndr odtnrdrn surprcscek.4; Pbn octnrdturn me tbcs cs aurrnetoy

ceameaouscvn de` iurtbnr cevnstckdtcmes drn

rnqucrn`. D iodp bdrvnstn` wctb em enrvn suppoy

dt doo mr men wctb cts enrvns suturn` tm ce sctu enrvns

amuo` ln usn` gmrn mitne, ci prmvne nqudo tm de

ceenrvdtn` iodp. Qtrukkocek tm ceaou`n enrvn

lrdeabns ce iodps gdy lnamgn onss `ngde`cek,

scgpociycek tbn surknry.

ôtcgdtnoy, wn gust ln rndocstca de` mptcgcstca8

tbn tbugl de` iceknrtcps drn tbn gmst snesctcvn

pdrts mi tbn lm`y de` dey rnpodangnets wcoo cenvc-tdloy ln onss snesdtn: bmwnvnr, wn ommj imrwdr` tm

iuturn lcmomkca gndes mi prmgmtcek enrvn sprmut-

cek irmg enckblmrcek snesdtn tcssun. Nebdeacek

enrvn sprmutcek irmg tbn d`hdanet `ckctdo tcssuns

amuo` ln de cetrckucek sulhnat mi cevnstckdtcme

de` d`vdeans ce tbcs rnspnat wmuo` doomw sur-

knmes tm usn de cesnesdtn iodp tm rnamestruat

tbugl de` iceknrtcps. Pbcs gdy ln d rndocty ce tbn

iuturn.

Dey mi tbn prnvcmusoy gnetcmen` d`vdeans wcoo

bdvn bukn cgpocadtcmes ly scgpociycek mur trndt-

gnet de` wcoo rnvmoutcmeczn mur ameanpts mi tbugl

de` iceknrtcp rnpdcr.

Q^GGD\S

Qnesdtn bmgm`ckctdo detnrmkrd`n `ckctdo drtnry

pn`caon iodps drn vnry mitne usn`, wctb tbn Gmlnrk

de` vdrcmus Y-S iodps lncek gmst amggmeoy usn`

imr rnodtcvnoy sgdoo tcssun omssns wctb lmen nxpm-

surn. Gm`cicadtcmes mi tbn Gmlnrk iodps ly

csmodtcek tbn enurmvdsauodr lueòns prmxcgdo tm

tbn iodp, usn mi de nxtne`n` Qnkgu ¨ oonr iodp, de`

amvnr `cstdooy ly puop meoy, tbne npctbnocdoczdtcme

ue`nr `rnssceks doo bnop tbnsn iodps tm rndab tbn

tcp. Dgmek gmrn rnanet iodps mr gm cicadtcmes

drn bmgm`ckctdo pn`caon iodps ldsn` me tbn `mrsdo

lrdeabns mi tbn `ckctdo drtnry mi tbn iceknr de` `mr-

sdo uoedr mr rd`cdo drtnry mi tbn tbugl. Irnn vdsau-

odrczn` tmn puops, wrdp-drmue` lck tmn iodps, de`

pdrtcdo tmn trdesinrs drn idvmrn` ly surknmes

wctb gcarmsurkcado netbuscdsg, dotbmukb ueamg-

gmeoy pnrimrgn` ce de ngnrkneay snttcek. Icrst-

ocen surkcado mptcmes de` surknmes– prninrneansvdry krndtoy komldooy. [n snn gmrn abdoonekcek

rnpodetdtcme prmanùrns mi iceknr de` tbugl tcps

ce Dscde amuetrcns. Pbny dosm tne` tm usn tbn

aodssca armss-iceknr iodp onss de` onss. [n snn

gmrn ceemvdtcmes mi tbn bmgm`ckctdo mr snesdtn

iodps irmg Nurmpn.

Icedooy, wn `rdw dttnetcme tm < cgpmrtdet amesc`-

nrdtcmes tbdt gdy abdekn iuturn trndtgnet mi tbn

tbugl de` iceknrtcp8

4. Amvnr mi d trdesvnrsn dgputdtcme stugp

wctb gmcst detcsnptca `rnssceks dabcnvns tmtdowmue` aomsurn, dolnct somwoy. Amvnr mi d smit

tcssun `ninat wctb lmen mr tne`me nxpmsurn

wctb d `nrgdo tngpodtn imr wnnjs doomws gmrn

rdpc` krmwtb mi krdeuodtcme tcssun.

\namestruatcme mi Pbugl de` Iceknr Pcp Cehurcns 1>;



<. Qmgn cesnesdtn omado iodps kdce d `nkrnn mi

snesdtcme ditnr trdesinr tm tbn tbugl mr

iceknrtcps.

Nebdeangnet mi nctbnr, mr lmtb, mi tbnsn lcm-

omkca mlsnrvdtcmes wmuo` bdvn sckecicadet cgpocad-

tcmes tm scgpociycek mur iuturn trndtgnet mi tbnsncehurcns.

\NIN\NEANQ

4. Gmlnrk N. Dspnats mi snesdtcme ce rnamestruatcvn

surknry mi tbn uppnr nxtrngcty. H Lmen Hmcet Qurk

Dg 4390:09824;‑<>.

<. M–Lrcne L. Enurmvdsauodr csode` pn`caon iodps imr

tnrgcedo dgputdtcmes de` `ckctdo sadrs. Lr H Vodst

Qurk 4392:<48<>2‑94.

1. Noocmt @, [cosme S. Y-S d`vdeangnet mi tbn netcrn

vmodr smit tcssun mi tbn tbugl ce `cstdo rnamestrua-

tcme. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4331:428133‑06<.

0. Prdequcooc-Ondoc N. \camstruzcmen `noo–dpcan `noon

idodekc uekundoc gn`cdetn dutmpodstcad vmodrn pn-

ùeamodtd pnr samrrcgnetm. Ceimrt Prdugdtmo Odv

431>:48429‑31.

>. Dtdsmy N, Cmdjcgc`cs N, Jds`de GO, nt do. \name-

struatcme mi tbn dgputdtn` iceknr tcp wctb d trcde-

kuodr vmodr iodp. H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Dg 43;6:><8

3<4‑9.

9. Noocmt @, Gmcngne EQ, Hckhceec YQ. Pbn enurmvdsauodr

Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp. H Bde` Qurk Lr 433>:<6824>‑<1.;. Kncssne`mri B. Lnctrdk zur Iceknrjuppnepodstcj.

Xnetrdolodtt iur Abcrurkcn 4301:;68446;‑2.

2. Jutonr [. D enw gntbm` imr iceknr tcp dgputdtcme.

HDGD 430;:4118<3‑16.

3. Qnkguoonr K. Gm cicjdtcme `ns Jutonr-Odppnes8

enurm-vdsjuorn stcnouek. Bdeàbcrurkcn 43;9:28;>‑9.

46. Lc`ùopb QO. Pbn enurmvdsauodr iodp ce iceknr tcp ce-

hurcns. Pbn Bde` 43;3:448>3‑91.

44. Odeznttd G, Gdstrmpdsqud L, Abmoont D, nt do.

Ynrsdtcocty mi tbn bmgm`ckctdo trcdekuodr enurmvdsau-

odr csode` iodp ce iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme. H Bde`

Qurk Lr 433>:<682<0‑3.

4<. Qgctb JO, Noocmt @. Pbn nxtne`n` Qnkguoonr iodp.

Vodst \namestr Qurk <666:46>84110‑09.

41. Ynejdtdswdgc \, Qulrdgdecde G. Mlocqun trcde-

kuodr iodp8 d enw gntbm` mi rnpdcr imr mlocqun

dgputdtcmes mi tbn iceknrtcp de` tbugl. Vodst \n-

amestr Qurk 4326:998<39‑166.

40. Csnoce I, Kmssn O. On odglndu ne `rdpndu. Dee Abcr

Vodst 439<:;84‑;.

4>. Bmonvcab H. D enw gntbm` mi rnstmrcek snesclcocty tm

tbn tbugl. H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Lr 4391:0>8039‑>6<.

49. Imuabnr K, Lrdue HL. D enw csode` iodp trdesinrirmg tbn `mrsug mi tbn ce`nx tm tbn tbugl. Vodst

\namestr Qurk 43;3:918100‑3.

4;. Byzd V, Julnj P, Ynsnoy H, nt do. Pbn prmxcgdo

icrst `mrsdo gntdadrpdo drtnry irnn iodp imr

rnamestruatcme mi amgponx `ckctdo `ninats. H Bde`

Qurk Nur <641:128133‑060.

42. Vnoznr G, Qdunrlcnr G, Knrgdee K, nt do. Irnn ‟jctn‗

iodp8 d enw iodp imr rnamestruatcme mi sgdoo bde`

`ninats. H \namestr Gcarmsurk <660:<6819;‑;<.

43. Jdrdgursno Q, Anonlcmkou Q. \nvnrsn-iomw icrst

`mrsdo gntdadrpdo drtnry iodp imr ce`nx iceknrtcprnamestruatcme. Dee Vodst Qurk <66>:>08966‑1.

<6. Oce AB, Oce SP, Qdssu V, nt do. Iueatcmedo dssnssgnet

mi tbn rnamestruatn` iceknrtcps ditnr irnn tmn puop

trdesinr. Vodst \namestr Qurk <66;:4<68414>‑<4.

<4. Imuabnr K, Gnron G, Gdendu` G, nt do. Gcarmsur-

kcado irnn pdrtcdo tmn trdesinr ce bde` rnamestrua-

tcme8 d rnpmrt mi 4< adsns. Vodst \namestr Qurk

4326:9>8949‑<;.

<<. Octtonr H[. Enurmvdsauodr pn`caon trdesinr mi tcssun

ce rnamestruatcvn surknry mi tbn bde`. Vrmann`ceks

mi tbn Dgnrcade Qmacnty imr Qurknry mi tbn Bde`.

H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Dg 43>9:12834;.

<1. Kcnsne P, Imrstnr E, Juezc [, nt do. \ntrmkrd`n

drtnrcdoczn` irnn vnemus iodps imr tbn rnamestruatcme

mi tbn bde`8 rnvcnw mi 40 adsns. H Bde` Qurk Dg

<640:138>44‑<1.

<0. Qemw H[. Pbn usn mi d vmodr iodp imr rnpdcr mi

iceknrtcp dgputdtcmes8 d prnocgcedry rnpmrt. Vodstca

\namestr Qurk 439;:068491‑2.

<>. Octtonr H[. Vrceacpons mi rnamestruatcvn surknry mi

tbn bde`. Ce8 Amevnrsn HG, n`ctmr. \namestruatcvn

podstca surknry, vmo. 9, <e` n`ctcme. Vbcod`nopbcd8

[L Qdue`nrs: 43;;. p. 141;‑0<.<9. Imuabnr K, Qgctb @, Vngpcenoom A, nt do. Bmgm`ckc-

tdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps imr `ckctdo puop omss.

H Bde` Qurk Lr 4323:408<60‑2.

<;. Noocmt @, Qmutbkdtn AG, Qtdcdem HH. D bmgm`ckctdo

swctab iodp tm rnstmrn snesdtcme tm tbn uoedr

lmr`nr mi tbn tbugl tcp. H Bde` Qurk Lr <661:

<28063‑41.

<2. Qcovd HL, Vcrns IJ, Pncxncrd OI. Pbn puop swctab iodp8

de mptcme imr tbn trndtgnet mi omss mi tbn `mgcedet

bdoi mi tbn `ckctdo puop. H Bde` Qurk Nur <641:128

302‑>4.

<3. Ec I, Dppontme QN, Abne L, nt do. Dnstbntca de`

iueatcmedo rnamestruatcme mi iceknrtcp de` puop `n-

inats wctb pcvmt iodps. H Bde` Qurk Dg <64<:1;8

4269‑44.

16. Lruenooc I, Gdtbmuoce A. @ckctdo csode` iodps. Ce8

Kcolnrt D, Gdsqunont DA, Bnrtz Y\, n`ctmrs. Vn`caon

iodps mi tbn uppnr ocgl. Ome`me8 @uectz: 433<. p.

4;4‑9.

14. Jmhcgd P, Psuabc`d S, Bcrdsn S, nt do. \nvnrsn

vdsauodr pn caon `ckctdo csode` iodp. Lr H Vodst

Qurk 4336:018<36‑>.

1<. Xdeamooc ND. Amokdhm autdenm ne csod `no bunam `nod pdogd. Vrnesd Gn` Drknet 4336:;;840‑<6.

11. Lruenooc I, Yckdscm D, Ydonetc V, nt do. Drtnrcdo dedt-

mgy de` aocecado dppocadtcme mi tbn `mrsmuoedr iodp

mi tbn tbugl. H Bde` Qurk Dg 4333:<08261‑44.

Pdek nt do1>2

http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0094-1298(14)00047-9/sref1
























































































































































































































10. Tc [, Abne JH. ^sn mi twce `mrsdo gc`òn pbdode-

kndo iceknr iodps imr tbugl mr ce`nx iceknr rname-

struatcme. H Bde` Qurk Nur <641:12812;‑31.

1>. ^sdgc Q, Jdwdbdrd Q, Sdgdkuabc P, nt do. Bmgm`c-

kctdo drtnry iodp rnamestruatcme imr iceknrtcp dgputd-

tcme8 d amgpdrdtcvn stu`y mi tbn mlocqun trcdekuodr

enurmvdsauodr d`vdeangnet iodp de` tbn rnvnrsn`ckctdo drtnry csode` iodp. H Bde` Qurk Nur <641

@na 1. ZNpul dbnd` mi prcetW.

19. Mzanocj CL, Pueanr Q, Vurcsd B, nt do. Qnesmry

mutamgn mi iceknrtcp rnpodetdtcme wctbmut enrvn

rnpdcr. Gcarmsurknry <662:<28><0‑16.

1;. Abnek O, Abne J, Abdc SG, nt do. Iceknrtcp rnpode-

tdtcme dt tbn npmeyabcdo onvno wctb vnemus dedstm-

gmscs8 de dedtmgca stu`y de` aocecado dppocadtcme.

H Bde` Qurk Nur <641:1283>3‑91.

12. D`dec \, Lusd \, Adstdkenttc A, nt do. Bmgm`ckctdo

enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp wctb ‟`crnat iomw‗ vdsau-

odrczdtcme. Dee Vodst Qurk 433;:12819‑06.

13. Gmuabnt D, Kcolnrt D. Amvnrcek `cstdo dgputdtcmes

mi tbn iceknr uscek bmgm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr cs-

ode` iodps. Dee Abcr Gdce 432<:48426‑<.

06. D`dec \, Gdrauzzc D, Lusd \, nt do. D prmpms ù

odglndu ne comt bmgm`ckctdo d ametrn-amurdet. \n° vc-

scme `n 4> ads nt `n od octtn° rdturn. Dee Abcr Gdce

433>:408493‑24.

04. D`dec \, Lusd \, Vdeado`c K, nt do. \nvnrsn enurm-

vdsauodr bmgm`ckctdo csode` iodp. Dee Vodst Qurk

433>:1>8;;‑2<.

0<. D`dec \, Kcnsne P, Cekudkkcdtm G. Bntnrm`ckctdoiodps imr snvnrn puop `ninats. Ce8 @ulnrt PV, n`ctmr.

Vrcgdry adrn mi amgponx cehurcns mi tbn bde` de`

wrcst. Dtbnes (Krnnan)8 Jmstdetdrds Gn`cado Vuloc-

adtcmes: <646. p. 14;‑<<.

01. D`dec \, Lusd \, Qadkec \, nt do. Pbn bntnrm`ckctdo

rnvnrsn` iomw enurmvdsauodr csode` iomp imr iceknrtcp

cehurcns. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4333:<08014‑9.

00. D`dec \, Gdramaacm C, Pdrdoom O, nt do. Pbn rnvnrsn

bntnrm`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodp imr `ckctdo

puop rnamestruatcme. Pnab Bde` ^p Nxtrng Qurk

<66>:3834‑>.

0>. Onupce V, [nco H, Luabonr ^. Pbn `mrsdo gc`òn

pbdodekndo iceknr iodp. Gc -tnrg rnsuots mi 01

adsns. H Bde` Qurk Lr 433;:<<819<‑;4.

09. D`dec \, Qqudrzced VL, Adstdkenttc A, nt do.

D amgpdrdtcvn stu`y mi tbn bntnrm`ckctdo enurmvds-

auodr csode` iodp ce tbugl rnamestruatcme wctb de`

wctbmut enrvn rnameenatcme. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4330:

438>><‑3.

0;. Nppcek [. @nr gm`ciczcnrtn Ynrsabcnlnodppne edab

@noome zur \njmestrujtcme `nr @dugnejuppn. MpnrMrtbmp Prdugdtmo 433<:0843>‑<6<.

02. Kduo HQ. \d`cdo-ceenrvdtn` armss-iceknr iodp irmg

ce`nx tm prmvc n snesmry puop tm cehurn` tbugl.

H Lmen Hmcet Qurk Dg 4393:>484<>;‑91.

03. Noocmt @, Gmcngne EQ. Amgpmsctn krdit rnpodan-

gnet mi `ckctdo tcps. 4. Lnimrn 42>6 de` ditnr

43>6. H Bde` Qurk Lr 433;:<<8104‑>.

>6. Gmcngne EQ, Noocmt @. Amgpmsctn krdit rnpodan-

gnet mi `ckctdo tcps. <. D stu`y ce abco`rne. H Bde`

Qurk Lr 433;:<<8109‑><.

>4. Omrn°d V, Abdbc`c E, Gdrabnsc Q, nt do. \namestrua-

tcme mi iceknrtcp `ninats wctb tbn enurmvdsauodr

Prdequcooc-Ondoc iodp. H Bde` Qurk Lr <669:148<26‑0.

><. Ldjbdab H, Kucglnrtndu HA, Vdeamec L. Pbn Kc-

kmken iodp8 de mrckcedo tnabecqun imr de mptcgdo

puop rnamestruatcme. H Bde` Qurk Nur <663:108

<<;‑10.

>1. Gmcngne EQ, Noocmt @. D gm`cicadtcme mi tbn Xdeamooc

rnvnrsn `ckctdo drtnry iodp. H Bde` Qurk Lr 4330:438

40<‑9.

>0. Noocmt @, Hckhceec YQ. Pbn odtnrdo puop iodp. H Bde`

Qurk Lr 4331:4280<1‑9.

>>. Qabuce` I, Yde Knenabtne I, @neuct V, nt do. Bmgm-`ckctdo enurmvdsauodr csode` iodps ce bde` surknry.

D stu`y mi scxty adsns. Dee Abcr Gdce 432>:08

169‑4>.

>9. Nvdes @G, Gdrtce @O. Qtnp-d`vdeangnet csode`

iodp imr iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme. Lr H Vodst Qurk

4322:04846>‑44.

>;. Ambne LN, Armece N@. De ceenrvdtn` armss-iceknr

iodp imr iceknrtcp rnamestruatcme. Vodst \namestr

Qurk 4321:;<8922‑3;.

>2. Vdjcdg DC. Pbn rnvnrsn` `nrgcs iodp. Lr H Vodst

Qurk 43;2:148414‑>.

>3. Iocet GB, Bdrrcsme QB. D omado enurmvdsauodr iodp tm

rnpdcr omss mi tbn `ckctdo puop. Lr H Vodst Qurk 439>:

4284>9‑91.
























































































































































































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