renewable options of future mobility: beyond...

RENEWABLE OPTION OF FUTURE MOBILITY: BEYOND OIL

RENEWABLE OPTIONS OF FUTURE MOBILITY: BEYOND OIL

Dr. Sanjay KaulProfessor

Fitchburg State UniversityFitchburg, MA


Conventional Oil reserves are concentrated in OPEC areas (>70%). The production maximum is expected within the next two decades

• Transportation contributes to energy consumption and greenhouse emissions

• Sustainable mobility requires reduction in both areas

• A Significant share of energy consumption is due to rising transportation activities. Today, the mobility sector is completely dependent on crude oil derivates


World Natural Resources

• World Oil• Production P ~ 21 BBl/year• Reserves R~ 649 BBl• Ratio(R/P) = 649/21 ~ 31 year

• World natural gas• Production P ~ 48TCF/Year• Reserves R~ 2,470 TCF• Ratio(R/P) = 2,470/48 ~ 52 years

• World Coal• Production P~2.45 Bmt/year• Reserves R~663 Bmt• Ratio(R/P) = 663/2.45 ~ 270 years


World Energy Consumption 1970-2020


World Energy Consumption by Region (1970-2020)


Per Capita Energy Consumption and Share of World Population (1998/1999 data)

Per-Capita Energy Consumption and Share of World Population

174

185 9 5

135

13

331

140

36

121

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

U.S. Germany Europe Former SovietUnion

Asia (w/oJapan, China)

Africa

GJ

an

d %

Per Capita Energy Consumption (in GJ)

Share of World Population (in %)


Continuous growth of population and energy needs❑ Ongoing demand for mobility resulting in increasing

number of cars

Long term trends

World Population in billions

Industrialized nations

Primary Energy Consumption in billion tons coal equivalent New

renewable

Natural gas

Nuclear energy

Hydro electric

Crude oil

Coal

Passenger and commercial vehicles

Wood etc.

North America

OECD (Europe)

Eastern Europe

OECD (Pacific)

Fast developing countries

Other countries

Worldwide automobile status

Passenger vehicles

Commercial vehicles


Urban Pollution

Global Climate Change

The Challenges Facing Us…

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Growing Petroleum Consumption


❑ Global climatic changes are expected by steadily increasing CO2.

❑ CO2-Emissions will be limited or fined by future legislation.

❑ Toxic emissions (NOx, Hydrocarbons, Particulates etc.) from vehicles will be further restricted.

World wide CO2-Emissions by traffic

Environmental aspects

1990 1995 2000 2010 2020 2030

4.04.4 4.7

5.56.1

6.7[108t] Other countries

Fast developing countries

OECD (Pacific)

Eastern Europe

OECD (Europe)

North Amerika


Projected Growth in Light-DutyVehicle Registrations

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Industrialized Nations World

Bill

ion

s o

f V

eh

icle

s

Projected Growth in Vehicle Population Intensifies Challenges

Source: Program Analysis Methodology: Office of Transportation Technologies, Quality Metrics 2000, Office of Transportation Technologies

1996

20501996

2050Currently, U.S. Transportation uses 5,800

gallons of Petroleum a second


“Sustainable Development” Approach Required

• “Sustainable development” is broadly defined as economic growth that will benefit present and future generations without detrimentally affecting the resources or biological systems of the planet.*

• Government and Industry share responsibility.

*Page 149, Linking Science and Technology to Society’s Environmental Goals, Policy Division National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C.

We must approach the transportation challenge from a “sustainable

development” perspective.


Fuels from renewable energies help to achieve the climate goal in the long runShell predicated according to scenario analyses,that after 2050, there will be 50% renewable resources in our portfolioWith today’s technology, we are able to produce various fuels from renewable resources such as hydropower, wind, solar energy or biomass.Methanol (as well as ethanol, dependent on the local biomass situation ) and hydrogen are exceptionally well suited for production from co2 neutral or co2 free sources and may be used in internal combustion engines as well as fuel cell vehicles


Global Biomass Use & Resources

Global Biomass Use and Resources (in TWh/a)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Africa Asia Europe FormerSovietUnion

NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica

TW

h/a

ResourcesUse


Renewable and Fossil Methanol Production

Methanol

BiomassWastes

Natural Gas Coal

Renewable Methanol World

Fossil Methanol World


The previous picture explains that the fuel methanol can be produced from fossil fuels such as Coal and natural gas , thus increasing co2 concentration in the atmosphere. Methanol can also be produced from co2 free or co2 neutral sources such as wood and other biomass sources, fast growing energy crops otherwise be deposited on waste disposal sites. Using these resources as an intermediary step for fuel production reduces the consumption of primary fossil fuel


Renewable and Fossil Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen

Renewable Hydrogen World

Fossil Hydrogen World

Natural Gas CoalNuclear

Hydro Solar Power Wind


The slide seen explains that the same logic holds true for a hydrogen based fuel system. In the public and political debate, it is often neglected that hydrogen is

not a energy source itself but merely and energy carrier with zero carbon content. For the atmosphere it is irrelevant whether carbon dioxide is produced at the combustion location of the car or at the fuel production site. Hydrogen

produced through electrolysis using renewable electricity is an option of greenhouse gas free production


Electrochemical Processes in the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell

Cathode (+) Reaction

1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O

PEM (Electrolyte)

Anode (-) Reaction

H2 2H+ + 2e-

O2¯ from Air

H2+ from Hydrogen Fuel

Type

Exhaust: Usable Heat and Clean Water

Electron Flow: Usable

Electricity

e-

H+ H+

e-


=More Efficient

Vehicles

Increased Use of

Alternative Fuels

+ A More Energy

Independent Nation

DOE’s Transportation Technologies Program: Driven by a Simple Equation


3/98

Key Elements of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles

Technologies

Resources

Prioritized Needs

Resources

Technologies

Universities

Federal Labs

Suppliers

Small Business

TechnologiesCapabilities

Goal 2:Near-Term Vehicle

Improvements

Goal 3:Triple Fuel Efficiency

(up to 80 mpg)

DaimlerChrysler

Goal 1:Adv. Manufacturing

GMFord

USCAR

Government

(DOC Lead)Agencies

DOT

EPA

NSF

NASA

DOC

GovernmentIndustry

(PNGV)Partnership

DOD

DOE


Candidates for Development:• Hybrid Vehicles• Fuel Cells, Fuel Reformers• CIDI Engines, Turbines• Low Emissions Technologies• New Materials• Advanced Design Simulations• Efficient Electronics and

Electrical Devices• Advanced Batteries• Ultra-Capacitors and

Flywheels

ThreeConcept

Cars

1993

200420001997

Technology SelectionDecisions Completed

Three ProductionPrototype

Cars

PNGV Technology Selection Completed on Schedule

Foc

us

and

Acc

eler

ate

TechnologyDemo. Vehicles


Results of Technology Selection Process

Focus R&D on:• Most promising technology areas:

– hybrid-electric vehicle drive

– fuel cells

– direct injection engines

– lightweight materials

• Overcoming top technical barriers


Top Technical Barriers

• NOx and particulate emissions from CIDI engine systems• Compact, high-efficiency fuel-flexible fuel processor for PEM fuel

cell• Thermal management for lithium battery systems• Commercial production costs:

– Lamination material and processing for motor rotors and stators– Aluminum sheet, carbon fiber for structural applications, and magnesium– Power electronic building blocks and liquid coolants– High pressure fuel injector and pump– Electrode materials and fabrication processes for batteries and fuel cells


Dodge Charger R/T Concept Vehicle- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fueled- Features Conformable (Flat) CNG Storage System- Reduces CO2 emissions by 25%

1999 Detroit Auto Show

GM Zafira Fuel Cell Concept Vehicle- On-board reforming of methanol into hydrogen- Batteries capture braking energy and assist acceleration- Twice the fuel economy of gasoline engine minivan- Reduces CO2 emissions by 50% and NOx by 100%

Ford P2000 Hybrid Electric Vehicle- Aluminum 1.2L DIATA Diesel Engine- High-power nickel metal hydride battery- Light-weight aluminum intensive body- Automatically shifted manual transmission

1998 Paris Auto Show

1999 Detroit Auto Show

* DOE supported technologies

*

*

****

Advanced Automotive Technologies Displayed at International Auto Shows


DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Vehicle Development Program


Transportation Technologies Program: Ambitious Goals for Highway Vehicles

2003 Extended-range EVs

2004• 80-mpg Automobile• 50% Improved mpg

Light Truck

2011100-mpg

Automobile

200410-mpg

Heavy Truck

1999Full-range

CNG

200410-mpg

Heavy Truck

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