renewable energy & water uk experience good and bad ecoweek 17/3/10 brian mark, technical...
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Renewable energy & waterUK experience good and bad
Ecoweek 17/3/10
Brian Mark, Technical Director
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To help understand my view
International consulting engineers
Founding member of UKGBC
Steering groups of CSH, Zero Carbon Hub, UKGBC/ZCH, Sustainable Community Infrastructure Report
Author of energy content of CABE Sustainable Cities Web site, Eco-towns design reviewer
Member of Renewables Advisory Board
Energy/sustainability strategists for nearly 100,000 future UK homes
Learning to be planners as Energy has entered the UK spatial planning system
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A HISTORY OF FULCRUM DESIGNS
Continued, controlled, innovation…..
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BUILDING REGULATIONS TRAJECTORY….
Government’s timeline: Dwellings: 2016Education buildings: 2016Government buildings: 2018All other: 2019
Zero Carbon taskforces: reinforcing the need for step change
Zero Carbon Hub: engaging industry
THE UK TIMETABLE TO ZERO CARBON
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SOME DRIVERS THAT CAN’T BE IGNORED BECAUSE THEY ARE LINKED TO BINDING TARGETS
The UK Climate Change Act - 80% CO2 reduction by 2050
The Renewables Obligation, the EU 2020 Directive – 15% renewable UK energy by 2020 (<2% now) Greece?
The Dec 2008 EU Waste Directive (to become the 2010 UK Waste Strategy) – Possibly tough reuse targets, W2E only counting when efficient (60% for existing, 65% for new plant) THIS NEEDS CHP or equivalent efficiency conversion, what will Greece do?
PPS1 and the Planning and Climate Change Supplement – Plan only for sustainable development that reduces climate change (mitigation) and survives it when it happens (adaptation). Combined with PPS22 in new consultation PPS from 8/3/10
Present responsibility for evidence based local studies to identify opportunities for additional renewable energy and decentralised energy generation strengthened along with need to adapt Core Strategy to maximise uptake
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CURRENT REQUIREMENTS Net carbon dioxide emissions resulting from
ALL energy used in the dwelling are zero or better Requires ALL renewable energy to be
generated on-site or delivered via Private Wire
PROPOSED REQUIREMENTS
Hierarchical approach requiring: High-levels of energy efficiency (39 or 46 Kwh/m2)
Mandatory level of on-site carbon mitigation
(including district heating) but Citiworks EU Judgement?
“Allowable solutions” for dealing with the
remaining emissions
DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON CHANGES WITH VIABILITY TESTS – EU EPBD2 MAY IMPOSE THE SAME JOURNEY ON GREECE
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NOT MANY URBAN MICROGENERATION OPTIONS
Solar ThermalHigh UK £ /Kg CO2 saved because of complexity. The simple Greek systems work very well
Ground Source Cooling / HeatingOn balance in the UK it’s a good idea. In Greece use
stored winter or dry period adiabatic cooling in summer
to allow heat pump efficiency to count towards 2020
Wind TurbinesNot enough urban wind, Go large!!
Photovoltaic CellsInsufficient money without FiT or roof on high
density development - beware dust
Biomass/WasteCentral rather than small plant for better audit/control of emissions, should it be for transport anyway?
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What a 2016 2-bed flat would have needed excluding wind if the UK definition of zero carbon construction had not evolved beware EU EPBD2 !
48 m2 polycrystalline PV panel or
38 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel or
30 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating and hot water or
26 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating only + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel or
23 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + biomass boiler
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ENERGY HIERARCHY APPROACH TO OPTIMISE CO2 SAVING
ENERGY HIERARCHY REQUIRED BY GLA PLANNING SYSTEM FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT
Energy use and CO2 reductions to
be achieved through the waste
minimisation cost/benefit hierarchy
defined as:
Demand reduction (Lean)
Efficient provision of services (Clean)
Application of 20% renewable energy (Green)
Green roofs for adaptation response
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All buildings treated separately – meeting
CO2 targets via integrated systems
HOUSING SCENARIOS
Independent Hybrid Hub
Independent Approach Independent/ Community Approach Community Approach
Energy Centre
Energy Centre
Biomass Boiler
Ground Storage System
A hybrid approach with energy centres and standalone building
systems in combination
Buildings linked to energy centres via community -scale
infrastructure
Best fit solution depends on density
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CONSULTATION: DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON HOMES AND NON DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
Allowable solutions
Carbon compliance beyond the minimum standards up to 100% of total energy
Energy efficient appliances or advanced controls systems
Exporting LZC heat/cooling to existing properties
Section 106 Planning Obligations
Retrofitting EE measures to existing stock
Investment in LZC energy infrastructure (within UK and with ‘benefits of ownership’ passed to purchaser)
Off-site renewable electricity via ‘direct physical connection’
Any other measures that Government might announce as eligible i.e. CARBON FUNDS
Hierarchical Approach
Energy efficiency
‘Carbon compliance’
‘Allowable solutions’
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UK Renewables Obligation target (20% in the grid by 2020) 5.6% now, should have been about 9%
For the EU 2020 RE Directive the grid will need to be at least 30% renewable, more if EU Biofuels Directive rescinded!
The UK now has to import gas i.e. making our own future energy is a strategic concern
Built environment has a sector delivery target driven through both Building Regulations and Planning
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Past, present and future
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CHP Can also generate cooling via tri-generation
Local electricity generation that makes use of the waste heat
LOW CARBON ENERGY , COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP)
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One of largest retrofitted communal energy systems in the World
Heating 50 million M2 of built area
Connects four CHP plants, four waste incinerators and more than 50 peak load boiler plants to more than 20 distribution companies in one pool-operated system
Total heat production of around 30,000 TJ.
SO WHAT TO DO? A POSSIBLE CLUE …City scale CHP
… Copenhagen and virtually everywhere else in developed Europe/Scandinavia with modern exemplary sustainable communities (Malmo, Freiburg etc)
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FOLLOW THE SCANDINAVIAN MODEL :- UK BIOENERGY CONTRIBUTION IN 2020
Electricity
Heat
Transport
15%
15%
20%11%
6%
14%
19%
19%
13%
Other
11%
4%Onshore wind
13%
22%
18%
250 TWh renewables
126 TWh bioenergy (50%)
RE Strategy projection for 2020 RAB Projection for 2020
238 TWh renewables
111 TWh bioenergy (46%)
TransportElectricity
HeatOffshore wind
OtherOtherOther
Onshore wind
Offshore wind
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Requirement = 575 PJ
UK biowaste = ~270 PJ(32 million tonnes)
17%2%
4%
8%
6%
3%
1%
5%
53%
ImportsandEnergy Crops
17 million tonnes
Paper and card
Garden / plant waste
Cereal straw
Forestry residues, sawmill wastes etc
Poultry manure
Wet wastes
Sewage sludge
Waste woodData are the energy content of the fuels
FUEL TO MEET 2020 SUSTAINABLY:-WASTE WHILE EU DERIVES STANDARDS
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Waste to Energy Technologies
Incineration based- has to have good quality emissions under the EU Waste Incineration Directive: no known health problem from compliant W2E plant
Gasification- partial combustion at aprox 650oC with limited air availability to drive off volatile gasses: difficult to control and can therefore be wasteful and innefficient
Pyrolysis- heating in the absence of air at aprox 950oC can reform hydrocarbons (plastics) or carbohydrates (biomass) into methane or hydrogen
Lignocellulosic hydrolysis- an old technology known as 2nd generation biofuel production capable of capturing waste heat and converting waste fibrous biomass into bioethanol for transport use (1 tonne of waste fibre can be converted to 300L of bioethanol
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RO banding Review, RHI, Revised RTFOEnergy from Waste Policy, Revised Planning Guidance, RED sustainability implementation, Biomass sustainability criteria, Bioenergy in Transport Strategy, Fuel Quality accreditation
Maximum use of waste materials in the biomass supply; AD, gasification and pyrolysis open new uses for waste
Maximum use of indigenous biomass supply; 2nd and 3rd generation technologies, leading to increased use in aviation biofuel, biocomposites and renewable chemicals
Taken from DECC Presentation for the Renewables Advisory Board 25 January 2010
STRATEGY FOR BIOMASS IN THE UK
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URBAN HEAT NETWORKS AND ATES
Many cities demonstrate simultaneous heat demand from some buildings and heat excess in others
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AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (ATES)
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Urban heat efficiency, don’t make climate changeeven more dangerous
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Integrated Water and Waste Management must consider:-
Reduction of water consumption
Re-use options, with different scales & issues- Rainwater Harvesting- Greywater Harvesting
Groundwater abstraction
Sewage treatment is organic waste treatment, use anaerobic digestion for energy advantage before converting to CO2 and cleaner water by composting
Wet landscaping
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)
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Reduction of water consumption
In UK 165L/person now- future target of 125
In UK Code for Sustainable Homes requires Levels 1&2 :125L, 3&4 :105L, 5&6 80L
105L/person achievable with use minimisation techniques, 80L/person requires greywater recycling or rainwater harvesting
No government appetite for regional water use targets, Wales at 2.0 m/yr rainfall and low development has the same target as London with 0.75 m/yr and major growth
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Greywater Recycling
Indevidual recycling units require constant maintenance or filters block, unit reverts to mains use and no water is saved
Users often do not alert the need for maintenance as they prefer the “look” of non recycled water
Individual units use bromine for disinfection – is this good for municipal biological treatment of waste water in the long term when we have only just worked out that chlorine is bad?
Needs spoil excavated and disposed of for the underground receiver tank, a new pipework system, pumps, controls etc- is this good if lack of water is not a regional sustainability concern?
In Greece water stress is a much more prevailing issue than in the UK but a communal non potable water supply would be a better answer, similarly indevidual rainwater storage would suffer problems with water quality deterioration due to higher mean temperatures during the low rainfall seasons and a centralised approach (as probably already exists) may well be best
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Wet landscaping is the best Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS)
Return the rivers to their original function, controlling flooding, enabling wetland ecosystems, nutrient and fresh water recycling before rivers pollute
and damage the sea- Marine Dead Zones!!
