renewable energy technologies (wind energy) presented by salman nazir 1 section-1: introduction of...

Renewable Energy Technologies (Wind Energy)

Presented by

Salman Nazir

1Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind Prospects

Presentation Highlights• Introduction to Renewable Resources Pvt Limited• Need to Introduce Renewable Energies in Power

sector (Introduction of RE)• Global Wind Market• Potential to work in wind Sector-Pakistan• History of Wind Turbine • Wind Energy Basics• Wind Turbine Classification• Wind Resource Assessment/Wind Measurement• Wind Data Analysis/Energy Yield Estimation• Electrical Study• Q&A Session 2Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind

Prospects

Introduction(Services of RE2 for RE project developers)

• Renewable Resources (Pvt.) Ltd (RE2) is a consulting company provides end to end solutions in RE sector, EE and Environment

• RE2 is local Partner of Lahmeyer International• RE2 undertakes the project development including

feasibility studies, policy Framework, financial consulting, permits and approvals, overseeing EPC activities etc

• RE2 is engaged as Lenders Engineer for Banks (ADB, OPIC, NB, HBL) and Owners Engineer with companies (Fauji Foundation, Fauji Fertilizers, Three Gorgies First Wind Farm, Tapal Power, United Power (Operating BP in Pakistan)


Our Major Projects

• 10 MW Solar Power Project of Roshan Power-A Beacon house Project

• 02 MW Solar Power Project of 1st Solar

• Development of Micro Finance System for MFIs / DFIs to support Off-Grid Solar PV Applications – A Project of Enercon

• 50 MW Wind Power Project of Three Gorges First Wind Farm Pakistan Pvt. Ltd)

• 100 MW Wind Power Project of United Energy Pakistan Limited

• 50 WM Wind Power Project of Hawa Energy Private Limited

• 50 MW Coal Power Project in Punjab of Malakwal Power- A Project of Beacon house Group


Our Projects CONT…

• 05 MW Wind Project of Albario Energy in Sindh, Pakistan).

• 30 MW Wind Project of Tapal Wind Energy Ltd in Sindh, Pakistan

• Regional Wind Resource Assessment in Kalar Kahar.

• Promoting Sustainable Energy Production and Use of Biomass in Pakistan – A Project of WINROCK / UNIDO


Need of RE

Current Energy Statistics and

Wind Market


197.5%


Tariffs from NEPRA (2012)

Upfront – Wind (RE Tech) US¢14.72/kWh

TGF –Wind (RE Tech) US¢13.99/kWh

165 MW Attock Gen Power Project-Furnace Oil US¢26.92/kWh

209 MW Halmore Power Generation Co Limited-Diesel Oil US¢37.16/kWh

202 MW gas based power Project of Foundation Power Company Daharki Sindh-Natural Gas US¢15.14/kWh


What to Do Then if ??

Go for Natural Energy Sources (RE Sources)


Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan

Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB)

•Promotion, Encouragement and Development of RE•One window service for investor•Transfer of technology and expertise•Established in 2003



Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation, 2006

• Grid Access on doorstep provided by power purchaser• 100% Purchase guarantee• 100% Grid Availability• No customs duty on import of Generation equipment



National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)•Grid Code Addendum for Wind Power

• Ease of grid integration

Central Power Purchasing Authority (CPPA)•Energy Purchase Agreement for Wind Power

• Operating Procedure• Compensation• Security


Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan 50 MW Project, WTG Erection


HISTORY OF WIND TURBINE

22Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology

History of Wind Turbine


• The era of wind electric generators began close to 1900’s.

• The first modern wind turbine, specifically designed for electricity generation, was constructed in Denmark in 1890

• The first utility-scale system was installed in Russia in 1931. A 100 kW turbine was installed on the Caspian sea shore, which worked for two years and generated about 20,000 kW electricity.


Wind Power: Global Overview


Wind Energy Basic


Main Parts

1.Rotor

2. Nacelle

3. Tower

4. Foundation

5. Substation


• Energy available in wind is the kinetic energy of air masses moving over the earth’s surface.

• Wind turbine blades receive this kinetic energy and transform to mechanical.

• Mechancial energy is converted to electrical forms.

• Conversion efficiency of converting wind to other useful energy forms greatly depends on the efficiency of rotor interaction with the wind stream and efficiency of electrical generator.


Power Curve

Where

m = mass of airV = Velocity of air


Where

V = Velocity of air ᵽa=air densityAT = Cross sectional area of rotor


• A turbine cannot extract this power completely from the wind. When the wind stream passes the turbine, a part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the rotor and the air leaving the turbine carries the rest away.

• Actual power produced by a rotor would thus be decided by the efficiency with which this energy transfer from wind to the rotor takes place.

• This efficiency is usually termed as the power coefficient (Cp). • Thus, the power coefficient of the rotor can be defined as the

ratio of actual power developed by the rotor to the theoretical power available in the wind.


Where

PT= Power Produced by Turbine Rotor


Thrust Curve Curve

• The thrust force experienced by the rotor (F) can be expressed as

• Hence we can represent the rotor torque (T) as


• This is the maximum theoretical torque and in practice the rotor shaft can develop only a fraction of this maximum limit.

• The ratio between the actual torque developed by the rotor and the theoretical torque is termed as the torque coefficient


Wind Turbine Classification

• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine– Most Commercially used design– Higher power coefficient– Low cut in wind speed– Complicated design– Yaw drive arrangement required.


Vertical Axis Wind Turbine


• No Yaw arrangement required.

• Gear box and Generator can be accommodated at ground

• Low maintenance cost.

• Usually not self starting

• Low turbine efficiency.

• Chances of high rotational speed and structure breakage.


Wind Resource Assessment

49Section 3: Wind Measurement

Wind Resource Assessment (Basics)

• What is Wind Resource Assessment?• What are basic parameters of Wind Resource Assessment

• Wind Speed• Wind Direction• Air Density• Temperature

• What is importance of Wind Data? • Wind measuring Equipment


Wind Resource Assessment (Key Steps)

• Investigation of Measurement Station• Wind Data Analysis• Micrositing• Energy Yield Estimation


Measurement Equipment


3 CUP Anemometer


TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSSensor type 3-cup anemometer Applications wind resource assessment

meteorological studies environmental monitoring

Sensor range 1 m/s to 96 m/s (2.2 mph to 214 mph) (highest recorded)

OUTPUT SIGNAL Transfer function m/s = (Hz x 0.765) + 0.35 [miles

per hour = (Hz x 1.711) + 0.78] Accuracy within 0.1 m/s (0.2 mph) for

the range 5 m/s to 25 m/s (11 mph to 55 mph)

Calibration calibrated version available Swept diameter of rotor 190 mm (7.5 inches) 56Section 3: Wind Measurement

Wind Direction Vane


Temperature Sensor


DESCRIPTION Sensor type integrated circuit temperature sensor

with six plate radiation shield

Applications wind resource assessment meteorological studies environmental monitoring

Sensor range -40 °C to 52.5 °C (-40 °F to 126.5 °F) OUTPUT SIGNAL

Transfer function Temp = (Voltage x 55.55) – 86.38 °C[Temp = (Voltage x 100) – 123.5 °F]

Accuracy offset is +/- 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) maximum nonlinearity is +/- 0.33 °C (+/- 0.6 °F) maximum total error +/- 1.1 °C (2 °F)

RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS Thermal time constant 10 minutes


Data Logger


DATA COLLECTION Sampling interval 2 seconds Averaging interval 10 minute fixed Real time clock internal battery-backed with leap year

correction,

Storage medium 16 MB MultiMedia Card (MMC), non-volatile FLASH

Maximum data storage 664 days Parameters recorded for each channel

each data interval is time-stamped average standard deviation min max

Data delivery MMC cards internet email via GSM, AMPS or dial-up with optional iPack


Data Analysis

62Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy Estimation

Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)


Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis) Accuracy Verification of Data:•Correlation with other data sets from area


Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis) Accuracy Verification of Data: (Long Term Analysis)


Energy Yield Estimation


Energy Yield Analysis

• Determine Energy Production (kWh)• Plant specific parameters such as capacity factor• Required by:

• Project company• Financial assessment

• Project lenders• Risk / Financial assessment

• Power Purchaser• Planning / Forecasting• Determination of Energy Price from Plant


Energy Yield Analysis (Components)

• Topographic Effects• Wind Resource• Micrositing• Generator

• Renowned Tools• WAsP (Wind Analysis & Simulation Programing)• Wind Pro• Wind Farmer



• Production (kWh) dependent upon:• Wind resource • Wind Turbine Generator• Siting of Wind Turbines



Micrositing Example:

5 MW, 2 x 2.5 MW, Nordex WTG

4.8 MW, 3 x 1.6 MW, GE WTG



Major Losses:•Array Loss•Turbine Availability•Electrical Losses•Blade degradation•Substation unavailability




Type of Turbine GE 1.6-82.5 NORDEX N100

Turbine Capacity [kW] 1,600 2,500Number of WTG [-] 3 2Installed Park Capacity [kW] 4800 5000Hub Height [m] 80 80Rotor Diameter [m] 82.5 100Gross Energy Production [MWh/a] 19,083.0 19,492.00

Losses [%] 3.14% 2.05%Wake Reduced Power [MWh/a] 18,484 19,092

Other Losses [%] 5.74% 5.74%Net Output [MWh/a] 17,422.4 17,996.1Rotor area per WTG [m2] 5,346 7,854Rotor area, sum [m2] 16,037 15,708Specific Energy Production [kWh/a/m2] 1,086 1,146

Full load hours [h/a] 3,630 3,599Capacity Factor [%] 41.43% 40.09%


Uncertainty:•Calibration•Mounting•Anemometer selection•Adjustment (internal)•Long term correlation


Electrical Study


Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid

Objectives:

•Reliability•Dependability•Safety•Security•Economic


New plant



Analysis / Studies:

•Load Flow• Steady State condition• Contingency Analysis• Voltages, Current flows, Real and Reactive Power flows



Analysis / Studies:

•Short Circuit• Current flows under fault conditions• Max SC levels

• Identify need for upgrading breakers etc.• Min SC levels

• Identify reduction in network strength PQ issues



Analysis / Studies:

•Dynamic / Transient• Time varying nature of Wind Power

• Voltage changes check impact on excitation of other generation

• Response of bus voltages in event of fault• Impact on frequency• Power recovery of Wind Farm after fault clearance (LVRT)



Analysis / Studies:

•Power Quality• Voltage unbalance• Flicker• Harmonics• Governed by grid code


Profession involved in Wind Power / RE

• Engineer• Non - Engineer

85

Q & A Session

86

renewable energy technologies (wind energy) presented by salman nazir 1 section-1: introduction of...

Documents

wind prospects slide

upfront wind

wind farm pakistan

kwh tgf wind

power sector introduction

mw coal power project

project development

global wind market potential